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>0M— May-51— Form    3 


THE  BAHAMA  FLOEA 


BY 

NATHANIED  LORD  BRITTON,  Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  LL.D. 

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF   OF   THE    NEW   YORK   BOTANICAL   GARDEN,    PROFESSOR    IN    COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY 


AND 


C  HARLES  FREDERICK  MILLSPAUGH,  M.D. 

CURATOR    OF   BOTANY,   FIELD    MUSEUM    OF   NATURAL   HISTORY 


NEW  YORK 
PUBLISHED  BY   THE  AUTHORS 

June  26,  1920 


Copyright,  1920 
By  Nathaniel  Lord  Britton 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


CONTENTS 

PAGES 

Introduction       .........  v-viii 

Bahama  Flora         ........  1-645 

Exploration  and  Collections      ......  646-655 

Bibliography 656-662 

Index     •         .          .          . 663-695 


43i4r>i 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  numerous  Bahama  Islands  form  an  archipelago  situated  east 
of  Florida  and  north  of  Cuba  and  Hispaniola,  comprising  29  islands, 
661  cays  and  2387  rocks  with  a  total  land  area  of  about  4424  square 
miles;  the  nearest  island  to  the  Florida  coast  is  Gun  Cay,  distant 
about  40  miles  nearly  east  from  Cape  Florida;  the  island  nearest 
Cuba  is  the  little  Cay  Sal,  about  35  miles  north,  across  the  Nicholas 
Channel,  while  the  nearest  to  Hispaniola  is  Great  Inagua,  lying 
about  60  miles  north  of  Cape  St.  Nicholas. 

The  axis  of  the  archipelago  is  in  a  general  way  northwest  and 
southeast,  with  a  total  Length  of  over  600  miles ;  the  greatest  width, 
disregarding  the  islands  of  the  outlying  Cay  Sal  Bank,  from  Gun 
Cay  to  Man-of-War  Cay,  Abaco,  is  about  150  miles. 

The  most  northern  cays  of  the  Little  Bahama  Bank  north  of  the 
Great  Bahama  Island  are  in  north  latitude  about  27°  30' ;  the  south- 
ern side  of  Great  Inagua  is  in  north  latitude  about  20°  55'.  Gun 
Cay  is  in  west  longitude  about  79°  20';  cays  of  the  Turk's  Islands 
are  in  west  longitude  about  71°  10'. 

The  many  islands  and  cays  stand  on  banks,  in  shallow  water, 
with  oceanic  depths  among  and  betw^een  them.  The  region  has, 
doubtless,  been  subjected  to  alternate  periods  of  uplift  and  depres- 
sion in  past  geologic  time,  but  the  vertical  movements  have  prob- 
ably been  relatively  small;  during  times  of  uplift,  some  of  the 
present  islands  may  have  been  connected,  but  there  is  no  evidence 
that  there  ever  w^as  land  connection  with  either  Florida,  Cuba  or 
Hispaniola. 

Most  of  the  islands  are  low,  but  hilly  and  rocky,  tlie  ranges  of 
hills  usually  running  lengthwdse  of  the  island ;  on  New  Provitlence, 
the  hills  rise  to  about  100  feet  elevation ;  on  Cat  Island,  aneroid 
barometer  readings  indicated  altitudes  up  to  205  feet  (published 
records  of  greater  elevations  on  Cat  Island  were  not  substantiated 
by  our  observations)  ;  on  Watling's  Island,  hills  rise  to  about  140 
feet.  Most  of  Andros,  the  Great  Bahama  and  Abaco  are  low  and 
nearly  level.  At  points  where  the  hills  come  to  the  sea  there  are 
bold  rocky  headlands,  such  as  Columbus  Bluff,  at  the  southern  end 


VI  INTEODUCTION. 

of  Cat  Island.  On  the  western  side  of  Andros  and  on  the  southern 
side  of  New  Providence  are  large  areas  known  as  ''swash,"  subject 
to  overflow  by  the  sea  in  storms.  Beaches  of  white  limestone  sand 
are  occasional,  and  the  interior  of  parts  of  some  of  the  islands  is 
quite  sandy  (white-lands),  notably  Eleuthera,  Little  San  Salvador 
and  some  of  the  Berry  Islands.  Large  salt-water  lakes  at  sea  level, 
but  without  connection  with  the  ocean,  unless  underground,  are 
striking  features  on  New  Providence  (Lake  Cunningham)  and  on 
Watling's  Island.  Mangrove  swamps  are  local  along  the  coastal 
lines.  There  are  no  fresh-water  streams,  but  fresh-water  marshes 
exist  on  some  of  the  larger  islands. 

The  rocks  of  the  Bahama  Islands  are  wholly  aeolian  limestone ; 
their  surface  is  often  greatly  eroded  into  sharp  "dog-tooth"  pro- 
jections, and  there  are  many  "sink-holes,"  these  sometimes  10  feet 
deep  or  deeper.  Small  caves  are  occasional.  Where  composed 
mainly  of  sand,  the  soil  is  often  of  considerable  depth,  but  it  is 
usually  thin  and  meagre,  often  colored  red  or  reddish  (red-lands) 
by  iron  oxide  leached  from  the  limestone. 

There  are  extensive  forests  of  the  Caribbean  Pine  {Finns  cari- 
haea),  much  reduced  in  recent  years  by  lumbering,  on  the  Great 
Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros  and  New  Providence,  and  this  tree  occurs 
again  on  the  Caicos  Islands,  but  does  not  exist  on  any  other  islands 
of  the  Archipelago.  On  the  larger  islands,  notably  Andros,  New 
Providence  and  Great  Bahama,  and  on  some  of  the  smaller  ones, 
hardwood  forests  (coppices)  occur,  sometimes  wholly  enclosed  by 
pinelands,  like  the  similar  ' '  hammocks ' '  of  southern  Florida.  These 
coppices  are  made  up  of  a  considerable  variety  of  tall  tree  species. 
On  most  of  the  smaller  islands,  however,  and  in  parts  of  the  larger 
ones,  the  woody  vegetation  is  wholly  of  shrubs  and  low  trees,  often 
of  great  density  of  growth,  forming  the  "scrub-lands."  Portions 
of  these  areas  may  have  had  larger  trees  upon  them  in  the  past,  cut 
out  for  lumber  and  firewood,  but  over  great  areas  there  is  no  evi- 
dence of  large  trees  ever  having  existed.  Locally  some  of  these 
areas  are  known  as  "low  coppices." 

The  relationships  of  the  native  Bahamian  flora  are,  as  would  be 
expected,  with  those  of  Florida,  Cuba  and  Hispaniola,  and  it  may 
be  assumed  that  the  species  which  are  in  common  have  been  trans- 
ported from  one  or  another  of  the  land  masses  by  natural  agencies 
of  winds,  migratory  birds  or  oceanic  currents. 


INTRODUCTION.  Vll 

The  flora  as  here  recorded  is  composed  of  species  as  follows: 

Dahama  Flora  Endemic 

iSpermatophyta     995  133 

Pteridophy  ta 33  0 

Bryophyta  69  1 

Thallophy  ta : 

Fungi 150  18 

Lichens    197  19 

Algae   (incl.  Diatomeae)    .  .     519  14 

Myxomycetes 11  0 

1982  185 

The  Fungi,  except  the  Basidiomycetes,  are  as  yet  very  incom- 
pletely known,  many  more  lichens  probably  exist  in  the  Bahamas, 
and  the  fresh-water  and  aerial  algae  have  been  little  collected  or 
studied.    Practically  nothing  is  known  about  the  Bacteria. 

In  addition  to  the  numerous  collections  made  by  the  authors,  or 
under  their  supervision,  the  herbaria  of  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden  and  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  contain  the  per- 
sonal herbarium  of  Mr.  Lewis  J.  K.  Brace  and  the  prime  set  of  the 
collections  of  Mrs.  Northrop,  Dr.  W.  C.  Coker,  Mr.  Wm.  Cooper, 
Mr.  A.  H.  Curtiss,  Mr.  Alex.  E.  "Wight,  Dr.  J.  T.  Rothrock  and 
Prof.  F.  S.  Earle.  In  addition  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden 
kindly  loaned  to  the  authors  the  complete  original  collection  of 
Prof.  A.  S.  Hitchcock.  These  collections  enabled  them  to  substan- 
tiate the  species  published  in  Dolley's  ^'Provisional  List  of  the 
Bahamas,  etc.";  Mrs.  Northrop 's  ''Flora  of  New  Providence  and 
Andros,"  and  Coker 's  "Vegetation  of  the  Bahama  Islands."  The 
authors  have  also,  at  various  intervals,  been  able  to  consult  the  col- 
lections of  Catesby,  Eggers,  Hjalmarson,  Daniell,  Herrick,  Allen, 
Barbour  and  Bryant,  and  others  deposited  in  European  and  Amer- 
ican herbaria.  This  has  rendered  possible  the  critical  notes  and  ob- 
servations recorded  in  the  text  concerning  a  large  number  of  species 
heretofore  erroneously  accredited  to  the  Bahamas. 

In  addition  to  the  exsiccatae  mentioned  above  a  complete  series 
of  living  orchids,  cacti  and  bromeliads,  together  with  many  other 
plants  of  special  interest  were  brought  into  the  Garden  conserva- 
tories and  there  observed  through  several  flowering  seasons. 

The  authors  have  not  included  cultivated  species  except  such  as 
have  shown  a  strong  tendency  to  become  spontaneous. 


Viii  INTEODUCTION. 

Grateful  acknowledgment  for  assistance  in  the  preparation  of 
this  volume  is  tendered  to  Dr.  John  K.  Small,  for  critical  compara- 
tive work  as  regards  plants  of  Florida  and  for  proof-reading;  to 
Mr.  Percy  Wilson  for  bibliographical  work,  proof-reading  and  in- 
dexing ;  to  Mr.  W.  R.  Maxon  for  information  relative  to  the  Ferns ; 
to  Mrs.  N.  L.  Britton  for  her  contribution  of  the  treatment  of  the 
Musci;  to  Professor  Alexander  W.  Evans  for  his  contribution  of 
the  Hepaticae ;  to  Professor  Lincoln  W.  Riddle  for  the  chapter  on 
Lichens;  to  Dr.  Marshall  A.  Howe  and  Mr.  Frank  S.  Collins  for 
the  chapters  on  Algae;  to  Mr.  Charles  S.  Boyer  for  the  list  of 
Diatoms;  to  Dr.  Fred  J.  Seaver  and  Dr.  William  A.  Murrill  for 
their  work  on  the  Fungi ;  and  to  Mr.  L.  J.  K.  Brace  for  many  notes 
and  for  lists  of  common  names  of  plants.  Much  information  regard- 
ing species  was  also  obtained  from  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  Eng- 
land, and  from  the  British  Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  is 
highly  appreciated. 


THE  BAHAMA  FLORA 


All  plants  may  be  grouped  in  four  main  categories,  known  as 
Phj'la  or  Subkingdoms,  as  follows: 

Phylum  1.  Spermatophyta,  those  which  bear  seeds,  a  seed 
being  different  from  all  other  vegetable  structures  by  containing 
an  embryonic  plantlet.  All  spermatophytes  bear  flowers  of  one 
kind  or  another,  and  this  phylum  is  also  called  Anthophyta,  or 
flowering  plants  and,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  three  other  phyla 
collectively,  Phanerogamia.  Phj^la  2,  3  and  4  taken  together  are 
called  Cryptogamia ;  all  these  are  seedless. 

Phylum  2.  Pteridophjrta,  comprises  ferns  and  fern  allies; 
all  are  flowerless  and  have  two  separate  and  distinct  alternating 
generations,  the  one  represented  by  the  fully  developed  plant 
having  root,  stem  and  leaves,  with  vascular  tissue  and  bearing 
spores,  a  spore  being  a  single  vegetable  cell  capable  of  growing 
into  a  new  plant ;  the  other,  called  the  prothallium  stage,  is  small, 
inconspicuous,  growls  from  the  spores,  has  no  vascular  tissue,  is 
not  differentiated  into  root,  stem  and  leaves,  and  bears  the  sexual 
organs;  from  the  female  organ  of  the  prothallium  (archegonium) 
the  fully  developed  spore-bearing  plant  again  arises:  the  male 
organ,  borne  either  on  the  same  prothallium  or  on  a  different  one, 
is  called  an  antheridium. 

Phylum  3.  Bryophjrta,  consists  of  mosses  and  their  allies; 
all  are  small  flowerless  plants  with  alternating  sexual  and  non- 
sexual (spore-bearing)  generations,  but  the  spore-bearing  genera- 
tion never  becomes  separated  and  independent;  the  sexual  gen- 
eration is  commonly  the  more  conspicuous  and  is,  in  most  cases, 
differentiated  into  stem  and  leaves,  while  the  spore-bearing  gen- 
eration is  never  thus  differentiated ;  their  spores  are  borne  in  con- 
ceptacles  termed  capsules,  and  from  the  spores  the  plant  again 
develops.  Bryophytes  consist  almost  wholly  of  cellular  or  non- 
vascular tissue. 

Phylum  4.     Thallophyta,  includes  the  algae,  fungi  and  lichens ; 

1 


D.  H.  HILL  UBRARY 
Nor*  Carolina  State  Colleae 


2  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

all  are  flowerless  and  their  methods  of  reproducing  and  propaga- 
tion are  varied.  They  contain  no  vascular  tissue  (except  a  few 
large  algae)  and  the  plant  body  is  not  differentiated  into  stem  and 
leaves.    Many  of  them  are  of  microscopic  size. 

Phylum  1.     SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Seed-bearing  Plants. 

Plants  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo  formed  of 
one  or  more  rudimentary  leaves  (cotyledons),  a  stem  (hypocotyl, 
radicle),  and  a  terminal  bud  (plumule),  or  these  parts  sometimes 
undifferentiated  before  germination.  Microspores  (pollen-grains) 
are  borne  in  microsporanges  (anther-sacs)  on  the  apex  or  side  of 
a  modified  leaf  (filament) .  The  macrosporanges  (ovules)  are  borne 
on  the  face  of  a  flat  or  inrolled  much  modified  leaf  (carpel)  and 
contain  one  macrospore  (embryo-sac)  ;  this  develops  the  minute 
female  prothallium,  an  archegone  of  which  is  fertilized  by  means 
of  a  tube  (pollen-tube),  a  portion  of  the  male  prothallium  sprout- 
ing from  the  pollen-grain. 

There  are  two  classes  which  differ  from  each  other  as  follows : 

Ovules  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity   (ovary)  ;  stigmas  1  or  more. 

Class    1.    AXGIOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale  ;  stigmas  none. 

Class  2.  Gymnospermae. 

Class  1.     ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  enclosed  in  a  cavity  (the  ovary) 
formed  by  the  infolding  and  uniting  of  the  margins  of  a  modified 
rudimentary  leaf  (carpel),  or  of  several  such  leaves  joined  to- 
gether, in  which  the  seeds  are  ripened.  The  pollen-grains  (micro- 
spores) on  alighting  upon  the  summit  of  the  carpel  (stigma) 
germinate,  sending  out  a  pollen-tube  which  penetrates  its  tissues 
and  reaching  an  ovule  enters  the  orifice  of  the  latter  (micropyle), 
and  its  tip  coming  in  contact  with  a  germ-cell  in  the  embryo-sac, 
fertilization  is  effected.  In  a  few  cases  the  pollen-tube  enters  the 
ovule  at  the  chalaza,  not  at  the  micropyle. 

There  are  two  sub-classes,  distinguished  as  follows : 

Cotyledon    one ;    stem    endogenous.  Sub-class  1.  Monocotyledones. 

Cotyledons  normally  two;  stem   (with  rare  exceptions)   exogenous. 

Sub-class  2.  Dicotyledoxes. 


TYPHACEAE. 


Sub-class  1.    MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  and  the  first  leaves  of  the 
germinating  plantlet  alternate.  Stem  composed  of  a  ground-mass 
of  soft  tissue  (parenchyma)  in  which  bundles  of  wood-cells  are 
irregularly  imbedded ;  no  distinction  into  wood,  pith  and  bark. 
Leaves  usually  parallel-veined,  mostly  alternate  and  entire,  com- 
monly sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base  and  often  with  no  distinc- 
tion of  blade  and  petiole.    Flowers  mostly  3-merous  or  6-merous. 

t  Carpels  1  ok  more,  distinct  (united,  at  least  partially,  in  Vallisneriaceae  and 
others  of  the  Naiadalos,  which  are  aquatic  herbs,  in  Ilydrocharitales  and  in  some 
palms  and  Pandanales)  ;  parts  of  the  usually  imperfect  flowers  mostly  unequal  in 
number. 

Inflorescence  various,  not  a  true  spadix. 
Leaves  neither  compound  nor  flabellate. 

Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  dry  chaffy  scales. 

Endosperm  mealy  or  fleshy  ;  perianth  of  bristles  or  chaffy  scales,  or  want- 
ing ;  flowers  monoecious,  spicate  or  capitate. 

Order 
Endosperm  none,  or  very  little. 

Perianth      rudimentary,      of     4     small 

sepals  in  Fotamoijeton,  or  none. 
Perianth  present. 
Carpels  distinct. 
Carpels  united. 
Flowers  in  the  axils  of  dry  chaffy  scales,  ar- 
ranged in  spikes  or  spikelets. 
Leaves  pinnately  or  palmately  compound,  or  fla- 
bellate ;  trees  or  shrubs. 
Inflorescence    a    fleshy    spadix,    with    or    without    a 
spathe  ;  or  plants  minute,  floating  free,  the  flowers 
few    or    solitary    on    the    margin    or    back    of    the 
thallus. 

tt  Carpels    united   into   a   compound   ovary 
flowers  mostly  in  3's  or  6's. 
Seeds  with  endosperm. 

Endosperm  mealy  ;   ovary  mostly  superior. 
Endosperm  fleshy  or  horny. 
Seeds  without  endosperm,  very  numerous  and  minute  ; 

ovary  inferior  ;  flowers  very  irregular.  Order     10.  Orchidales. 


1.  Pandanales. 


Order     2.  Naiadales. 


Order 
Order 


Alismales. 
Hydrocharitales. 


Order     5.  Poales. 
Order     6.  Arecales. 


Order     7.  Arales. 


parts    of   the   usually    complete 


Order 
Order 


Xyridales. 

LiLIALES. 


Order  1.    PANDANALES. 

Our  species  aquatic  or  marsh  plants,  with  narrow  elongated  leaves 
and  very  small,  imperfect  and  incomplete  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 
Perianth  of  bristles,  or  of  chaffy  scales.  Ovary  1,  1-2-celled.  Endo- 
sperm mealy  or  fleshy. 

The  order  takes  its  name  from  the  tropical  genus  Pandanus,  the  so- 
called  Screw-Pine. 


Family  1.     TYPHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Cat-tail  Family. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots  and 
glabrous  erect,  terete  stems.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  ensiform,  stiiate,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  terminal  spikes, 
which  are  subtended  by  spathaceous,  usually  fugacious  bracts,  and  divided 
at  intei'\'als  by  smaller  bracts,  which  are  caducous,  the  staminate  spikes 
uppermost.     Perianth    of   bristles.     Stamens   2-7,    the   filaments   connate. 


4  ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 

Ovary  1,  stipitate,  1-2-cellecl.  Ovules  anatropous.  Styles  as  many  ini  the 
cells  of  the  ovaiy.  Mingled  among  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  bristly 
hairs,  and  among  the  pistillate  flowers  many  sterile  flowers  with  clavate 
tips.  Fruit  nut-like.  Endosperm  copious.  The  family  comprises  only  the 
following  genus : 

1.  TYPHA  L.  Sp.  PI.   971.     1753. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [Name  ancient.]     About  10  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:    Typha  latifolia  L. 

1.  Typha  angustifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  971.     1753. 

Typlia  domingensis  Pers.  Syn.  PI.  2:  532.     1807. 

Typha  angustifolia  domingensis  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  512.     1864. 

Stems  slender,  1.5-3.5  m.  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  3-20  mm.  wide, 
erect,  often  as  long  as  the  stem;  spikes  light  brown,  the  staminate  and  pistil- 
late portions  usually  separated,  the  two  together  sometimes  0.5  m.  long,  the  pis- 
tillate, when  mature,  6-16  mm.  in  diameter,  and  provided  with  bractlets;  stig- 
mas linear  or  linear-oblong;  pollen-grains  simple;  fruit  not  furrowed,  not 
bursting  in  water;  outer  coat  of  the  seed  not  separable. 

In  fresh  water  or  slightly  brackish  marshes,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  New  Provi- 
dence, Andros,  Eleuthera,  Watling's  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Jamaica ;  Cuba  to  Tortola 
and  Trinidad ;  southern  United  States  to  Patagonia ;  Europe ;  Asia.  Referred  by 
Dolley   to   Typlia   latifolia    L.     Cat-tail.     Slag. 

Order  2.     NAIADALES. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  perfect,  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious.  Perianth  rudimentary,  or  wanting.  Parts  of  the  flower 
mostly  unequal  in  number.  Carpels  1  or  more,  distinct  and  separate  or 
united;  endosperm  none,  or  very  little. 

Carpels  distinct.  Fam.  1.  Zannichelliaceae. 

Carpels   2,   united,   or   1   only.  Fam.  2.  Cymodoceaceae. 

Family  1.     ZANNICHELLIACEAE  Dumort. 

PoxDWEED  Family. 

Perennial  plants,  the  foliage  mostly  submerged.  Leaves  very  narrow 
or  broad.  Flowers  monoecious  or  perfect,  small,  and  inconspicuous. 
Perianth  present  or  none.  Stamens  1-4,  with  extrorse  anthers.  Carpels 
1-seeded.  Fruit  drupe-like.  Endosperm  none.  Four  genera  and  sixtj' 
or  more  species,  mostly  inhabiting  fresh  water. 

Perianth  of  4  segments.  1.  Potamogeton. 

Perianth  wanting.  2.  Ruppia. 

1.  POTAMOGETON  L.  Sp.  PI.  126.  1753. 
Leaves  alternate  or  the  uppermost  opposite,  often  of  2  kinds,  submerged 
and  floating,  the  submerged  mostly  linear,  the  floating  coriaceous,  lanceolate, 
ovate  or  oval.  Spathes  stipular,  often  ligulate,  free  or  connate  with  the  base 
of  the  leaf  or  petiole,  enclosing  the  young  buds  and  usually  soon  perishing  after 
expanding.  Peduncles  axillary,  usually  emersed.  Flowers  small,  spieate,  green 
or    red.     Perianth-segments    4,    short-clawed,    concave,    valvate.      Stamens    4, 


ZANNICTIELLIACEAE.  5 

inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  perianth-segments.  Anthers  sessile.  Ovaries  4, 
sessile,  distinct,  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  attenuated  into  a  short  style,  or  with  a 
sessile  stigma.  Fruit  of  4  drupelets,  the  pericarp  usually  thin  and  hard  or 
spongy.  Seeds  crustaceous,  campylotropous,  with  an  uncinate  embryo  thickened 
at  the  radicular  end.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  aquatic  habitat.]  About  65 
species,  mostly  natives  of  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Potaviogeton 
natans  L. 

1.  Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Spic.  Fl.  Lips.  21.     1771. 

Stems  slender,  compressed,  much  branched,  sometimes  4  m.  long.  Floating 
leaves  pointed  at  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  1.5- 
10  cm.  long,  8-30  mm.  wide,  10-18-nerved,  on  petioles  2-10  cm.  long;  submerged 
leaves  pellucid,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cuspidate,  rather  stiff,  2-15 
cm.  long,  2-16  mm.  wide,  3-9-nerved,  the  uppermost  often  petioled;  peduncles 
often  thickened  upward,  sometimes  clustered;  stipules  spreading,  obtuse,  1.5-2.5 
cm.  long;  spikes  1.8-4  em.  long;  fruit  roundish  or  obliquely  obovoid,  2-3  mm. 
long,  1-2  mm.  thick,  indistinctly  3-keeled;  style  short,  obtuse,  apical;  apex  of 
the  embryo  nearly  touching  the  base,  pointing  slightly  inside  of  it. 

In  fresh  water  pools  and  ditches.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Great  Exuma  : — North  America  and  Europe.     Pondweed. 

2.  RUPPIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  127.     1753. 

Slender,  widely  branched  aquatics  with  capillary  stems,  slender  alternate 
1-nerved  leaves  tapering  to  an  acuminate  apex,  and  with  membranous  sheaths. 
Flowers  on  a  capillary  spadix-like  peduncle,  naked,  consisting  of  2  sessile 
anthers,  each  with  2  large  separate  sacs  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  peduncle, 
having  between  them  several  pistillate  flowers  in  2  sets  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
rachis,  the  whole  cluster  at  first  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf. 
Stigmas  sessile,  peltate.  Fruit  a  small  obliquely-pointed  drupe,  several  in  each 
cluster  and  pedicelled;  embryo  oval,  the  cotyledonary  end  inflexed,  and  both 
that  and  the  hypocotyl  immersed.  [Name  in  honor  of  Heinrich  Bernhard 
Eupp,  a  German  botanist.]  In  the  development  of  the  plants  the  staminate 
flowers  drop  off  and  the  peduncle  elongates,  bearing  the  pistillate  flowers  in  2 
clusters  at  the  end,  but  after  fertilization  it  coils  up  and  the  fruit  is  drawn 
below  the  surface  of  the  water.  Three  or  four  species,  widely  distributed,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Ruppia  maritlma  L.  Sp.  PI.  127.     1753. 

Stems  usually  whitish,  often  1  m.  long,  the  internodes  irregular,  naked. 
Leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  1.5  mm.  or  less  wide;  sheaths  with  a  short  free  tip; 
peduncles  in  fruit  sometimes  0.3  m.  long;  pedicels  4-6  in  a  cluster,  1-3.5  cm. 
long;  drupes  with  a  dark  hard  shell,  ovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  often  oblique  or 
gibbous  at  the  base,  pointed  with  the  long  style,  but  varying  much  in  shape ; 
forms  with  very  short  peduncles  and  pedicels,  and  with  broad,  strongly  marked 
sheaths  occur. 

In  shallow  salt  and  brackish  water  throughout  the  archipelago : — Coast  of 
Eastern  North  America  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  to  Trinidad  ;  temperate  and  tropical  regions 
of  the  O'd  World.     Ditch-giiass. 


6  CYMODOCEACEAE. 

Family  2.     CYMODOCEACEAE  Kerner. 

Manatee-grass  Family. 

Submerged  marine  perennial  herbs,  with  long  rootstoeks.  Leaves  linear, 
sheathing.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  or  cymose.  Staminate 
flowers  of  2  long-pedicelled  anthers,  the  anthers  2-celled,  longitudinally  de- 
hiscent. Pistillate  flowers  of  1  or  2  carpels,  the  1  or  2  stigmas  fihform. 
Fruit  nut-like,  1-seeded.     Two  known  genera,  the  following. 

stigmas  "1 ;  leaves  mostly  terete.  1.  Cymodocea. 

Stigma   1  ;    leaves   flat.  2.  Halodule. 

1.  CYMODOCEA  Konig;  Konig  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  2:  96.     1805. 
Leaves  terete  in  our  species,  acute.     Flowers  dioecious.     Pistillate  flowers 
of  2  carpels;   stigmas  2.     Seed  pendulous.      [Named  for  Cymodoee,  one  of  the 
Nereids.]     Type  species:    Cymodocea  aequorea  Konig. 

1.  Cymodocea  manatomm  Aschers.  Sitzb.  Ges.  Naturf.  Freunde,  1868:  19.   1868. 

Eootstock  branched,  rooting  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  0.4-3.2  dm.  long,  terete 
or  nearly  so,  about  2  mm.  thick,  their  bases  enclosed  by  membranous  stipular 
sheaths  1-5  cm.  long. 

Shallow  salt  water,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ; 
West  Indies.     Manatee-grass. 

2.  HALODULE  Endl.  Gen.  1368.  1841. 
Marine  perennials  with  jointed  rootstoeks  and  linear,  flat  sheathing  leaves, 
the  small  flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  wanting.  Staminate  flower  of  2  anthers 
unequally  attached  to  a  pedicel.  Pistillate  flower  a  solitary  naked  carpel; 
style  short;  stigma  one,  slender.  Fruit  globular,  small.  [Greek,  referring  to 
the  saline  habitat.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  waters.  Type 
species:  DiplantJiera  tridentata  Steinh. 

1.  Halodule  Wrightii  Aschers.  Sitzb.  Ges.  Naturf.  Freunde,  1868:   19.     1868. 

DipJanthera  Wrightii  Aschers.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pfl.  Nachtr.  37.     1897. 

Eootstock  slender,  nearly  white,  3  dm.  long  or  longer,  copiously  rooting  at 
the  nodes.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  1  mm.  wide  or  less,  acute,  sheathing  at  the 
base,  the  searious  sheath  1-3  cm.  long;  anthers  about  6  mm.  long;  fruit  nearly 
black. 

Shallow  salt  water,  Rose  Island,  Eleuthera,  Mariguana  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto 
Rico ;    St.   Thomas ;    St.    Croix ;    Jamaica ;    Martinique ;    Panama. 

Order  3.     ALISMALES. 

Acjuatic  or  uliginous  herbs,  mostly  acaulescent  and  with  rootstoeks. 
Leaves  alternate,  mostly  basal,  broad  or  narrow.  Flowers  perfect,  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious,  clustered.  Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  thin  petals, 
or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  several  or  many;  filaments  slender  or 
short;  anthers  with  inconspicuous  connectives.  Pistils  few  to  many,  dis- 
tinct; ovary  superior;  style  stout  or  slender;  stigma  small.  Frait  a  head 
of  achenes  in  the  following  family. 


ALISMACEAE.  7 

Family  1.     ALISMACEAE  DC. 

Water-Plantain  Family. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  mostly  glabrous,  with  fibrous  roots,  seapose 
stems  and  basal  loiig-petioled  sheathing-  leaves.  Inflorescence  racemose  or 
paniculate.  Flowers  pedieelled,  the  pedicels  verticillate  and  subtended  by 
bracts.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex.  Sepals  3,  persistent.  Petals  3,  larger, 
deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6  or  more;  anthers  2-celled, 
extrorse  or  dehiscing-  by  lateral  slits.  Ovaries  1-celled,  usually  with  a  single 
ovule  in  each  cell.  Carpels  becoming-  achenes  in  fruit  in  our  species.  Seeds 
uncinate-curved.  Embryo  horseshoe-shaped.  Endosperm  none.  Latex- 
tubes  are  found  in  all  the  species,  according  to  Micheli.  About  13  genera 
and  70  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  fresh  water  swamps  and  streams. 

Flowers  perfect.  1.  Echinodorus. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  2,  Safjittaria. 

1.  ECHINODORUS  Eichard;  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  460.     1848. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  long-petioled  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
often  cordate  or  sagittate  leaves,  3-9-ribbed  and  mostly  punctate  with  dots  or 
lines.  Scapes  often  longer  than  the  leaves;  inflorescence  racemose  or  panicu- 
late, the  flowers  verticillate, "each  verticil  with  3  outer  bracts  and  numerous 
inner  bracteoles.  Flowers  perfect;  sepals  3,  distinct,  persistent;  petals  white, 
deciduous;  receptacle  large,  convex  or  globose;  stamens  12-30;  ovaries  numer- 
ous; style  obliquely  apical,  persistent;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  achenes,  more  or 
less  compressed,  coriaceous,  ribbed  and  beaked,  forming  spinose  heads.  [Greek, 
in  allusion  to  the  spinose  teads  of  fruit.]  About  14  species,  mostly  natives  of 
America.     Type  species:   Echinodorus  rostratus  Engelm. 

1.  Echinodorus  cordifolius   (L.)   Griseb.  Kar.  109.     1857. 

Alisvm  cordifoUa  L.  Sp.  PI.  343.     1753. 

Echinodorus  rostratus  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  460.     1848. 

Leaves  variable  in  form,  often  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  at  the  base, 
15-20  cm.  long  and  wide,  but  in  smaller  plants  sometimes  nearly  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end  and  but  2-5  cm.  long;  petioles  angular,  striate;  scapes  1  or 
more,  erect,  12-40  cm.  tall;  flowers  3-6  in  the  verticils;  pedicels  erect  after 
flowering;  sepals  shorter  than  the  heads;  petals  4—6  mm.  long;  stamens  often 
12;  styles  longer  than  the  ovary;  fruiting  heads  bur-like,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter; 
achenes  about  3  mm.  long,  narrowly  obovate  or  falcate,  6-8-ribbed;  beak  apical, 
oblique,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  achene. 

In  sink-holes  and  fresh  water  swamps,  Andros,  Cat  Island.  Watling's  Island, 
Crooked  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Fortime  Island.  Great  Exuma.  Grand  Turk  : — South- 
eastern United  States  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  Barbadoes.     Buk-heiad. 

2.  SAGITTARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  903.  1753. 
Perennials,  mostly  with  tuber-bearing  or  nodose  rootstocks,  basal  long- 
petioled  nerved  leaves,  the  nerves  connected  by  numerous  veinlets,  and  erect, 
decumbent  or  floating  scapes,  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless  phyllodes. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summits  of  the  scapes  in  verticils 
of  3  's,  pedieelled,  the  staminate  usually  uppermost.    Verticils  3-bracted.    Sepals 


8  ELODEACEAE. 

persistent,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  reflexed  or  spreading  in  our  species. 
Petals  3,  white,  deciduous.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  convex  receptacle;  stami- 
nate  flowers  sometimes  with  imperfect  ovaries.  Pistillate  flowers  with  numerous 
distinct  ovaries,  sometimes  with  imperfect  stamens;  ovule  solitary;  stigmas 
small,  persistent.  Achenes  numerous,  densely  aggregated  in  globose  or  sub- 
globose  heads,  compressed.  Seed  erect,  curved.  [Latin,  referring  to  the 
arrow-shaped  leaves  of  some  species.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  temperate 
and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Sagittaria  sagittifoUa  L. 

1.  Sagittaria  lancifolia  L.  PL  Jam.  Pug.  27.     1759. 

Monoecious,  glabrous;  scape  rigid,  erect,  stout  or  rather  slender,  striate, 
branched  or  simple,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  firm,  entire,  the  blades  5-9-nerved, 
0.2-0.4  m.  long,  gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  petioles,  apparently  pinnately 
veined;  flowers  numerous,  1-2,5  cm.  broad;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
usually  not  united  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  fruiting  pedicels;  stamens  numerous;  filaments  cobwebby-pubescent, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  anthers;  achene  narrowly  obovate-cuneate,  2-3 
mm.  long,  winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  smooth,  its  beak  tapering,  oblique. 

In  fresh  writer  or  slightlv  brackish  swamps  and  savannas,  New  Providence. 
Andros,  Great  Bahama  : — Southern  United  States  to  Argentina  ;  Jamaica ;  Cuba  to 
Barbadoes.     Lance-leaved  Sagittaria. 

Order  4.     HYDRO CHARIT ALES. 

Floating  or  more  or  less  emersed  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks  or 
stolons.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  arising  from  spatlies.  Perianth 
of  2  dissimilar  series  of  parts  or  the  corolla  wanting.  Stamens  3-12. 
Carpels  3-15,  united.  Ovary  inferior,  with  several  parietal  placentae  or 
several-celled.     EndospeiTQ  none. 

Ovary  1-ceIled,  with  2-5  parietal  placentae  ;  stigmas  3-5.     Fam.  1.  Elodeaceab. 
Ovary  6-9-celled ;  stigmas  6-9.  Fam.  2.  Hydeocharitaceae. 

Family  1.     ELODEACEAE  Dumort. 
Tape-grass  Family. 

Stoloniferous  or  rliizomatous  aquatics,  fresh-water  or  marine,  submerged 
or  the  leaves  sometimes  floating.  Leaves  various,  opposite,  verticillate  or 
fascicled.  Flowers  small,  regular  or  nearly  so,  monoecious,  dioecious  or 
polygamous,  enclosed  in  a  spathe  composed  of  1-3  bracts.  Calyx  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  with  a  tube  and  3  lobes  or  sepals,  that  of  staminate 
flowers  often  small  or  obsolete.  Petals  3  or  wanting.  Stamens  3-12 ;  fila- 
ments short  or  the  anthers  sessile.  Pistil  1 ;  ovary  1-celled  with  2-5  parietal 
placentae ;  ovules  usually  numerous.  Fruit  small,  indehiscent.  Seeds  with- 
out endosperm. 

1.  HALOPHILA  Thouars;    Gaud,  in  Freye.  Voy.  429.     1829. 
Submerged   or   floating   marine   herbs,   with   slender   rootstocks,   branched 
stems  and  opposite  or  whorled,  petioled  leaves,  the  dioecious  flowers  solitary  in 
spathes.     Staminate  flower  peduncled,  with  3  sepals,  and  3  stamens  with  nearly 


HYDROCHARITACEAE.  9 

sessile,  extrorse  anthers.  Pistillate  flower  sessile,  with  3  very  small  sepals,  a 
1-eelled,  beaked  ovary  and  a  S-parted  style.  Fruit  enclosed  in  the  spathe. 
Seeds  numerous,  the  embryo  with  spirally  bent  cotyledons.  [Greek,  salt-loving. J 
About  7  species  of  tropical  distribution.     Type  species:   Caulinia  ovalis  R.  Br. 

1.  Halophila  Engelmanni  Aschers.  in  Neumayer,  Anleit.  Wiss.  Beob.  368.    1875. 

Rootstocks  buried  in  sand  or  mud  in  water  up  to  4  m.  deep  or  deeper, 
branched,  the  slender  stems  3-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  linear-oblong  to  oblanceolate, 
mostly  whorled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  short-petioled,  1-3  cm.  long,  3-6 
mm.  wide,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-nerved,  finely 
and  sharply  serrulate;  pistillate  flowers  axillary,  enclosed  by  2  lanceolate 
bracts,  the  hypanthium  flask-shaped,  about  8  mm.  long,  the  sepals  minute,  the 
3  stigmas  filiform,  about  3  cm.  long;  staminate  flowers  unknown. 

In  salt  water,  often  washed  ashore,  Abaco,  North  Bimini,  Rose  Island,  Great 
Exuma  : — Florida  ;  Cuba.     Halophila. 

Family  2.     HYDROCHARITACEAE  Aschers. 

Frog's-bit  Family. 

Submerged  or  floating  aquatic  herbs,  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  regu- 
lar, mostly  dioecious,  appearing  from  an  involucre  or  spathe  of  1-3  bracts 
or  leaves.  Perianth  3-6-parted,  the  segments  either  all  petaloid  or  the  3 
outer  ones  small  and  herbaceous,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  its  base 
in  the  pistillate  flowers.  Stamens  3-12,  distinct  or  monadelphous.  Anthers 
2-celled.  Ovary  6-9-celled.  Styles  6-9,  with  entire  or  2-cleft  stigmas. 
Ovules  anatropous  or  orthotropous.  Fruit  ripening  under  water,  inde- 
hiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  wdthout  endosperm.  About  14  genera  and  40 
species  of  wide  distribution  in  wanii  and  temperate  regions. 

1.  THALASSIA  Banks;  Konig  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  2:  96.     1805. 

Marine  herbs,  with  elongated  rootstocks.  Leaves  several  at  a  joint,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base,  linear,  elongated,  the  scape  arising  from  the  cluster  of  leaves. 
Flowers  dioecious,  solitary  in  narrow  spathes  of  two  bracts,  these  united  into  a 
tube  at  the  base.  Staminate  flowers  long-pedicelled;  perianth  of  3  petaloiil 
sepals;  stamens  6;  filaments  very  short;  anthers  opening  laterally.  Pistillate 
flower  nearly  sessile  in  the  spathe,  caducous;  ovary  6-9-celled,  beaked.  Fruit 
stalked,  rugose  or  nearly  echinate,  opening  by  many  valves.  Seeds  numerous. 
[Greek,  referring  to  its  growth  in  the  ocean.]  Two  known  species,  the  follow- 
ing typical. 

1.  Thalassia  testudiuum  Konig;  Konig  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  2:  96.     ISOo. 

Submersed,  glabrous.  Rootstocks  creeping,  elongated;  stems  short,  arising 
from  the  nodes  of  the  rootstock;  leaves  2-5,  sheathing  the  stem;  blades  linear, 
strap-like,  0.5-3  dm.  long,  obtuse,  withering-persistent;  scapes  solitary,  central; 
fruit  globose  or  oval,  echinate-pubescent,  pointed. 

In  shallow  salt  water,  Andros  and  New  Providence  to  Watling's  Island  and 
Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  throughout  the  West  Indies.  Turtle-guass.  Catesby. 
2  ;  pi.  38. 

2 


10  POACEAE. 

Order  5.     POALES. 

Grasses  and  sedges.     Monoeotyledonous  plants,  mostly  herbaceous,  with 

leafy  or  leafless,  usually  simple,  stems  (culms),  the  leaves  usually  narrow 

and  elongated,  entire  or  minutely  serrulate.     Flowers  mostly  perfect,  small, 

incomplete,  in  the  axils  of  dry,  chaffy  scales  (glumes)  arranged  in  spikes 

or  spikelets. 

Fruit  a  caryopsis  (grain)  :  culm  mostly  hollow.  Fam.  1.  Poaceae. 

Fruit  an  achene  ;  culm  solid.  Fam.  2.  Cypeeaceae. 

Family  1.     POACEAE  R.  Br. 

Grass  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  of  various  habit,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees. 
Culms  (stems)  generally  hollow,  but  occasionally  solid,  the  nodes  closed. 
Leaves  sheathing,  the  sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  oppo- 
site the  blade;  a  scarious  or  cartilaginous  ring,  naked  or  hairy,  rarely 
wanting,  called  the  ligule,  is  borne  at  the  orifice  of  the  sheath.  Inflo- 
rescence spicate,  racemose  or  paniculate,  consisting  of  spikelets  composed 
of  two  to  many  2-ranked  imlDricated  bracts,  called  scales  (glumes),  the 
two  lowest  in  the  complete  spikelet  always  empty,  one  or  both  of  these 
sometimes  wanting.  One  or  more  of  the  upper  scales,  except  sometimes 
the  teiminal  ones,  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which  is  usually  enclosed 
by  a  bract-like  awnless  organ  called  the  palet,  placed  opposite  the  scale 
and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (rachilla)  of  the  spikelet,  generally  2- 
keeled;  sometimes  the  palet  is  present  without  the  flower,  and  vice  versa. 
Flowers  perfect  or  staminate,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious,  sub- 
tended by  1-3  minute  hyaline  scales  called  the  lodieules.  Stamens  1-6, 
usualh'  3.  Anthers  2-celled,  versatile.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled.  Styles 
1-3,  commonly  2  and  lateral.  Stigmas  hairy  or  plumose.  Fruit  a  seed- 
like grain  (caryopsis).  Endosperm  starchy.  About  3500  species  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  world,  growing  in  water  and  on  all  kinds  of  soil. 
Those  yielding  food-grains  are  called  cereals.  The  species  are  more  nu- 
merous in  tropical  countries,  w^hile  the  number  of  individuals  is  much 
greater  in  temperate  regions,  often  forming  extended  areas  of  turf. 

A.  Spikelets  articulated  below  the  empty  scales  or  below  a  subtending  involucre,  or 
attached  to  and  deciduous  with  the  internodes  of  a  readily  disarticulating 
rachis,  1-flowered,   or   if  2-flowered  the  lower  flower  imperfect. 

1.  Fruiting  scale   and  palet  hyaline,   thin,   more  delicate  than   the   empty   scales. 

*  Spikelets  unisexual,  the  pistillate  borne  in  the  lower,  the  staminate  in  the 

upper,  part  of  the  same  spike.  1.  Tripsaciim. 

**  Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other 
pedicellate  and  sometimes  perfect,  more  commonly 
staminate   or   empty,    or   sometimes   reduced   to    a 
single  scale,  or  wanting. 
Axis  of  the  racemes  continuous.  2.  Imperata. 

Axis  of  the  racemes  articulated. 

Raceme   single :    pedicels    and    internodes    of   the 

rachis   club-shaped.  3.  Schizachyrium. 

Racemes   in  pairs  or  more ;   pedicels  and  rachis- 

internodes  filiform.  4.  Anclropogon. 

2.  Fruiting  scale  and  palet  never  hyaline  and  thin,  as  firm 

as  the  empty  scales,   or  firmer. 

1.  Spikelets  prickly.  5.  Xazia. 

2.  Spikelets  not   prickly,   but   sometimes   enclosed   in   a 

spiny  involucre. 


POACEAE. 


11 


*  Spikelets   in   clusters   of  8   or  4,   the   empty   scales 

forming  a   false   involucre. 
**  Spikelets    otherwise   arranged. 

t  Spikelets  not  sunken  in  the  rachis. 

t  Spikelets    without    a    subtending    involucre 
of  bristles  or  valves. 
§  Scales  awnless. 

Fruiting    scale    chartaceous.    the    mar- 
gins hyaline  and  tiat. 
Racemes  in  whorls,  or  approximate 
at  the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  with  short 
hairs  or  glabrous. 
Racemes     on     an     elongated     axis; 
outer     scales      of      the     spikelet 
clothed    with    long    hairs    exceed- 
ing the  spikelet. 
Fruiting    scale    indurated,     rigid,     the 
margins  inrolled  and  not  hyaline. 
Opening  in  the  fruiting  scale  turned 

toward  the  rachis. 
Opening  in  the  fruiting  scale  turned 
away  from  the  rachis. 
Spikelets  plano-convex,  arranged 
in  secvmd  racemes,  of  3  scales. 
Spikelets     unequally     bi-convex, 
in    panicles,    or    rarely    in 
secund      racemes,      of      4 
scales5. 
Culms   herbaceous. 
Culms  woody. 
§§  Scales,  or  some  of  them,  awned  or  awn- 
pointed. 
Third  scale  awned  or  awn-pointed,  the 
second    and    first    scales    awnless    or 
with  awns  successively  shorter. 
Third    scales    awnless    or    awn-pointed, 
the    second    and    first     scales    with 
awns  successively  longer. 
tt  Spikelets   with   an   involucre. 
Involucre  of  bristles. 

Bristles       persistent ;       spikelets       de- 
ciduous. 
Bristles   deciduous    with   the   spikelets. 
Involucre   of   2   spine-bearing  valves. 
tt  Spikelets   sunken   in   one   side   of   a   flat    thick 
rachis. 
B.  Spikelets    articulated    above    the    empty    persistent    scales, 
1-many-flowered. 
1.   Stems  herbaceous,  hence  annual :  leaves  scattered. 
*  Spikelets  of  8  scales,  1 -flowered. 

Flowering  scale  awned,  closely  embracing  the  grain. 
Awns   3. 
Awn  1. 
Flowering  scales   awnless,   the  grain   dropping  from 
it  when  mature. 
**  Spikelets  of  4  or  more  scales,  usually  with  "J  or  more 
flowers. 
t  Spikelets    in    2    rows,    forming    1 -sided    spikes    or 
racemes. 
Spikelets    wholly    deciduous. 
Spikelets  not  wholly  deciduous. 

1  perfect  flower  in  each  spikelet. 

No  empty   scales   above  the  flowers, 
l-several  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 
Spikes    in    whorls    or    closely    approxi- 
mate. 
Second  emptv  scale  acute  :   awn  of 
the  flowering  scales  usually  long. 
Second   empty   scale   truncate  or   2- 
toothed  :  flowering  scales  awnless 
or  awn-pointed. 
Spikes  remote. 
2_several   perfect  flowers  in  each  spikelet. 
Spikelets  densely  crowded  ;  spikes  digitate. 
Spikes  with  terminal   sjiikclets. 
Spikes      with      the      rachis      extending 
beyond     the    spikelets     In     a    naked 
point. 


G.   Anthiiiliora. 


7.  Synthcrisina. 

8.  Vulota. 

9.  Axonopun. 
10.  Paspulum. 


11.  Panicum. 

12.  Lasiucis. 


13.  Echinochloa. 

14.  OijUsmcnus. 


15.  Chactochloa. 

1(5.  Ccnchropsis. 

17.  Ccnchrus. 

18.  Stvnotuphnim. 


in.  Aristida. 

2(1.  Muhhnhcryia. 

21.   Sporohohis. 


22.  SparUna. 

23.  Capriohi. 

24.  Chloris. 


25.   Eustachiis. 
2G.  Boutcloua. 


27.  Eh'usinc. 

28.  Dactyloctcniutn. 


12  POACEAE. 

Spikelets  alternate  ;  spikes  remote.  29.  Leptochloa. 

ft  Spikelets  in  open  or  spike-like  panicles  or  racemes. 
Rachilla    with    tiairs    longer   than    the    flowering 
scales    and    enveloping    them ;     tall     reed-like 
grasses.  30.  Phragmites. 

Rachilla  and  flowering  scales  glabrous. 

Flowering  scales  3-nerved ;  first  2  scales  of 
the  spikelets  empty. 
Inflorescence  of  long  branches,  along  which 
the  appressed  spikelets  are  arranged  on 
short  pedicels :  lateral  nerves  of  the 
flowering  scales  pubescent.  31.  Diplachne. 

Inflorescence  an  open  or  contracted  pan- 
icle, rarely  racemose ;  lateral  nerves  of 
the  flowering  scale  glabrous.  32.  Eragrostis. 

Flowering    scales    5-many-nerved ;    first    2-6 
scales  of  the  spikelets  empty. 
Plants  not  dioecious  ;  spikelets  flat,  2-edged.     33.   Uniola. 
Plants  dioecious  ;  spikelets  compressed.  34.  Distichlis. 

2.   Stems  woody,  perennial ;  leaves  on  short  branches  which 

form  dense  whorls  at  the  nodes.  35.  ArthrosU/Udium. 

1.  TRIPSACUM  L.  Sjst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  1261.     1759. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  thick  rootstocks,  rather  broad,  flat  leaves  and 
monoecious  flowers.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  in  terminal  or  axillary,  solitary  or  clus- 
tered, elongated  spikes.  Staminate  spikelets  in  2  's  at  each  node  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  axis,  2-flowered,  consisting  of  four  scales,  the  two  outer  coriaceous,  the  two 
inner  thinner,  the  palet  hyaline;  stamens  3.  Pistillate  spikelets  in  excavations 
at  the  lower  joints  of  the  spike,  1-flowered;  stigmas  exserted;  style  slender. 
Grain  partly  enclosed  in  the  excavations  of  the  spikes,  covered  in  front  by  the 
horny  exterior  lower  scale.  [Name  from  the  Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  polished 
outer  scales.]     About  7  species,  natives  of  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Tripsacum  dactyloides  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  1261.     1759. 

Rootstock  1.25-2.5  cm.  thick;  culms  stout,  erect,  1-2  m.  tall.  Leaves 
smooth  and  glabrous,  3  dm.  or  more  long,  1.25-3.75  cm.  wide;  spikes  terminal, 
and  in  the  upper  axils,  solitary  or  2-3  together,  1-1.25  dm.  long;  outer  scales 
of  the  staminate  spikelets  linear  and  obtuse,  8  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
faintly  many-nerved;   exterior  scale  of  the  pistillate  spikelets  horny,  shining. 

Scrub-lands,  Inagua  : — Rhode  Island  to  Nebraska,  Florida  and  Texas  ;  Hispaniola  ; 
Trinidad  ;   Mexico  ;   South   America.     Gama-grass. 

2.  IMPERATA  Cirillo,  PI.  Ear.  Neap.  2:  26.     1792. 

Perennial  grasses  with  elongated  leaves,  the  spikelets  in  dense  terminal 
spike-like,  silvery-hairy  panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  rarely  2-flowered,  un- 
equally pedicellate  in  pairs;  scales  4,  thin,  hyaline,  awnless,  the  2  outer  ones 
empty,  pilose,  the  third  glabrous,  usually  empty,  the  fourth  glabrous,  subtend- 
ing a  perfect  flower  and  its  2-nerved  palet.  Stamens  1  or  2.  Styles  distinct, 
stigmas  plumose.  [Commemorates  Ferrante  Imperate,  Italian  naturalist  of  the 
sixteenth  century.]  About  5  species  of  tropical  distribution.  Type  species: 
Lagurus  cylindricus  L. 

1.  Imperata  brasiliensis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI.  2:  331.     1832. 

Culms  8  dm.  high,  or  less;  sheaths  glabrous;  leaf-blades  erect,  1-4  dm. 
long,  less  than  1  cm.  wide,  the  upper  surface  densely  hirsute  near  the  base,  the 


POACEAE.  13 

apex  long-acuminate,  the  base  narrowed;  panicle  1-2  dm.  long,  2-3  cm.  thick, 
obtuse,  its  branches  erect  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  3-4.5  mm.  long,  the  subtend- 
ing hairs  about  t^vice  as  long,  nearly  white. 

Borders  of  savannas,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ; 
continental  tropical  America.     Silver-plume  Grass. 

3.  SCHIZACHYEIUM  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  331.     1829. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  the  spikelets  in  spike-like  racemes,  terminat- 
ing the  culm  or  its  branches.  Rachis  articulated,  the  internodes  cup-shaped  or 
appendaged,  the  basal  callus  barbed.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the 
rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  stalked,  the  sessile  one  dorsally  compressed,  1-flow- 
ered,  the  flower  perfect;  first  scale  2-keeled  with  infolded  margins,  the  second 
awnless  or  bristle-tipped,  the  third  2-nerved  or  nerveless,  the  fourth  usually 
2-cleft,  usually  bearing  a  bent  awn.  Stalked  spikelet  usually  flowerless. 
Stamens  mostly  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  cleft-chafif.] 
Some  40  species,  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species: 
Andropogon  irevifolins  Sw. 

Leaf-blades  flat,  or  sometimes  conduplicate  when  dry,  never  terete  ;  racemes  glabrous 

or  nearly  so.  1.  ,S'.  sciniberhc. 

Leaf-blades  terete  ;  racemes  long-hairy.  2.  S.  yracilc. 

1.  Schizachyrium  semiberbe  Xees,  Agros.  Bras.  336.     1829. 

Andropogon  scmiberhis  Kunth,  Enum.  1:  489.     1833. 

Perennial;  culms  glabrous,  branched,  erect,  6-12  dm.  high;  leaves  glabrous; 
sheaths  compressed,  keeled;  blades  1-3  dm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide;  racemes  nar- 
row, 5-8  cm.  long,  the  internodes  of  the  rachis  as  long  as  the  sessile  spikelets 
or  shorter,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  sessile  spikelets  5-7  mm.  long,  the  first  scale 
glabrous' or  with  a  few  short  hairs,  its  infolded  margins  touching,  the  third  and 
fourth  scales  ciliate,  the  fourth  2-cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  its  awn  12-15  mm. 
long;  stalked  spikelet  of  one  hispidulous  scale  about  3  mm.  long,  with  an  awn 
about  as  long. 

Pine-lands,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  :  Porto  Rico  ;  Trini- 
dad :  South  America.  Recorded  by  Coker  as  Andropogon  tener  Kunth.  Stiff 
Beard-grass. 

2.  Schizachyrium  gracile  (Spreng.)  Nash,  in  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  60.     1903. 

Andropogon  gracilis  Spreng.  Syst.  1:  284.     1825. 

Perennial,  tufted,  glabrous,  except  the  inflorescence;  culms  slender, 
branched,  2-6  dm.  high.  Sheaths  striate ;  leaf-blades  2  dm.  long  or  less,  terete, 
less  than  1  mm.  in  diameter;  racemes  long-stalked,  3-5  cm.  long,  the  rachis 
clothed  with  long  silky  hairs;  sessile  spikelet  5-6  mm.  long,  the  first  scale  char- 
taceous  with  hispidulous  keels,  the  second  scale  acute,  the  fourth  2-cleft,  bearing 
an  awn  13-20  mm.  long;  stalked  s]3ikelet  of  one  short-awned  scale  1-2.5  mm. 
long. 

Pine-lands  and'  scrub-lands.  Abaco.  Great  Bahama.  Andros.  Now  rrovi(it>n(M'. 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  North  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico ; 
Cuba  ;  Guadaloupe.     Slender  Beard-grass. 

4.  ANDROPOGON   L.    Sp.    PI.    1045.     1753. 

Perennial  grasses  with  usually  long  narrow  leaves,  and  terminal  and  axil- 
lary racemes.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  hairy  rachis,  one 
sessile,  and  perfect,  the  other  with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate,  empty  or 


14  POACEAE. 

reduced  to  a  scale,  or  none.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outer  2 
coriaceous,  the  second  keeled  and  acute,  the  two  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  more 
or  less  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  floT\-er.  Stamens  1-3.  Grain 
free.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  rachis.]  About  150  species,  widely 
distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Andropogon 
hirtum  L. 

Branches  of  the  inflorescence  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  in  1  or  more  dense 
corymbiform  clusters.  1.  A.  glomerulus. 

Branches  of  the  inflorescence  scattered  along  the  stem  in  a  long 

narrow  panicle.  2.  A.  virginicus. 

1.  Andropogon  glomeratus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  X.  Y.  67.     1888. 

Cinna  glomerata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  59.     1788. 

Andropogon  tenuispatJieiis  Nash,  X.  A.  Fl.  17:  113.     1912. 

Culms  1.5  dm.  high  or  less,  much  branched,  the  ultimate  flowering  branches 
forming  oblong  corymbiform  clusters,  the  nodes  of  the  secondary  branches 
densely  barbed.  Sheaths  keeled;  leaf-blades  4  dm.  long  or  less,  3-7  mm.  wide; 
spathes  2.5-3  cm.  long,  glabrous;  racemes  in  pairs,  1-2  cm.  long;  sessile  spikelet 
3-4  mm.  long,  the  awn  10-15  mm.  long;  pedicellate  spikelet  a  rudimentary 
scale,  or  wanting. 

Pine-lands,  scrub-lands,  and  savannas,  Abaco.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuth- 
era,  Acklin's  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Mariguana,  Inagua  : — south- 
eastern United  States :  Mexico :  West  Indies :  tropical  continental  America.  Re- 
ferred by  Dolley  to  Anatherum  macrurum,  following  Grisebach.  Bushy  Beard- 
grass.     Bed-grass. 

2.  Andropogon  virginicus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1046.     1753. 

Culms  tufted,  5-10  dm.  tall,  many  times  longer  than  the  basal  leaves; 
sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  more  or  less  tuberculate-hirsute  on  the  margins ; 
leaves  4  dm.  long  or  less,  more  or  less  hirsute  on  the  upper  surface  near  the 
base;  spathes  3-5  cm.  long,  racemes  generally  in  pairs,  2-3  cm.  long;  sessile 
spikelet  3-4  mm.  long,  the  awn  10-15  mm.  long;  pedicellate  spikelet  wanting 
or  rarely  present  as  a  minute  scale. 

Pine-lands  and  white-lands.  Abaco.  Elbow  Cav,  Great  Bahamas.  Great  Sturrup 
Cay,  New  Providence,  and  Watling's  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Massachusetts  to  Missouri 
and  southward  to  Mexico;   Cuba;  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica.     Virginia  Beard-grass. 

5.  NAZIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:    31,  581.     1763. 

Annual  grasses,  diffusely  branched,  with  flat  leaves  and  1-flowered  deciduous 
spikelets,  either  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  3-5  in  a  terminal  spike.  Scales  of 
spikelet  2  or  3,  the  outermost  small  or  wanting,  the  second  rigid  and'  covered 
with  hooked  prickles,  the  third  membranous,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect 
flower.  [Name  unexplained.]  Two  species,  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
Type  species:   Cenchrus  racemosus  L. 

1.  Nazia  aliena  (Spreng.)  Scribn.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.  Agrost.  17:  28.     1899. 

Lappago  aliena  Spreng.  Neue  Entdeek.  3:  15.     1822. 

Tufted,  1-3  dm.  high,  the  culms  often  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  slender, 
glabrous.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaf -blades  2-8  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less, 
their  margins  ciliate.  Inflorescence  4-10  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-3  mm.  long; 
the  second  scale  bearing  prickles  0.5  mm.  long  or  less,  the  prickles  with  swollen 
opaque  ba-ses. 

Sandy  fields,  Grand  Turk  Island  and  Ambergris  Cav : — southwestern  United 
States  to  the  Argentine  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  Antigua'.     PRiCKLErGRASS. 


POACEAE.  15 

6.  ANTHEPHORA  Schreb.  Beschr.  Gras.  2:    105.  p?.  44.     1810. 

Tufted  grasses,  the  culms  often  branched,  erect  or  prostrate,  the  leaves 
mostly  flat,  the  1-flowered  spikelets  in  deciduous  clusters  of  3  or  4,  forming 
elongated  terminal,  slender  spikes.  Empty  scales  of  the  spikelets  rigid,  the 
first  one  indurated,  large,  involucre-like,  the  others  acute  or  short-awned ;  upper 
and  inner  scales  thin,  the  innermost  enclosing  a  thin  palet  and  a  perfect  flower, 
the  stamens  3,  the  styles  united  at  the  base,  the  stigmas  plumose.  [Greek, 
flower-bearing.]  Five  known  species,  of  tropical  distribution,  the  following 
typical. 

1.  Anthephora  hermaphrodita  (L.)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  759.     1891. 

Tripsacum  hermaphroditiim  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1261.     1759. 

Annual;  culms  3-10  dm.  long,  rooting  and  branching  at  the  lower  nodes. 
Leaves  flat,  7-20  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  hirsute,  acuminate; 
spikes  2-12  cm.  long,  continuous  and  dense,  or  interrupted  below,  about  4  mm. 
thick,  the  slender  rachis  flexuous ;  clusters  of  spikelets  about  7  mm.  long;  lower 
scales  ovate  to  elliptic,  acute  to  acuminate,  glabrous  or  hispidulous. 

South  Caicos  • — West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America,  commonly  in 
waste  and  cultivated  grounds.     Anthephoka. 

7.  SYNTHEEISMA  Walt.  PL  Car.   76.   1788. 

Annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spikelets  borne  in  pairs  or  sometimes 
in  3  's,  in  secund  spikes  which  are  digitate  or  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the 
culm.  Spikes  often  purplish.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  4,  sometimes  3  by  the 
suppression  of  the  lowest  one;  the  fourth  or  innermost  scale  chartaceous,  sub- 
tending a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas 
plumose.  [Greek,  crop-making,  in  allusion  to  its  abundance.]  Species  about 
20,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Syn- 
therisma  praecox  Walt. 

Rachis  of  the  racemes  with  the  angles  naked,  not  winged  ;  first  scale  of  the  spikelet 

usually  wanting.  1.  ^.  fiJiformis. 

Rachis   of  the  racemes  with  the  lateral  angles  broadly   winged, 
thus    making    it    appear    flat ;    first   scale    of    the    spikelet 
usually  present. 
Spikelets    about    2.5    mm.    long,    one   fifth    as    wide   as    long. 

acuminate.  -.   «•   diijitatn. 

Spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long,  one  fourth  as  wide  as  long  or  more. 

acute.  3-  -^^  satifiuinalis. 

1.  Syntherisma  filiformis  (L.)   Xash,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  22:  420.     1895. 

Panicnm  fiJiforme  L.  Sp.  PL  57.  1753. 
Milium  paniceum  Sw.  Prod.  24.  1788. 
Syniherisvia  paniceum  Xash,  X.  A.  Fl.  17:   152.     1912. 

Culms  1.5-7  dm.  tall.  Sheaths  at  least  the  lower  ones  hirsute;  leaves  3-20 
cm.  long,  1-4  mm.  wide;  racemes  2-5,  2-10  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending;  spike- 
lets about  1.8  mm.  long,  0.75  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  acute,  in  pairs,  the  first  scale 
wanting,  the  second  3-nerved,  the  third  7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  deep  chestnut- 
brown  at  maturity. 

White-lands,  sea-beaches,  and  roadsides.  Andros.  New  Trovidence.  and  ("at 
Island: — New  Hampshire  to  Michigan,  Florida  and  Mexico;  Cuba;  Illspanlola ; 
Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico.     Slendeb  Finger-grass. 


16  POACEAE. 

2.  Syntherisma  digitata  (Sw.)  Hitchc.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  12:  142.     1908. 

Milium  digitatum  Sw.  Prodr.  24.     1788. 
Digitaria  horisontalis  Willd.  Enum.  92.     1809. 
Panicum  horizontale  Meyer,  Prim.  PI.  Esseq.  54.     1818. 
Syntherisma  setosa  Nash,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  25:  300.     1898. 

Culms  4-10  dm.  long,  branclied,  tufted,  at  length  decumbent  below  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  nodes.  iLeaves  more  or  less  densely  hirsute,  2-12  cm. 
long,  2-7  mm.  wide;  racemes  several,  3-14  cm.  long,  whorled  or  alternate  or  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  widely  spreading;  rachis  very  narrow;  spikelets  in  pairs, 
about  2.5  mm.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  first  scale  minute,  glabrous;  second 
scale  3-nerved,  appressed-pubescent;  third  scale  7-nerved,  also  appressed- 
pubescent;  fruiting  scale  nearly  2  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  third,  elliptic, 
greenish  when  mature. 

Sandy  places  and  cultivated  ground,  Berry  Islands,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Great  Exuma.  Eleuthera,  Watling's  Island,  Long  Island : — Florida ;  throughout 
tropical  America,     Southern  Crab-gkass. 

3.  Syntherisma  sanguinalis  (L.)  Dulac,  PL  Haut.  Pyr.  77.     1867. 

Panicum  sanguinale  L.  Sp.  PI.  57.     1753. 

Digitaria  sanguinalis  Scop.  PI.  Carn.  ed.  2,  1:   52.     1772. 

Digitaria  marginata  Link,  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.  1:  102.     1821. 

Digitaria  fimdriata  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  1:  226.     1827. 

Panicum  fimhi-iatum  Kunth,  Eev.  33.     1829. 

Syntherisma  marginatum  Nash,  N.  A.  Fl.  17:  154.     1912. 

Culms  8  dm.  long  or  less,  finally  branched,  prostrate  at  the  base  and  root- 
ing at  the  lower  nodes.  Lower  leaf-sheaths  densely  papillose-hirsute;  blades 
2-8  cm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  more  or  less 
pubescent;  racemes  2-9,  2-12  cm.  long,  erect  or  ascending,  alternate,  in  pairs 
or  whorls ;  spikelets  3-3.5  mm.  long,  about  0.8  mm.  wide,  lanceolate,  very  acute, 
in  pairs ;  first  scale  small,  glabrous,  the  second  and  third  appressed-pubescent 
Mith  long  hairs,  the  second  one  3-nerved,  the  third  slightly  exceeding  the  flower- 
ing scale,  7-nerved,  the  pubescence  usually  becoming  widely  spreading,  the 
fourth  one  lanceolate,  very  acute,  yellowish  white  at  maturity. 

Sandy  places,  roadsides  and  waste  places.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  New  Provi- 
dence. Eleuthera.  Long  Island,  Elbow  Cay,  Fortune  Island.  Acklin's  Island,  Inagua  : — 
temperate  and  tropical  America.  Native  of  the  Old  World.  Referred  by  Hitch- 
cock to  Panicum  Linkianum  Kth.     Larger  Crab-grass. 

8.  VAIiOTA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  495.     1763. 

Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  large  terminal  pubescent  pan- 
icles. iSpikelets  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  scales  4,  the  3  outer  ones 
membranous,  empty,  the  first  minute  or  rudimentary,  the  second  silky-pilose 
and  ciliate,  the  fourth  one  shorter,  glabrous,  shining,  chartaceous.  [Perhaps 
in  honor  of  P.  Vallot.]  Several  species,  of  warm  temperate  and  tropical  Amer- 
ica, the  following  typical. 

1.  Valota  insularis  (L.)  Chase,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  19:  188.     1906. 

Andropogon  insulare  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  1304.     1759. 
Panicum  leucophaeum  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  1:  97.     1815. 
Panicum  insulare  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  60.     1818. 
Trichachne  insularis  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  86.     1829. 

Culms  erect,  slender,  1-1.6  m.  high,  clustered.  Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  less, 
1-2  cm.  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  their  sheaths  pubescent;  panicle  narrow, 
often  3  dm.  long,  little,  if  any  more  than  3  cm.  thick;  spikelets  4-6  mm.  long. 


POACEAE.  1 7 

acuminate;  second  and  third  scale  3-nerved,  long-hairy;  fruiting  scale  chestnut- 
brown. 

Sandy  soil  and  cultivated  ground,  Abaco,  Andros.  New  Trovidence.  Eleuthera, 
Great  Exuma,  Cat  Island,  Long  Cay,  Acklin's  Island,  Inagua,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — 
Florida ;  Bermuda ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Referred  by 
Dolley  to  Tricholacna  Icucophaca.     Silky-grass. 

9.  AXONOPUS  Beauv.  Agrost.  12.     1812. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  the  culms  usually  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  with 
flat  leaves  and  l-flowered  spikelets,  borne  singly  in  2  rows  in  one-sided  spikes 
which  (in  our  species)  are  disposed  in  a  single  pair  at  the  summit  of  the  culm, 
or  sometimes  with  an  additional  one  a  short  distance  below.  Spikclfts  oblong 
to  lanceolate,  convex  on  the  outer  surface,  flat  on  the  inner.  Scales  3,  the 
outer  2  membranous,  the  inner  one  firm  and  with  its  opening  turned  toward 
the  rachis,  substending  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  separate.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  foot-axis.]  About  12  species,  of  warm  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Axonopus  compressus  (Sw.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  12,  154.     1812. 

Milium  compressum  Sw.  Prodr.  24.     1788. 

Paspahim  tristachyon  Lam.  Tab.  Encycl.  1:  176.     1791. 

AnastropMs  compressus  Sehleeht. ;  Nash,  in  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  79.     1903. 

Stolons  numerous,  leafy,  sometimes  6  dm.  long.  Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  slen- 
der, compressed,  glabrous ;  sheaths  loose ;  leaves  glabrous,  sometimes  sparsely 
ciliate,  obtuse,  those  of  the  culm  5-10  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  those  of  the 
stolons  about  2.5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  spikes  2-5,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  approxi- 
mate at  the  summit  of  the  long  and  slender  stalk;  spikelets  not  crowded  nor 
secund,  about  2  mm.  long,  acute. 

Grassy  places.  New  Providence  : — Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  the  West  In- 
dies and  continental  tropical  America.     Flat  Joi>"t-gkass. 

10.  PASPALUM  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  855.     1759. 

Perennial  grasses,  various  in  habit,  with  generally  flat  leaves  and  l-flow- 
ered spikelets,  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  in  2  rows  on  1-sided  spikes,  which  are 
single,  in  pairs  or  panicled.  Spikelets  oblong  to  orbicular,  flat  on  the  outer 
surface,  convex  on  the  inner.  Scales  3,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner 
one  indurated  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
separate.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free.  [An  ancient  Greek 
name  for  some  grass,  used  by  Hippocrates.]  About  160  species,  of  wide  dis- 
tribution in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in  America.  Type 
species:  Panicum  dissectum'.  L. 

Racemes  single,  or,  if  more  tban  1,  distant,  never  in  pairs. 
Spikelets  wingless. 

Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long  or  less  ;  racemes  usually  short,  rarely  exceeding  4  cm. 
long. 
Spikelets  singly   disposed.  1.  /'.   Point ii. 

Spikelets  normally  in  pairs. 

Spikelets  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrous. 

Primary  pedicel  much  shorter  than  its  spike- 
let.  2.   P.   cac!*j)itnsuvi. 
Primary  pedicel  nearly  as  long  as  its  splkelet.      ."'..   /'.  portoriccnse. 
Spikelets  glandular-pubescent.  4.  P.  Sinipsoni. 
Spikelets  exceeding  1.5  mm.  long;  racemes  long,  rarely 
under  G  cm. 


18 


POACEAE. 


Racemes  6  or  fewer;  blades  usually  4-8  mm.  wide  or 

less  ;  stems  slender.  5.  p.  giabrum. 

Racemes  numerous,  usually  10  or  more;  blades  up  to 
1   cm.  wide  or  more  ;  stems  stout. 
Rachis    of    the    spikelet    glabrous ;    sheaths    not 

nodulose.  6.  P.  secans. 

Rachis  sparingly  pilose  ;  lower  sheaths  nodulose.        7.  P.  miUeqrana. 
Spikelets  with  a  fimbriate  wing.  8.  P.  nmhriatum. 

Racemes  in  pairs  at  the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  spikelets  singly 
disposed. 
Racemes  long  and  slender  ;  spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long, 

nearly  orbicular  9.  p.  conjufjatnm. 

Racemes  short  and  stout ;  spikelets  over  2  mm.  long,  ovate. 

Spikelets  pubescent,  ovate,  2.5-3  mm.  long.  10.    p.   distirhuw 

Spikelets  glabrous,  ovate-lanceolate.  3-4  mm.  long.  IJ.   P.   vaginatinn. 

1.  Paspafum  Poiretii  E.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  878.     1817. 

Perennial;  culms  densely  tufted,  5  dm.  higli  or  less,  slender,  glabrous, 
simple,  or  sometimes  branched  at  the  base.  Leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  3-6  mm. 
wide,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hirsute,  or  ciliate;  racemes  1-3,  erect  or  ascending, 
2-4  cm.  long,  the  rachis  about  0.5  mm.  wide;  sj^ikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  0.9  mm. 
wide,  elliptic,  appressed-pubescent,  singly  disposed,  the  scales  3-nerved,  the 
fruiting  one  oval. 

Savanna,    Andros  : — Cuba  ;    Hispaniohi ;    Porto    Rico  ;    Jamaica.      Poieet's    Pas- 

PALUM. 

2.  Paspalum  caespitosum  Fluege,  Gram.  Monog.  161.     1810. 

Paspahim  Blodgettii  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  U.  S.  571.     1860. 

Tufted;  culms  slender,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  glabrous,  narrowly  linear, 
flat,  5-20  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  wide,  erect  or  nearly  so,  with  glabrous  sheaths; 
racemes  2-6,  erect,  1-5  cm.  long,  the  rachis  very  narrow;  spikelets  in  pairs,  a 
little  less  than  2  mm.  long  and  nearly  1  mm.  wide,  elliptic,  the  first  scale  want- 
ing, the  second  and  third  sparingly  papillose-pubescent  with  appressed  hairs, 
3-nerved,  the  fruiting  scale  yellowish  white. 

Pine-lands,  scrub-lands,  and  clearings.  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  Berrv  Islands, 
South  Bimini,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island.  Great  Exuma.  Inagua, 
and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico ;  Jamaica.  Slender  Pas- 
palum. 

3.  Paspalum  portoricense  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  30:  377.     1903. 

Culms  tufted,  glabrous,  very  slender,  spreading,  6  dm.  long  or  less,  simple  or 
rarely  branched.  Leaves  flat,  5-12  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  with  a  few  long 
hairs  at  the  base;  racemes  1-3,  very  slender,  2-6  cm.  long,  ascending;  spikelets 
geminate,  oblong-elliptic,  acute,  about  1.8  mm.  long,  0.8  mm.  wide,  glabrous, 
about  as  long  as  the  primary  pedicel,  the  first  and  second  scales  3-nerved. 

Crooked  Island    (according  to  Hitchcock)  ;  Porto  Rico. 

4.  Paspalum  Simpsoni  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  24:  39.     1897. 

Paspalum  gracillimum  Nash,  in  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  73.     1903. 

Tufted,  similar  to  P.  caespitosum;  culms  slender,  4-8  dm.  high.  Basal 
sheaths  hirsute,  the  upper  glabrous;  leaves  flat,  linear-lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long, 
3-10  mm.  wide,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  the  margins  ciliate;  racemes  3-5, 
spreading,  2-7  cm.  long,  the  rachis  narrow;  spikelets  in  pairs,  obovoid,  about 
1.5  mm.  long,  and  0.8  mm.  thick,  the  first  scale  wanting,  the  second  and  third 
3-nerved,  densely  pubescent  with  short  glandular  hairs. 

Scrub-lands,  white-lands,  and  clearings.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Berry  Islands, 
Andros,  New  Providence,  Cave  Cay,  Watlings  Island.  Little  San  Salvador,  Acklin's 
Island,  Fortune  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Inagua  :— Florida  ;  Cuba;  Jamaica;  Porto 
Rico.     Simpson's  Paspalum. 


POACEAE.  19 

5.  Paspalum  glabrum  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  5:  30.     1804. 

Paspalum  Helleri  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  30:   376.     1903. 

Culms  tufted,  slender,  glabrous,  erect  or  ascending,  simple,  3-10  dm.  high. 
Leaves  5-20  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide,  roughish-margined,  with  a  few  hairs  at 
the  base  of  the  blade ;  racemes  2-6,  narrow,  10  cm.  long  or  le?s,  erect  or  spread- 
ing; spikelets  many,  oval,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  1.7-2  mm.  long,  obtuse. 

Moist  grounds,  Abaco  and  Great  Sturrup  Cay  to  Andros,  North  Caicos,  Grand 
Turk  and  Inasua  :— Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  Ilitch- 
cocli  to  P.  nanum  C.  Wright. 

6.  Paspalum  secans  Hitch.  &  Chase,  Contr.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  18:  319.     1917. 

Perennial,  forming  clumps ;  culms  simple,  erect  glabrous,  1-2  m.  tall.  Leaf - 
sheaths  with  a  row  of  white  hairs  at  the  mouth,  the  blades  much  elongated, 
sometimes  1  m.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide,  flat,  but  in  drying  more  or  less  involute, 
their  margins  serrulate;  racemes  5-20,  slender,  spreading,  5-15  cm.  long;  rachis 
glabrous;  spikelets  glabrous,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  1.5  mm.  wide. 

Moist  soil.  New  Providence,  Acklin's  Island,  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ; 
Barbadoes;  .Jamaica;  St.  Croix;  Antigua.  Referred  by  Nash  to  P.  Schrebcrianum, 
Tall  Paspalum. 

7.  Paspalum  millegrana  Sehrad.  in  Schultes,  Mant.  2;    175.     1824. 

Paspalum  Vnderwoodii  Nash,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  30:  375.     1903. 

Culms  stout,  1-1.5  m.  high,  often  clustered,  smooth.  Lower  sheaths  nodu- 
lose, overlapping;  leaves  elongated,  roughish,  5-10  mm.  wide,  commonly  pu- 
bescent above;  racemes  many,  close  toegther,  ascending  or  nearly  erect,  4-10 
cm.  long;  spikelets  glabrous,  suborbicular  or  obovate-orbicular,  about  2  mm. 
long,  usually  purplish;  rachis  sparingly  pilose. 

New  Providence  (according  to  Hitchcock  and  Chase)  : — Jamaica  :  Cuba  ;  Porto 
Rico;   Tobago;   Trinidad  to  southern  Brazil.     Underwood's   Paspalum. 

8.  Paspalum  fimbriatum  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  1:   93.     1815. 

Annual;  culms  tufted,  glabrous,  often  branched  below,  3-8  dm.  high,  the 
sheaths  hirsute  or  glabrous.  Leaves  1-2.5  dm.  long,  1.5  cm.  wide  or  less, 
ciliate;  racemes  2-6,  erect  or  ascending,  2.5-7  cm.  long;  spikelets  mostly  in 
pairs,  suborbicular,  2.5-3.5  mm.  long,  the  scales  papillose,  3-nefved,  the  lower 
one  with  a  broad  cleft  wing,  with  ciliate  segments,  the  next  with  a  similar 
partial  wing,  the  fruiting  scale  7-ridged. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island  : 
— Cuba,  Hispaniola  and  Porto  Rico  to  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ;  South  America.  Fringed 
Paspalum. 

9.  Paspalum  conjugatum  Berg.  Acta  Helv.  7:  129.     1762. 

Smooth  and  glabrous.  Culms  compressed,  2-9  dm.  tall,  finally  decumbent 
at  the  base  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes;  leaves  4-16  cm.  long,  4-12  mm. 
wide;  racemes  in  pairs,  slender,  often  curved,  spreading  or  ascending,  5-12 
em.  long,  the  rachis  straight,  or  flexuous  toward  the  apex,  0.6-0.8  mm.  broad ; 
spikelets  crowded,  much  compressed  dorsally,  singly  disposed,  1.5  mm.  long, 
1-1.2  mm.  broad,  apiculate,  the  2  outer  scales  2-nerved,  the  nerves  marginal, 
the  first  scale  ciliate  on  the  margins  with  very  long  lax  hairs,  the  third  scale 
smooth,  white. 

Grassy  places  along  roads,  apparently  introduced.  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ; 
Southern  United  States:  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  Barbadoes:  Jamaica;  continental 
tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Two-spiked  Paspalum. 


20  POACEAE. 

10.  Paspalum  distichum  L.  Pugil.  PI.  Jam.  5.     1759. 

Culms  1-6  dm.  tall,  from  a  long  stout  rootstock;  sheaths  compressed, 
keeled,  usually  crowded  and  overlapping,  especially  at  the  base  and  on  the 
innovations,  glabrous,  or  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  margins;  leaves  commonly 
less  than  1  dm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  usually  glabrous;  racemes  terminal,  in 
pairs,  ascending,  2-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  singly  disposed,  ovate,  2.5-3  mm. 
long,  acute,  the  2  oufer  scales  firm,  5-nerved,  rarely  7-nerved,  the  first  scale 
glabrous,  the  second  appressed-pubescent,  the  third  apiculate,  pubescent  at 
the  apex. 

Fresh  water  marsh.  New  Providence : — Bermuda  ;  Virginia  to  Florida,  Texas 
and  California,  and  north  on  the  coast  to  Oregon :  the  West  Indies  and  tropical 
America,  Hitchcock's  plant  from  Fortune  Island,  referred  to  this  species,  proves 
to  be  P.  taginatum  Sw.     Joikt-geass. 

11.  Paspalum  vaginatum  Sw.  Prodr.  21.     1788. 

Culms  2-6  dm.  tall,  from  a  long  stout  rootstock;  sheaths  compressed, 
keeled,  usually  crowded  and  overlapping,  at  least  at  the  base  and  on  the  inno- 
vations, glabrous;  leaves  folded,  or  involute  when  dry,  1,5  dm.  long  or  less, 
2-4  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  hairy;  racemes  terminal,  usually  in 
pairs,  rarely  more  or  but  a  single  one,  erect  or  ascending,  3-7  cm.  long;  spike- 
lets  singly  disposed,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3-4  mm.  long,  the  2  outer  scales 
glabrous,  thin,  the  first  scale  4-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  approximate  at  the 
margin,  the  midnerve  suppressed,  the  second  scale  5-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
rather  near  together,  the  third  scale  glabrous  at  the  aptex  or  with  2  or  3  hairs. 

Borders  of  marshes,  New  Providence,  Watling's  Island,  Fortune  Island,  and 
Inagua : — Bermuda ;  southern  United  States ;  West  Indies ;  tropical  continental 
America.     Sheathed  Paspalum. 

Paspalum  sp.  Hitchcock  and  Chase  (Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  18:  316)  record 
a  plant  of  this  genus  from  Inagua,  not  certainly  referable  to  any  known  species. 

11.  PANICUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  55.     1753. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  various  in  habit,  with  open  or  contracted  panicles. 
Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the  lower  one  staminate  only.  Scales 
4,  the  3  lower  membranous,  empty,  or  the  third  with  a  staminate  flower,  vary- 
ing in  the  same  species;  the  inner  or  fourth  scale  chartaceous,  shining,  enclos- 
ing a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Awns  none.  Stamens  3, 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  fruit- 
ing scale  and  palet.  [Old  Latin  name  for  some  grass,  probably  the  cultivated 
sorghum,  referring  to  its  panicle,  taken  from  Pliny,]  About  500  species,  in 
temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Paniciim  miliaceum  L. 

A.  Palet  little  or  not  at  all  enlarged  when  mature. 

1,  Inflorescence   consisting  of  spike-like   often   1-sided  branches  or  racemes. 

Spikelets  singly  disposed,   in   2   distinct  rows,   on  very   short  equal  pedicels; 

first  scale  truncate.  1,  F.  geminatum. 

Spikelets    otherwise    arranged,    on    unequal    pedicels ; 
first  scale  acute  or  obtuse,  never  truncate. 
Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  transversely  rugose. 
Panicle   branches    terminating   with   a   spikelet, 
no  prolongation. 
Pedicels  shorter  than  the  spikelets. 

Stems    all    fertile,    the    nodes    naked,    or 
occasionally  sparsely  pubescent. 
Outer  scales   of  the  spikelet  with  no 
cross-veinlets ;   stems   often  rooting 
at  the  lower  nodes.  2.  P.  adspersum. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  with 
manifest  cross-veinlets  ;  stems  rare- 
ly rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  3,  P.  fasciculatum. 


POACEAE. 


21 


Fertile  stems  tall  and  stout,  the  sterile 
long  and  creeping,  the  nodes  densely 
barbed.  4 

Some    of    the    pedicels    equaling    or    longer 
than  the  spikelets.  5 

Panicle  branches  extending  beyond  the  spikelet 
in  a  sterile   rudiment. 
Spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long.  G 

Spikelets  2  mm.   long  or  more,  7 

Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  smooth.  8 

2.   Inflorescence  usually   a   diffuse,   rarely   narrow  panicle, 
its   branches  not  spike-like. 
Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  transversely  rugose.  5 

Fourth   scale  smooth. 

Annuals,  or  if  perennials,  not  with  tufts  of  leaves 
at  the  base  of  the  stem. 
Spikelets   lanceolate  to   ovate,   acute   to   acumi- 
nate,     glabrous ;      leaf-blades      elongated, 
linear. 
Plants  tufted,  no  long  creeping  rootstocks  ; 
spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  less. 
Panicle  narrow,   dense,   its   branches   ap- 
pressed. 
Stems    slender,    6    dm.    tall    or    less ; 

basal  sheaths  round.  0 

Stems  stout,  usually  1  m.  tall  or 
more:  basal  sheaths  compressed, 
keeled,  equitant.  10 

Panicle    broad    at    maturity,    loose    and 
open,     its     branches    "spreading    or 
ascending. 
First   scale   one  half  as   long   as   the 
spikelet  or  more,  broadly  ovate, 
acute. 
Sheaths    glabrous;    stems    slender.  11 
Sheaths    densely    papillose-hispid ; 
stems  stout.  12 

First  scale  rarely  exceeding  one 
fourth  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 
orbicular,  truncate  or  rounded  at 
the  apex.  13 

Plants    with    long    stout    rootstocks :    leaf- 
blades  very  thick  and  firm  ;  spikelets  4-5 
mm.  long;  seacoast  grass. 
Spikelets  elliptic,   pubescent ;    leaf-blades  broad, 
ovate-lanceolate. 
Perennials,  with  basal  tufts  of  leaves. 
Spikelets  1.5  mm.  long,  glabrous. 
Spikelets  2  mm.  long,  pubescent. 

Primary    leaf-blades    5    mm.    wide    or    less, 
strongly    striate ;    spikelets    broadly    obo- 
void. 
Primary    leaf-blades    up    to    12    mm.    wide; 
spikelets  elliptic. 
B.  Palet  much  enlarged  when  mature. 


/'.  harbinodc. 
P.  muximum. 


P.   di.Htantiflorui 
P.   C'}Ki]jmani. 
P.  I  ax  urn. 


P.  maximum. 


P.  tcnerum. 
P.  condcnsum. 


P.  diffusum. 

P.   Ghieshrcphtii. 

P.  dichotomiflorum. 


14. 

P. 

amarulum. 

15. 

P. 

trichoides. 

16. 

P. 

coerulescrns. 

17. 

P. 

n  c  lira  )it  hum. 

1«. 
10. 

P. 
P. 

nitidiim. 
cxipuiflortim. 

1.  Panicum  geminatum  Forsk.  Fl.  Aegypt.-Arab.  18.     1775. 

Aquatic.  Culins  6-12  dm.  long,  usually  clothed  v\ith  sheaths  below; 
leaves  glabrous,  2.5  dm.  long  or  less,  6-10  mm.  wide;  racemes  10-20.  one-sided, 
the  rachis  broadly  winged,  appressed,  2-4  cm,  long;  spikelets  about  2.5  mm. 
long,  ovate,  acute,  glabrous,  singly  disposed  in  2  rows,  the  first  scale  broadc- 
than  long  and  clasping  the  spikelet  at  its  base,  truncate  at  the  apex,  the  fourth 
scale  transversely  wrinkled. 

Wet  or  moist  places.  Great  Bahama.  Abacn.  Berry  Islands.  New  Providence. 
Eleuthera.  Cat  Island.  Great  Exnma.  T>ong  Island.  Fortune  Island,  Crooked  Island, 
and  Inagua  :■ — Bermuda  ;  southern  Florida  and  Texas  ;  in  tropical  regions  generally. 
Erroneously  referred,  by  authors,  to  P.  i>asi>ah)id<s  Pers.     W.\tku-orass. 


2.  Panicum  adspersum  Trin.  Gram.  Pan.  146.     1826. 

Culms  ascending  or  spreading,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  branched,  com- 
pressed, glabrous,  3-10  dm.  long.     Sheaths  ciliate  above;  leaf-blades  5-20  cm. 


22  POACEAE. 

long,  8-20  mm.  -wide,  glabrous,  or  sometimes  ciliate  at  the  base,  abruptly 
acuminate,  rough-margined;  panicles  6-15  cm.  long,  composed  of  many  spike- 
like racemes;  spikelets  short-stalked,  3-4  mm.  long,  1.5-1.8  mm.  wide,  fusiform; 
first  scale  acute,  glabrous,  5-nerved,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  whole  spike- 
let;  second  and  third  scales  5^7-nerved,  hispid  at  least  above,  rarely  glabrous. 

New  Providence  and  Anguilla  Isles : — 'Florida ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico,  Tortola 
and  Martinique ;  Jamaica.     Loose  Panic-grass. 

3.  Panicum  fasciculatum  Sw.  Prodr.  22.     1788. 

Panicum.  fuscum  Sw.  Prodr.  23.     1788. 

Panicum  flavescens  Sw.  Prodr.  23.     1788. 

Panicum  paniculatum  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  30:   381.     1903. 

Perennial;  culms  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent  above,  slender  or  rather 
stout,  erect,  spreading  or  ascending,  0.3-1  ni.  long.  Leaves  flat,  3  dm.  long  or 
less,  0.6-2  cm.  wide,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  sheaths  sometimes 
pilose  or  hispid;  panicles  5-15  cm.  long,  the  branches  raceme-like,  ascending; 
spikelets  commonly  approximate,  short-stalked,  brown,  2-2,5  mm.  long,  glabrous, 
the  outer  scales  reticulate-veined,  the  fourth  scale  rugose. 

Waste  places.  Grand  Turk  Island  : — southern  Florida  and  Texas  ;  the  West  Indies 
and  tropical  continental  America.     Brown  Panic-grass. 

4.  Panicum  barbinode  Trin.  Mem,  Acad.  St,  Petersb.  VI,  Sci,  Xat,   1:    256, 

1834, 

Sterile  culms  1-2  m,  long,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  the  fertile  ones  erect, 
6-10  dm.  tall  or  more,  the  nodes  densely  barbed;  leaf-sheaths  often  overlapping, 
papillose-hirsute;  blades  1-3  dm.  long,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  6-16  mm,  wide; 
panicle  1,5-2  dm,  long,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending;  spikelets  about 
3  mm.  long,  glabrous. 

New  Providence  and  Acklin's  Island : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  to  Texas  ;  the  West 
Indies  and  tropical  America  and  Old  World  tropics.  Has  been  confused  with  P. 
rnolle  Sw,     Para  Grass. 

5.  Panicum  maximum  Jacq.  Ic.  PI,  Ear.  1:  2,  ijl.  13.     1781-6. 

Culm  1-2  m,  tall  or  more,  leafy;  leaf-sheaths  overlapping,  glabrous,  or 
tuberculate-pubescent ;  blades  elongated,  1-4  cm,  wide,  glabrous ;  panicle  3-6 
dm,  long,  its  branches  erect  or  nearly  so,  very  long;  spikelets  glabrous,  3-4  mm. 
long,  the  fourth  scale  transversely  rugose. 

In  swales  and  along  swamps,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera,  Fortune  Island,  Turks 
Islands,  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  :  Georgia  and  Florida  to  Texas  ;  the  West  Indies 
and  continental  America,  Referred  by  Coker  to  P.  elepliantipes  Nees,  Guinea 
Grass, 

6.  Panicum  distantiflorum  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cuba  11:  304.     1850, 

Culms  glabrous,  tufted,  slender,  wiry,  branched,  6-8  dm,  high.  Sheaths 
compressed;  leaf -blades  1-3  dm.  long,  only  1  or  2  mm,  wide,  involute  in  drying; 
panicles  narrow,  2-7  cm,  long,  their  branches  nearly  erect;  spikelets  elliptic, 
glabrous,  acute,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long  as  the 
whole  spikelet,  5-nerved,  acute;  second  scale  obtuse,  about  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  fruit. 

Srrub-lands,  Long  Island  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  :  Hispaniola  ;  Curagao,  Narrow 
Panic-grass. 

7    Panicum  Chapmani  Yasey,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  11:   61,     1884. 

Culms  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  tufted,  slender,  3-10  dm,  high,  simple,  or 
sometimes  branched  below.  Leaves  2-4  dm,  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  acuminate, 
the  sheaths  sparingly  ciliate;  panicles  3  dm.  long  or  less,  composed  of  sessile 
1-sided  spike-like  racemes  of  3-12  spikelets,  the  flexuous  rachis  terminated  by  a 


POACEAE.  23 

short  bristle;  spikelets  nearly  see-sile,  about  2  mm.  long,  in  2  rows,  obovoid, 
glabrous,  the  first  scale  obtuse,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  whole  spikelet, 
the  second  scale  7-nerved,  the  fourth  scale  transversely  wrinkled. 

Scrub-lands  and  along  marshes.  New  I'rovidence.  Rose  Island,  Great  Exuma  : — 
southern  Florida.     Chapman's  Panic-grass. 

8.  Panicum  laxum  Sw.  Prodr.  23.     1788. 

Panicum  agrostidiforme  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  1:  172.     1791. 
Panicum  tenuiculmiim  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  58.     1818. 

'Culms  simple  or  little  branched,  often  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  lower 
nodes,  4-12  dm.  high.  Sheaths  hirsute  above,  otherwise  glabrous;  leaves  1-2.5 
dm.  long,  4-15  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  upper  side ; 
panicles  0.5-3  dm.  long,  with  many,  slender  spike-like  branches,  the  lower 
branches  spreading,  the  ultimate  branchlets  mostly  sccund ;  spikelets  1-1.5 
mm.  long,  about  0.7  mm.  wide,  short-stalked;  first  scale  1-3-nerved,  about  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  whole  spikelet,  the  second  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
third. 

Turks    Islands : — nearly    throughout    tropical    America.     Red-top    Panic-grass. 

9.  Panicum  tenerum  Beyr.;  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI  1:  341.     1834. 

Culms  slender,  stiff,  tufted,  glabrous,  4^9  dm.  high.  Sheaths  glabrous,  or 
the  lower  softly  pubescent;  leaf  blades  4-15  cm,  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  or  the 
upper  much  smaller,  erect,  somewhat  involute  in  drying,  somewhat  pubescent, 
at  least  toward  the  base;  panicles  solitary  and  terminal,  3-8  cm.  long,  or  also 
a  few  smaller  ones  lateral;  spikelets  2-2.8  mm.  long,  about  1  mm.  wide,  short- 
stalked,  rather  crowded ;  first  scale  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  whole 
spikelet,  1-nerved,  the  second  and  third  5-7-nerved. 

Open  places  in  pine  and  scrub-lands,  Andros  and  New  I'rovidence : — Georgia 
and  Florida  to  Texas  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico.     Slender  Panic-grass, 

10.  Panicum  condensum  Nash,  in  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S,  93.     1903. 

Culms  tufted,  branched,  0.6-1  m.  tall,  the  basal  sheaths  compressed  and 
keeled.  Leaves  2-4  dm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide,  erect  or  nearly  so ;  panicles  large, 
dense,  oblong,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  their  branches  erect ;  spikelets  numerous,  about 
2.3  mm.  long,  acute,  glabrous;  first  scale  acuminate,  about  one-half  the  length 
of  the  whole  spikelet;  second  and  third  scales  acuminate. 

Fresh  water  swamps  and  wet  places,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Acklin's  Island 
and  Cat  Island  : — New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Guada- 
loupe  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico.     Dense   Panic-grass. 

11.  Panicum  diffusum  Sw.  Prodr.  23.     1788. 

Perennial;  culms  tufted,  spreading  or  ascending,  simple  or  little  branched, 
glabrous  with  pubescent  nodes,  2-5  dm.  high.  Sheaths  striate,  glabrous  or 
pubescent;  leaf-blades  2  dm.  long  or  less,  1-3  mm.  wide,  sparingly  pubescent; 
panicles  5-10  cm.  long,  open,  the  branches  filiform ;  spikelets  few,  near  the 
ends  of  the  panicle-branches,  short-stalked,  about  2  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  wide; 
first  scale  acute,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  second  and  third  scales 
7-9-nerved. 

Coppice,  New  Providence: — Jamaica;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas,  Tortola  and  Mar- 
tinique, Diffuse  Panic-grass. 

12.  Panicum  Ghiesbreghtii  Fourn.  Mex,  PI.  2:  29,     1886. 

Panicum  hirtivaginum  Hitchc.  Contr.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  12:  223.     1909. 

Perennial;  culms  erect,  tufted,  rather  stout,  6-8  dm.  high,  the  nodes 
hirsute.  Sheaths  hirsute;  leaf -blades  flat,  up  to  6  dm.  long  and  12  mm.  wide, 
-hirsute  or  glabrate ;  panicle  2-3  dm,  long,  its  branches  ascending;  spikelets 
numerous,  short-stalked,  about  3  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  wide;  first  scale  acute, 


24  POACEAE. 

one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  whole  spikelet;   second  and  third  scales 
7-9-nerved. 

A  weed,  Crooked  Island  : — Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Guadeloupe  ;  Antigua  ;  continental 
tropical  America. 

13.  Panicum  dichotomiflorum  Michx   Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  48.     1803. 

Fanicum  hartowense  Scribn.  &  Merr.  Cire  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.  Agrost.  35: 
3.     1901. 

Culms  at  first  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  simple,  later  decumbent  and  geniculate, 
1-1.5  m.  long,  branched  at  all  the  upper  nodes.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous,  or 
papillose-hispid,  somewhat  flattened;  leaves  1.5-6  dm.  long,  4-20 mm.  wide,  long- 
acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margins  and  occasionaly  on  the  nerves;  panicles 
pyramidal,  1-4  dm.  long;  spikelets  2-3  mm.  long,  crowded,  lanceolate,  acute, 
glabrous,  sometimes  purplish;  first  scale  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let;  second  and  third  scales  about  equal,  acute,  5-7-nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic, 
shining. 

Swamps  and  water  holes,  Great  Bahama,  North  Bimini,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Cat  Cav.  Watling's  Island,  Crooked  Island,  and  Great  Exuma : — Maine  to 
Nebraska,  Florida  and  Texas :  Bermuda ;  Cuba.  Recorded  by  Coker  as  P.  ele- 
phantipes  Nees ;  has  been  confused  with  P.  proliferum  Lam.  Spreading  Witch- 
grass. 

14.  Panicum  amarulum  Hitchc.  &  Chase.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  15:  96.     1910. 

Culms  rather  stout,  tufted,  glabrous,  glaucous,  4-15  dm.  high,  the  sheaths 
overlapping.  Leaves  1.5-3  dm.  long,  6-12  mm.  wide,  leathery,  the  margins 
involute;  panicle  narrow,  sometimes  7  dm.  long,  its  branches  erect;  spikelets 
about  5  mm.  long;  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  whole  spikelet,  the 
third  somewhat  longer  than  the  second. 

Sea-beaches  and  sand  dunes.  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence  : — Virginia  to 
Florida  and  Mississippi ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica.     Sea-beach  Grass. 

15.  Panicum  trichoides  Sw.  Prodr.  24.     1788. 

Panicum  brevifolium  of  authors.     Not  L.     1753. 

Panicum  capiUaceiim  Lam.  Tabl.  Encyel.  1:  173.     1791. 

Culms  slender,  ascending  or  erect,  6  dm.  high  or  less,  pubescent.  Sheaths 
pubescent  and  ciliate;  leaf-blades  membranous,  2-7  cm,  long,  1-2  cm.  wide, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate-clasping  at  the  base,  glabrous 
or  sparingly  pubescent;  panicles  2  dm.  long  or  less,  their  branches  filiform, 
spreading  and  ascending;  spikelets  nearly  ellipsoid,  about  1.2  mm.  long,  spar- 
ingly hirsute;  first  scale  acute,  1-nerved,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  whole 
spikelet;   second  and  third  scales  3-nerved. 

Turks  Islands  : — Jamaica ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Trinidad ;  tropical  continen- 
tal America.     Hair-like  Paxic-grass. 

16.  Panicum  coerulescens  Hack.;  Hitchc.  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.  12:  219.     1909. 

Culms  slender,  tufted,  glabrous,  at  first  erect  and  simple,  later  reclining 
and  with  short,  fascicled  branches  at  the  nodes,  8  dm.  long  or  less.  Sheaths 
glabrous,  or  the  lower  sometimes  pubescent;  leaves  of  the  vernal  stage  5-8  cm, 
long,  3-7  mm.  wide,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so;  panicles  of  the  vernal  stage 
3-7  cm.  long,  those  of  the  autumnal  stage  usually  reduced  to  a  few  spikelets; 
spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long,  obovoid,  glabrous;  first  scale  about  one-third 
the  length  of  the  whole  spikelet. 

Moist  places  and  in  swamps.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island 
(?)  Crooked  Island: — New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas;  Cuba.  Referred  by  Dolley 
to  P.  dichotomum  L.     Bluish  Paxic-grass. 

17.  Panicum  neuranthum  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cuba  232.     1866. 

Culms  tufted,  slender,  at  length  much  branched,  3-7.5  dm.  tall.  Sheaths 
glabrous,   or  the  lower   pubescent;    leaves   smooth   and  glabrous,  the  primary 


POACEAE.  25 

erect,  acuminate,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  Avide,  those  on  the  branches  shorter, 
erect  or  ascending,  usually  involute  when  dry,  concealing  the  small  !-econdary 
panicles;  primary  panicle  2.5-10  cm.  long,  its  branches  at  first  erect,  at  length 
spreading;  spikelets  numerous,  about  2  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent  with 
short,  spreading  hairs,  the  second  and  third  scales  7-nerved. 

Swamps  and  savannas,  Andros  and  New  I'rovidence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  NruviiD 
Pamc-giuss. 

IS.  Panicum  nitidum  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  1:  172.     1791. 

Culms  slender,  tufted,  3-10  dm.  long,  erect  or  reclining,  often  becoming 
much-branched,  the  nodes  bearded.  Sheaths  glabrous,  ciliate,  or  the  lower 
pubescent;  leaves  of  the  vernal  stage  5-12  cm.  long,  3-10  mm.  wide,  the  basal 
ones  tufted,  those  of  the  autumnal  stage  much  smaller,  1-3  cm.  long,  1-3  mm. 
wide;  panicles  of  the  vernal  stage  5-8  cm.  long,  often  nearly  as  wide,  those  of 
the  autumnal  stage  smaller,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  few  spikelets;  spikelets 
2  mm.  long,  1  mm.  wide,  pubescent,  the  first  scale  about  one-third  as  long  as 
the  whole  spikelet. 

Pine  and  palmetto  lands,  Great  Bahama  : — Virginia  to  Missouri,  Florida  and 
Texas  ;  Cuba.     Shiniisg  Panic-grass. 

19.  Panicum  exiguiflorum  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  234.     1866. 

Panicum  tricolor  Hack.  Oest.  Bot.  Zeitsch.  51:  370.     1901. 

Perennial;  culms  tufted,  glabrous,  slender,  simple  or  somewhat  branched, 
erect  or  ascending,  1-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  1-6  cm.  long,  0.5-1.5  mm.  wide,  flat, 
glabrous  or  their  sheaths  ciliate;  panicles  2-10  cm.  long,  their  few  slender 
branches  spreading  or  finally  refi^exed,  bearing  several,  short-stalked  spikelets 
about  1.5  mm.  long;  first  scale  3-nerved,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let;  second  scale  nearly  as  long  as  the  first;  palet  large,  subcoriaceous,  forcing 
the  spikelet  open  at  maturity. 

Moist  grounds,  Acklin's  Island,  Fortune  Island  and  Inagua  : — Cuba. 
An  imperfect   specimen   of   a  Paniciun,   perhaps   representing  P.   lucidum 
Ashe,  was  collected  on  Cat  Island  (Britton  4'  Millspaugh  5776). 

12.  LASIACIS  (Griseb.)  Hitchc.  Contr.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  15:  16.     1910. 

Perennial,  woody,  often  elongated  and  vine-like  grasses,  with  flat  leaves, 
the  inflorescence  of  terminal  panicles  of  large  subglobose  somewhat  oblique 
1-flowered  spikelets.  Scales  4,  somewhat  coriaceous  or  chartaceous,  not  awned, 
bearing  an  apical  tuft  of  short  hairs.  Grain  enclosed  in  the  hard  fruiting 
scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  hairy-tip.]  Ten  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and 
subtropical  America.     Type  species:  Panicum  divaricatum  L. 

1.  Lasiacis  divaricata  (L.)  Hitchc.  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  15:  16.     1910. 

Panicum  divaricatum  L.  Syst.  Xat.  ed.  10,  871.     1759. 

'Culm  glabrous,  smooth,  much  branched,  erect  or  arching,  2-3  m.  long,  the 
branches  sometimes  pendent.  Sheaths  ciliate;  leaves  glabrous,  acuminate, 
those  of  the  main  culm  8-12  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches 
smaller;  panicle  5-10  cm.  long,  its  slender  branches  spreading;  spikelets 
swollen,  4^5  mm.  long,  the  scales  tipped  Avith  woolly  hairs,  the  broad  lower 
scale  clasping. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama.  Aliaco,  Andros.  Now  rrovidonce. 
Rose  Island,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Little  Snn  Salvador,  Watling's  Island,  Rum 
Cay,  Conception  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Fortune  Island,  North 
Caicos.  Little  Inagua.  Inagua,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — southern  Florida  ;  West  Indies 
and  continental   tropical   America.     Cane-gkass.     Wild  Cane. 


26  POACEAE. 

13.  ECHINOCHLOA  Beauv.  Agrost.  53.  pi  11,  f.  2.     1812. 

Usually  tall  grasses,  commonly  annuals,  with  broad  leaves  and  a  terminal 
inflorescence  consisting  of  one-sided  racemes  racemosely  or  paniculately  ar- 
ranged. Spikelets  1-flowered,  singly  disposed,  or  in  smaller  racemes  or  clusters 
on  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  inflorescence.  Scales  4,  the  outer  3  mem- 
branous, hispid  on  the  nerves,  the  third  and  usually  also  the  second  scale  awned, 
or  sometimes  merely  awn-pointed,  the  awn  often  very  long;  fourth  scale  in- 
durated, shining,  frequently  pointed,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  'Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free. 
[Greek,  in  reference  to  the  stout  hispid  hairs  of  the  spikelets.]  Species  about 
12,  mostly  in  warm  and  tropical  countries.    Type  species:  Panicum  Crus-galli  L. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  not  awned  ;  spiTcelets  2.5-3  mm.  long.     1.  E.  colonum. 
"^xxtev  scales  of  the  spikelet.  at  least   one  of  them,  awned ;  spikelets 

^.5-4  mm.  long,  exclusive  of  the  awns.  2.  E.  Crus-galli. 

1.  Echinochloa  coldnum   (L.)   Link,  Hort.  Berol.  2:  209.     1833. 

Pamcum  colonum  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  870.     1759. 

'Culms  tufted,  smooth  and  glabrous,  1.5-7.5  dm.  tall,  often  decumbent  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  nodes.  Sheaths  compressed,  usually  crowded;  leaves  flat, 
2. .5-17  cm.  long,  2-8  mm.  wide;  inflorescence  composed  of  3-18,  1-sided,  more 
or  less  spreading  dense  racemes  6-50  mm.  long,  disposed  along  a  3-angled 
rachis  and  generally  somewhat  exceeding  the  length  of  the  internodes ;  spikelets 
single,  in  pairs,  or' in  3 's  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  hispidulous,  triangular 
rachis,  obovate,  pointed,  the  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet, 
3-nerved,  the  second  and  third  scales  a  little  more  than  2  mm.  long,  awnless, 
5-nerved,  hispid  on  the  nerves,  the  fourth  scale  cuspidate. 

Waste  places,  Turks  Islands  : — Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  tropical  regions. 
Jungle  Rice. 

2.  Echinochloa  Crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  53,  161.     1812. 

Panicum  Crus-galli  L.  Sp.  PI.  56.     1753. 

Culms  6-12  dm.  tall,  often  branching  at  base.  Sheaths  smooth  and 
glabrous;  leaves  1.5-6  dm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrous; 
panicle  composed  of  5-15  sessile,  erect  or  ascending  branches,  or  the  lower 
branches  spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  ovate,  green  or  purple,  densely 
crowded  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  second  and  third  scales  about  3 
mm.  long,  scabrous  or  hispid,  the  third  scale  more  or  less  awned,  empty,  the 
fourth  ovate,  abruptly  pointed.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated 
regions.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

Waste  places,  Turks  Islands  : — widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  subtropical 
regions.     Native  of  the  Old  World.     Baen yard-grass. 

14.  OPLISMENUS    Beauv.    Fl.    Owar.    2:  14,   pi.    68.     1807. 

Perennial  grasses,  often  decumbent  and  branched  at  the  base,  with  broad 
flat  leaf -blades  and  inflorescence  composed  of  spikes,  bearing  on  the  lower  side 
scattered  clusters  of  a  few  spikelets.  Spikelets  1-flowered.  Scales  4,  the  3 
outer  membranous,  the  first  and  second  empty,  awned,  the  first  equalling  or 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  the  third  scale  usually  awned,  empty,  or 
enclosing  a  small  palet,  the  fourth  one  shorter  than  the  others,  obtuse,  awn- 
less, chartaceous,  finally  indurated,  enclosing  a  shorter  palet  of  similar  texture 
and  a  perfect  flower.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct  to  the  base.     Stigmas  plu- 


POACEAE.  27 

inos^e.     [Greek,  armed,  presumably  referring  to  the  awns.]     About  4  species, 
natives  of  warm  regions.     Type  species:  OpUsmcinis  africanus  Bcauv, 

].  Oplismenus  hirtellus  (L.)  E.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  481.     1817. 

Panicum  hirtellum  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  870.     1759. 
Oplismenus  setarins  E.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  481.     1817. 

Culms  prostrate  or  nearly  so,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  very  slender,  6  dm. 
long  or  less.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  1-6  cm.  long,  1  cm. 
wide  or  less,  their  sheaths  often  pubescent;  panicle  8  cm.  long  or  less,  its 
fdiform  short  branches  erect  or  spreading;  spikelets  3  mm.  long,  the  awns  up 
to  8  mm.  long. 

Cultivated  ground,  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  South  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Texas  ;  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.     Wood-gkass. 

15.  CHAETOCHLOA  Scribn.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.  Agrost.  4:  38.     3  897 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  erect  culms  and  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence  in 
spike-like  clusters.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  or  rarely  with  a  second  staminate 
flower,  the  basal  bristles  single  or  in  clusters  below  the  articulation  of  the 
rachilla,  and  therefore  persistent.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  4,  the  three  outer 
membranous,  the  third  often  subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate  flower; 
the  inner  or  fourth  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture 
and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  bristles 
of  the  inflorescence.]  Species  about  35,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Type  species:  Setaria  longiseta  Beauv. 

Inflorescence  with  the  spikelets  racemosely   arranged ;   bristles  5-16  at   the   base  of 

each  spikelet,  involucrate.  1.  C.  geniculata. 

Inflorescence    with    the    spikelets    in    clusters    or    en    manifest 
branches  ;  bristles  1-3  at  the  base  of  each  spikelet,  not  in- 
volucrate. 
Spikelets  2  mm.  long;  leaves  pubescent.  2.  C.  setosa. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long ;  leaves  glabrous.  3.  C.  macrosperma. 

1.  Chaetochloa  geniculata   (Lam.)    Millsp.  &  Chase,  Field.  Mus.  Bot.  3:   37. 
1903. 

Panicum  geniculatum  Lam.  Encycl.  4:  727.     1798. 

Panicum  imhcrbe  Poir.   Encycl.   Suppl.   4:    272.     1816. 

Chaetochloa  iw.herhis  Scribn.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.  Agrost.  4:  39.     1897. 

Perennial;  culms  6-12  dm.  long,  ascending.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
compressed  and  keeled;  leaves  1-3.5  dm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  pale  green  or 
glaucous,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  spike-like  panicle  long-exserted,  rather  slender, 
2.5-7  cm.  long,  about  1.5  cm.  thick;  spikelets  usually  single,  about  2.5  mm. 
long  and  1,25  mm.  wide,  the  first  scale  ovate,  3-nerved,  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  spikelet,  the  second  scale  acute,  3-nerved,  the  third  scale  5-nerved; 
bristles  in  two  nearly  equal  clusters  of  5  each,  very  slender,  6-10  mm.  long. 

Waste  places,  sink-holes,  and  in  the  scrub.  Abaco.  Groat  Bahama.  Berry  Islands. 
Andres,  New  I'rovidence.  Exuma  Chain,  Acklin's  Island,  Fortune  Island.  Caicos 
Islands,  Grand  Turk,  Inagua.  and  Anguilla  Isles: — Bermuda:  Massachusetts  to 
Kansas,  Florida  and  Texas ;  West  Indies ;  tropical  continental  America.  Referred 
by  Hitchcock  and  by  Coker  to  Setaria  (jlauca  Beauv.:  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to 
Chaetochloa  glauca.  "  Fox-tail  Grass. 


28  POACEAE. 

2.  Chaetochloa   setosa    (Sw.)    Scribn.   Bull.    U.    S.   Dep.    Agr.   Agrost.   4:39. 

1897. 
Panicum  setosum  Sw.  Prodr.  22.     1788. 
Setaria  setosa  Beauv.  Agrost.  51,  178.     1812. 
Panicum  paractaenoides  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  YI.  3-:  219.     1834. 

Perennial,  tufted;  culms  why,  slender,  3-9  dm.  high,  somewhat  flattened. 
Leaves  2  dm.  long  or  less,  pubescent  or  scabrous,  5-15  mm.  wide;  inflorescence 
more  or  less  branched,  the  branches  erect,  or  ascending,  the  lower  sometimes 
3  cm.  long;  bristles  1-3  at  the  base  of  all  the  spikelets  or  of  some  of  them, 
6-12  mm.  long;  spikelets  ovoid,  about  2  mm.  long. 

Sandv  or  rockv  soil,  Berry  Islands,  Water  Cay.  Acklin's  Island,  Eleuthera, 
Crooked  Island,  Inagua,  Little  Inagua  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Western  Texas  and  New- 
Mexico ;  tropical  America.  Referred  by  Hitchcock  to  Setaria  caiidata  (Lam.)  R.  & 
S.,  and  by  Coker  to  Setaria  macrostachija  H.B.K.     Bristly  Fox-tail  Geass. 

3.  Chaetochloa  macrosperma  Scribn.  &  Merr.  Bull.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.  Agrost. 

21:33.  1900. 
Perennial;  culms  rather  stout,  glabrous,  up  to  1.2  m.  high.  Leaf -sheaths 
compressed,  the  margins  ciliate,  the  blades  1-3  dm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  glabrous; 
spike-like  panicle  2.5  dm.  long  or  less,  2-4  cm.  thick;  bristles  1.5-3  cm.  long; 
sjDikelets  acute,  3  mm.  long,  the  narrowly  ovoid  flowering  scale  transversely 
wrinkled,  acute. 

Coastal  thicket,  Frozen  Cay,  Berry  Islands : — southern  Florida  and  Texas. 
Laege  Fox-tail  Gbass. 

[Setaria  filiformis  of  Coker  is  a  misprint  for  Scleria  filiformis.'] 

16.  CENCHROPSIS  Xash,  in  Small,  PL  SE.  U.  S.  109.     1903. 

Perrenial  grasses,  with  long  rootstocks  and  flat  leaves,  the  spikelets  in 
terminal  spikes,  each  spikelet  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  1  or  2  outer  rows 
of  barbed,  thick-based  bristles,  and  1  or  2  inner  rows  of  barbed  spines  longer 
than  the  bristles,  the  involucre  jointed  to  the  rachis  and  deciduous.  Spikelets 
of  4  scales,  the  first  and  second  ones  empty,  the  third  enclosing  a  palet  one- 
half  its  length  or  less,  the  fourth  enfolding  a  similar  palet  and  a  perfect 
flower.  Stamens  3.  [Greek,  resembling  Cenclirus.]  A  few  species,  of  tropical 
America.     Type  species:  Cenclirus  myosuroides  H.B.K. 

1.  Cenchropsis  myosuroides  (H.B.K.)  Xash,  in  Small,  PI.  SE.  U.  S.  109.    1903. 
Cenclirus  myosuroides  H.B.K.  Xov.  Gen.  1:    115.     1815. 

Culms  erect,  slender,  0.6-1.5  m.  tall,  simple  or  branched  above,  glabrous. 
Leaves  1-3  dm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide,  glabrous;  spikes  5-20  cm.  long;  involucres 
numerous,  the  barbed  spines  about  5  mm.  long,  and  about  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let. 

In  sandy  places,  Grand  Turk,  Inagua,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — southern  Florida ; 
Mexico ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  tropical  South  America.  Spiked  Fox-tail 
Grass. 

17.  CENCHRUS  L.   Sp.   PI.   1049.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves.  Inflorescence  spike- 
like. Spikelets  subtended  by  a  spiny  involucre  which  is  deciduous  with  them 
at  maturity.  Scales  4;  the  first  hyaline;  the  second  and  third  membranous,  the 
latter  sometimes  having  a  palet  and  staminate  flower  in  its  axil;  the  fourth 
chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  structure  which  encloses  a  perfect 


POACEAE.  29 

flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  united  below.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  en- 
closed in  the  scales.  [Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  gra<-s,  probably  Millet.] 
About  12  specie?,  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Cenchrus 
echinatus  L. 

Involucre    2-spikeleted,    armed    at   the    base    with    commonly   shorter    often    reflexed 
spines,  usually  glabrous,  or  merely  puberulent  at  the  base. 
Involucre,   over  all,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter. 

Body  of  the  involucre  5-G  mm.  thick,  finely  pubescent.       1.   (\  carolitnovus. 
Body  of  the  involucre  8-10  mm.  thick,  densely  woolly.      L'.   r.   irihiiloiilcs. 
Involucre,  over  all,  5  mm.  in  diameter  or  less.  3.   V.  viurort iiJu.lus. 

Involucre  more  than  2-spikeleted,  armed  at  the  base  with 
barbed  bristles. 
Spines  on  the  usually  3-spikeleted  involucre  basal  and  slen- 
der, rarely  any  above,  erect;  bristles  very  slender.  4.  C.  viridis. 
Spines  on  the  usually  4-6-spikeleted  involucre  not  basal  but 
occurring  on  various  parts,  spreading  or  often  reflexed  ; 
bristles  stouter  and  almost  spine-like.  5.  C.  cchifiatus. 

1.  Cenchrus  carolinianus  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  79.     1788. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent  from  an  annual  root,  2-9  dm.  long.  Sheaths 
usually  loose,  compressed,  smooth;  leaves  6-12.5  cm.  long;  spikes  2.5-6.25 
cm.  long,  sometimes  partially  included  in  the  upper  sheath;  involucres  crowded 
on  the  scabrous  rachis,  2-spikeleted,  globose,  pubescent  except  at  the  base,  the 
spines  stout;  spikelets  about  6  mm.  long. 

Sand  dunes,  cultivated  grounds,  and  waste  places  from  South  Bimini  and 
Andros  to  Mariguana.  Turks  Islands,  Inagua.  .Anguilla  Isles  and  Salt  Cay  Bank  : — 
Maine  to  Nebraska,  Arizona.  Texas  and  Florida ;  West  Indies  and  tropical  conti- 
nental America.  Referred  by  Hitchcock,  Coker,  Dolley,  Mrs.  Northrop,  and  Herrick 
to  C.  trihnloides  L.     Small  Bur-geass.     Devil-geass. 

2.  Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.  Sp.  PI.  1050.     1753. 

Culms  at  first  erect,  later  prostrate  and  forming  mats,  4r-6  dm.  long, 
branching;  leaf-sheaths  compressed;  blades  6-12  em.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide, 
smooth  or  rough,  usually  flat;  spikes  2-6  cm.  long;  involucres  6-20,  1.5-2  cm. 
broad,  enclosing  2  spikelets,  pubescent,  the  spines  3-4  mm.  long;  spikelets  6-7 
long,  usually  not  exserted  beyond  the  involucre. 

Sandy  sea-beaches.  New  Providence  (according  to  Hitchcock)  : — New  York  to 
Florida  and  Mississippi ;  Brazil.     Laege  BrR-GEASS. 

3.  Cenchrus  microcephalus  Xa?h;   Hitehc.  &  Chase,  Contr.  V.  S.  Xat.  Herb. 

18:356.  1917. 
Culms  at  length  prostrate  and  branching,  up  to  1  m.  long,  smooth  and 
glabrous;  leaf-sheaths  glabrous,  or  often  ciliate  on  the  margins;  blades  up  to 
1  dm.  long,  or  those  on  the  innovations  longer,  2-3  mm.  wide,  rough,  commonly 
pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  ascending;  spike  3-4  cm.  long,  exserted;  in- 
volucres 8-12,  5-6  mm.  long,  5  mm.  in  diameter  or  less,  the  larger  spines  broad 
and  flat,  long-ciliate,  the  basal  spines  much  shorter,  not  ciliate;  spikelets  2. 
much  exserted  beyond  the  body  of  the  involucre. 

Moist  soil.  Little  Harbor  Cay  and  Frozen  Cay.  Berry  Islands.  Endemic. 
Bahama  Bde-geass. 

4.  Cenchrus  viridis  Spreng.  Syst.  1:  301.     1825. 

C.  ecMnatns  viridis  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  556.     1864. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  usually  6-8  dm,  high,  branched  or  simple,  the 
leaf -blades  flat,  4  dm.  long  or  less.  Spike  usually  dense  and  cylindric,  8-12 
cm.  long  and  often  much  exserted;  involucres  usually  3-spikeleted,  armed  below 
with  slender  spines,  the  body  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  the  barbed  bristles 
slender. 

Cultivated  land,  Andros.  New  Providence.  Eleuthera,  Long  Island  and  Marl- 
guana  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.     Green  Bur-giuss. 


30  POACEAE. 

5.  Cenchrus  echinatus  L.  Sp.  PL  1050.     1753. 

Culms  finally  prostrate  and  rooting  at  the  nodes,  branched;  leaf-sheaths 
loose;  blades  1-4  dm.  long,  5-16  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  rough,  flat;  spikes  3-12 
cm.  long,  finally  more  or  less  exserted;  involucres  20-50,  containing  4-6  spike- 
lets,  green  to  purplish,  villous  at  the  base,  the  spines  34  mm.  long,  the  bristles 
at  the  base  numerous,  slender,  distinctly  barbed  for  their  whole  length;  spike- 
lets  6-7  mm.  long. 

Sandy  soil,  waste  places  and  roadsides.  Frozen  Cay.  New  Providence,  Eleuth- 
era,  Watling  s  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  North 
Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas;  West  Indies;  tropical  continental  America. 
Southern  Blr-grass. 

[Cenchrus  Jiirsutus.  Dolley 's  reference  to  this  name  is  an  error  for  Cor- 
clioriis  liirsutus  into  which  he  was  led  by  Herrick's  misprint  of  Cenchorus  hir- 
sutus  for  the  same  species.] 

18.  STENOTAPHRUM  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  175.     1820. 

Perennial  creeping  branched  grass,  with  rather  stout  flattened  culms  and 
short  linear  leaves.  Spikelets  spicate  or  panicled,  acute,  mostly  2-flowered, 
imbedded  in  depressions  on  one  side  of  the  flattened  rachis.  Scales  4;  first 
scale  small  or  minute,  second  about  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  third  similar  to  the 
second,  subtending  a  staminate  flower,  fourth  rigid,  enclosing  a  perfect  flower. 
Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  a  narrow  depression.]  A  few  species  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  distribution,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Stenotaphnim  secundatum  (Walt.)  Kuntze,  Kev.  Gen.  794.     1891. 

Iscliaemum  secundatum  Walt.  El.  Car,  249.     1788. 

Stenotaphrum  americanum  Schrank,  PI.  Ear.  Monac.  pi.  98.     1819. 

Widely  creeping,  sometimes  5  m.  long,  glabrous,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes. 
Leaf-sheaths  keeled,  flattened,  the  blade  linear,  3-15  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide, 
blunt  and  rounded  at  the  apex;  si^ikelets  about  6  mm,  long  in  spikes  4-13  cm. 
long. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.  Nortli  Bimini,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  and  Fortune  Island  : — Bermuda  :  South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas  ; 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America,     Running  Crab-geass. 

19.  AHISTIDA  L.  Sp,  PI,  82,     1753. 

Grasses  varying  greatly  in  habit  and  inflorescence.  Leaves  narrow,  often 
involute-setaceous,  Spikelets  narrow,  1-flowered.  Scales  3,  narrow,  the  two 
outer  carinate;  the  third  rigid  and  convolute,  bearing  three  awns  occasionally 
united  at  the  base,  the  lateral  awns  rarely  wanting  or  reduced  to  rudiments. 
Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Latin,  from  arista,  an  awn.]  About  100  species, 
in  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Type  species:  Aristida  adscen- 
sionis  L. 

Awns  about  equal  in  length. 

First   scale  shorter  than  the  second. 

Annual :  blades  thin,  flat  or  involute,  1.  A.  adscensionis. 

Perennial  ;   blades  thick,  folded  or  involute.  2,  A.  cognata. 

First  scale  about  as  long  as  the  second ;  perennial,  3.  A.  gijrans. 

Lateral  awns  minute.  4.  A.  scahra. 


POACEAE.  31 

1.  Aristida  adscensionis  L.  Sp.  PI.  82.     1753. 

Aristida  stricta  Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  W.  I.  534.     1864.     Xot  Michx.     1803. 

Annual,  tufted,  glabrous;  culms  slender,  erect,  or  ascending,  3-7  dm. 
long,  branching  from  the  lower  nodes.  Leaf-blades  thin,  flat  or  involute; 
panicles  narrow,  1.5  dm.  long  or  less,  with  short  appressed  branches  or  the 
lower  branches  spreading;  awns  about  equal  in  length,  12-20  mm.  long. 

In  sandy  places  and  in  the  scrub,  Great  Exuma.  Long  Island,  Fortune  Island. 
Crooked  Island,  Grand  Turk,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Inagua : — West  Indies ;  Ascen- 
sion Island;  continental  tropical  America.     Annual  Tbiple-awned  Grass. 

2.  Aristida  cognata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI.  Sci.  Nat.  5i: 

127.     1842. 

Perennial ;  culms  slender,  tufted,  spreading,  3-6  dm.  tall.  Leaves  invo- 
lute-filiform, the  upper  shorter;  panicle  spike-like,  strict,  or  the  top  some- 
times nodding,  its  short  branches  ascending;  awns  1-2  cm.  long,  horizontal 
when  old,  nearly  equal  in  length. 

Roadside,  Long  Cay: — Jamaica;  Porto  Rico;  St.  Thomas;  St.  Croix.  Perennial 
Triple-awned  Grass. 

3.  Aristida  gyrans  Chapm.  Bot.  Gaz.  3:  18.     1878. 

Perennial;  culms  tufted,  wiry,  erect,  3-7.5  dm.  tall,  usually  simple,  or 
little  branched.  Leaves  3-5  cm.  long,  about  1  mm.  wide,  flat,  or  becoming  in- 
volute in  drying;  spike-like  panicles  0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  strict,  or  sometimes 
nodding,  the  few  short  branches  appressed;  outer  scales  of  spikelet  awn-pointed, 
the  third  scale  from  two-thirds  to  three-quarters  as  long  as  the  first,  middle 
awn  1-1.5  cm.  long,  horizontal,  the  lateral  awns  somewhat  shorter,  erect  or 
divergent. 

White-lands  and  palmetto-lands.  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  :  Hispaniola. 
Recorded  by  Small  in  Miami  Flora  as  A.  purpurascens  Poir.,  which  it  resembles. 
Florida  Triple-awned  Grass. 

4.  Aristida  scabra  (H.B.K.)   Kunth,  Rev.  Gram.  1:   62.     1829. 

Streptachne  scahra  H.B.K.  Xov.  Gen.  1:  124.     1815. 

Streptachne  cubensis  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:  311.       1850. 

Perennial;  culms  1  m.  high  or  less,  erect,  simple.  Leaves  involute,  at  least 
when  dry,  2-3  dm.  long,  about  1  mm.  thick;  panicle  2-3  dm.  long,  its  branches 
ascending,  the  longer  ones  up  to  14  cm.  long;  spikelets  short-stalked;  terminal 
awn  about  2  cm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  minute. 

Pine  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Sturrup  Cay.  Andros,  New  Providence.  Elouthera. 
Cat  Island,  Cave  Cav,  Rum  Cav,  Watling's  Island,  Acklin's  Island.  Crooked  Island. 
Fortune  Island,  Mariguana  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  ;  Mexico.  Referred  by  Dolley  to 
Stipa  sp.  Ortachne  floridana  (Chapm.)  Nash  may  not  be  distinct  from  this.  Tall 
Triple-awned  Grass. 

20.  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb. ;    Gmel.  Syst.   Xat.  2:    171.     1791. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  in- 
florescence. Rootstocks  often  scaly.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  very  rarely  2-flow- 
ered.  Scales  3,  very  rarely  4;  the  outer  ones  empty,  membranous  or  hyaline, 
acute  and  sometimes  awned;  third  scale  3-5-nerved,  subtending  a  palet  and 
perfect  flower,  obtuse,  acute,  or  very  often  produced  into  a  capillary  awn ;  palet 
2-keeled.  Stamens  often  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Callus  minute. 
Grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of  Henry  Muhlen- 
berg, 1756-1817,  North  American  botanist.]  About  60  species,  chiefly  natives 
of  America,  a  few  Asiatic.     Type  species:   Mulilcnhergia  Schnhcri  Gmel. 


32  POACEAE. 

1.  Muhlenbergia  capillaris  (Lam.)  Trin.  Gram.  Unifl.  191.     1824. 

Stipa  ca'pillaris  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  1:  158.     1791. 

■Culms  4.5-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Sheaths  smooth, 
the  lower  short  and  overlapping,  the  upper  ones  much  longer;  leaves  1.5-3  dm. 
long,  2-4  mm.  "v^'ide,  scabrous;  panicle  1.75-3  dm.  in  length  or  more,  diffuse, 
the  capillary  branches  1-2  dm.  long,  at  length  ^^'idely  spreading;  spikelets  on 
long  hair-like  pedicels  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the  apex;  outer  scales 
unequal,  acute  or  short-awned,  slightly  scabrous;  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the 
awn,  4  mm,  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  first  one,  the  awn  6-18  mm.  long. 

Palmetto-lands,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Massachusetts  to  Missouri,  Flor- 
ida  and   Texas ;    Cuba ;    Porto   Rico.     Loxg-atvxed   Hair-grass.     Purple-grassi. 

21.  SPOROBOLUS  E.  Br.  Prodr.  169.     1810. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open 
or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets  generally  small,  1-flowered,  occasionally  2-3- 
flowered.  Scales  in  the  1-flowered  spikelets  3,  membranous;  the  2  outer  empty, 
the  first  somewhat  shorter;  the  third  scale  equalling  or  longer  than  the  empty 
ones;  palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  2-3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  free,  and  often  early  deciduous.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  de- 
ciduous grain.]  About  100  species,  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  very 
numerous  in  America.     Type  species:  Agrostis  indica  L. 

Plants  with  no  rootstocks  :  culms  tufted. 

Second  scale  one  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet  or  less. 

Panicle  usually  long  and  narrow,   its  branches  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base ; 
spikelets  numerous. 
Second    scale    orbicular,    rounded   and    erose-denticulate   at   the   apex,    one 
fourth  to  one  third  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  spikelets  loosely  arranged 
on  long  slender  branches.  1.  /S'.   indicus. 

Second  scale  ovate  or  oblong,   acute  or  obtuse,  about 
one  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  spikelets  densely 

arranged  on  the  short  and  appressed  branches.  2.  8.  Berteroaoiiis. 

Panicle  loose  and  open,  its  branches  naked  at  the  base, 

spreading;  spikelets  few.  3.  S.  atrovirens. 

Second  scale  as  long  as  the  spikelet  or  nearly  so. 

Spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long ;  first  scale  about  one  fourth 
as  long  as  the  second ;  panicle  branches  rarely  over 
1.5  cm.  long.  4.  S.  argutus. 

Spikelets   about   2   mm.   long ;   first  scale   about   one   half 

as  long  as  the  second;  panicle  branches  longer.  5.  8.  domingensis. 

Plants    with    long    stout    rootstocks ;    grass    of    sea    beaches    or 

saline  situations.  6.  S.  virginictis. 

1.  SporolDolus  indicus   (L.)  E.  Br.  Prodr.  170.     1810. 

Agrostis  indica  L.  Sp.  PI.  63.     1753. 

Agrostis  tenacissima  L.  f.  Suppl.  107.     1781. 

Sporoholus  Jacquemontii  Kunth,  Eev.  Gram.  2:  427,  pi.  127.     1831. 

Glabrous.  Culms  3-12  dm.  tall,  erect,  tufted;  leaves  2-6  mm.  wide,  attenu- 
ate into  a  long  slender  tip,  the  lower  2-3  dm.  long,  the  uper  shorter;  pan- 
icle 1-4  dm.  in  length,  usually  elongated,  narrow,  spike-like;  spikelets  1.5-2 
mm.  long,  the  outer  scales  unequal,  the  second  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
third,  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  lower  one  shorter,  and  often  erose- 
truncate. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — West  Indies ; 
continental  trouical  America.  Referred  by  Dolley  to  8.  tenacissimus  Beauv.  West 
Ixpian  Rush-grass. 


POACEAE.  33 

2.  Sporobolus  Berteroanus   (Trin.)   Ilitchc.  &  Chase,  Contr.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb. 

18:370.     1917. 

Vilfa  Berteroana   Trin.   Mem.   Acad.   St.   Petersb.  YI.  Sci.   Xat.  4^:    100. 

1840. 
Sporobohis  angustus  Buckley,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1862:  88.     1863. 

Slender,  wiry,  1  m.  tall  or  less.  Leaves  smooth,  nearly  erect,  1-3  mm. 
wide,  long-attenuate,  the  lower  ones  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  the  upper  shorter;  pan- 
icle narrow,  often  3  dm.  long;  spikelcts  about  3  mm.  long,  crowded  on  the  short 
appressed  branches  of  the  panicle;  second  scale  o rate-oblong,  about  one  half 
as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

Sandy  places,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Turks  Islands : — Bermuda ;  Vir- 
ginia and  Tennessee  to  Florida  and  Texas ;  West  Indies.     Bull-grass. 

3.  Sporobolus  atrovirens  (H.B.K.)  Kunth,  Eev.  Gram.  1:  68.     1829. 

Vilfa  atrovirens  II.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  1:   138      1815. 

Sporoholus  bahaviensis  Hack.  Oest.  Bot.  Zeitsch.  52:  56.     1902. 

Perennial,  the  roots  of  long  filiform  fibres.  Culms  very  slender,  tufted, 
erect,  glabrous,  3  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  glabrous,  mostly  clustered  at  the 
base,  narrowly  linear,  2-8  em.  long;  panicle  loose,  open,  much-branched,  6-15 
em.  long,  its  filiform  branches  spreading,  scattered,  2-4  cm.  long;  the  branch- 
lets  bearing  a  few  spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long. 

Acklin's   Island  : — Mexico.     Filiform   Rush-grass. 

4.  Sporobolus  argutus  (Xees)  Kunth,  Enum.  1:  215.     1833. 

Vilfa  arguta  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  395.     1829. 

Perennial;  culms  3  dm.  tall  or  less,  erect,  or  somewhat  decumbent  at  the 
base.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  their  margins  sometimes  hirsute  at 
the  top ;  leaves  2.5-5  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide  at  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth 
and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous,  and  often  sparingly  hairy  at  the  base  above ; 
panicle  3.75-7.5  cm.  in  length,  the  branches  1.25-2.5  cm.  long,  verticillate,  at 
first  appressed,  finally  widely  spreading;  spikelets  1.5  mm.  long;  outer  scales 
smooth  and  glabrous,  the  first  rounded  or  obtuse,  one-quarter  the  length  of 
the  acute  second  one;  third  scale  about  equalling  the  second,  acute. 

Sandy  soil  and  in  the  scrub,  Eleuthera,  Long  Island.  Fortune  Island,  Marlguana, 
Grand  Turk,  and  Inagua  : — Kansas  and  Colorado  to  Louisiana  and  Texas;  Jamaica; 
Cuba  to  St.  Croix ;  Antigua ;  Trinidad ;  tropical  continental  America.  Pointed 
Dropseed-grass. 

5.  Sporobolus  domingensis  (Trin.)  Kunth,  Enum.  1:  214.     1833. 

Vilfa  domingensis  Trin.;  Spreng.  Neue  Entdcck.  2:  5'i^.     1821 
Perennial,  similar  to  S.  arguiiis,  but  usually  larger,  the  culms  up  to  4  dm. 
long,  the  panicle  densely  many-flowered,  narrow,  9  cm.  long  or  less,  its  branches 
2-4  cm.  long.     Spikelets  2  mm.  long;  first  scale  about  one-half  as  long  as  the 
second. 

Sandv  places,  scrub,  and  roadsides.  Abaco.  New  Providence.  Eleuthera,  Little 
San  Salvador,  South  Cat  Bav,  Watling's  Island,  Long  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Fortune 
Island,  Ambergris  Cav,  Caicos  Islands.  Grand  Turk.  Little  Inagua,  Inagua.  and  -\n- 
guilla  Isles  : — southern  Florida  and  Texas  ;  Cuba  ;  Ilispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico ;  .lauiaica. 

DOMIKGAN    DrOPSEED-GEASS. 

6.  Sporobolus  virginicus  (L.)  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram.  1:  67.     1829. 

Agrostis  virginica  L.  Sp.  PI.  63.     1753. 

Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  erect  or  decumbent,  from  a  stout  creeping  rootstock. 
Sheaths  numerous,  short,  overlapping  and  crowded  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
culm,  smooth,  glabrous  or  sometimes  pilose  on  the  margins  and  at  the  throat; 
leaves  2.5-20  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less  at  the  base,  distichous,  acuminate 
into  a  long  point,  involute  on  the  margins  and  at  the  apex,  smooth  beneath, 


34  POACEAE. 

scabrous  above  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy;  panicle  2,5-7.5  cm.  long,  4—10 
mm.  thick,  dense  and  spike-like,  usually  exserted;  spikelets  2-2.5  mm.  long,  the 
outer  scales  about  equal,  acute,  sriiooth  and  glabrous;  third  scale  smooth  and 
glabrous,  acute,  slightly  shorter  than  the  second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse 
palet. 

Moist  situations,  especially  in  brackish  swamps,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay, 
Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Rum  Cay,  Long  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Crooked 
Island,  Grand  Turk,  Little  Inagua,  Inagua,  Water  Cay,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Ber- 
muda :  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America. 
Sea-shoeb  Rush-grass. 

22.  SPAETINA  Schreb.;    Gmel.   Syst.   123.     1791. 

Perennial  glabrous  grasses,  with  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  flat  or  in- 
volute leaves,  and  an  inflorescence  of  one-sided  spreading  or  erect  alternate 
spikes.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  narrow,  deciduous,  borne  in  two  rows  on  the 
rachis,  articulated  with  the  very  short  pedicels  below  the  scales.  Scales  3;  the 
two  outer  empty,  keeled,  very  unequal;  the  third  subtending  a  perfect  flower,- 
keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second ;  palet  often  longer  than  its  scale, 
2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  filiform,  elongated.  Stigmas  filiform,  papillose 
or  shortly  plumose.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  cord-like  leaves  of 
some  species.]  About  7  species,  widely  distributed  in  saline  soil,  a  few  in 
fresh- water  marshes.     Type  species:  Spartina  Schreberi  Gmel. 

1.  Spartina  patens  (Ait.)  Muhl.  Gram.  55.     1817. 

DactyUs  patens  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  1:    104.     1789. 

Spartina  juncea  Willd.   Enum.   81.     1809. 

Culms  3-9  dm.  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  base,  smooth.  Leaves  1.5-3 
dm.  long,  2-4  mm.  broad,  involute,  attenuate  into  a  long  tip,  smooth  and 
glabrous  beneath;  spikes  2-10,  2.5-5  cm.  long,  usually  ascending,  more  or  less 
peduncled,  the  rachis  slightly  scabrous;  spikelets  6-8  mm.  long;  outer  scales 
acute,  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  usually  rather  less  than  one-half 
as  long  as  the  second;  third  scale  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel,  emarginate  or  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the  first  and  exceeded 
by  the  palet. 

Sea-beaches,  Eleuthera  ;  Fortune  Island  : — eastern  I'nited  States ;  Bermuda ; 
Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Guadaloupe  ;  Martinique,     Salt  Geass. 

23.  CAPRIOLA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  31.     1763. 

[Cyxodox  Rich.;   Pers.   Syn.  1:    85.     1805.] 

Perennial  grasses  with  short  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes 
digitate.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  secund.  Scales  3;  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled; 
flowering  scale  broader,  membranous,  compressed;  palet  a  little  shorter  than 
the  scale,  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  short,  plu- 
mose. Grain  free.  [Name  mediaeval  Latin  for  the  wild  goat,  that-  feeds  on 
this  grass  in  waste  rocky  places.]  Pour  known  species,  of  which  three  are 
Australian,  the  following  typical  one  widely  distributed. 

1.  Capriola  Dactylon  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  764.     1891. 

Panicuvi  Dactylon  L.  Sp.  PI.  58.     1753. 

Cynodon  Dactylon  Pers.  Syn.  1:  85.     1805. 

Culms  1-3  dm.  tall,  erect,  from  long  creeping  and  branching  stolons, 
smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy,  crowded  at   the 


POACEAE.  35 

bases  of  the  culms  and  along  the  stolons;  leaves  2.5-5  em.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide, 
flat,  scabrous  above;  spikes  4  or  5,  digitate,  1-5  cm.  long,  the  rachis  flat; 
spikelets  2  mm.  long;  outer  scales  hispid  on  the  keel,  narrow,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second. 

^Yaste  and  cultivated  lands,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera  and  Inagua : — Ber- 
muda ;  southern  New  York  to  Kansas,  Florida  and  Texas  ;  warm  and  tropical  regions 
of  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New.     Bermuda-grass. 

24.  CHLORIS   Sw.    Prod.    25.     1788. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the 
spikes  few  or  numerous,  verticillate  or  approximate.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  ar- 
ranged in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty, 
unequal,  keeled,  acute;  third  and  fourth  usually  awned,  the  former  subtending 
a  perfect  flower;  palet  folded  and  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  greenish-yellow, 
referring  to  the  color  of  the  herbage.]  About  fifty  species,  mostly  natives 
of  warm  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Agrostis  cruciata  L. 

Hairs   on  the  margins  or  nerves  of  the  third  scale   short,  not  manifest,   appressed 
to  and  not  extending  beyond  the  apex. 
Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  at  least  one  third  as  long  as  the  second  scale  and 
bearing  a   long   awn   4   mm.    long   or   more ;    spikes   4-6,    widely   spreading   at 
maturity.  1.   C.  tiaijrurunu. 

Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  rudimentary,  bearing  an  awn 
less  than  4  mm,  long;  spikes  usually  numerous,  erect  or 
ascending  at  maturity.  2.  C.  radiata. 

Hairs    on    the    margins    or    nerves    of    the    third    scale    long, 
manifest,    widely    spreading    or    extending    much    beyond 
the  apex. 
Third    and    fourth    scales    only    awned,    the    former    densely 
long-hairy   on    the   midnerve,   its   awn   less   than   twice 
the  length  of  the  scale. 
Marginal  hairs  less  than  one  half  the  length  of  the  body 
of  the  scale,  barely  extending  beyond  its  apex  ;  spikes 
3-5.  3.  C.  ciliata. 

Marginal   hairs  equaling  in  length  the  body  of  the  scale 
and   extending  much   beyond   its   apex ;   spikes   usually 

6  or  more.  4.   C.  polijdactyla. 

Third,  fourth  and  fifth  scales  awned,  the  first  glabrous  on 
the  midnerve,  its  awn  about  three  times  the  length  of  the 
scale.  5.  C.  paraguicnsis. 

1.  Cliloris  Sagraeana  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:  315.     ISoO. 

Chloris  eleusinoides  Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  W.  I.  539.     1864. 

Perennial;  culms  ascending,  6  dm.  long  or  less,  usually  branched  below. 
Leaf-sheaths  keeled,  the  blades  narrow,  involute;  spikes  4-6,  slender,  4-S  cm. 
long,  horizontally  spreading  when  old,  not  pectinate;  spikelets  imbricated,  the 
fourth  scale  bearing  a  filiform  awn  4-12  mm.  long. 

Waste  grounds  and  roadsides.  New  Providence,  Fortune  Island  and  Inagua  : — 
Cuba  :  Hispaniola  :  St.  Croix  ;  Antigua  :  Guadeloupe ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  Hitch- 
cock to  Chloris  cruciata  Sw.     Sagr^v's  Chloris. 

2.  Chloris  radiata  (L.)  Sw.  Prodr.  26.     1788. 

Agrostis  radiata  L.  PI.  Jam.  Pugil.  7.     1759. 

Annual;  culms  decumbent,  ascending  or  erect,  2-4  dm.  long,  usually 
branched,  smooth  and  slender.  Leaf-sheaths  compressed,  the  bla<les  flat,  blunt 
or  short-pointed,  2-15  cm.  long;  spikes  several  or  many,  radiating,  slender, 
4-8  cm.  long,  not  pectinate;  spikelets  densely  imbricated,  the  fourth  scale 
rudimentary,  bearing  a  filiform  awn  about  3  mm.  long. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.  New  Providence  : — West  Indies  and  tropical  con- 
tinental America.     Radiatb  Chloris. 


36  POACEAE. 

3.  Chloris  ciliata  Sw.  Prodr.  25.     1788. 

Annual;  culms  decumbent,  ascending  or  nearly  erect,  rather  stiff,  8  dm. 
long  or  less,  smooth,  mostly  simple.  Leaf-sheaths  somewhat  compressed,  the 
blades  flat,  long-acuminate,  7-20  cm.  long;  spikes  few,  stout,  radiate,  pecti- 
nate, 4-7  cm.  long,  commonly  curved;  spikelets  pale,  approximate,  the  third 
and  fourth  scales  short-awned. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas.  St.  Croix, 
Martinique  and  Grenada  ;  Jamaica  ;  South  America.     Feinged  Chlobis. 

4.  Chloris  polydactyla  (L.)  Sw.  Prodr.  26.     1788. 

Andropogon   barbatum  L.  PI.  Jam.   Pugil.   30.     1759.     Not   Chloris  har- 

hata  Sw.     1797. 
Andropogon  polydactylon  L.  Sp.  PL  ed.  2,  1483.     1763. 
Chloris  barbata  Nash,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  25:  443.     1898. 

Perennial;  culms  7-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  smooth,  up  to  6  dm.  long,  5-10 
mm.  wide,  long-attenuate.  Spikes  6-25,  spreading,  5-15  cm.  long;  spikelets, 
exclusive  of  the  awns,  about  3  mm.  long;  scales  6,  the  2  empty  ones  acuminate; 
third  scale  pilose  on  the  nerves,  bearing  an  awn  3-4  mm.  long;  fourth  scale 
bearing  an  awn  2.5-3  m.m.  long;  fifth  and  sixth  scales  awnless. 

Cultivated  ground.  New  Providence,  Hog  Island.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Rum 
Cay,  Long  Island  : — Florida ;  Jamaica ;  Antigua ;  South  America.  Manx-spiked 
Chloeis. 

5.  Chloris  paraguaiensis  Steud.  Syn.  PL  Gram.  204.     1854. 

Chloris  barbata  Sw.  PL  Ind.   Occ.  1:  200.     1797.     Not  Andropogon  bar- 
batum  L.     1759. 

Annual;  culms  decumbent,  ascending  or  erect,  3-6  dm.  long,  slender, 
smooth.  Leaf-sheaths  compressed,  the  blades  flat  or  folded,  long-acuminate, 
4-12  cm.  long.  Spikes  few  or  numerous,  radiate,  pectinate,  4-8  cm.  long; 
spikelets  usually  purple,  the  third,  fourth  and  fifth  scales  filiform-awned. 

Waste  places,  New  Providence,  Grand  Turk,  and  Inagua  : — tropical  and  warm 
temperato  regions.     Paeaguay  Chloeis. 

25.  EUSTACHYS  Desv.   Nouv.   Bull.    Soc.   Philom.   2:  188.     1810. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  folded,  usually  obtuse  leaf -blades,  and  spicate 
inflorescence,  the  spikes  single,  in  pairs  or  3-many  and  digitate.  Spikelets 
usually  1-flowered,  rarely  2-flowered,  sessile,  crowded  in  2  rows.  Scales  4, 
rarely  5,  the  2  lower  empty,  persistent,  unequal,  keeled,  the  first  generally  acute, 
the  second  oblong,  truncate  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  short-awned,  the  others  awn- 
less,  mueronate,  or  short-awned,  firmer  than  the  empty  scales,  the  third  scale 
enclosing  a  perfect  flower  and  a  palet,  the  fourth  scale  empty,  or  rarely  en- 
closing a  staminate  flower.  [Greek,  beautiful  spikes.]  About  6  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Eustachys  petraea  (Sw.)  Desv.  Nouv.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  2:  189.     1810. 
Chloris  petraea  Sw.  Prodr.  25.     1788. 
Chloris  Swartziana  Doell.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  23 :  68.     1878. 

Culms  3-11  dm.  tall;  leaves  3  dm.  long  or  less,  10  mm.  wide  or  less,  smooth; 
spikes  3-11,  usually  4-6,  erect,  4-11  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  2  mm.  long; 
scales  4,  the  second,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  1.5-1.75  mm.  long,  2-toothed  at  the 
apex,  the  teeth  triangular,  acute  or  obtusish,  the  awn  about  0.5  mm.  long; 
third  scale  about  2  mm.  long,  in  side  view  elliptic  and  about  1  mm.  wide,  the 


POACEAE.  37 

awn  short  or  ^Yanting;  fourth  scale,  in  side  view,  obovate-clliptic,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  awnless. 

Waste  and  cultivated  lands.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  North  Bimini,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Hog  Island,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watlinjj's  Island,  Acklin's  Island, 
Crooked  Island,  Long  Cay,  Mariguana,  Grand  Caicos,  Little  Ambergris  Cay,  Grand 
Turk.  Inagua,  Salt  Key,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Bermuda  ;  North  Carolina  to  Florida 
and  Texas  ;  Cuba  ;  Ilispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico ;  Jamaica  ;  tropical  continental  America. 
West  Indian  Grass.     Pinger-grass. 

26.  BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Varied.  Cienc.  2^:    134.     1805. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  numerous 
spikelets  in  few  one-sided  spikes.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  arranged  in  two 
rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  raehis,  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  base  of  the 
flowers,  bearing  1-3  awns  and  1-3  rudimentary  scales.  Two  lower  scales 
empty,  acute,  keeled;  flowering  scale  broader,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  awn-pointed 
or  awned;  palet  hyaline,  entire  or  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Stylos  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  [In  honor  of  Claudius  Boutelou,  a 
Spanish  botanist.]  About  30  species,  particularly  numerous  in  Mexico  and  in 
the  southwestern  United  States.     Type  species:  Bouteloua  racemosa  hag. 

1.  Bouteloua  americana  (L.)  Scribn.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1891:   306.     1S92. 

Aristida  americana  L.  Syst.  Xat.  ed.  10,  879.     1759. 

Bouteloua  litigiosa  Lag.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Nov.  5.     1816. 

Perennial,  tufted.  Culms  wiry,  compressed,  decumbent  or  ascending,  7  dm. 
long  or  less,  often  much  branched,  glabrous.  Leaves  involute-margined,  hairy 
near  the  base,  6-10  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide  or  less;  raceme  open,  composed  of 
several  spike-like  branches  2-3  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  7  on  each  spike,  ap- 
pressed;  second  flower  rudimentary,  -with  3  awns  of  about  equal  length. 

Inagua  : — ^Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Barbados  ;  Jamaica  ;  northern  South  America 
to  Panama.     Mesquite  grass. 

27.  ELEUSINE  Gaertn.  Fruct.  &  Sem.  1:  7.     1788. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflores- 
cence, the  spikes  digitate  or  close  together  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spike- 
lets several-flowered,  sessile,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the 
raehis,  which  is  not  extended  beyond  them;  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper 
staminate.  Scales  compressed,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty;  the  others  subtend- 
ing flowers,  or  the  upper  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [From  the  Greek  name 
of  the  town  where  Ceres  was  worshipped.]  Species  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 
Type  species:  Cynosurus  coracana  L. 

1.  Eleusine  indica  (L.)  Gaertn.  Fruct.  &  Sem.  1:  8.     1788. 

Cynosurus  indicus  L.  Sp.  PI.  72.     1753. 

Andropogon  repens  Schoepf,  E^ise  2:   493,     1788. 

Culms  1.5-6  dm.  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base.  Sheaths 
loose,  overlapping  and  often  short  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  glab- 
rous or  sometimes  sparingly  villous;  leaves  7.5-30  cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide, 
smooth  or  scabrous;  spikes  2-10,  2.5-7.5  cm.  long,  whorled  or  approximate  at 
the  summit  of  the  culm  or  one  or  two  sometimes  distant;  spikelets  3-6 -flowered, 
3-4  mm.  long;  scales  acute,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  1-nerved, 
the  second  3-7-nerved,  the  others  3-5-nerved. 

Waste  places,  Abaco,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera,  Fortune  Island.  Grand  Turk, 
Rum  Cay,  and  Inagua: — Bermuda;  common  as  a  weed  in  all  warm  temperate  and 
tropical  regions.     Wire-grass. 


38  POACEAE. 

28.  DACTYLOCTENIUM  Willd.  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.  1029.     1809. 

An  annual  grass,  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  in 
pairs  or  digitate.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  sessile,  closely  imbricated  in  two 
rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  which  is  extended  beyond  them  into  a  sharp 
point.  Scales  compressed,  keeled,  the  2  lower  and  the  uppermost  ones  empty, 
the  others  subtending  flowers.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  rugose,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  referring 
to  the  digitately  spreading  spikes.]  A  monotypic  genus  of  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  Old  World. 

1.  Dactyloctenium  aegyptium  (L.)  Willd.  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.  1029.     1809. 

Cynosurus  aegyptius  L.  Sp.  PI.  72.     1753. 

Culms  1.5-6  dm.  long,  usually  decumbent  and  extensively  creeping  at  the 
base.  Sheaths  loose,  overlapping  and  often  crowded,  smooth  and  glabrous; 
leaves  1.5  dm.  in  length  or  less,  2-6  mm.  wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes 
pubescent,  ciliate  toward  the  base;  spikes  in  pairs,  or  3-5  and  digitate,  1.25-5 
cm.  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  scales  compressed,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the 
second  awned,  the  flowering  ones  broader  and  pointed. 

Waste  places,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Great  Bahama,  Fortune  Island,  Caicos 
Islands,  and  Inagua  : — New  York  to  California,  Florida  and  Texas  ;  common  as  a 
weed  in  the  West  Indies,  in  tropical  America,  and  in  the  tropics  of  the  Old  World. 
Egyptian  Grass. 

29.  LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv.  Agrost.  71,  pi.  15,  f.  1.     1812. 

Usually  tall  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous 
spikes  forming  a  simple  panicle.  Spikelets  usually  several-flowered,  flattened, 
alternating  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  Scales  4  to  many;  the  2 
lower  empty,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  the  flowering  scales*  keeled, 
3-nerved.  Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  slender 
spikes.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 
Type  species :  Cynosurus  virgatus  L. 

Spikelets  with   7  or  8  scales,   the  flowering  scales  awnless,   or   sometimes   the  first 
and  rarely  the  second  short-awned  ;  leaves  glabrous.  1,  L.  virgata. 

Spikelets  with  5  or  6  scales,  the  flowering  scales  all  awned, 
the  awn  of  the  first  scale  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body  ;   leaves  sparingly  pilose.  2.  L.  doming ensis. 

1.  Leptochloa  virgata  (L.)  Beauv.  Agrost.  71,  166.     1812. 

Cynosurus  virgatus  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  876.     1759. 

Perennial;  culms  rather  slender,  smooth,  erect  or  decumbent,  somewhat 
tufted,  2-10  dm.  high,  little  branched  or  simple.  Leaves  glabrous,  the  blades 
6-18  cm.  long,  4-15  mm.  wide;  spikes  slender,  weak,  3-12  cm.  long,  racemose 
near  the  top  of  the  culm;  spikelets  about  4  mm.  long;  flowering  scales  awn- 
less or  very  short-awned. 

New  Providence : — West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.  Virgatb 
Leptochloa. 


POACEAE.  39 

2.  Leptochloa  domingensis   (Jacq.)   Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  133.     1820. 

Cynosurus  domingensis  Jacq.  Misc.  Austr.  2:  363.     1781. 
Leptochloa  virgata  gracilis  Griseb.  Fl.  Brif.  W.  I.  538.     1864. 

Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the  leaf-sheaths  often  more 
or  less  hispid  and  the  blades  somewhat  villous  on  the  upper  surface;  flowering 
scales  tipped  by  filiform  awns  1-3  mm.  long. 

Cultivated  grounds  and  scrub  lands,  New  Trovidence.  Eieuthera,  and  Great 
Exuma  : — Florida  ;  Mexico  ;  and  the  West  Indies.     Slender  Leptochloa. 

30.  PHRAGMITES  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  134.     1820. 

Tall  perennial  reed-like  grasses,  with  broad  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles. 
Spikelets  3-several-flowered,  the  first  flower  often  staminate,  the  others  perfect; 
rachilla  articulated  between  the  flowering  scales,  long-pilose.  Two  lower  scales 
empty,  unequal,  membranous,  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  the 
third  scale  empty  or  subtending  a  staminate  flower;  flowering  scales  glabrous, 
narrow,  long-acuminate,  much  exceeding  the  short  palets.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale 
and  palet.  [Greek,  referring  to  its  hedge-like  growth  along  ditches.]  Three 
known  species,  the  following  typical  one  widely  distributed,  one  in  Asia,  the 
third  in  South  America. 

1.  Phragmites  Phragmites  (L.)  Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  379.     1881. 


Arundo  Phragmites  L.  Sp.  PI.  81.     1753. 
Phragmites  communis  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  134.     1820. 


Culms  1.5-5  m.  tall,  erect,  stout,  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  loose;  blades  1.5-3  dm.  long  or  more,  S-oO 
mm.  wide,  flat,  smooth,  glabrous;  panicle  1.5-3  dm.  long  or  more,  ample;  spike- 
lets  crowded  on  the  ascending  branches;  first  scale  1-uerved,  half  to  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales  1-1.2  cm.  long,  3-nerved, 
long-acuminate,  equalling  the  hairs  of  the  rachilla. 

Marshes,  Andres,  New  Providence,  and  Watling's  Island  : — Widely  distributed  in 
tropical  and  temperate  regions.     Re,ed-grass. 

31.  DIPLACHNE  Beauv.  Agrost.  80,  2)1.  16,  /.  9.     1812. 

Tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  long  slender  spikes  arranged 
in  an  open  panicle,  or  rarely  only  one  terminal  spike.  Spikelets  several-flow- 
ered, narrow,  sessile  or  shortly  pedicelled,  erect.  Two  lower  scales  empty, 
membranous,  keeled,  acute,  unequal ;  flowering  scales  1-3-nerved,  2-toothed  and 
mucronate  or  short-awned  between  the  teeth.  Palet  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens 
3.  iStyles  distinct.  'Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  2-toothed  flowering  scales.]  About 
15  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  the  following 
typical. 

1.  Diplachne  fascicularis   (Lam.)  Bcauv.  Agrost.  160.     1812. 

Festuca  fascicularis  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  1:  189.     1791. 
Leptochloa  fascicularis  A.  Gray,  Man.  588.     1848. 

Culms  tufted,  finally  branching,  3-8  dm.  tall.  Leaves  erect,  1-2  dm.  long, 
3  mm.   or  less  wide,  involute  when  dry,  rough;   racemes  8  or  more,  erect  or 


40  POACEAE. 

ascending,  the  larger  ones  4-8  cm.  long;  spikelets  4-8  mm.  long;  scales  10-12, 
the  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  3-4  mm.  long,  the  midnerve  extend- 
ing into  an  awn  1  mm.  long  or  *ss. 

Swamps,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma.  Cat  Island,  Long  Cay,  and 
Inagua  : — Florida  to  Texas,  and  northward  in  the  Mississippi  valley  to  Illinois; 
Cuba  ;  St.  Croix  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico.     Spike-geass. 

32.  ERAGROSTIS  Host,  Ic.   Gram.  Austr.  4:  14,  pi.  S4.     1809. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  rarely  dioecious,  from  a  few  inches  to  several 
feet  in  height,  the  spikelets  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-many- 
flowered,  more  or  less  flattened.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  shorter 
than  the  flowering  ones,  keeled,  1-nerved,  or  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering 
scales  membranous,  keeled,  3-nerved;  palets  shorter  than  the  scales,  prominently 
2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  usually  persisting  on  the  rachilla  after  the  fruiting  scale 
has  fallen.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  etymology  doubtful,  per- 
haps signifying  a  low  grass,  or  Love-grass,  an  occasional  English  name.]  A 
genus  of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed  throughout  all  warm  and  tem- 
perate countries.     Type  species :  Briza  Eragrostis  L. 

Palets  glabrous  on  the  keels,  or  merely  hispidulous. 

Annual :  roots  fibrous  ;  spikelets  not  over  1.5  mm.  wide. 
Perennials. 

Pedicels  several  times  longer  than  the  spikelets. 
Pedicels  shorter  than  the  spikelets. 

Stems   low,   3  dm.   tall   or   less ;    inflorescence   race- 
mose or  nearly  so. 
Stems    tall,    usually    over    1    m, ;    inflorescence   pro- 
fusely paniculate. 
Palets  with  keels  conspicuously  ciliate ;  annuals. 

Panicle  contracted,  spike-like,  the  branches  short  and  ap- 
pressed ;  palets  with  very  long  hairs  ;  spikelets  3-4  mm. 
long. 
Panicle  open,  its  branches  spreading ;  palets  with  shorter 
hairs  ;  spikelets  about  2  mm.  long. 

1.  Eragrostis  tephrosanthos  Schult.  Mant.  2:  316.     1824. 

Annual  ;  culms  tufted,  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  high,  glabrous. 
Leaves  4-8  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm,  wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  sheath  ciliate 
at  the  top;  panicle  open,  4-8  cm.  long,  its  filiform  branches  spreading  or 
ascending;  spikelets  filiform-peduncled,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  4-7  mm. 
long,  about  2  mm.  wide;  scales  and  palets  glabrous. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence  : — 'Cuba  to  St.  Thomas 
and  Trinidad ;  Jamaica ;  continental  tropical  America.     Annual  Love-grass. 

2.  Eragrostis  Elliottii  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  25:  140.     1890. 

Poa  nitida  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  162.     1817.     Xot  Lam.     1791. 
Eragrostis  macropoda  Pilger,  in  Urb.  Symb.  Ant.  4:  106.     1903. 

Perennial;  culms  tufted,  glabrous,  rather  slender,  erect,  4-10  dm.  high. 
Sheaths  glabrous;  leaf -blades  1-4  dm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  scabrous  above, 
smooth  beneath ;  panicle  2-5  dm,  long,  open,  its  nearly  filiform  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending;  pedicels  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets;  spikelets 
6-13-flowered,  5-10  mm.  long,  the  flowering  scales  about  2  mm.  long. 

Moist  places  in  pine  and  palmetto-lands  and  open  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama, 
Abaco,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Little  San  Salvador : — South  Carolina 
to  Florida  and  Louisiana  :  Cuba :  Porto  Rico ;  St.  Thomas ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by 
Dolley   to  E.  pectinacea   Gray.     Elliott's   Lo\'e-grass. 


1. 

E. 

tephrosanthos. 

2 

E. 

Elliottii. 

3. 

E. 

hahamensis. 

4. 

E. 

prolifera. 

5. 

E. 

ciliaris. 

6. 

E. 

amahilis. 

POACEAE.  41 

3.  Eragrostis  bahamensis  Hitchc.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  149.     1893. 

Perennial,  somewhat  glaucous;  culms  slender,  wiry,  glabrous,  1-3  dm. 
high.  Leaves  setaceous,  8  em.  long  or  less;  sijikelets  sessile,  distant,  loosely 
spicate,  oblong,  many-flowered,  6-10  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide;  flowering 
scales  3-nerved,  glaucous,  compressed. 

^Yet  or  moist  rocky  places,  Kum  Cay,  Acklin's  Island.  Ambergris  Cay,  Little 
Inagua,  Inagua  and  Grand  Turk.     Endemic.     Bahama  Love-gkass. 

4.  Eragrostis  prolifera  (Sw.)  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  278.     ]855. 

Poa  prolifera  Sw.  Prodr.  27.     1788. 

Poa  domingensis  Pers.  Syn.  1:  88.     1805. 

Eragrostis  gigantea  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI.  1:  403.     1831. 

Perennial,  tall;  culms  slender,  up  to  2  m.  high,  of  ten  forming  large  clumps. 
Leaves  elongated,  1.5-6  mm.  wide;  panicle  large,  sometimes  6-7  dm.  long, 
broad  or  narrow,  the  axils  of  its  branches  usually  without  hairs;  spikelets 
several  on  the  branchlets  of  the  panicle,  pale  green,  short-stalked,  linear, 
about  10  mm.  long;  palets  glabrous. 

In  sand,  Whale  Cay  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Guadeloupe  ;  Martinique  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Cayman  Islands.     Tall  Love-gr.vss. 

5.  Eragrostis  ciliaris  (L.)  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  1:  192.     1827. 

Poa  ciliaris  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10,  875.     1759. 

Annual;  culms  densely  tufted,  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  3  dm.  high  or 
less;  leaf-sheaths  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  top  and  usually  ciliate,  the  blades 
flat,  2-7  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  wide;  panicle  narrow,  dense,  2-10  cm.  long,  its 
branches  appressed;  spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  6-16-flowered;  palet-nerves  long- 
ciliate. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco.  Little  Harbor  Cay,  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Long  Cay,  Sand  Cay,  Grand 
Turk.  Inagua,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Georgia  and  Florida  to  Mississippi ;  West  Indies 
and  tropical  America. 

6.  Eragrostis  amabilis  (L.)  W.  &  A.;  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beechey  Toy.  251.     1841. 

Poa  amahilis  L.  Sp.  PL  68.     1753. 

Poa  plumosa  Betz.Ohs.  4c:  20.     1786. 

Eragrostis  plumosa  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  1:  192.     1827. 

Annual;  culms  slender,  densely  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  1-4  dm.  high. 
Sheaths  commonly  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  top,  their  margins  usually 
cilate;  leaf -blades  2-10  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide  or  less;  panicle-branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending;  spikelets  about  2  mm.  long,  4-S-flow-ered,  the  palets  ciliate 
with  very  short  hairs. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence  and  Inagua  : — Georgia 
and  Florida  :  West  Indies ;  tropical  continental  America  ;  Old  World  Tropics.  Ke- 
corded  by  Hitchcock  as  E.  major  Retz,  but  written  up  by  him  on  the  label  of  bis 
Inagua  specimen  as  E.  minor.     Plumed  Lo\'E-grass. 

33.  UNIOLA   L.    Sp.    PI.    71.     1753. 

Erect  and  often  tall  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate 
inflorescence.  Spikelets  3-many-flowered,  flat,  2-edged,  the  flowers  perfect,  or 
the  upper  staminate.  Scales  flattened,  keeled,  sometimes  winged,  rigid,  usually 
acute;  the  lower  3-6  empty,  unequal;  the  flowering  scales  many-nerved,  the 
uppermost  scales  often  smaller  and  empty;  palets  rigid,  2-keeled.  Stamens  1-3. 
Styles    distinct.     Stigmas   plumose.     Grain    compressed,   free,   loosely    enclosed 

4 


42  POACEAB. 

in  the  scale  and  palet.     [Name  climinntive  of  imus,  one,  of  no  obvious  applica- 
tion.]   About  8  species,  natives  of  America.    Type  species:  TJniola  'ganiculata  L. 

Spikelets  12  mm.  long  or  more  ;  inflorescence  an  open  loose  panlcle.l.   JJ.  paniculata. 
Spikelets   3-4   mm.   long ;   inflorescence   of  numerous   short   secund 

racemes.  2.   V.  virgata. 

1.  Uniola  paniculata  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.     1753. 

Culms  1-2.5  m.  tall.  Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  more,  about  6  mm.  wide,  in- 
volute when  dry,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  tip;  panicle  open,  loose,  2.25-3 
dm.  in  length  or  more,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  strict,  rigid,  the  lower 
6-12.5  cm.  long;  spikelets  many-flowered,  short-pedicelled,  ovate  to  oval  when 
mature,  1.25-2.5  cm.  long;  flowering  scales  8-10  mm.  long  and  scabrous  on  the 
keels. 

Sand  dunes  and  beaches,  Abaco,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Great 
Ragged  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Mariguana,  Turk's 
Islands,  Inagua.  and  Salt  Key  : — Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  Cuba.  Sea  Oats. 
Catesby  1 :  i)l.  32. 

2.  Uniola  virgata  (Poir.)  Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  W.  I.  531.     1864. 

Poa  virgata  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  5:  78.     1804. 

Vniola  racemiflora  Trin.  Bull.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  1:  68.     1836. 

Culms  tufted,  1-2  m.  tall,  rigid.  Leaves  3-5  dm.  long,  rigid,  involute, 
usually  curved,  2-3  mm.  wide;  panicle  narrow,  virgate,  2-5  dm.  long,  about 
2  cm.  thick,  its  many  short  branches  erect,  appressed,  the  spikelets  racemose- 
spicate,  secund,  3-4  mm.  long,  oval,  few-flowered;  flowering  scales  about  2 
mm.  long. 

Sandy  sea-beaches,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island : — 
Cnba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico ;  Vieques  ;  St.  Thomas  ;  St.  Jan  ;  Saba.     Spike-grass. 

34.  DISTICHIilS  Eaf.  Journ.  de  Phys.  89:  104.     1819. 

Dioecious  grasses,  with  rigid  culms  creeping  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  flat 
or  convolute  leaves  and  spike-like  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  flat- 
tened, more  numerous  on  the  staminate  plants  than  on  the  pistillate,  6-16-flow- 
ered;  rachilla  continuous  in  the  staminate  spikelets,  articulated  in  the  pistil- 
late. Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  keeled,  acute,  shorter  than  the  flower- 
ing ones;  flowering  scales  broader,  many-nerved,  acute,  rigid;  palets  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  thickened  at  the  base,  rather  long,  distinct.  Stigmas  long- 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  two- 
ranked,  probably  in  reference  to  the  spikelets.]  Four  known  species,  natives 
of  America,  inhabiting  the  seacoast  or  alkaline  soil;  one  of  them  is  also  found 
in  Australia.     Type  species:  Uniola  spicata  L. 

1.  Distlchlls  spicata  (L.)   Greene,  Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  2:  415.     1887. 

Uniola  spicata  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.     1753. 

Culms  7.5-60  cm.  tall,  erect  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  or  often  de- 
cumbent at  the  base.  Sheaths  overlapping  and  often  crowded;  leaves  1.25-15 
cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide,  flat  or  involute;  panicle  dense  and  spike-like,  1.8-6  cm. 
in  length,  the  branches  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  erect;  spikelets  6-16-flowered,  8-18 
mm.  long,  pale  green ;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  1-  3-nerved,  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  3-5-nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales  3-5  mm.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate. 

Brackish  soil,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Watling's  Island,  Inagua  : — 
Nova  Scotia  to  Washington,  California,  Texas,  and  Florida  ;  Mexico ;  Cuba ;  South 
America.     Erroneously  called  Bulrush.     Marsh  Spike-grass.     Rabbit-grass. 


CYPERACEAE.  43 

35.  AETHROSTYLlblUM  Rupr.  in  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  VI.  5=^:   117.    1839. 

Woody,  mostly  vine-like  grasses,  the  leaves  usually  borne  on  short  branches 
whorled  at  the  nodes,  the  leaf-blades  linear  or  lanceolate,  jointed  with  the 
sheaths.  Spikelets  racemose,  usually  appearing  only  after  long  intervals,  some- 
times only  after  many  years.  Spikelets  linear,  few-several-flowered,  stalked 
or  nearly  sessile,  more  or  less  secund,  articulated  above  the  lower  3  or  4  empty 
scales;  lowest  scale  small,  the  others  similar  to  ea^h  other,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, many-nerved,  not  awned;  palets  narrow,  2-carinate,  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  scales.  Flowers  perfect.  Stamens  3.  Ovary  glabrous;  styles  2.  Grain 
oblong.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  jointed  spikelets.]  About  20  species,  natives 
of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  ArtJirostylidium  Haenlei  Rupr. 

1.  Arthrostylidium  capillifolium  Griseb.  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II.  8:  .531.     1862. 

Glabrous;  stem  slender,  wiry,  woody,  climbing  over  shrubs  and  small  trees, 
sometimes  5  m.  long,  often  forming  large  colonies.  Branches  numerous, 
fascicled  at  the  nodes,  short;  leaves  capillary,  flexible,  5-15  cm.  long;  spike- 
lets few,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  lanceolate,  8-12  mm.  long,  2-3  mm. 
wide,  several-flowered. 

In  low  dense  coppices  and  pinelands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island, 
Great  Exuma  : — Cuba  ;  I'orto  Rico.     Old  Man's  Beard. 

Family  2.       CYPERACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Sedge  Family. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs.  Stems  (culms)  slender,  solid  (rarely 
hollow),  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened.  Roots  fibrous  (many 
species  perennial  by  long  rootstocks).  Leaves  narrow,  with  closed  sheaths. 
Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  arranged  in  spikelets,  one  (rarely  2)  in  the 
axil  of  each  scale  (glume,  bract),  the  spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  1- 
manj^-flowered.  Scales  2-ranked  or  spirally  imbricated,  persistent  or  de- 
ciduous. Perianth  liypogynous,  composed  of  bristles,  or  interior  scales, 
rarely  calyx-like,  or  entirely  wanting.  Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more.  Fila- 
ments slender  or  filiform.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled.  Ovule  1, 
anatropous,  erect.  Style  2-3-cleft  or  rarely  simple  or  minutely  2-toothed. 
Fruit  a  lenticular,  plano-convex,  or  trigonous  achene.  Endosperm  mealy. 
Embryo  minute.  About  6o  genera  and  3000  speices,  of  very  wide  geog- 
raphic distribution. 

Fertile  flowers  perfect. 

Basal   empty  scales  of  the  spikelet  none,  or  not   more  than   two. 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  distichous  ;  bristles  none.  1.   Ci/pcrus. 

Scales    of    the    spikelets    spirally    imbricated     (apparently 
distichous  in  AhUdgaurdia). 
Base  of  the  stvle  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene. 
Spikelet   1  ;   perianth-bristles  usually  present ;   culms 

leafless.  2.   FAcocharis. 

Spikelets  usually  several  or  numerous  ;  bristles  none  ; 

culms  leafy  below.  3.   Stcnophi/Uus. 

Style  wholly  deciduous:  no  tubercle  on  the  achene. 
Base  of  the  stvle  swollen  ;  bristles  none. 

Spikelets  nearly  terete,  not  flattened.  4.  Fiinhristuli.f. 

Spikelets   distinctly   flattened.  5.  Abilduuaidia. 

Base    of    the    style    not    swollen ;    bristles    usually 

present.  '  <*•  Scirpus. 

Basal  empty  scales  of  the  spikelets  3  or  more. 

Style    2-cleft,    its    base    persistent    as    a    tubercle    on    the 
achene. 
Bristles  none:   culm  monocephalous.  t-   Dtclirotncna. 

Bristles  usually  present ;  culm  usually  polycephalous.  8.  Rynchospora. 


44 


CYPEEACEAE. 


Style   3-cIeft,   its  base  fused  with  the  top   of  the  achene ; 
tubercle  none. 
Bristles  none.  9.  Mariscus. 

Bristles  present.  10.  Schoenus. 

Flowera  all  imperfect ;  achene  bony  or  crustaceous.  11.  Scleria. 


1.  CYPERUS  L.  Sp.  PL  44.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  in  our  species  simple,  triangular,  leafy 
near  the  base,  and  with  1  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre 
to  the  simple  or  compound,  umbellate  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Rays  of  the 
umbel  sheathed  at  the  base,  usually  very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or 
spikes  commonly  sessile.  Spikelets  flat  or  subterete,  the  scales  falling  away 
from  the  rachis  as  they  mature  (nos.  1-7),  or  persistent  and  the  spikelets 
falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  head  or  spike  with  the  scales  attached 
(nos.  8-14).  Scales  concave,  conduplicate  or  keeled,  2-ranked,  all  flower-bear- 
ing or  the  lower  ones  empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3, 
Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  achene.  [Ancient  Greek 
name  for  these  sedges.]  About  600  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical 
and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Cyperus  esculentus  L. 

Style-branches  2  ;  achene  lenticular.  1-  C  paniculatus. 

Style-branches  3  ;  acheno  trigonous. 

Spikelets  not  breaking  up  into  one-fruited  joints. 

Scales    deciduous    from    the    persistent    rachis    of    the 
spikelets. 
Rachis-wings  none,  or  very  narrow. 
Annuals. 

Scales   tipped  with  recurved   awns. 
Scalea  acuminate,  not  awned. 
Perennials. 

Leaves  flat;  plants  not  viscid. 

Spikelets  yellow,  oblong-lanceolate. 
Spikelets  green-brown,   ovate. 
Leaves   involute ;   plant  viscid. 
Rachis-wings   manifest ;    perennial. 
Spikelets  falling  away  above  the  two  persistent  lower 
scales. 
Leaves  and  culms  filiform,  reclining. 
Leaves  flat ;  culms  stout  or  slender,  erect. 
Spikelets  with  1-4  achenes. 

Spikelets  in  a  single  capitate  cluster, 
rmbel  compound  :  spikes  cylindric. 
Spikelets  with  5-20  achenes. 

Scales  acute  or  cuspidate,  not  awned. 
Scales  awned. 
Spikelets  breaking  up  into  one-fruited  joints. 
LTmbel   compound  ;   annual  with  flat  leaves. 
Spikelets   in   a  single   cluster    or   two ;    perennial    with 
filiform  leaves. 

1.  Cyperus  paniculatus  Eottb.  Descr.  &  Icon.  40.     1773. 

Cyperus  Gatedi  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  255.     1836. 

Annual,  bright  green.  Leaves  1-4  mm.  wide;  culms  slender,  tufted,  1-4 
dm.  tall,  often  surpassing  the  leaves;  bracts  of  the  involucre  3-5,  surpassing 
the  umbel,  the  longer  ones  up  to  2  dm.  long;  umbel  with  3-8  rays,  or  rarely 
nearly  capitate :  spikelets  few,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  6-15  mm.  long,  acute ; 
scales  light  chestnut-brown,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  shining,  striate,  deciduous 
at  maturity;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  oblong,  grayish,  abruptly  apicu- 
late,  fully  half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Moist  ground,  New  Providence : — southeastern  United  States ;  West  Indies ; 
tropical  continental  America.  Referred  by  Clarke  to  Ppcraeus  ferrugmeus ;  recorded 
by  DoUey  as  C  polystachyus  Rottb.     Panicled  Cyperus. 


9 

3^ 

C. 

C. 

cuspidatus. 
compressus. 

4. 
5. 
6. 

0. 

c. 

c. 
c. 

ocliracens. 
psendovegetus. 
elegans. 
roUtndns. 

8. 

c. 

floridantts. 

0 

10. 

c. 

G. 

fuligineus. 
ligularis. 

11. 

12. 

c. 
c. 

hrimneus. 
confertus. 

13. 

c. 

ferax. 

14. 

G. 

fiUformis. 

CYPERACEAE.  45 

2.  Cyperus  cuspidatus  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  1:   204.     1816. 

Annual,  glabrous;  culms  tufted,  2-14  cm.  tall,  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or 
longer.  Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  umbel  usually  3  or  4,  sometimes  1 
dm.  long;  umbel  2-5-rayed,  rarely  capitate;  rays  0.5-5  cm.  long;  spikelets 
linear,  5-12  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm.  wide,  digitate,  many-flowered;  scales 
chestnut-brown,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  strongly  3-5-nerved,  keeled,  the  recurved- 
spreading  awn-like  tip  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  stamens  1-3;  achene  broadly 
obovoid,  0.5  mm.  long,  trigonous,  brown,  apiculate;  style  very  short. 

Wet  soil,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  South 
Caicos,  Inugua  : — southern  United  States  ;  Cuba  ;  Anegadu  ;  Yucatan  ;  South  Aiuer- 
ica.     Recorded  by  Hitchcock  as  C.  aristatus  Rottb.     Cuspidate  Cyperus. 

3.  Cyperus  compressus  L.  Sp.  PI.  46.     1753. 

Annual;  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  smooth,  7-25  cm.  long.  Leaves 
light  green,  about  2  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  2-3,  the  longer  exceed- 
ing the  spikelets;  umbel  capitate  or  with  2-3  short  rays;  spikelets*  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acute,  8-20  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  very  flat,  many-flowered; 
scales  light  green  with  a  yellow  band  on  each  side,  ovate,  acuminate,  firm, 
keeled,  several-nerved,  falling  away  from  the  narrowly-winged  rachis  at  ma- 
turity; stamens  3;  style  3-eleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  obovoid,  obtuse,  dull, 
brown,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  &-cale. 

Waste  grounds,  New  Providence  : — 'United  States  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and 
Trinidad ;  Jamaica ;  tropical  continental  America  and  Old  World  tropics.  Flat 
Cyperus. 

4.  Cyperus  ochraceus  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  325.     1806. 

Perennial;  culms  rather  stout,  2-7  dm.  tall.  Leaves  6  mm.  wide  or  less, 
the  basal  ones  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre  several, 
spreading,  2  or  more  of  them  much  longer  than  the  compound  or  simple  umbel ; 
umbel-rays  15  cm.  long  or  less;  spikelets  numerous,  capitate,  flatfish,  blunt, 
many-flowered,  5-12  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide;  scales  yellow,  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtusish;  stamen  1;  achene  ovoid,  3-augied,  narrowed  at  both  ends. 

Swamps,  New  Providence: — southern  United  States;  Cuba  to  Guadaloupe;  .Ja- 
maica ;  tropical  continental  America.  Erroneously  referred  by  Clarke  to  C.  Luzulae 
Rottb.,  citing  Brace  no.  Jf08 ;  referred  also  here  by  Dolley.     Yellow  Cyperus. 

5.  Cyperus  pseudovegetus  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  24.     1855. 

Perennial  by  thickened  tuber-like  joints  of  the  rootstoeks;  culm  rather 
stout,  0.3-1.3  m.  high,  often  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  3-4  mm.  wide, 
smooth,  nodulose,  the  midvein  prominent ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  4-6,  spread- 
ing; umbel  several-rayed,  compound;  spikelets  ovate,  flat,  many-flowere<l,  light 
green,  densely  capitate,  4-6  mm.  long;  scales  keeled,  conduplicate,  1-nerved, 
curved,  acute,  longer  than  the  linear  3-angled  slightly  stalked  achene;  stamen 
1;  style  3-cleft. 

Swamps.  New  Providence  at  Southwest  Bay : — southeastern  United  States. 
Marsk  Cyperus. 

6.  Cyperus  elegans  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.     1753. 

Cyperus  viscosus  Sw.  Prodr.  20.     1788. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstoeks;  culms  viscid-pubescent,  8  dm.  tall  or  less. 
Leaves  convolute  in  drying,  the  basal  ones  about  as  long  as  the  culm,  those  of 
the  involucre  about  3,  the  longer  ones  much  surpassing  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
usually  compound,  the  rays  up  to  15  cm.  long;  spikelets  2-12  in  the  clusters, 
digitate,  oblong-lanceolate,  6-15  mm.  long,  3-5  mm.  wide,  compressed ;  scales 
green-brown,  ovate,  strongly  mucronate,  about  3  mm.  long;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  3;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled,  nearly  black,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
scale. 

Marshes  and  sink-holes.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island, 
Watling's  Island,  Acklin's  Isand,  Great  Esumn,  Inagua  : — Florida  :  Cuba  to  St. 
Jan  and  Trinidad ;   Jamaica ;   Yucatan ;    South   America.     Viscid  Cyperus. 


46  CYPEEACEAE. 

7.  Cyperus  rotundus  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.     1753. 

Perennial  by  scaly  tuber-bearing  rootstocks;  culm  rather  stout,  0.1-0.5  m. 
high,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  3-6  mm,  wide,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 3-5;  umbel  3-8-rayed,  the  longer  rays  5-11  cm.  long;  spikelets  linear, 
clustered,  few  in  each  cluster,  acute,  8-20  mm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide;  scales  dark 
purple-brown  or  with  green  margins  and  centre,  ovate,  acute,  appressed  when 
mature,  about  3-nerved  on  the  keel ;  stamens  3 ;  style  3-clef t,  its  branches  ex- 
serted;  achene  3-angled,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence : — United  States ;  Bermuda ; 
West  Indies :  tropical  continental  America ;  warm-temperate  and  tropical  parts  of 
the  Old  World.     Nut-geass. 

8.  Cyperus  floridanus  Britton;  Small,  Fl.  S.  E.  U.  S.  170.     1903. 

Perennial  by  tuber-like  bases  of  the  culms.  Culms  filiform,  wiry,  densely 
clustered,  erect  or  reclining,  0.5-2.5  dm.  long;  leaves  filiform,  or  the  lowest 
reduced  to  scales,  some  of  them  usually  as  long  as  the  culm  or  longer,  about 
0.5  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  2  or  3,  similar  to  the  lower  ones,  the 
longer  much  exceeding  the  head  of  spikelets,  sometimes  10  cm.  long;  head 
composed  of  few  to  several  spikelets;  spikelets  digitate,  flattened,  linear- 
subulate,  6-15  mm.  long,  1  mm.  wide,  several-flowered,  acuminate;  scales 
oblong,  2  mm.  long,  chestnut-brown,  blunt,  strongly  several-nerved,  firm  in 
texture;  stamens  3;  achene  linear-oblong,  about  1.5  mm.  long  and  0.5  mm. 
thick,  dull,  dark  brown.     Plant  with  the  habit  of  C.  filiformis. 

Moist  sandy  soil,  Abaco,  Berry  Islands,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Florida ; 
Cuba  ;   Santo  Domingo.     Florida  Cyperus. 

9.  Cyperus  fuligineus  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States  511.     1860. 

Mariscus  fuligineus  Clarke,  Kew  Bull.  Add.  Ser.  8 :  16.     1908. 

Perennial;  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  tufted,  1-4  dm.  high,  rather  rigid. 
Leaves  revolute-margined,  shorter  than  the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre  usually 
2,  unequal;  spikelets  linear,  6-10  mm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide,  densely  crowded 
in  a  single  terminal  head ;  scales  ovate  to  oval,  about  2  mm.  long,  dark  brown, 
striate,  mucronulate;  style  3-clef t;  achenes  oblong-obovoid,  trigonous,  about 
1.5  mm.  long,  dull,  brown. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Berry  Islands,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  to  Am- 
bergris Cay.  Grand  Turk,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  :  Cuban  Cays  ; 
Anegada  ;  Bonaire :  Curasao.  Recorded  by  Coker  and  presumably  by  Dolley  as  C 
Vahlii  Steud. ;  by  Hitchcock  as  C.  hriinneus  Sw. 

10.  Cyperus  ligularis  L.  Amoen.  Acad.  5:  391.     1759. 

Perennial;  roots  fibrous,  thick;  rootstock  short  or  none;  culms  stout,  1.2 
m.  high  or  less.  Leaves  8-20  mm.  wide,  pale  green,  rough-margined,  the 
basal  ones  often  overtopping  the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre  sometimes  7  dm. 
long;  umbel  4-12-rayed,  large,  compound;  spikes  oblong  or  subglobose,  8-10 
mm.  thick,  very  dense;  spikelets  gray  to  brown,  4-6  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm. 
wide,  bearing  2-4  achenes;  fruiting  scales  oval  or  ovate,  striate,  blunt,  2.5-3 
mm.  long;  achene  narrowly  obovoid  to  ellipsoid,  dark  brown,  dull,  3-angled, 
about  1.5  mm.  long,  half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Swamps,  Great  Bahama  to  Andros,  New  Providence.  Fortune  Island,  North 
Caicos  and  Inagua  : — southern  I'nited  States  :  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental 
America  ;  tropical  Africa.     Large  Cyperus.     Saw-grass. 

11.  Cyperus  brtinneus  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  1:  116.     1797. 

Mariscus  hrisaeus  Clarke  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:  52.     1900. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks;  culms  stout,  7  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves 
4-10  mm.  wide,  pale  green,  the  basal  often  overtopping  the  culm,  those  of  the 
involucre  3-5,  the  longer  much  surpassing  the  inflorescence;  umbel  few-rayed, 


CYPERACEAE.  47 

or  glomerate,  simple  or  little  compound,  the  rays  up  to  3  em.  long;  spikelets 
short-spicate,  1-2  cm.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide,  with  5-10  achenes;  scales  brown, 
ovate,  apiculate,   strongly  striate-nerved;    achene  obovoid,  3-angled. 

Sand  dunes  and  white-lands,  throughout  the  archi))ehis:o  from  Abaro  and  (;r»»at 
Bahama  to  the  Caicos  Islands,  Little  Inagua  and  Cay  Sal  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida ; 
West  Indies ;  Mexico.  Consists  of  several  races  differing  in  stalked  or  sessile 
spikes,  width  of  leaves,  the  scales  ovate  to  elliptic-oblong.  Recorded  by  Herrick  as 
C.   Vahlii  Steud.     Sand  or   Coast  Cyperus. 

12.  Cyperus  confertus  Sw.  Prodr.  20.     1788. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks;  culms  rather  slender,  1-4  dm,  high,  clus- 
tered. Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide,  the  basal  ones  as  long  as  the  culms  or  shorter, 
those  of  the  involucre  2  dm.  long  or  less,  the  longer  much  surpassing  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  simple,  1-7-rayed;  heads  subglobose,  about  1  cm.  thick; 
spikelets  greenish-yellow,  5-7  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  flat,  bearing  5-9 
achenes;  fertile  scales  ovate,  keeled,  strongly  striate,  tipped  with  short,  some- 
Avhat  curved  awns ;  stamens  3  or  sometimes  2 ;  achene  oblong-oljovoid,  3-angIed, 
1-1.5  mm.  long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Inagua; — Hispaniola  to  St.  Thomas  and  to  Martinique;  Jamaica.  Curasao; 
northern   South  America ;   Galapagos.     Capitate   Cyperus. 

13.  Cyperus  ferax  L.  C.  Eich.  Act.  Soc.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris  1:  106.     1792. 

Annual;  smooth;  culms  rather  stout,  3-8  dm.  tall,  usually  tufted.  Leaves 
5-10  mm.  wide,  the  lower  ones  as  long  as  the  culm  or  shorter,  those  of  the 
involucre  3  or  more,  the  longer  equalling  or  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel 
simple  or  compound,  several-rayed;  spikelets  linear,  subterete,  10-20-flowered, 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  thick,  the  ovate-oblong,  appressed,  yellow-green, 
7-9-nerved  scales  scarcely  imbricated;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  trigo- 
nous, narrowly  obovoid,  obtuse. 

Swamps,  Abaco,  Cat  Cay,  New  Providence,  Exuma  Chain,  Eleuthera  : — United 
States  ;  West  Indies  ;  Central  and  South  America.     Coarse  Cyperus. 

14.  Cyperus  filiformis  Sw.  Prodr.  20.     1788. 

Mariscus  filiformis  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  1:   213.     1816. 

Perennial;  glabrous;  culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  tufted,  rather  weak, 
2-7  dm.  long.  Leaves  usually  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  about  2  mm.  wide, 
those  of  the  involucre  1  or  2,  mostly  longer  than  the  1  or  2  loose  spikes; 
spikelets  3-10,  nearly  digitate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  about  1  mm.  thick,  terete,  erect 
or  ascending,  several-flowered;  scales  yellowish  with  a  green  keel,  acutish, 
shining,  faintly  striate,  ovate,  inrolled,  not  overlapping;  achene  shorter  than  the 
scale,  trigonous,  ellipsoid,  blackish,  pointed  at  both  ends. 

Grassy  places.  New  Providence  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix  :  .Tamaica. 
The  Crooked  Island  reference  of  Hitchcock  proves  to  be  an  error,  his  plant  being 
Schoenus  nigricans  L.     Slender  Cyperus. 

Sehoepf  records  Kyllinga  wonoccphala  Rottb.  as  observed  by  him  on  New 
Providence  in  1784,  but  no  species  of  that  genus  has  been  collected  in  the 
Bahamas  by  subsequent  botanists. 

2.  ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  1:224.  ISIO. 
Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  simple,  triangular,  quadrangular, 
terete,  flattened  or  grooved,  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the  lowest  very 
rarely  blade-bearing.  Spikelets  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  several-many-flowered, 
rot  subtended  by  an  involucre.  Scales  concave,  spirally  imbricated  all  around. 
Perianth  of  1-12  bristles,  usually  retrorsely  barbed,  or  wanting  in  some  species. 


48  CYPEEACEAE. 

Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-cleft  and  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  or  3-cleft  and 
achene  3-angled,  but  sometimes  Avith  very  obtuse  angles  and  appearing  turgid. 
Base  of  the  style  persistent  on  the  summit  of  the  achene,  forming  a  terminal 
tubercle.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of  most  of  the  species  in  marshy 
ground.]  About  140  species,  widely  distributed.  Type  species:  Scirpus 
palustris  L. 

Spikelets  little,  if  at  all,  thicker  than  the  culms  ;  scales  rigid ;  tall  sedges. 

Achenes  transversely  ridged  ;  culms  nodose-septate.  1.  E.  interstincta. 

Achenes   copiously   pitted ;   culms  continuous.  2.  E.  cellulosa. 

Spikelet  thicker  than  the  culm  ;  scales  membranous  ;  low  sedges. 

Upper  sheath  hyaline,  scarious.  3.  E.  fiaccida. 

Upper  sheath  trimcate,  oblique  or  1-toothed. 

Perianth-bristles    nearly    white;    achene    0.5    mm.    long; 

culms  nearly  filiform.  4.  E.  atropurpurea. 

Perianth-bristles  brown  ;  achene  1  mm.  long ;  culms  slen- 
der. .5.  E.  capitata. 

1.  Eleocharis  interstincta  (Yahl)  E.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  149.     1817. 

Scirpus  interstinctus  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  251.     1806. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstoeks;  culms  stout,  terete,  4-10  dm.  tall,  nodose, 
hollow.  Sheaths  oblique,  the  lower  sometimes  bearing  short  blades;  spikelet 
cylindric,  terete,  2-4  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  thick;  scales  coriaceous,  obtuse, 
faintly  many-nerved,  scarious-margined ;  bristles  about  6,  retrorsely  barbed,  as 
long  as-  the  achene  or  shorter;  style  3-cleft  rarely  2-cleft;  achene  obovola, 
shining,  brown,  minutely  many-striate  and  transversely  ridged;  tubercle  conic, 
acute. 

Marshes,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Acklin's  Island  :^eastern  United 
States  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ;  tropical  continental 
America.     Knotted  Spike-rush. 

2.  Eleocharis  cellulosa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  298.     1836. 

Perennial  by  long  rootstoeks;  culms  obscurely  3-angled  below,  terete  above, 
7  dm.  tall  or  less,  not  nodose.  Sheaths  membranous,  oblique;  spikelet  1.5-3 
cm.  long,  2.5-4  mm.  thick,  cylindric,  somewhat  thicker  than  the  culm;  scales 
coriaceous,  obtuse,  membranous-margined,  many-striate;  bristles  6  or  7,  nearly 
or  quite  smooth,  about  as  long  as  the  achene;  style  3-cleft;  achene  broadly 
obovoid,  trigonous,  striate,  copiously  pitted;  tubercle  deltoid,  about  one-half  as 
wide  as  the  achene. 

Marshes,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Eleuth- 
era,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Great  Exuma,  Inagua : — southern  United 
States  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Jamaica  ;  Yucatan.  Round-stemmed  Spike- 
rush. 

3.  Eleocharis  flaccida   (Echb.)    Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:    165.     1900. 

Scirpus  flaccidus  Echb. ;    Spreng.  Tent.  Suppl.  3.     1828. 

Eleocharis  ochreata  Xees,  Linnaea  9:  294.     1834. 

Scirpus  ochreatns  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  570.     1864. 

Heleocharis  hahamensis  Boeckl.  Cyp.  Nov.  2:  11  in  part.     1890. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstoeks;  culms  slender  or  filiform,  3-angled,  0.5-3 
dm.  long.  Upper  sheath  white,  hyaline,  membranous ;  spikelet  oblong  or  ovoid, 
3-6  mm.  long,  2-2.5  mm.  thick,  much  thicker  than  the  culm;  scales  elliptic  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  thin,  pale  green  with  a  faint 
midvein;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  obovate,  smooth,  0.5  mm.  long,  2-4 
times  as  long  as  the  conic,  acute  tubercle;  bristles  6  or  7,  retrorsely  barbed,  as 
long  as  the  achene,  or  shorter,  or  none. 

Wet  grounds.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  : — Southeastern  United  States  ;  Cuba 
to  St.  Thomas  and  Trinidad ;  Jamaica ;  tropical  continental  America ;  Philippine 
Islands.     Pale    Spike-rush. 


CYPERACEAE.  49 

4.  Eleocharis  atropurpurea  (Eetz.)  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  151.     1837. 

Scirpus  atropurpureus  Retz.  Obs.  5:   14.     1789. 
Heleocharis  Sintenisii  Boeckl.  Cyp.  Nov.  1:  16.     1888. 
Eeleocharis  bahamensis  Boeckl.  Cyp.  Nov.  2:  11.     1890. 

Annual;  roots  fibrous;  culms  tufted,  very  slender,  2-9  cm.  high.  Upper 
sheath  1-toothed;  spikelet  ovoid,  many-flowered,  subacute,  3-4  mm.  long,  2  mm. 
in  diameter  or  less;  scales  minute,  ovate-oblong,  persistent,  purple-brown  with 
green  midvein  and  very  narrow  scarious  margins;  si;amens  2  or  3;  style  2-3- 
cleft;  bristles  2-4,  fragile,  white,  minutely  downwardly  hispid,  about  as  long 
as  the  achene;  achene  jet  black,  shining,  0.5  mm.  long,  smooth,  lenticular; 
tubercle  conic,  minute,  depressed  but  rather  acute,  constricted  at  the  base. 

Hog  Island,  New  Providence,  Andres,  Acklin's  Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto 
Rico;  Central  and  western  United  States  to  Central  America;  Europe;  Asia. 
Referred  by  Clarke  to  E.  camptotricha  Sehneinitzii  Clarke,  citing  Northrop  524  b, 
from  Conch  Sound,  Andros,  but  that  has  trigonous  achenes,  proliferous  spikelets 
and  is  the  same  as  E.  proUfcra  Torr.,  its  older  name.  Our  specimen  of  this 
number  has  lenticular  achenes  ;  it  is  possible  that  two  species  were  distributed  under 
the  same  number.  Mrs.  Northrop's  no.  745,  indicated  on  her  label  as  the  same  as 
524  b,  was  determined  by  ^Nlr.  Clarke  as  E.  atyopurpurca.     I'ueple  Spike-kl'sii. 

5.  Eleocharis  capitata  (L.)  R.  Br.  Prodr.  225.     1810. 

Scirpus  capitatns  L.  Sp.  PI.  48.     1753. 

Annual;  roots  fibrous;  culms  densely  tufted,  nearly  terete,  almost  filiform, 
5-25  cm.  tall.  Upper  sheath  1-toothed;  spikelet  ovoid,  obtuse,  much  thicker 
than  the  culm,  3-5  mm.  long,  2-3  mm,  thick,  many-flowered;  scales  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  firm,  pale  or  dark  brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  narrowly 
scarious-margined,  persistent;  stamens  mostly  2;  style  2-cleft;  bristles  5-8, 
slender,  downwardly  hispid,  as  long  as  the  achene;  achene  obovate,  jet  black, 
smooth,  shining,  nearly  1  mm.  long;  tubercle  depressed,  apiculate,  constricted 
at  the  base,  very  much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

Moist  and  wet  grounds,  Great  Bahama,  and  Andros  to  Crooked  Island.  North 
Caicos  and  Inagua  : — United  States  ;  Bermuda  ;  West  Indies  ;  tropical  continental 
America  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Capitate  Spike-eush. 

3.  STENOPHYIiLUS  Raf.  Neog.  4.     1825. 

Mostly  annual  sedges,  with  slender  erect  culms,  leafy  below,  the  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  filiform,  with  ciliate  or  pubescent  sheaths.  Spikelets  um- 
bellate, capitate  or  solitary,  usually  subtended  by  a  l-several-leaved  involucre, 
their  scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  mostly  deciduous.  Flowers  perfect. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  glabrous,  its  base  much 
swollen  and  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene  as  in  Eleocharis.  Achene  3- 
angled,  turgid  or  lenticular.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  narrow  leaves.]  A  genus 
of  some  90  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  warm  regions.  Type  species: 
Scirpus  stenopJiyllus  Ell. 

1.  Stenophyllus  Wilsoni  Britton,  Torreya  13:  215.     1913. 

Perennial  by  short  stout  rootstocks;  culms  clustered,  somewhat  flattened, 
smooth,  stiff,  but  rather  slender,  erect,  2-3  dm.  tall.  Basal  sheaths  3  or  4, 
bladeless,  acute,  many-nerved,  floccose-pubescent,  the  upper  with  a  scarious 
margin;  spikelets  2-5  together,  in  a  terminal  capitate  cluster  subtended  by  a 
subulate  bract  0.5-2  cm.  long,  or  sometimes  by  2  bracts,  linear-oblong,  much 
compressed,  1-2  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide ;  scales  narrowly  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  loosely  pubescent,  ciliate,  light  brown,  membranous,  obtusish,  5 
mm.  long,  1.5  mm.  wide,  the  midvein  prominent;  stamens  3;   style  3-cleft,  the 


60  CYPEEACEAE. 

pubescent  branches  about  as  long  as  the  glabrous  lower  part;  achene  obovoid; 
dull  black,  bluntly  trigonous,  nearly  1  mm.  long,  capped  by  a  minute  de- 
pressed tubercle. 

Castle  Island  and  Little  Inagua.     Endemic.     Wilson's  Stenophyllus. 

4.  FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  285.     1806. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  leafy  below.  Spikelets  umbellate  or 
capitate,  terete,  several  to  many-flowered,  subtended  by  a  1-many-leaved  in- 
volucre, their  scales  s]3irally  imbricated  all  around,  mostly  deciduous,  all  fertile. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  its  base 
much  enlarged,  falling  away  from  the  summit  of  the  achene  at  maturity. 
Achene  lenticular,  biconvex,  or  3-angled,  reticulated,  cancellate,  .or  longitudi- 
nally ribbed  or  striate  in  our  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  style 
of  some  species.]  A  large  genus,  the  species  widely  distributed  in  temperate 
and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:   FimhristyUs  acuminata  Vahl. 

Style  branches  2  ;  achene  lenticular. 

Achene  longitudinally  ribbed.  1.  F.  diphylla. 

Achene  cancellate,  reticulate  or  granular,  not  ribbed. 

Scales  pilose-puberulent ;  leaves  short.  2.  F.  ferruginea. 

Scales  glabrous. 

Leaves  elongated:   inflorescence  loose. 

Leaves   involute  or  plano-convex.  3.  F.  castanca. 

Leaves  flat.  4.  F.  inagvensis. 

Leaves  short ;   inflorescence  compact.  5.  F.  spathacea. 

Style  branches  3  ;  achene  trigonous.  6.  F.  Jiirta. 

1.  Fimbristylis  diphyUa  (Retz.)  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  289.     1806. 

Scirpus  dipliyUus  Retz.  Obs.  5:  15.     1789. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  culms  tufted,  1-6 
dm.  high,  slender.  Leaves  1-3  mm.  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  involucre- 
bracts  3  or  4,  shorter  than  or  surpassing  the  simple  or  compound  umbel;  spike- 
lets  oblong  or  ovoid,  5-10  mm.  long,  2.5-4  mm.  thick;  scales  ovate,  acute, 
glabrous;  style  2-cleft;  achenes  scarcely  1  mm.  long,  obovoid,  biconvex,  white 
or  yellowish,  longitudinally  ribbed,  reticulated,  the  ribs  smooth. 

Moist  soil.  New  Providence  and  Fortune  Island  : — southern  United  States ; 
West  Indies ;  tropical  continental  America ;  Old  World  tropics.  Slexder  Fimbri- 
stylis. 

2.  Fimbristylis  ferruginea  (L.)  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  291.     1806. 

Scirpus  ferrugineus  L.  Sp.  PI.  50.     1753. 

Culms  tufted,  erect,  2-8  dm.  tall,  rather  slender.  Leaves  much  shorter 
than  the  culm,  often  very  short;  involucre-bracts  2-4,  rarely  exceeding  the 
simple  or  slightly  compound  umbel ;  spikelets  few  or  several,  ovoid-obiong, 
8-20  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick;  scales  ovate,  acutish  or  mucronulate,  brown, 
pilose-puberulent  toward  the  apex;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  biconvex, 
smooth,  brownish,  half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Moist  saline  soil.  Berry  Islands,  Cat  Cay.  Andros.  New  Providence  and 
Eleuthera  to  ^Lnriguana  and  Inagua  : — West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America. 
Salt  Marsh  Fimbristylis. 

3.  Fimbristylis  castanea  (Michx.)  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  292.     1806. 

Scirpus  castaneus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  31.     1803. 

Perennial;  glabrous;  culms  stiff,  slender,  wiry,  trigonous,  3-10  dm.  high. 
Leaves  rigid,  involute,  usually  somewhat  shorter  than  the  culm,  about  2  mm. 
wide  when  unrolled,  their  sheaths  often  brown,  those  of  the  involucre  3-6,  the 


CYPEEACEAE.  51 

longer  sometimes  exceeding  the  simple  or  compound  umbel ;  umbel-rays  several, 
nearly  erect;  spikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid-cylindric,  acute,  5-12  mm.  long,  the 
central  ones  sessile,  the  others  stalked;  scales  obtuse,  coriaceous,  glabrous, 
brown  with  a  green  midvein ;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  obo- 
vate,  brown,  reticulate. 

Moist  saline  soil,  Andros.  New  Providenco.  Rose  Island,  Eleuthora,  Cat  Island. 
Little  San  Salvador.  Watling's  Island  ;  AnRuilla  Isles  : — Bermuda  :  eastern  T'nited 
States;  Cuba.  Recorded  by  Hitclicock,  by  Dolley  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Fimbri- 
stylis  spadicea   (L.)   Yahl.     Marsh  Fimbbisttlis. 

4.  Fimbristylis  inaguensis  Britten,  Torreya  13:  216.     1913. 

Perennial  by  short  stout  rootstocks;  culms  rather  stout,  stiff,  smooth,  com- 
pressed, 3-5  dm.  tall.  Basal  leaves  one-third  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
culm,  flat,  rather  stiff,  smooth,  1-2.5  mm.  wide,  obtuse;  leaves  of  the  involucre 
2-4,  the  longer  one  usually  a  little  exceeding  the  inflorescence ;  umbel  com- 
pound, 5-7  cm.  broad,  the  rays  2-4  cm.  long,  ascending,  the  raylets  slender, 
0.5-2  cm.  long;  spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  8-12  mm.  long,  about  2.5  mm.  thick, 
acute,  many-flowered,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  and  raylets;  scales 
brown,  glabrous,  dull,  ovate,  carinate,  mucronate  or  the  lower  short-awned; 
achene  elliptic  or  obovate-elliptic,  flat,  blunt,  finely  reticulated,  nearly  1.5  mm. 
long;  style-branches  2. 

White-lands  and  rocky  soil.  Cat  Island.  Little  San  Salvador.  Watline's  Island. 
Fortune  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Exuma  Chain,  Little  Ambergris  Cay,  Inagua : — 
Cuban  Cays  ;  Anegada.     West  Indian  Fimbristylis. 

5.  Fimbristylis  spathacea  Eoth,  Nov.  Sp.  24.     1821. 

Scirpus  glomeratns  Eetz.  Obs.  4:  11.     1786. 

Fimbristylis  glo7nerataJJ rhSin,Sjmh.  Ant.  2:  1Q6.    1900.    Not  Xees.     1834. 

Culms  tufted,  stiff,  erect,  rather  slender,  1-4  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  flat, 
stiff,  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  spreading  or  ascending, 
the  apex  bluntish  and  mucronate;  involucral  leaves  mostly  shorter  than 
the  compound  small  dense  umbel;  spikelets  ellipsoid  to  short-cylindric,  3-6 
mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick;  scales  ovate,  brownish,  glabrous,  emarginate, 
scarious-margined;  style  2-eleft;  achene  about  one-half  ns  long  as  the  scale, 
biconvex,  obovate,  brown,  granular  or  subtuberculate. 

Coppices,  waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  Rum  Cay. 
Fortune  Island,  Cay  Sal  : — West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America  ;  Old  World 
tropics. 

.Justice  Joseph  E.  Adderlev,  at  Eight  Mile  Rocks.  Great  Bahama.  Informed  us 
at  the  time  of  our  visit  there  in  February,  100.5,  that  soon  after  the  hurricane  of 
August  13.  1S09.  this  sedge  appeared  in  clearings,  and  had  soon  spread  as  a  trouble- 
some weed  through  cultivated  lands,  killing  out  pasture  grasses  in  places ;  it  had 
therefore  come  to  be  called  there  "  Hurricane  Grass." 

6.  Fimbristylis  hirta  (Thunb.)  E.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  99.     1817. 

Cyperus  hirUis  Thunb.  Phyt.  Blaett.  1:  6.  1803. 
Scirpns  exilis  Poir.  Encycl.  Suppl.  5:  105.  1817. 
Fimiristylis  exilis  E.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  98.     1817. 

Annual;  culms  1-4  dm.  long,  slender,  pilose  at  least  above.  Leaves 
nearly  filiform,  pubescent,  half  as  long  as  the  culm  or  less,  0.2-0.5  mm.  wide; 
involucral  bracts  3-5,  longer  or  shorter  than  the  umbel;  spikelets  3-14,  on 
filiform  pilose  umbel-rays,  ovoid,  6-12  mm.  long;  scales  few,  ovate,  mucro- 
nate, chestnut-brown,  pilose-puberulent,  the  midvein  green;  style  glabrous,  its 
3  branches  linear;  achene  pyriform,  pale  brown,  1  mm.  long,  irregularly  rugose, 
sometimes  tuberculate. 

Bahamas,  collected  by  Dale,  according  to  Clarke  : — Cuba  :  northern  South  Amer- 
ica ;  Africa.     Hairy  Fimbristylis. 


52  CYPERACEAE. 

5.  ABILDGAARDIA  Yahl,  Ennm.  2:  296.     1806. 

Low,  perennial  or  annual  sedges,  "witli  slender  culms,  narrow  or  setaceous 
basal  leaves,  the  involucre  usually  of  1  small  bract,  the  flattened  spikelets  soli- 
tary or  few  together,  several-many-flowered.  Scaly  imbricated  in  2  rows, 
keeled,  deciduous.  Bristles  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  pubescent,  deciduous, 
its  base  swollen.  Stigmas  3.  Achene  trigonous.  [Commemorates  P.  S.  Abild- 
gaard,  Danish  botanist.]  About  15  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  dis- 
tribution, the  following  typical. 

1.  Abildgaardia  monostachya  (L.)  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  296.     1806. 

Cyperus  monostachyos  L.  Mant.  180.     1771. 

Fimhristylis  Tnonostachya  Hassk.  PI.  Jav.  Ear.  61.     1848. 

Perennial,  glabrous;  culms  tufted,  very  slender,  smooth,  thickened  at  the 
base,  1-4  dm.  high.  Leaves  setaceous,  0.5  mm.  wide,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
culm;  involucral  bract  short,  rarely  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  spikelet  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  about  5  mm.  wide;  scales  ovate,  keeled, 
mucronate,  pale  greenish-brown  with  white  margins;  style  villous,  with  3  short 
branches;  achene  obovoid,  2-2.5  mm,  long,  3-angled,  yellowish,  tuberculate. 

Grassy  places  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat 
Island,  Fortune  Island,  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  ;  St.  Jan  to  Tobago ; 
Anegada  ;  continental  tropical  America  and  Old  World  tropics.     Flat-spiked  Rush. 

6.  SCIRPUS  L.  Sp.  PI.   47.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  very  small  or  very  large  sedges,  with  leafy  culms  or 
the  leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths.  Spikelets  terete  or  somoAvhat  flattened, 
solitary,  capitate,  spicate  or  umbellate,  subtended  by  a  1-several-leaved  in- 
volucre or  the  involucre  wanting  in  some  species.  Scales  spirally  imbricated 
all  around,  usually  all  fertile,  the  1-3  lower  sometimes  empty.  Flowers  per- 
fect. Perianth  of  1-6,  slender  or  rigid,  short  or  elongated,  barbed,  pubescent 
or  smooth  bristles,  or  none  in  some  species.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  not 
swollen  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous  from  the  achene,  or  its  "base  persistent 
as  a  subulate  tip.  Achene  triangular,  lenticular  or  plano-convex,  [Latin 
name  of  the  Bulrush,  said  to  be  from  sirs,  the  Celtic  word  for  rushes.]  About 
200  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type  species:  Scirpus 
lacustris  L. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  several  ;  scales  long-awned  ;  culm  trigonous.  1.  S,  rohustvs. 
Bract  of  the  involucre  only  1 ;  scales  short-tipped ;  culm  terete.  2,  S.  validits. 

1,  Scirpus  robustus  Pursh,  El,  Am.  Sept.  56.     1814. 

Perennial  by  rootstocks ;  culm  stout,  stiff,  3-angled  with  flat  sides,  smooth, 
0.5-1,4  m.  tall.  Leaves  dark  green,  smooth,  5-10  mm,  wide;  involucral  leaves 
2-4,  elongated,  similar  to  the  lower  ones;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  stout,  1,5-2.5 
cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  6-20  together  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster ;  scales 
ovate,  brown,  puberulent,  thin,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  an,  at  length,  re- 
flexed  awn  3-5  mm.  long;  bristles  1-6,  fragile,  shorter  than  the  achene,  or  none; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  compressed,  flat  on  the  face,  convex  or  with  a  low  ridge 
on  the  back,  obovate-orbicular,  dark  brown,  shining,  3  mm.  long. 

Marshes,  Little  Inagua  : — Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  of  the  United  States.  Salt 
Mahsh  Bulrush. 


CYPERACEAE.  53 

2.  Scirpus  validus  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  268.     1806. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks;  culms  stout,  smooth,  terete,  erect,  l-'6  m. 
tall,  sheathed  at  the  base.  Involucre-bract  1,  erect,  shorter  than  the  unil^el,  ap- 
pearing as  if  continuing  the  culm;  umbel  compound,  its  primary  rays  slender, 
1-6  cm.  long;  spikelets  several  or  many,  oblong-conic,  1  to  5  together,  5-12 
mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick;  scales  ovate,  short-tipped;  bristles  4-6,  downwardly 
barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  longer;  stamens  3;  style  2-cleft;  acheue 
obovate,  plano-convex,  mucronate. 

Ponds,  Fortune  Island : — Continental  North  America  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ;  Haiti ; 
Porto  Rico ;   Jamaica.     American  Great  Bulrush. 

7.  DICHROMENA   Michx.  Fl.   Bor.   Am.   1:37.     1803. 

Leafy-stemmed  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  spikelets  crowded  in  a 
terminal  head  involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves,  which  are  often  white  at  the 
base.  Spikelets  compressed,  several-many-flowered.  Scales  spirally  imbricated 
all  around,  several  of  them  with  imperfect  flowers,  or  empty.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft,  its  branches  subulate.  Achene  lenticular,  transversely 
rugose,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle). 
[Greek,  alluding  to  the  two-colored  involucral  leaves.]  About  8  species,  na- 
tives of  America.     Type  species:  Dichromena  leiicocepliala  Michx. 

Spikelets  capitate:  involucral  bracts  reflexed.  1.  D.  colorata. 

Spikelets  subspicate  ;  bracts  erect  or  the  lower  one  spreading  2.  D.  inu(jucnsis. 

1.  Dichromena  colorata  (L.)  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   141.     1893. 

ScJioenus  coloratus  L.  Sp.  PI.  43.     1753. 

Dichromena  leucocephala  Michx.  Fl.  Bor,  Am.  1:  37.     1803. 

Glabrous;  culm  slender,  erect,  rather  sharply  triangular,  0.3-0.6  m.  tall. 
Leaves  distant,  narrowly  linear,  about  2  mm.  wide,  much  shorter  than  the 
culm,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6,  reflexed  when  mature,  yellowish  white  at  the 
base;  head  globose,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter;  spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  acute; 
scales  membranous,  lanceolate,  nearly  white,  1-nerved,  subacute  at  the  apex; 
achene  obovate,  brown,  nearly  truncate  at  the  summit,  compressed,  covered  by 
the  tubercle  which  is  not  decurrent  on  its  edges. 

Scrub-lands  and  borders  of  marshes,  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  Ntnv 
Providence  to  Caicos  Islands  and  Inagua  : — southeastern  United  States  ;  Bermuda  : 
Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  Martinique  ;  Texas  to  Yucatan.  Narrow-lEuVVed  Dichro- 
mena,    White-headed  Rush. 

2.  Dichromena  inagnensis  Britton,  spec,  nov. 

Densely  tufted;  culm  very  slender,  erect,  about  3  dm.  tall.  Leaves  1-1.5 
mm.  wide,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  culm ;  involucral  bracts  3-5,  glabrous, 
erect,  green  or  whitened  only  at  the  base,  or  the  lower  one  spreading  and  some- 
times 14  cm.  long;  bractlets  ciliolate;  spikelets  few,  subspicate,  nearly  erect, 
about  7  mm,  long;  scales  white,  obtusish;  achene  yellowish  brown,  a  little 
more  than  1  mm,  long,  copiously  transversely  rugose,  capped  by  a  low  flat- 
conic  tubercle  of  about  one-fourth  its  length. 

Scrub-lands  between  Northwest  Point  and  Southwest  I^oint,  Little  Inagua  (Xwih 
and  Taylor  125 if) .     Endemic,     Inagua  Dichromena. 

8,  RYNCHOSPORA   Vahl,    Enum.    2:  229.     1806. 

Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial  by  rootstocks,  with  erect  3-angled  or  terete 
culms,  narrow  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  ovoid  oblong  or  fusiform,  variously 


64  CIPERACEAE. 

clustered  sj^ikelets.  Scales  thin,  l-nerved,  imbricated  all  around,  usually 
mucronate  by  the  excurrent  midvein,  the  lower  empty.  Upper  flowers  imper- 
fect, the  lower  perfect.  Perianth  of  1-20  (mostly  6)  upwardly  or  downwardly 
barbed  or  scabrous  bristles,  wanting  in  some  species  (no.  2).  Stamens  com- 
monly 3.  Style  2-cleft,  2-toothed  or  rarely  entire.  Achene  lenticular  or 
swollen,  not  3-angled,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the  persistent 
base  of  the  style  (tubercle),  or  in  some  species  by  the  whole  style.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  beak-like  tubercle.]  About  200  species,  of  wide  geographic 
distribution,  most  abundant  in  warm  regions.  Type  species:  EyncJiospora 
aurea  Vahl. 

Style   long,    stout,    its   branches    much   shorter    than    the    undivided   part ;    spikelets 
densely  capitate. 
Heads  several  or  numerous,  panicled :  achene  1  mm.  long.  1.  R.  ctjpcroidcs. 

Heads  only  1-6  ;  achene  2.5  mm.  long.  2.  R.   fvucyi. 

Style  short,  its  branches  mostly  as  long  as  the  undivided  part ; 
spikelets  loosely   clustered,  not  capitate. 
Perianth-bristles  none. 

Achene  transversely  wrinkled.  3.  R.  tenuis. 

Achene  reticulated.  4.  R.  divergens. 

Perianth-bristles    present,    upwardly    barbed;    achene    trans- 
versely   wrinkled. 
Achene  not   stipitate :    spikelets   about   2  mm.   long. 

Perianth-bristles    much    shorter    than    the    achene    or 

obsolete.  5.  R.  perplexa. 

Perianth-bristles    as    long    as    the    achene    or    longer. 

Leavea  2-4  mm.  wide.  6.  R.  microcarpa. 

Leaves  less  than  1  mm.  wide.  7.  R.  hahamensis. 

Achene  stipitate ;  spikelets  5-7  mm,  long.  8.  R.  marisculus. 

1.  Rynchospora   cyperoides    (Sw.)    Mart.  Denkschr.   Akad.  Wiss.   Mueuch.   6: 

149.     1816-17. 

ScJioenus  cyperoides  Sw.  Prodr.  19.     1788. 

Culms  8  dm.  high  or  less,  clustered,  rather  stout,  trigonous,  leaf-bearing 
up  to  or  beyond  the  middle.  Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide,  the  upper  ones  sometimes 
overtopping  the  culm ;  heads  subglobose,  dense,  usually  several  or  numerous, 
corymbose-paniculate,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  but 
shorter;  spikelets  numerous,  their  scales  7,  the  4  lower  ones  empty,  1  of  the 
others  subtending  an  achene;  bristles  6,  upwardly  hispid,  longer  than  the 
achene;  style  long,  2-cleft  at  the  apex;  achene  obovoid,  about  1  mm.  long, 
faintly  transversely  undulate;  tubercle  subulate,  ciliate,  about  as  long  as  the 
achene. 

Swampy  grounds.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  Great 
Exuma,  Acklin's  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Inagua  : — West  Indies  ;  tropical  continental 
America.     Capitate  Beaked-rush. 

2.  Rynchospora  Tracyi  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  84.     1892. 

Ceratoschoenus  capitatus  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  U.  S.  529.     1860.     Not  Eyncho- 
spora  capitata  E.  &  S.     1817. 

Perennial;  culms  tufted,  slender,  glabrous,  nearly  terete,  erect,  5-12  dm. 
high.  Leaves  elongated,  channelled,  4-8  mm.  wide;  spikelets  lanceolate,  5-7 
mm.  long,  densely  clustered  in  1-6  globose  heads  which  are  1-2  cm.  in  diam- 
eter; scales  yellowish-brown,  ovate,  acute;  bristles  6,  longer  than  the  achene, 
upwardly  barbed;  achene  flat,  obovate,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  ciliate,  finely 
wrinkled;  style  2-cleft  at  the  apex;  tubercle  subulate,  setose,  at  least  as  long  as 
the  achene. 

Wet  soil.  Great  Bahama  at  West  End  ;  Andros,  in  savanna  near  Staniard  Creek  : — 
Florida  ;  Cuba.     Tract's  Beaked-Rush. 


CYPERACEAE.  55 

3.  Rynchospora  tenuis  Link,  Jahrb.  1'':  76.     1820. 

Rootstoeks  short,  slender;  culms  very  slender,  tui'tt<l,  1.5-4  dm.  long, 
glabrous  and  smooth,  erect  or  reclining.  Leaves  0.5-2  mm.  wide,  as  long  as 
the  culm  or  shorter;  corymbs  of  spikelets  1-3,  filiform-stalked;  spikeleta 
usually  rather  loosely  clustered,  about  4  mm.  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute, 
pale,  bearing  a  single  achene;  scales  acute,  the  lower  ovate,  the  upper 
lanceolate;  bristles  none;  style  deeply  2-cleft;  achene  obovate  or  nearly  orbi- 
cular, sessile,  transversely  rugose,  about  1  mm.  broad;  tubercle  acute,  one- 
fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene  and  decurrent  on  its  margins. 

Moist  ground,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Dominica  to  Grenada  ;  trop- 
ical continental  America.     Slendei;  Beaked-rush. 

4.  Rynchospora  divergens  Chapm.;  M.  A.  Curtis,  Am.  Journ.  Sei.  II.  7:  409. 

1849. 

Perennial;  culms  nearly  filiform,  densely  tufted,  1-4  dm.  high.  Leaves 
similar  to  the  culms,  usually  somewhat  shorter ;  spikelets  loosely  corymbose, 
ellipsoid,  acute,  about  3  mm.  long;  scales  ovate  to  elliptic;  bristles  none;  style 
2-cleft,  the  branches  about  as  long  as  the  undivided  part ;  achene  orbicular- 
obovate,  0.5-0.8  mm.  long,  pale,  reticulated,  contracted  at  the  base,  the  short 
tubercle  depressed. 

Moist  soil,  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  Providence: — southeastern  United 
States  ;  Cuba.     Low  Beaked-el'sh. 

5.  Rynchospora  perplexa  Britton;  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  197.     1903. 

Perennial  by  rootstoeks;  culms  slender,  usually  clustered,  3-12  dm.  high. 
Leaves  flat,  grass-like,  elongated,  smooth,  1.5-3  mm.  Avide;  corymbs  usually 
several,  rather  loose,  slender  stalked;  spikelets  numerous,  ovoid,  about  2  mm. 
long;  scales  brown,  obtuse  or  acutish;  bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed,  shorter 
than  the  achene;  style  2-cleft  at  the  summit;  achene  biconvex,  transversely 
wrinkled,  about  1  mm.  long,  the  depressed  tubercle  broader  than  high. 

Wet  grounds.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  Cat 
Island  : — southeastern  United  States.     Shoet-hristled  Beaked-rush. 

6.  Rynchospora  microcarpa  Baldw.;  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  X.  Y.  3:  202.     1836. 

Perennial  by  rootstoeks;  culms  rather  slender,  clustered,  11  dm.  high  or 
less.  Leaves  flat  or  slightly  channeled,  1-5  mm.  wide;  corymbs  3-6,  slender- 
stalked,  with  few  or  many  ovoid  spikelets  about  2.5  mm.  long;  scales  brown; 
bristles  5  or  6,  upwardly  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  or  a  little 
longer;  style  2-cleft  at  the  summit;  achene  lenticular,  transversely  wrinkled, 
scarcely  1  mm.  long,  the  depressed  tubercle  blunt. 

Wet  grounds,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Crooked  Island  : — southeastern  United 
States.     Small- fruited  Beaked-bush. 

7.  Rynchospora  bahamensis  Britton,  Torreya  13:   217.     1913. 

Densely  tufted;  rootstoeks  short.  Culms  nearly  filiform,  roughish,  spreail- 
ing  or  reclining,  2-3.5  dm.  long;  leaves  setaceous-flattened,  less  than  1  mm. 
wide,  roughish-margined,  the  basal  ones  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  culm, 
the  upper  3-5  cm.  long;  spikelets  oblong,  1.5-2  mm.  long  in  2-4  distant 
slender-peduncled  clusters,  each  with  a  single  achene;  scales  dark  brown, 
ovate-oblong,  mucronulate;  achene  elliptic-obovate,  faintly  transversely 
wrinkled,  1.5  mm.  long;  tubercle  flattened,  conic,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long 
as  the  achene;  bristles  upwardly  barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Coppices  and  borders  of  swamps,  New  Providence.  Andros : — Cuba ;  Porto 
Rico.     Bahama  Beaked-rush. 


56  CYPERACEAE. 

8.  Rynchospora  marisculus  Lindl.  &  Nees;  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  2^:  142.     1842. 

Eynchospora  jubata  Liebm.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  V.  2:  254.     1851. 

Perennial  by  rootstocks,  glabrous.  Culm  rather  slender,  0.5-1  m.  long. 
Leaves  2-5  dm.  long,  7  mm.  wide  or  less;  corymbs  usually  several,  distant,  or 
the  upper  ones  approximate,  dense,  the  lower  slender-stalked,  nodding;  spike- 
lets  numerous,  clustered,  narrowly  ellipsoid,  acute,  5-7  mm.  long;  scales  brown, 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  from  1  to  3  of  them  subtending  achenes; 
bristles  6  or  7,  longer  than  the  achene,  scabrous  above,  pilose  at  the  base; 
style  2-cleft  at  the  apex;  achene  short-stipitate,  obovate,  transversely  undulate, 
1.5-2  mm.  long;  tubercle  flat-conic,  acute,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Moist  grounds,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Haiti ;  Jamaica  ;  tropical  continental 
America.     Lonq  Beaked-eush. 

9.  MARISCUS  (Hall.)  Zinn,  Cat.  Hort.  Goett.  79.     1757. 

Perennial  leafy  sedges,  similar  to  large  Binicliosporas,  the  spikelets  oblong 
or  fusiform,  few-flowered,  variously  clustered.  Scales  imbricated  all  around, 
the  lower  empty,  the  middle  ones  mostly  subtending  imperfect  flowers,  the 
upper  usually  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2  or  sometimes  3.  Style  2-3- 
cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  achene,  its  branches  sometimes  2-3- 
parted.  Achene  ovoid  to  globose,  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate.  Tubercle 
none.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  branched  inflorescence  of  some  species.] 
About  40  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species: 
Schoenus  Mariscus  L. 

1.  Mariscus  jamaicensis   (Crantz)  Britton  in  Britton  &  Brown,  111.  Fl.  ed.  2, 
1:348.     1913. 

Cladium  jamaicense  Crantz,  Inst.  1:  362.     1766. 
Cladium  occidentale  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ.  1:  76.     1806. 

Culm  stout,  1.5-3  m.  high,  obtusely  3-angled.  Leaves  very  long,  glabrous, 
6-20  mm.  wide,  the  margins  spinulose-serrulate ;  umbels  several  or  numerous, 
decompound,  forming  a  large  panicle;  spikelets  mostly  2-5  together  at  the 
ends  of  the  raylets,  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  4-5  mm.  long;  uppermost  scale  sub- 
tending a  perfect  flower;  stamens  2;  achene  ovoid,  abruptly  sharp-pointed, 
wrinkled,  narrowed  to  the  base,  2  mm.  long. 

Marshes,  Abaco,  South  Bimini,  Andros  and  New  Providence  to  Crooked  Island! 
and  Inagua  : — southern  United  States  ;  Bermuda  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico ; 
Guadaloupe  to  Grenada  ;  Mexico.  Erroneously  recorded  by  C.  B.  Clarke  as  Lageno- 
carpvs  guiancnsis  Nees,  and  by  Hitchcock  as  Cladium  mariscus  (L.)  R.  Br.  Saw 
Grass. 

10.  SCHOENUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  42.     1753. 

Perennial  sedges,  with  stiff,  tufted  culms,  basal,  narrow  or  semiterete 
leaves,  the  1-few-flowered  spikelets  clustered,  capitate  or  paniculate,  the 
clusters  subtended  by  1  bract  or  few.  Scales  imbricated  in  2  series,  the  lower 
ones  empty  the  upper  subtending  flowers.  Perianth  of  3-6,  scabrous  or  plu- 
mose bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  slender,  scarcely  enlarged  at  the  base,  3- 
eleft,  deciduous.  Achene  trigonous;  tubercle  none.  [Greek,  a  rush.]  Sixty 
species  or  more,  mostly  natives  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 


CIPEKACEAE.  57 

1.  Schoenus  nigricans  L.  Sp.  PI.  43.     1753. 

Glabrous;  culms  2-7  dm.  tall,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
similar  to  the  culm,  stiff,  sharp-pointed,  semiterete,  0.5-1.5  mm.  thick,  their 
bases  dark  brown  or  nearly  black,  shining;  involucre  of  2  bracts,  one  of  them 
elongated,  sometimes  8  cm.  long;  spikelets  about  1  em.  long  in  a  dense,  ter- 
minal, capitate  cluster,  5-8-floAvered,  compressed,  their  scales  dark  chestnut- 
brown,  or  nearly  black,  lanceolate,  carinate,  acuminate,  somewhat  shining; 
perianth-bristles  6,  plumose;  achene  ellipsoid,  white,  shining,  about  2  mm.  long; 
shorter  than  the  bristles. 

Swamps,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Crooked  Island,  Caicos  : — Flor- 
ida ;  Cuba  ;  southern  California  ;  Europe.     Black-headed  Sedge. 

11.  SCLERIA  Berg.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  26:  142.     1765. 

Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial,  the  spikelets  small,  clustered  in  terminal, 
or  terminal  and  axillary  fascicles,  or  sometimes  interruptedly  spicate.  Flowers 
monoecious.  Fertile  spikelets  1-flowered.  Staminate  spikelets  many-flowered. 
Scales  imbricated,  the  1-3  lower  and  sometimes  also  the  upper  ones  of  the  fertile 
spikelets  empty.  Perianth  none.  Style  3-cleft,  slender  or  sometimes  swollen 
at  the  base,  deciduous.  Ovary  supported  on  a  disk  (hypogynium),  or  this 
wanting.  Stamens  1-3.  Achene  globose  or  ovoid,  obtuse,  crustaceous  or  bony, 
white  in  our  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hard  fruit.]  About  200 
species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Scleria 
Flagcilum-nigrorum  Berg. 

Annual ;   acliene  with  sharp  transverse  ridges.  1.  S.  verticillata. 

Perennial ;   achene  smooth.  2.  m.  lithosijenna. 

1.  Scleria  verticillata  AVilld.  Sp.  PI.  4:  317.     1805. 

Eoots  fibrous;  culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  3-angled,  smooth  or  nearly 
so,  erect,  1-5  dm.  tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  0.5-1  mm.  wide,  erect, 
shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelets  in  several  separated  clusters;  bracts  bristle- 
like; scales  glabrous;  achene  globose,  1  mm.  in  diameter,  crustaceous,  marked 
by  sharp  distinct  tranverse  ridges,  or  somewhat  reticulated;  hypogynium  none. 

Borders    of    marshes,    New    Providence : — eastern    United    States ;    Cuba.     Low 

NUT-EUSH. 

2.  Scleria  lithosperma  (L.)  Sw.  Prodr.  18.     1788. 

Scirpus  lithospermus  L.  Sp.  PL  51.     1753. 
Scleria  filiformis  Sw.  Prodr.  19.     1788. 

Perennial  by  rather  short  rootstocks,  the  culms  often  clustered,  slender, 
weak,  glabrous,  2-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  0.5-3  mm.  wide,  the  upper  elongated, 
the  lowest  reduced  to  pubescent  or  puberulent  sheaths;  panicles  1-3,  distant, 
glabrous,  small,  stalked  or  the  upper  sessile;  bracts  filiform,  glabrous;  achene 
obovoid-ellipsoid,  white,  smooth,  shining,  about  2  mm.  long,  its  base  trigonous; 
hypogynium  none. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Berry  Islands  and  Andros 
to  Mariguana  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  ^Yest  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  ; 
Old  World  tropics.     Slender  Nut-kush. 


68 


ARECACEAE. 


Order  6.    ARECALES. 


Mostly  trees  with  unbraiicliecl,  erect  trunks  and  a  terminal  bud,  the  large 
leaves  pinnately  or  palmately  divided,  forming  a  terminal  crown,  the  small, 
perfect  or  imperfect  flowers  usually  panicled,  sessile  or  pedicelled,  the 
panicle  subtended  by  a  spathe  and  usually  bracted.  Sepals  and  petals  each 
3,  distinct  or  connate.  Stamens  commonly  6,  sometimes  9-12;  filaments 
distinct  lor  connate  below;  anthers  introrse;  pistillate  flowers  sometimes 
with  staminodia.  Ovary  various,  1-celled,  3-celled  or  of  3  distinct  carpels; 
style  usually  short  or  wanting;  ovules  1  in  each  carpel,  anatropous.  Fruit 
drupaceous,  1-seeded.  Seed  with  horny  or  cartilaginous  endosperm,  the 
small  embryo  near  the  surface. 

Family  1.     ARECACEAE  Rchb. 

Palm  Family. 

Characters  of  the  order.  About  150  genera  and  1200  species,  mosth 
trojDical. 

Leaves  palmately  cleft. 
Petioles  smooth. 

Style  terminal  in  fruit. 

Endosperm  smooth.  1.   Tlirinax. 

Endosperm  grooved.  2.  Coccothrinax. 

Style  basal   in  fruit.  3.  Sabal. 

Petioles  spine-toothed.  4.  Paurotis. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

Fruit  normally  2-3-lobed,  not  watery  within.  5.  Pseudophoenix. 

Fruit  trigonous,  large,  watery  within.  6.  Cocos. 

1.  THRINAX  Sw.  Prodr.  57.     1788. 

Unarmed,  mostly  tall  and  slender  palms  with  nearly  orbicular,  palmately 
cleft,  long-petioled  leaves,  the  narrow  segments  mostly  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  the 
petioles  flat,  the  inflorescence  sheathed,  paniculately  branched,  the  small,  perfect 
flowers  white.  Calyx  and  corolla  more  or  less  united  into  a  lobed  or  truncate 
cup.  Stamens  mostly  6,  the  filaments  connate  at  the  base.  Ovary  1-celled ; 
style  terminal,  slender;  stigma  flat  or  concave.  Drupes  small,  globose.  Seed 
erect;  endosperm  horny,  not  grooved;  embryo  lateral.  [Greek,  fan.]  About  12 
species  of  Florida,  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America.  Type  species: 
Tlirinax  parviflora  Sw. 

Fruit  essentially  sessile.  1.   T.   microcarpa. 

Fruiting  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  fruit.  2.   T.  parviflora. 

1.  Thrinax  microcarpa  Sargent,  Gard.  &  For.  9:  162.     1S96. 

Thrinax  Jceyensis  Sargent,  Bot.  Gaz.  27:  86,     1899. 

Thrinax  bahamensis  0.  F.  Cook,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  20.     1902. 

A  tree,  up  to  12  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  2-2.5  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  much 
smaller.  Leaves  1.5  m.  in  diameter  or  less,  deeply  cleft  into  many  narrow 
segments,  green  and  shining  above,  bluish  or  silvery-white  beneath,  the  ligule 
blunt  or  acute,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide;  inflorescence  2  m.  long  or  less,  as  long  as  the 
leaves  or  shorter;   pedicels  very  short,  disk-like;   perianth  about  3  mm.  long; 


ARECACEAE.  69 

filaments  nearly  triangular;    drupes  4-6   mm.   in  diameter,   white,  very   nearly 
sessile. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  throughout  the  archipehigo  from  Great  Bahama  and 
Abaco  to  Mariguana,  Caicos  Ishmds  and  luagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba.  Small-froited 
Thatch-palm.     Bufp^alo-top. 

2.  Thrinax  parviflora  Sw.  Prodr.  57.     1788. 

Thrinax   floridana   Sargent,    Bot.    Gaz.    27:    84.     1899. 

A  tree  up  to  9  m.  high  or  more,  with  a  trunk  al)out  1.5  em.  in  diameter. 
Leaves  up  to  1.5  m.  in  diameter,  deeply  cdeft  into  numerous  narrow  segments, 
green  and  shining  above,  silvery-white  beneath,  at  least  when  young,  the  acute 
ligule  1-2  cm.  long;  inflorescence  up  to  1  m.  long;  pedicels  slender,  about  3  mm. 
long;   drupes  6-9  mm.  in  diameter,  white,  distinctly  stalked. 

Sandy  soil,  North  Cat  Cay: — Florida;  Cuba;  Jamaica.  Large-fkuited  Thatch- 
palm. 

2.  COCCOTHRINAX  Sargent,  Bot.  Gaz.  27:   87.     1899. 

Unarmed,  tall  or  low  palms,  with  nearly  orbicular,  palmately  cleft,  petioled 
leaves,  the  petioles  flat,  the  segments  usually  2-cleft  at  the  apex,  the  sheathed 
inflorescence  paniculately  branched,  the  small  perfect  pedicelled  flowers  white. 
Calyx  and  corolla  united  into  a  6-lobed  perianth.  Stamens  9-12;  filaments 
subulate.  Ovary  1-celled;  style  terminal;  stigma  funnelform.  Drupes  small, 
globose.  Seed  erect;  endosperm  grooved;  embryo  lateral.  [Greek,  berry- 
Thrinax.]  About  10  species,  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Type  species: 
Coccoihrinax  jucunda  Sargent. 

1.  Coccothrinax  argentea  (Lodd.)  Sargent,  Silva  X.  A.  14:   85.     1902. 

Thrinax  argentea  Lodd.;  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  1300.     1830. 
Coccothrinax  jucunda  Sargent,  Bot.  Gaz.  27:   89.     1899. 

Trunk  sometimes  10  m.  high,  usually  not  more  than  6  m.,  sometimes  very 
short,  1.5-2  dm.  in  diameter.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  7  dm.  broad  or  less, 
cleft  to  beyond  the  middle  into  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  segments, 
bright  green  and  shining  above,  silvery-white  beneath,  at  least  when  young, 
the  slender  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blades,  their  bases  expanded  into  per- 
sistent fibrous  sheaths;  panicles  short-stalked,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
pedicels  1-3  mm.  long,  thickened  in  fruit ;  flowers  about  3  mm.  broad ;  stamens 
usually  9;   fruit  globose,  black,  8-12  mm.  in  diameter. 

Throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco,  Berry  Islands  and  Andres  to  the 
Caicos,  Inagua  and  Anguilla  Isles  and  Cay  Sal  (not  observed  on  Great  Bahama)  : — 
Florida:  Cuba:  Ilispaniola  :  I'orto  Hico  :  St.  Thomas:  St.  .Tan:  St.  ("niix:  .T.im.Micn. 
Recorded  by  DoUey  and  by  Hitchcock  as  Thrinax  parviflora  Sw.  Silver  Thatch. 
Silver-top.     Bay-top. 

3.  SABAL  Adans;  Guersent,  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  3:   206.     1803. 

Unarmed  palms,  the  stems  erect,  creeping  or  subterranean,  the  leaves 
palmately  cleft,  with  a  long  petiole  and  a  short  rachis,  the  narrow  segments 
bearing  marginal  fibres,  1-cleft  or  2-cleft,  the  petiole  concave  above.  Panicles 
spreading  or  drooping.  Flowers  perfect,  white  or  greenish.  Calyx-lobes  3, 
unequal.  Petals  3,  imbricated.  Stamens  6 ;  filaments  subulate  or  lanceolate, 
united  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-celled ;  style  3-angled;  stigma  truncate.  Drupes 
solitary,  with  a  thin  epicarp  and  a  fleshy  pericarp.     Seed   depressed-globose, 


60  AEECACEAE. 

hard,  the  endosperm  bony,  [Name  not  explained.]  About  18  species,  of  the 
southern  United  States,  Bermuda,  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  northern  South 
America.     Type  species:  Sahal  Adansoni  Guersent  (S.  glabra  (Mill.)  Sargent). 

1.  Sabal  Palmetto   (Walt.)  Lodd.;  E.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  1487.     1830. 

Corypha  Palmetto  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  119.     1788. 
Sahal  umhra<:ulifera  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  3:    245.     1839. 
Inodes  Palmetto  0.  F.  Cook,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  28:  532.     1901. 
Sahal  Palmetto  haliamensis  Bece.  Palm.  Amer.  38.     1907. 

Trunk  10-20  m.  high,  3-7  dm.  in  diameter,  often  clothed,  when  young, 
with  persistent  leaf -bases.  Leaves  1-2.5  m.  broad,  their  many  linear-lanceolate 
segments  2-cleft  and  somewhat  drooping  at  the  apex,  the  stout  petioles 
concave  above,  often  as  long  as  the  blades;  panicles  as  long  as  the  leaves  or 
shorter;  flowers  white,  sessile;  calyx  cup-shaped,  3-lobed,  its  lobes  obtuse, 
about  1  mm.  long;  petals  oblong-lanceolate  5-6  mm.  long;  stamens  about  as 
long  as  the  petals;  drupes  globose,  black,  6-12  mm.  in  diameter,  the  pulp  thin. 

Borders  of  marshes,  and  in  rocky  soil,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great 
Bahama  to  Watlings,  Caicos  Islands,  Inagua,  Anguilla  Isles  and  Cay  Sal : — North 
Carolina  to  Florida  ;   ?Cuba.     Poxd-top.     Poxd  Thatch.     Hat  Palmetto. 

4.  PAUEOTIS   O.   F.   Cook,   Mem.   Torr.   Club   12:    21.     1902. 

[AcoELORRAPHE  Wendl.  Bot.  Zeit.  37:   147.     Hyponym.     1879.] 

A  slender,  clustered  palm,  the  trunks  united  underground,  forming  colonies, 
the  leaves  palmately  cleft  with  spiny-toothed  petioles,  the  large  panicles  of 
greenish-white  flowers  erect  or  ascending,  the  petiole-bases  long-persistent. 
Flowers  very  small  and  numerous,  sessile  and  glomerate.  Sepals  3,  nearly 
orbicular;  petals  3,  valvate.  Stamens  6;  filaments  short,  their  bases  dilated 
and  united  into  a  short  cup;  anthers  ovate.  Ovary  3-carpellary.  Fruit  small, 
globose.  Seed  globose,  separable  from  the  pericarp,  the  raphe  not  intruded 
into  the  endosperm.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  few  spathes  of  the  inflorescence.] 
A  monotypic  genus.     Type  species  ^  Pawro^is  androsana  O.  F.  Cook. 

1.  Paurotis  Wrightii  (Griseb.  &  Wendl.)  Britton,  N.  A.  Trees  141.     1908. 

Copernicia  Wrightii  Griseb.  &  Wendl. ;  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  220.     1866. 
Serenoa  arhorescens  Sargent,  Bot.  Gaz.  27:  90.     1899. 
Paurotis  androsana  O.  F.  Cook,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  22.     1902. 

Gregarious;  trunks  5-8  m.  high  or  exceptionally  10-15  m.,  1-1.5  dm.  thick. 
Leaves  6-10  dm.  in  diameter,  deeply  cleft  into  linear -lanceolate,  acuminate  seg- 
ments 1-2  cm.  broad,  light  green  above,  pale  green  or  whitish  beneath,  2-cleft 
above  the  middle,  the  slender,  compressed  petiole  about  as  long  as  the  blade, 
its  margins  armed  with  many  rigid,  triangular,  spine-like  teeth  4-7  mm.  long; 
panicles  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  about  1.5  mm.  broad;  fruit  6-8  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Borders  of  swales  and  sandy  ridges,  Andros  : — Florida  ;  Cuba.  Saw  Palmetto. 
Spanish-top. 

5.  PSEUDOPHOENIX  Wendl.  Bot.  Gaz.  11:    314.     1886. 

Unarmed  palms,  with  a  cylindric  or  somewhat  spindle-shaped  trunk  en- 
larged at  the  base,  and  large,  pinnate  leaves  of  many,  narrow  segments,  the 
rachis  concave  above,  the  petiole  short.     Inflorescence  drooping,  usually  much 


ARECACEAE.  61 

shorter  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  pedicellate,  monoecious,  the  pistillate  with 
a  short,  3-lobed  calyx,  3  valvate  petals  and  6  stamens  or  staniinodia,  the 
staminate  similar,  a  little  larger.  [Greek,  false  date.]  Only  one  species, 
native  of  Florida,  the  Bahamas,  Cuba  and  Hispaniola.  Type  species:  Pseudo- 
plioenix  Sargentii  Wendl. 

1.  Pseudophoenix  vinifera    (Mart.)    Becc.  Pomona  College  Journ.   Econ.  Bot. 
2:   268.     1912. 

Euterpe  vinifera  Mart.  Hist.  Nat.  Palm.  3:  LXXXV.     1S45. 
Pseudophoenix  Sargentii  Wendl.  Bot.  Gaz.  11:  314.     1886. 
Cyclospathe  Northropi  O.  F.  Cook,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  25.     1902. 

A  tree  up  to  8  m.  high,  usually  lower,  the  trunk  2-3  dm.  in  diameter. 
Leaves  spreading,  1-2  m.  long;  petiole  concave,  thin-margined,  1-2  dm.  long; 
segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  those  at  the  middle  of  the  leaf  4-5  dm. 
long,  those  toward  the  ba^e  and  apex  shorter;  panicle  about  half  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  its  branches  rather  widely  spreading,  flattened  and  angled;  petals 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  5-6  mm.  long,  obtuse,  yellowish-green ;  staniinodia  less 
than  half  as  long  as  the  petals;  fruiting  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long;  drupe  orange- 
red,  fleshy,  normally  2-3-lobed,  1-2  cm.  broad,  the  calyx  persistent  at  its  base. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Frozen  Cay,  Berry  Islands  :  South  Bimini ;  Andros  :  New 
Providence ;  Ship  Channel  Cay  to  Great  Exuma  ;  Little  San  Salvador ;  Mariguana ; 
Inagua  : — Long  Key  and  Elliott's  Key,  Florida;  Cuban  Cays;  Santo  Domingo.  Re- 
corded by  DoUey  as  Euterpe  oleracea  Mart.     Hog  Cakbage-palm.     Hog  I'almetto. 

6.  COCOS  L.  Sp.  PL  1188.     1753. 

Unarmed  palms,  with  pinnate  leaves,  their  numerous  segments  narrow, 
their  petioles  concave  above,  the  monoecious,  bracted  flowers  mostly  densely 
clustered  among  the  petioles,  the  staminate  uppermost  in  the  clusters,  smaller 
than  the  pistillate.  Staminate  flowers  with  3  small  valvate  sepals,  3  oblong 
valvate  petals,  and  6  stamens  with  subulate  filaments,  the  anthers  linear. 
Pistillate  flowers  ovoid,  the  3  thick  sepals  imbricated,  the  3  coriaceous  petals 
valvate,  the  ovary  3-celled,  with  2  of  the  cells  usually  empty,  the  ovule  ascend- 
ing. Fruit  1-seeded,  often  large,  the  pericarp  fibrous,  the  bony  endocarp  3- 
porose  near  the  base.  Seed  with  a  hollow  or  solid  endosperm,  the  embryo  op- 
posite one  of  the  pores  of  the  endocarp.  [The  coco-nut.]  Perhaps  30  species, 
of  tropical  America  and  subtropical  South  America,  the  following  typical  one 
widely  distributed  also  in  the  Old  World  tropics,  its  original  home  unknown. 

1.  Cocos  nucifera  L.  Sp.  PI.  1188.     1753. 

Trunk  up  to  30  m.  high,  usually  10-20  m.  Leaves  3-6  m.  long,  some- 
what drooping,  short-petioled,  the  numerous  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  seg- 
ments shining  above,  5-7  dm.  long,  about  5  cm.  wide;  staminate  flowers  10-12 
mm.  long;  pistillate  flowers  about  2.5  cm.  long;  fruit  ovoid  or  ellipsoid, 
bluntly  3-angled,  2-3  dm.  long,  the  fibrous  husk  2-4  cm.  thick,  the  bony  endo- 
carp 3-5  mm.  thick,  the  hollow  endosperm  about  1  cm.  thick,  filled  with  a  clear 
saccharine  liquid,  which  ultimately   disappears. 

Locally  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  nearly  throughout  tho  archipelago  : — all 
tropical  insular  and  coastal  regions.     Coco-nut. 

Eoystonea  regia  (H.B.K.)  O.  F.  Cook,  Eoyal  Palm,  recorded  from  the 
Bahamas,  is  known  to  us  in  the  archipelago  only  as  a  planted  tree. 


62  LEMNACEAE. 


Order  7.     ARALES. 

Monoeotyleclonous  herbs,  mostly  flesiiy.  Inflorescence  in  the  Araceae 
(which  are  not  now  known  to  be  represented  by  any  wild  plants  in  the 
Bahama  flora  although  Schoepf  records  observing  Arum  s a gitti folium  and 
Orontium  aquaticum  on  New  Providence  in  1784)  a  fleshy  spadix,  sub- 
tended by  a  spathe,  or  naked.  The  Lemnaceae  are  minute  floating  thalloid 
plants,  with  flowers  on  the  margin  or  back  of  the  thallus. 

Family  1.     LEMNACEAE  Dumort. 

Duckweed  Family. 

Minute  perennial  floating  aquatic  plants,  without  leaves  or  with  only 
very  rudimentary  ones.  The  plant-body  consists  of  a  disk-shaped,  elon- 
gated or  irregular  thallus,  Which  is  loosely  cellular,  densely  chlorophyl- 
lou's  and  sometimes  bears  one  or  more  roots.  The  vegetative  growth  is 
by  lateral  branching,  the  branches  being  but  slightly  connected  by  slender 
stalks  and  soon  separating.  The  inflorescence  consists  of  one  or  more 
naked  monoecious  flowers  borne  on  a  slight  lateral  prominence  on  the  edge 
or  upper  surface  of  the  plant.  Each  flower  commonly  consists  of  but  a 
single  stamen  or  a  single  flask-shaped  pistil.  The  anther  is  provided  with 
two  to  four  pollen-sacs,  containing  spherical  minutely  barbellate  gTains. 
The  pistil  is  naiTowed  to  the  funnel-shaped  scar-like  stigmatic  apex,  and 
produces  1-6  erect  or  inverted  ovules.  The  fruit  is  a  1-6  seeded  utricle. 
The  family  comprises  the  smallest  of  the  flowering  plants  and  contains  4 
genera  and  about  30  species  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  LEMNA  L.  Sp.   PI.   970.     1753. 

Thallus  disk-shaped,  usually  provided  with  a  central  nerve  and  with  or 
without  two  or  four  lateral  nerves.  Each  thallus  produces  a  single  root,  which 
is  devoid  of  vascular  tissue  and  is  commonly  provided  with  a  thin  blunt  or 
pointed  rootcap.  The  ovary  contains  from  one  to  six  ovules.  Fruit  ovoid, 
more  or  less  ribbed.  Endosperm  in  one  or  three  layers.  [Greek,  in  allusion 
to  the  growth  of  these  small  plants  in  swamps.]  About  10  species,  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Lemna  trisulca  L. 

1.  Lemna  minor  L.  Sp.  PI.  970.     1753. 

Thallus  obovate  or  subcircular,  1.5-5  mm.  long,  thickish,  rarely  reddish 
or  purplish  tinged,  short-stalked  when  young,  provided  throughout  with 
etomata,  nearly  symmetrical,  obscurely  3-nerved,  very  rarely  4-5-nerved.  Eoot- 
cap  obtuse  or  subtruncate;  fruit  symmetrical,  subturbinate ;  seed  with  a 
prominent  protruding  hilum,  deeply  and  unequally  12-15-ribbed;   ovule  1. 

Water-holes  and  sink-holes,  near  The  Bight,  Cat  Island  : — North  temperate  and 
subtropical  zones,  but  not  known  to  us  elsewhere  in  the  West  Indies.     Ddck-weed. 


BEOMELIACEAE.  63 

Order  8.     XYRIDALES. 

Mouoeotyledonous  herbs,  mostly  with  narrow  leaves.  Flowers  usually 
complete,  their  parts  mostly  in  3's  or  6's.  Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so 
(except  in  Commelina).  Ovary  compound,  superior.  Endosperm  of  the 
seed  mealy. 

Epiphytic  plants  witli  scurfy  leaves.  Fam.   1.  Bromeliaceae. 

Terrestrial  plants,  their  leaves  not  scurfy,  Fam.  2.   Commelinaceae. 

Family  1.     BROMELIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Pine-Apple  Family. 

Epiphytic  herbs  (some  tropical  species  terrestrial),  mostly  scurfy,  with 
elongated,  entire  or  spinulose-serrate  leaves.  Flowers  spiked,  panicled, 
or  solitary,  regular  and  perfect,  usually  conspicuously  bracted.  Perianth 
of  3  thin  distinct  or  somewhat  united  sepals,  and  3  clawed  distinct  or 
united  petals.  Stamens  6,  usually  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla. 
Ovary  inferior  or  superior,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity, 
anatropous;  style  short  or  elongated;  stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-valved  in 
our  species.  Seeds  numerous,  the  testa  membranous;  Embrj^o  small, 
situated  at  the  base  of  the  copious  endosperm.  About  45  genera  and  900 
species,  all  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 

Style  filiform. 

Stems  thread-like,  pendent;  flowers  solitary,  rarely  2.  1.  DaHh-opofion. 

Stems  not  thread-like,  rigid  ;  flowers  spicate.  2.  Tillaudsia. 

Style  short  or  none.  3.  Cutoi)iii)i. 

1.  DENDROPOGON  Raf.  Xeog.  3.     1825. 

Pendulous,  much-branched  plants,  with  thread-like  stems  and  branches, 
very  narrow,  entire  leaves  and  yellow  or  greenish  flowers.  Sepals  distinct 
or  very  nearly  so.  Petals  distinct.  Stamens  long,  the  3  inner  ones  borne  on 
the  bases  of  the  petals ;  filaments  filiform ;  anthers  linear.  Ovary  superior ; 
style  columnar;  stigmas  short.  Capsule  septicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  erect, 
narrow,  supported  on  a  long  funiculus  which  splits  into  fine  threads.  [Greek, 
tree-beard.]     About  3  species,  the  following  typical. 

.1.  Dendropogon  usneoides  (L.)  Raf.  Fl.  Tell  4:  25.     1838. 

Renealmia  usneoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  287.     1753. 
Tillandsia  usneoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  411.     1762. 

Stems  flexuous,  hanging  clustered  in  festoons  from  the  branches  of  trees, 
1-8  m.  long,  gray  and,  like  the  filiform  leaves,  densely  silvery-scurfy  all  over. 
Leaves  scattered,  2-8  cm.  long,  scarcely  1  mm.  thick,  their  bases  somewhat 
dilated;  flowers  sessile  and  solitary  or  rarely  2  together  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  sepals  about  6  mm.  long,  pale  green;  petals  yellow;  stamens  about  as 
long  as  the  calyx;  capsule  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  at  length  splitting  into  3  linear 
valves. 

Hanging  from  shruljs  and  trees.  New  rrovidence.  Cat  Island.  Inngua  : — Virginia 
to  Florida  and  Texas ;  West  Indies  and  continental  America  south  to  Paraguay. 
Spanish  Moss.     Old  Man's  Be»\rd. 


64  BEOMELIACEAE. 

2.  TILLANDSIA   L.   Sp.   PL    286.     1753. 

Epiphytic  plants  with  narrow  entire  leaves  and  white,  yellow  or  purple 
flowers.  Sepals  distinct  and  separate  or  very  nearly  so.  Petals  distinct. 
Stamens  hypogynous  or  the  three  inner  ones  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  petals ; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear  or  linear-oblong.  Ovary  superior;  style  sub- 
ulate; stigmas  short.  Capsule  septicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  erect,  narrow,  sup- 
ported on  a  long  funiculus  which  splits  up  into  fine  threads.  [Dedicated  to 
Elias  Tillands,  Swedish  (?)  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century.]  About  350 
species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Tillandsia  utric- 
ulaia  L. 

Flowering  stems  scape-like  ;  leaves  setaceous-filiform.  1.   T.  7-ecurvata. 

Flowering  stems  leafy,  their  leaves  smaller  than  the  basal  ones. 
Basal  leaves  about  as  long  as  the  flowering  stems,  or  longer. 

Leaf-bases  strongly  convex.  2.   T.  Balhisiana. 

Leaf-bases  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  soft  in  texture  :  bracts  ribbed.  3.   T.  Valenzuelana. 

Leaves  firm  and  stiff ;  bracts  not  ribbed.  4.  T.  fasciciilata. 

Basal  leaves  shorter  than  the  flowering  stems. 
Bracts  and  flowers  erect  or  appressed. 

Stem-leaves  with  long  tips.  5.  T.  circinata. 

Stem-leaves   reduced   to   clasping  scales.  6.  T.  utriculata. 

Bracts  and  flowers  spreading.  7.  T.  aloifoHa. 

1.  Tillandsia  recurvata  L.  Sp.  PL  ed.  2,  410.     1762. 

Stems  clustered  on  the  branches  of  trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  on  other 
objects,  even  on  telegraph  wires,  often  forming  large  masses,  the  leaf-bearing 
part  3-8  cm.  long,  terminated  by  a  scape-like,  1-5-flowered  (mostly  2-flowered), 
very  slender  peduncle  5-12  cm.  long.  Leaves  filiform-setaceous,  about  as  long 
as  the  peduncle  or  shorter,  densely  covered  wdth  soft,  spreading  scales,  their 
bases  a  little  dilated;  bracts  lanceolate,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  bracts;  petals  blue,  narrow,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts; 
capsule  linear,  prismatic,  2-2.5  cm.  long. 

On  trees  and  shrubs,  Andros,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Great 
Exuma,  Acklin's  Island,  Inagua : — Florida ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical 
America.     Theead-leaved  Wild  Pine. 

2.  Tillandsia  Balbisiana  Schultes;  K.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  1212.     1830. 

Plants  usually  solitary  on  trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  clustered.  Leaves 
densely  appressed-scurfy,  linear-attenuate  from  much  dilated  bases  which 
form  a  swollen  cluster  2-6  dm.  long,  the  lower  ones  often  as  long  as  the  rather 
slender  flowering  stems,  sometimes  longer;  inflorescence  narrow;  spikes  3-8, 
compressed,  5-10  cm.  long,  the  flowers  rather  close  together;  bracts  oblong: 
lanceolate,  acute,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  about  as 
long  as  the  bracts;  petals  blue,  4-5  cm.  long;  capsule  subcylindric,  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  bracts. 

On  shrubs  and  low  trees,  in  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco, 
Andros,  New  Providence,  Crooked  Island,  Inagua,  Caicos : — Florida ;  Cuba ;  His- 
paniola  :  .Jamaica  ;  Central  America.     Balbis'  Wild  Pine.     Cuttlefish. 

Referred  to  T.  polystaehya  L.,  in  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3  :  441,  as  determined 
by  Prof.  Wittmack,  but  that  species  is  not  definitely  known  to  us  from  the 
archipelago,  although  also  recorded  by  Schoepf  as  observed  by  him  in  1784. 

3.  Tillandsia  Valenzuelana  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:  267.     1850. 

Plants  usually  clustered  on  trees  or  shrubs,  densely  appressed-scurfy. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  gradually  attenuate  from  near  the  base,  soft  in 


BROMELIACEAE.  65 

texture,  4  dm.  long  or  less,  the  lower  often  as  long  as  the  flowering  stems, 
their  bases  2-4  cm.  wide,  the  upper  similar,  much  smaller;  spikes  few  or 
t<everal,  rather  loosely  flowered,  7-12  cm.  long;  bracts  pink,  numerous*,  1.5-2 
cm.  loug,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  sepals  lanceolate,  rather  shorter  than  the 
bracts;  petals  blue,  2-3  cm.  long;  capsules  linear-prismatic,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  bracts. 

On  trees  in  coppices,  Marsh  Harbor,  Abaco  : — Florida  ;  Cuba,  Jamaica  ;  Mexico 
to  Colombia.     Valexzuela's  Wild  Tine. 

4.  Tillandsia  fasciculata  Sw.  Prodr.  56.     1788. 

Plants  usually  clustered  on  trees,  the  flowering  stems-  stout,  2-6  dm.  long. 
Leaves  densely  appressed-scurfy,  lanceolate-attenuate,  their  bases  5  cm.  wide 
or  less,  the  lower  ones  often  as  long  as  the  flowering  stems,  the  upper  smaller; 
spikes  subdigitate,  compressed,  5-15  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  acute,  many- 
flowered;  bracts  oblong,  acute,  appressed,  rigid,  2-3  cm.  long,  red  or  reddish; 
sepals  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts;  petals  blue,  nearly  twice  as  long 
as  the  sepals;   capsules  as  loug  as  the  bracts  or  somewhat  longer. 

On  trees  and  shrubs,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera. 
Cat  Island,  Croolved  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Inagua : — Florida ;  West  Indies  and 
continental  tropical  America.  Clustered  Wild  Pi.ne.  Dog-dkink-waxlk.  Catesby, 
2  :  pi.  89. 

5.  Tillandsia  circinata  Schl.  Linnaea  18:  430.     1844. 

Tillandsia  hulhosa  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States  471.     1860.     Not  Hook.     1827. 

Plants  usually  clustered  on  trees  or  shrubs,  1-3  dm.  high,  densely  silvery 
scaly.  Lowest  leaves  ovate,  acute,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  the  next  with  broadly  ex- 
panded bases  2-4  cm.  wide,  abruptly  narrowed  above  into  linear-attenuate,  usually 
recurved  tips  2-8  cm.  long;  the  upper  ones  similar,  smaller;  spikes  1-3,  com- 
pressed, 1-2  dm.  long,  rather  dense;  bracts  oblong  to  lanceolate,  little  spread- 
ing, 2-3  cm.  long;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  about  2  cm.  long;  petals  blue, 
2.5-3  cm.  long;  capsules  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  bracts. 

On  trees  and  shrubs.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Andros,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's,  Fortune,  Inagua,  Mariguana,  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Mexico. 
Erroneouslj'  called  Wild  Onion.     SilveiKY  Wild  Pine. 

6.  Tillandsia  utriculata  L.  Sp.  PI.  286.     1753. 

Plants  solitary  or  clustered  on  trees  or  shrubs,  large,  sometimes  4  m.  high. 
Basal  leaves  numerous,  densely  appressed-scaly,  3-7  dm.  long,  lanceolate-atten- 
uate with  bases  gradually  expanded  and  5-10  cm.  wide,  the  lower  ones  of  the 
flowering  stem  similar,  but  smaller,  the  upper  reduced  to  acute  sheathing  scales 
2-4  cm.  long;  inflorescence  usually  much  branched,  the  branches  long,  ascend- 
ing or  nearly  erect;  spikes  few-flowered;  bracts  oblong,  appressed,  1.5-3  cm. 
long;  sepals  oblong,  2-2.5  cm.  long;  petals  white  or  nearly  white,  shorter  than 
the  stamens;  capsules  subcylindric,  4-5  cm.  long. 

On  trees  and  shrubs.  Great  Bahama,  Berry  Islands,  Andros,  New  Providence. 
Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Little  Inagua.  Inagua  : — 
Florida ;  Cuba  to  Anegada  and  Trinidad ;  Jamaica ;  continental  tropical  America. 
Swollen  Wild  Pine. 

7.  Tillandsia  aloifolia  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.  pi.  205.     1826. 

Tillandsia  flexuosa  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  pi.  740.     1823.     Not  Sw.     17SS. 

Plants  usually  solitary  on  trees  or  shrubs,  3-10  dm.  long,  the  flowering 
stem  much  longer  than  the  densely  appressed-scurfy  leaves.  Lowest  leaves 
ovate,  acute,  8  cm.  long  or  less,  the  next  lanceolate,  attenuate-acuminate,  10-20 
cm.  long,  3-5  cm.  wide  near  the  base,  those  of  the  stem  sheathing,  acute,  2-5 


06  COMMELINACEAE. 

cm.  long;  inflorescence  paniculate;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  concave,  spreading, 
2-3  cm,  long;  sepals  oblong,  2-2.5  cm,  long;  petals  white  to  purple,  about  2 
cm.  long ;  stamens  longer  than  the  petals ;  capsules  cylindric,  pointed,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  bracts. 

On  trees  and  rocks,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Great  Exuma,  Crooked  Island.  Acklin's  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Inagua,  Marihuana 
and  Calcos  Islands  : — ^Florida  ;  Cuba  :  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Grenada  ;  Curagao  ; 
Trinidad;   Jamaica;   continental   tropical  America.     Flexuous   Wild  Pine. 

As  to  the  Tillandsia  canescens  Sw.,  doubtfully  recorded  from  Abaco  by 
Eaton  and  Setchell,  collected  by  Herrick,  the  determination  was  based  on  a 
very  young  plant  without  flowers  or  fruit;  an  examination  of  the  specimen 
shows  that  it  can  not  be  certainly  named,  but  it  may  be  T,  fasciculata  Sw. 

3.  CATOPSIS  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  599.     1864. 

Epiphytic  herbs,  the  basal  leaves  tufted,  lepidote,  entire,  the  flowering 
stem  scapose,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  the  inflorescence  spicate  or 
paniculate,  the  white  or  yellow  flowers  sessile.  Flowers  perfect  or  sometimes 
dioecious.  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  Petals  distinct.  Stamens  shorter 
than  the  petals,  those  of  pistillate  flowers  very  short,  with  sterile  anthers, 
those  of  staminate  or  perfect  flowers  with  slender  filaments  and  ovate  or 
elliptic  anthers.  Ovary  of  pistillate  or  perfect  flowers  ovoid  or  ellipsoid; 
style  shorter  than  the  ovary  or  none.  Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent  above  the 
middle.  Seeds  thick,  comose.  [Greek,  a  view,  the  significance  not  evident.] 
About  16  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Catopsis 
nutans   (Sw.)   Griseb. 

1.  Catopsis  Berteroniana  (Schultes)  Mez.  in  DC.  Mon.  Pham.  9:   621.     1896. 

Tillandsia  Berteroniana  Schultes;  E.  &  S.  Syst.  7:   1221.     1830. 

Plants  solitary  or  clustered  on  trees  or  shrubs.  Basal  leaves  numerous, 
tufted,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  1-4  dm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
pale  green  and  whitish-pruinose;  flowering  stem  rather  slender,  3-9  dm.  high, 
clothed  with  small,  appressed  narrowly  lanceolate  leaves;  inflorescence  panicu- 
late; flowers  close  together  or  the  lower  distant;  bracts  subcoriaceous,  ovate  to 
oval,  obtuse,  6-8  mm.  long;  sepals  oval,  a  little  longer  than  the  bracts;  petals 
white,  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  capsule  ovoid,  6-10  mm.  long. 

On  trees  and  shrubs  in  coppices,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Florida  : 
Cuba ;  Jamaica  ;  northern  South  America,  Recorded  by  Eaton  and  Setchell  and  by 
Dolley  as  C.  nutans  Griseb,,  by  Hitchcock  as  C.  vitellina  (L.  K,  &  O,)  Baker. 
Mealy  Wild  Pine,     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  77,  .  » 

Bromelia  Pinguin  L.  is  recorded  as  a  Bahamian  plant  by  Dolley,  but  we 
have  not  found  it  wild  on  any  island  visited.  It  is  widely  distributed  in  the 
southern  West  Indies,  and  has  been  planted  in  the  Bahamas. 

Guzmania  Ungulata  (L,)  Mez.  [Tillandsia  lingulata  Ti.]  recorded  by  Schoepf 
as  seen  by  him  in  New  Providence  in  1784,  is  not  known  to  inhabit  the  Bahamas 
at  the  present  time. 

Family  2.     COMMELINACEAE  Rclib. 

Spider  WORT  Family. 

Perennial  or  annual  leafy  berbs  with  regTilar  or  irregular  perfect  and 
often  showy  flow^ers  in  cymes,  commonly  subtended  by  spathe-like  or  leafy 
bracts.     Perianth  of  2  series;  a  calyx  of  mostly  3  persistent  sepals  and  a 


COMMELINACEAE.  67 

corolla  of  mostly  3  membranous  and  deciduous  or  fugacious  petals. 
Stamens  mostly  6,  hypogynous,  rarely  fewer,  all  similar  and  perfect  or  2 
or  3  of  them  different  from  the  others  and  sterile;  filaments  filiform  or 
somewhat  flattened;  anthers  2-celled,  mostly  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  superior,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  2-3-celled;  ovules  1  or  several 
in  each  cell,  anatropous  or  half  anatropous;  style  simple;  stigmas  termi- 
nal, entire  or  obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Seeds  solitary  or  several  in  each  cell 
of  the  capsule.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  loculicidally  2-3-valved.  Embryo 
small.  Endosperm  copious.  About  25  genera  and  350  species,  mostly 
natives  of  tropical  regi^ons,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Fertile  stamens  1-3.  1   CommrUna. 

Fertile  stamens  5  or  6.  2.  Rhoco. 

1.  COMMELINA-  L.  Sp.  PL  40.     1753. 

Somewhat  succulent,  branching  herbs,  with  short-petioled  or  sessile  leaves, 
and  irregular  mostly  blue  flowers  in  sessile  cymes  subtended  by  spathe-like 
bracts.  Sepals  unequal,  the  larger  ones  sometimes  slightly  united.  Petals 
unequal,  2  of  them  larger  than  the  third.  Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2,  one  of 
them  incurved  and  its  anther  commonly  larger.  Sterile  stamens  usually  3, 
smaller,  their  anthers  various.  Filaments  all  glabrous.  Capsule  3-celled. 
Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  the  testa  roughened,  smooth  or  reticulated.  [Dedi- 
cated to  Kaspar  Commelin,  1667-1731,  Dutch  botanist.]  About  95  species  of 
wide  distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Commelina 
communis  L. 

Spathes  not   united   at   the  base.  1-  C.  longiraulis. 

Spathes  united  at  tlie  base.  2.  C.  elegans. 

1.  Commelina  longicaulis  Jacq.  Coll.  3:  234.     1789. 

Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so;  stems  procumbent  or  creeping,  3-8  dm.  long. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-7.5  em.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  their  sheaths  sometimes  ciliate;  spathe  acuminate,  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
peduncled,  the  2  bracts  not  united  by  their  margins;  flowers  few  in  each 
spathe,  6-12  mm.  broad;  ventral  cavities  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  1- 
ovuled;  capsule  commonly  5-seeded  (2  seeds  in  each  of  the  ventral  cells,  1  in 
the  dorsal) ;  seeds  oblong,  reticulated,  about  2  mm.  long. 

Moist  waste  places,  New  Providence  : — all  tropioal  and  warm  temperate  reRious. 
Referred  by  previous  authors  to  C.  nndiflora  L.     Creeping  Day-flower. 

2.  Commelina  elegans  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  1:  259.     1816. 

Stems  branching  at  the  base,  the  branches  decumbent,  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  Avith  puberulent  internodes;  leaves  lanceolate  to  elliptic  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  often  rounded  at  the 
base,  the  sheaths  1-1.5  cm.  long,  naked  or  sparingly  ciliate  on  the  margin: 
spathes  short-peduncled,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  acute:  petals 
blue  or  white;  capsules  obovoid,  4  mm.  long,  reticulated  especially  on  the 
dorsal  lobe;  seeds  3,  smooth. 

Moist  shaded  situations.  New  Trovidence  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies 
and  continental  tropical  America.      fC.  communis  of  Schoopf.      L.\rger  D.vv-flowbr. 


68  LILIACEAE. 


2.  RHOEO  Hance;  Walp.  Ann.  3:  659.     1852-3. 

A  somewhat  fleshy,  short-stemmed,  low  herb,  glabrous  throughout  or  the 
mouth  of  the  leaf-sheathe  pilose,  the  leaves  much  longer  than  the  large-bracted 
inflorescence,  the  axillary  peduncles  simple  or  forked,  the  umbelled  flowers 
almost  concealed  within  the  bracts.  Sepals  3,  petal-like,  ovate-lanceolate, 
distinct.  Petals  3,  ovate.  Stamens  6,  nearly  equal;  filaments  pilose;  anthers 
oblong.  Ovary  3-cened,  sessile;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a 
;^-valved  capsule.     Seeds  rugose.     [Name  unexplained.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1,  Rhoeo  discolor  (L'Her.)  Hance;  Walp.  Ann.  3:  660.     1852-3. 

Tradescantia  discolor  L'Her,  Sert.  Angl.  5.     1788. 

Stems  stout,  2-15  em.  high,  about  1.5  cm.  thick,  often  clustered  and 
sometimes  forming  large  colonies.  Leaves  few,  nearly  erect,  oblong-lanceolate, 
2-4  dm.  long,  3-6  em.  wide,  acuminate,  dark  green  above,  purple  beneath, 
rather  fleshy;  peduncles  2-4  cm.  long;  bracts  compressed-conduplicate,  broader 
than  high,  1.5-3  cm.  high,  acute;  umbel  many-flowered;  pedicels  about  1  cm. 
long;  petals  white,  5-8  mm.  long;  capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  3-angled,  about  4  mm. 
long;  seeds  about  3  mm.  long. 

Shaded  walls  and  other  rocky  places,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  to  St. 
Thomas  and  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico.     Oyster  Plant.     Boat  Lily. 

Schoepf  records  Tradescantia  virginica  L.  as  seen  by  him  in  New  Providence 
in  1784,  but  this  United  States  species  is  not  now  known  to  grow  in  the  Bahamas. 

Order  9.     LILIALES. 

Monocotyledonous  plants,  mostly  with  well-developed  perianth,  the 
flowers  usually  regular  and  complete,  and  their  parts  in  3's  or  6's.  Ovary 
superior  or  inferior,  compound.     Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  horny. 

Ovary  superior   (partly  inferior  in  Aletris). 
Herbaceous  plants  or  vines. 

Fruit  a   capsule.  Fam.   1.  Liliaceae. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  berry  ;  dioecious  vines.  Fam.   2.   Smilacaceae. 

Large  tall  woody  plants.  Fam.  3.  Dracaenaceae. 

Ovary  inferior. 

Stamens  6  in  our  species. 

Erect  perennial  herbs  ;  flowers  perfect.  Fam.  4.  Amaryllidaceae. 

Twining  vines  ;  flowers  dioecious.  Fam.  5.  Dioscoreaceab. 

Stamens  3,  opposite  the  outer  corolla-segments.  Fam.  6.  Ieidaceae. 

Family  1.     LILIACEAE  Adans. 

Lily  Family. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  bulbs  or  conns,  or  rarely  with 
rootstocks  or  a  woody  caudex  {Tucca),  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  soli- 
tary or  clustered,  regular,  mostly  perfect.  Perianth  parted  into  6  distinct 
or  nearly  distinct  segments,  or  these  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube  in- 
ferior or  partly  superior  (Aletris).  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on 
the  perianth  or  at  the  bases  of  its  segments;  anthers  2-celled,  mostly  in- 
trorse,  sometimes  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled ;  ovules  few  or  numerous  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous;  styles  united;  stigma  3-1'obed  or 
capitate.    Fruit  a  usually  loculicidal  capsule,  or  in  Yucca  sometimes  fleshy 


LILIACEAE.  69 

and  indehiseent.     Seeds  various,  winged  or  wingless.     Embryo  in  copious 
endosperm.     About  125  genera  and  1300  species,  widely  distributed. 

Cavities  of  the  fruit  each  1-seecIed.  1.  Aloe. 
Cavities  of  the  fruit  many-seeded. 

Fruit  with  a  tliin  rupturing  peiicarp.  2.  Cordyline. 

Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule.  .'!.  Aletns. 

1.  ALOE  L.  Sp.  PI.  319.     1753. 

Succulent  plants  with  a  short  or  elongated  caudex,  the  thick  tufted  leaves 
with  spiny-toothed  margins,  the  racemose  flowers  nodding.  Perianth  sub- 
cylindric,  the  segments  connivent  or  coherent,  their  tips  somewhat  spreading. 
Stamens  6,  with  slender  filaments  and  oblong  anthers.  Ovary  sessile,  3-anglod 
and  3-celled;  style  filiform,  tipped  by  the  small  stigma;  ovules  many  in  each 
cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  leathery,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, black.  [Xame  ancient.]  Over  75  species,  mostly  African.  Type  species: 
Aloe  perfoliata  L. 

1.  Aloe  vera  L.  Sp.  PL  320.     1753. 

Aloe  vulgaris  Lam.  Encycl.  1:  86.     1783. 

Aloe  perfoliata  vera  L.  "Sp.  PI.  320.     1753. 

Aloe  harbadensis  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  2.     1768. 

Acaulescent,  or  nearly  so,  stoloniferous.  Leaves  3-6  dm.  long,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  turgid,  very  watery  within,  pale  glaucous-green,  the 
marginal  spiny  teeth  1  cm.  apart  or  less;  scape  stout,  6-12  dm,  high,  bearing 
distant,  broad,  acute  scales;  raceme  dense,  1-3  dm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute,  longer  than  the  short  pedicels;  flowers  yellow,  about  2.5  cm.  long; 
stamens  about  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  style  longer. 

Coastal  rooks,  s^nd  plains  and  dunes,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  Oreat 
Exuma.  Cat  Islnnd.  North.  East  and  South  Caicos  and  Salt  Cny.  Nntive  of  the 
Mediterranean  Region,  escaped  in  Bermuda,  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 
Aloes. 

2.  CORDYLINE    Adans.   Pam.   PI.   2:    54,   543.     1763. 

[Sansevierta  Thunb.   Prodr.   Fl.   Cap.   65.     1704.] 

Fleshy  perennial  herbs,  the  leaves  tufted,  basal,  flat  or  terete,  elongated, 
containing  a  strong  fibre,  the  rather  large  flowers  in  a  raceme  at  the  end  of  a 
simple  scape.  Perianth-tube  slender,  its  lobes  narrow,  spreading.  Stamens  6, 
borne  near  the  top  of  the  perianth-tube,  the  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers 
oblong  or  linear.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  erect.  Fruit  with  a 
thin  pericarp.  Seeds  1-3,  subglobose,  fleshy.  [Greek,  a  club.]  About  25 
species,  natives  of  Asia  and  Africa.     Type  species:   Aloe  hjfaeinthoide.'^  L. 

1.  Cordyline  guineensis  (L.)  Britton,  Mom.  Brooklyn  Bot.  Gard.  1:  3.".     10155. 

Aletris  hyacintlioides  gidanensifi  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  456.     1762. 

Aletris  guineensis  Jacq.  TTort.  Vind.  1:  36.     1770. 

Sansevieria  guineensis  Willd,  Sp.  PI.  2:  150.     1700. 

Leaves  linear,  1  m.  long  or  less,  nearly  flat,  5-8  cm.  wide,  dark  green  and 
mottled,  narrowed  at  both  ends.  Scape  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  raceme 
many-flowered;   pedicels  5-8  mm.  long;   perianth  nearly  white,  its  lobes  about 


70  SMILACACEAE. 

1.5  cm.  long,  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  recurved,  somewhat   shorter   than  the 
tube. 

Waste  grounds,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Porto 
Rico ;  Cuba  ;  St.  Thomas  ;  St.  Croix  ;  Jamaica.  Native  of  tropical  Africa.  African 
Bowstring-Hemp. 

3.  ALETRIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  319.     1753. 

Seapose  perennial  bitter  fibrous-rooted  herbs,  with  basal  lanceolate  leaves, 
and  small,  white  or  yellow,  bracted  perfect  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike-like 
raceme.  Perianth  oblong  or  campanulate,  roughened  without,  6-lobed,  its  lower 
part  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth  at  the  bases  of 
the  lobes,  included;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anat- 
ropous;  style  3-cleft  above;  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  enclosed 
by  the  persistent  perianth,  3-celled,  many-seeded,  loculicidal.  Seeds  oblong, 
ribbed.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm  fleshy.  [Greek,  signifying  to  grind  corn, 
apparently  in  allusion  to  the  rough,  mealy  flowers.]  About  8  species,  natives 
of  eastern  N.  Am.  and  Asia.     Type  species:  Aletris  farinosa  L. 

1.  Aletris  bracteata  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  27.     1902. 

Basal  leaves  tufted,  grayish  green,  spreading,  narrowly  lanceolate,  10  cm. 
long  or  less,  6-10  mm.  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
those  of  the  scape  few,  distant  and  very  small.  Scape  about  6  dm.  high, 
erect;  raceme  erect,  many-flowered;  pedicels  about  1  mm.  long;  bracts  subu- 
late, 4-6  mm.  long;  perianth  white,  6-8  mm.  long,  tubular-oblong,  about  3  mm. 
thick,  its  oblong-lanceolate  lobes  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube;  anthers 
longer  than  the  filaments;  fruit  oval,  about  5  mm.  long. 

Wet  grounds  in  savannas  and  pine-barrens,  Abaco  and  Andros : — Florida. 
Southern  Colic-root. 

Family  2.     SMILACACEAE  Vent. 

Smilax  Family. 

Mostly  vines  wdtli  woody  or  herbaceous,  often  prickly  stems.  Leaves 
alternate,  netted-veined,  several-nerved,  petioled.  Petiole  sheathing,  bear- 
ing a  pair  of  slender  tendril-like  appendages,  persistent,  the  blade  falling 
away.  Flowers  small,  mostly  green,  dioecious,  in  axillary  umbels.  Peri- 
anth-segments 6.  Stamens  mostly  6,  distinct;  filaments  ligulate;  anthers 
basifixed,  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cavities  opposite  the  inner 
perianth-segments;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  orthotropous;  style  very 
short  or  none ;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  globose  beriy  containing  1-6  brownish 
seeds.  Endosperm  horny,  copious;  embryo  small,  oblong,  remote  from  the 
hilum.  Genera  3,  only  the  following  in  North  America;  species  about  230, 
in  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

1.  S^MLLAX  L.  Sp.   PI.   1028.     1753. 

Eootstocks  usually  large  and  tuberous,  stems  usually  twining,  and  climb- 
ing by  means  of  the  coiling  appendages  of  the  petiole.  Lower  leaves  reduced 
to  scales.  Flowers  regular.  Perianth-segments  distinct,  deciduous.  Pedicels 
borne  on  a  globose  or  conic  receptacle,  inserted  in  small  pits,  generally  among 


SMILACACEAE.  71 

minute  bractlets.  Filaments  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments. 
Staminate  flowers  without  an  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  smaller  than  the 
staminate,  usually  with  1-6  abortive  stamens.  Berry  black,  red  or  purple 
(rarely  white),  with  3  strengthening  bands  of  tissue  running  through  the  outer 
part  of  the  pulp,  connected  at  the  base  and  apex.  Embryo  lying  under  a 
tubercle  at  the  upper  end  of  the  seed.  [Ancient  Greek  name,  perhaps  not 
originally  applied  to  these  plants.]  About  225  species  of  wide  distribution, 
most  abundant  in  tropical  America  and  Asia.     Type  species:  Smilax  aspera  L. 

Leaves  normally  armed  with  prickels  ;  leaves  coriaceous.  1.  S.  havancnsis. 
Leaves  unarmed. 

Leaves  chartaceous,  ovate,  mostly  2-lobed  near  the  base.  2.  8.  auriculata. 

Leaves  coriaceous,  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate.  3.  S.  luurifoliu. 

1.  Smilax  havanensis  Jacq.  Enum.  33.     1760. 

Smilax  havanensis  dentata  O.  E.  Sehulz,  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  40,  as  to 

Bahama  plant,   1904. 
Smilax  havanensis  ovata  laevis  O.  E.  Sehulz,  loe.  cit.  41.     1904. 
Smilax  oblongata  O.  E.  Sehulz,  loc.  cit.  42,  as  to  Bahama  plant.     1904. 
Smilax  oblongata  viscifolia  0.  E.  Sehulz,  loc.  cit.  43,  at  least  as  to  Bahama 

plant.     1904. 
Smilax  populnea  O.  E.  Sehulz,  loc.  cit.  43,  as  to  Bahama  plant.     1904. 

Woody,  climbing  or  trailing,  armed  with  short  hooked  prickles  or  nearly 
unarmed,  1-4  m.  long,  the  branches  angled,  often  zigzag.  Leaves  coriaceous, 
oblong  to  ovate  or  suborbicular,  spinulose-dentate  or  entire,  2-12  cm.  long, 
reticulate-veined,  3-7-nerved,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
rounded,  narrowed  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  10-18  mm.  long,  the 
stipular  sheaths  about  half  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  peduncles  about  as  long  as 
the  petioles,  4-30-flowered ;  pedicels  about  4  mm.  long;  flowers  2-3  mm.  broad, 
the  staminate  somewhat  larger  than  the  pistillate;  sepals  and  petals  oblong; 
berries  black,  subglobose  or  ovoid,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Rocky  and  sandy  soil,  througliout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  south  to  the  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola.  Our  field 
observations,  and  specimens,  sliow  that  the  synonyms  cited  above  are  of  no  value 
in  differentiating  tlie  large  number  of  races  which  constitute  this  species :  there 
being  a  wide  range  in  leaf-form  and  venation  and  in  the  relative  number  of  prickles  ; 
also  in  the  relative  leafiness  of  the  upper  parts  of  the  plants;  individual  specimens 
may  be  unarmed.  Hitchcock  referred  a  part  of  his  specimens  of  this  species  to  8. 
dominijcnsis  Willd.     Prickly  Green-bkier.     Saw-iuuer.     China-brier.     Chanev-vine. 

2.  Smilax  auriculata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  245.     1788. 

Smilax  Beyrichii  Kunth,  Enum,  PI.  5:    207.     1850. 

A  glabrous  vine,  often  5  m.  long  or  longer,  trailing  or  climbing,  the 
branches  angular,  zigzag,  bearing  a  few  prickles  or  unarmed.  Leaves  oblong 
to  ovate,  chartaceous,  2-10  cm.  long,  abruptly  short-pointed,  narrow  or  obtuse 
at  the  base,  often  dilated  or  auricled  below,  shining,  coarsely  reticulate-veined, 
the  stout  petioles  6-10  mm.  long;  peduncle  3-12  mm.  long;  pedicels  several  or 
many,  slender,  4-10  mm.  long;  flowers  yellowish-green,  fragrant;  sepals  and 
petals  of  staminate  flowers  nearly  linear,  4-5  mm.  long,  those  of  pistillate 
flowers  oblong,  about  2.5  mm.  long;  berries  black,  globose,  about  5  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Coppices,  scrub-lands,  savannas  and  pine-barrens,  Abaco.  Great  Habama,  Audros, 
South  Cat  Cay,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — Georgia  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
Auricled  Greenbrier.     China-brier. 


72  DRACAEXACEAE. 

3.  Smilax  laurifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  1030.     1753. 

Eootstocks  bearing  tubers  sometimes  1.5  dm.  thick;  stem  high-climbing, 
terete,  armed  with  strong  straight  prickles,  the  branches  angled,  mostly  un- 
armed. Petioles  stout,  6-16  mm.  long;  leaves  leathery,  evergreen,  elliptic  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  entire,  3-nerved,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional  pair  of  nerves  near  the 
margins,  5-11  cm.  long;  peduncles  stout,  angled,  4-20  mm.  long;  umbels  6-30- 
flowered;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long;  staminate  flowers  4-6  mm.  long;  anthers 
usually  about  one-third  shorter  than  the  filaments;  stigma  1,  sometimes  2; 
berries  black,  ovoid,  4-6  mm.  thick. 

Border  of  swamp,  Delaport,  New  Providence ;  coppices  at  Staniard  Creek, 
Andros  : — Southeastern  United  States  ;  Cuba.  Laurel-leaved  Greenbrier.  Catesby 
1  :  pi.  15. 

Smilax  WalteH  Pursh,  attributed  to  the  Bahamas  by  O.  E.  Schulz,  from  a 
specimen  supposed  to  have  been  collected  by  Maerter,  preserved  in  the  Munich 
herbarium,  has  not  been  found  on  any  of  the  islands  in  the  course  of  our 
explorations;  we  presume  the  specimen  was  collected  in  the  United  States. 

Family  3.    DRACAENACEAE  Link. 

Dracaexa  Family. 

Perennial,  often  large,  woody  plants,  mostly  with  erect  and  leafy  stems, 
the  leaves  alternate,  the  flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  racemes.  Sepals 
and  petals  each  3,  nearly  alike.  Stamens  6;  filaments  distinct;  anthers 
2-celled.  Ovary  superior,  1-3-celled;  ovules  2  to  numerous  in  each  cavity; 
styles  united.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  dry  or  fleshy,  loculicidally  dehis- 
cent or  rarely  indehiscent.  About  10  genera  and  100  species,  natives  of 
warm  and  tropical  regions. 

1.  YUCCA  L.   Sp.   PI.   319.     1753. 

Large  plants,  with  a  short  sometimes  subterranean  caudex,  or  tall  woody 
and  leafy  stem,  or  braeted  scape,  the  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  usually  rigid 
and  sharp-pointed,  bearing  long  marginal  thread-like  fibres  in  our  species. 
Flowers  large,  nodding  in  a  terminal  raceme  or  panicle.  Perianth  eampanulate, 
or  nearly  globular,  white  in  our  species,  of  6  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate  connivent 
segments.  Stamens  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  filaments  thickened 
above;  anthers  small,  versatile.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled,  or  imperfectly  6-celled; 
ovules  numerous;  style  columnar,  short,  with  3  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule, or  fleshy,  or  spongy  and  indehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flattened,  hori- 
zontal. [The  Haitien  name.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  North  and  Central 
America.     Type  species:  Yucca  aloifolia  L. 

1.  Yucca  aloifolia  L.  Sp.  PL  319.     1753. 

Caudex  stout,  up  to  3.3  m.  high,  often  branched;  plant  usually  growing  in 
colonies,  forming  large  masses.  Leaves  1  m.  long  or  less,  stiff,  sharp-pointed, 
the  upper  spreading,  the  older  lower  ones  deflexed,  the  base  expanded;  panicle 
ample,  often  6  dm.  long,  showy ;  perianth  white  or  purplish-tinged,  about  5  cm. 
long,  its  segments  oblong;  capsule  pulpy,  indehiscent,  oblong,  6-8  cm.  long; 
seeds  thin. 

Sand  dunes.  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  to  Louisiana  ;  Cuba  ;  .Jamaica  ; 
Mexico.     Spanish  Bayonet. 


AMARYLLIDACEAE.  73 

Family  4.     AMARYLLIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Amaeyllis  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody  or  even  arboreous),  with 
bulbs  or  rootstocks,  scapose  or  sometimes  leafy  stems  and  usually  narrow 
and  entire  leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Perianth  G- 
parted  or  6-lobed,  the  segments  or  lobes  distinct,  or  united  below  into  a 
tube  which  is  adnate  to  the  surface  of  the  ovaiy  (adnate  only  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  ovary  in  Lophiola) .  Stamens  6  in  our  genera,  inserted  on  the 
bases  of  the  perianth-segments  or  in  the  throat  of  the  perianth  op])osite  the 
lobes.  Anthers  versatile  'or  basifixed,  2-celled,  the  sacs  usually  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior,  usually  3-celled. 
Style  filiform,  entire,  lobed,  or  cleft  into  3  stigmas  at  the  summit.  Ovules 
usually  numerous,  rarely  only  1  or  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovarj',  ana- 
tropous.  Fruit  capsular,  rarely  fleshy.  Seeds  mostly  black,  the  embrj'o 
small,  enclosed  in  fleshy  endosperm.  About  70  genera  and  800  species, 
principally  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  some  in  the  temperate 
zones. 

Plants  with  rootstocks  or  corms. 

Inflorescence  umbellate  ;   capsule  circumscissile  ;   low  herbs.  1.  Hypoxis. 

Inflorescence   paniculate ;    capsule   3-valved ;   large   plants   with 
flowers  on  tall  scapes. 
Perianth  funnelform.  2.  Agave. 

Perianth  rotate-campanulate.  3.  Furcraca. 

Bulbous  plants. 

Filaments  distinct.  4.  Atamosco. 

Filaments  united  below  into  a  cup.  5.  Hymenocallis. 

1.  HYPOXIS  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  986.     1759. 

Low,  mostly  villous  herbs,  with  a  corm  or  short  rootstock,  grass-like  leaves 
and  slender  few-flowered  scapes,  the  flowers  rather  small.  Perianth  6-parted, 
its  segments  equal  or  nearly  so,  separate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  withering- 
persistent.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments 
short;  anthers  erect,  sagittate  or  entire.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  short;  stigmas 
3,  erect;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  thin-walled,  not 
dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  black,  laterally  short-beaked  by  their 
stalks.  [Greek,  originally  given  to  some  plant  with  sour  leaves.]  About  50 
species,  widely  distributed.     Type  species:   Hypoxis  dccumhens  L. 

1.  Hypoxis  jtincea  J.  E.  Smith,  Spic.  15.     1792. 

Leaves  linear-filiform,  curved,  3  dm.  long  or  less,  1-2  mm.  wide,  glabrous 
above,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Scapes  2  or  3  together  or  solitary,  filiform, 
mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1-flowered  or  2-flowered  at  the  summit,  weak, 
reclining  or  prostrate  when  old;  bracts  linear-subulate;  perianth  about  2  em. 
broad,  its  acute  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent  outside,  yellow  within : 
capsule  4-6  mm.  long;  seeds  about  0.8  mm.  in  diameter. 

Grassy  places  and  in  pine-barkens,  Andros.  New  Providence  and  Elouthera  : — 
Georgia  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas;  Cuba.     Soutiierx  Yellow-eykd  Gr-vss. 

2.  AGAVE  L.  Sp.  PI.  323.     1753. 
Fleshy   herbs,    some   species    very    tall,   with    a   short    crown-like    or   erect 
caudex  and  a  tall  bracted  scape,  the  leaves  large,  thick,  sometimes  spiny-toothed, 
6 


74  AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 

basal,  or  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  caiulex,  the  large  bracted  flowers  in 
terminal  spikes  or  compound  clusters.  Perianth  tubular  or  funnelform,  wither- 
ing-persistent, with  6  equal  or  nearly  equal  lobes.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
perianth  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  exserted.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  slender, 
exserted,  3-lobed;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 
Capsule  3-lobed,  thick-walled,  many-seeded.  Seeds  compressed,  somewhat 
cuneate,  black.  [Greek,  signifying  noble.]  Perhaps  150  species.  All  these 
plants,  except  the  Sisal,  are  called  '* Bamboo"  in  the  Bahamas.  We  have 
copied  here  the  original  descriptions  of  the  Bahama  species  by  Professor  Tre- 
lease,  who  had  all  our  specimens  for  his  investigation,  and  we  have  nothing  to 
add  to  them. 

Plants  not  suckering ;  leaves  broad,  fleshy,  curved. 

Leaves  broad  and  stout,  about  3  times  as  long  as  wide. 
Leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  much  longer  than  wide. 

Prickles    of    the    leaf-margins    10-25    mm.    apart,    2-5 
mm.  long. 
Capsules  broadly  oblong. 

Leaves  dull,  gray  :  spine  rather  short. 
Leaves      somewhat      glossy,      greenish;      spine 
elongated. 
Capsules  narrowly  oblong. 
Prickles  5-10  mm.  apart,  about  1  mm.  long. 

Spine  stout ;  prickles  often  with  lenticular  bases. 
Spine  slender  ;  prickles  not  lenticular. 
Plants  freely  suckering ;  leaves  narrow,  hard,  straight. 
Leaves  erect ;   flowers  3.5-5  cm.   long,  yellow. 

Leaves    gradually    tapering,    deeply    concave ;    prickles 

deltoid. 
Leaves  abruptly  acute,  nearly  flat ;  prickles  slender. 
Leaves  ascending ;  flowers  4.5-6.5  cm.  long,  yellow-green. 

1.  Agave  Braceana  Trelease,  Mem.  Xat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:   40.     1913 

Acaulescent,  not  cespitose.  Leaves  gray,  broadly  oblanceolate.  nearly 
flat,  19  by  65  cm.  (or  larger?)  ;  spine  from  brownish  becoming  gray,  smooth, 
dull,  straight  or  gently  curved,  conical,  flat  or  round-grooved  to  about  the 
middle  or  becoming  involute,  3  by  10-15  mm.,  slightly  decurrent;  prickles 
usually  5-10  mm.  apart,  2-3  mm.  long,  straight  or  the  lower  gently  recurved, 
triangular,  scarcely  lenticular  at  base,  the  intervening  margin  straight,  or  con- 
cave when  they  are  raised  on  low  green  bases;  inflorescence  about  7  m.  high, 
paniculate;  pedicels  about  10  mm.  long;  flowers  golden-yellow,  40-45  mm. 
long;  ovary  20  mm.  long,  nearly  half  as  long  again  as  the  perianth,  oblong- 
fusiform;  tube  conical,  about  7  mm.  deep;  segments  3-4  by  15-17  mm.,  three- 
fourths  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  filaments  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat,  35  mm. 
long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  segments;  capsules  broadly  oblong,  20  by  35 
mm.,  shortly  stipitate  and  beaked;  seeds  6  by  8  mm.;  bulbils  unknown. 

Rocky  and  sandy  soil,  Abaco  ;  Great  Bahama;  Andros  (?).  Endemic.  Brace's 
Cextury-plaxt. 

2.  Agave  bahamana  Trelease,  Mem.  ISTat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  40.     1913. 

Acaulescent,  not  cespitose.  Leaves  dull  grayish,  rather  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, concave,  occasionally  somewhat  plicate,  15  by  200-300  cm,;  spine  from 
brownish  becoming  gray,  smooth,  dull,  slightly  recurved,  stoutly  conical, 
usually  becoming  involutely  grooved  below  the  middle,  4-5  by  10-15  mm.,  de- 
current;  prickles  usually  5-10  mm.  apart,  3-5  mm.  long,  reduced  above  and 
below,  straight  or  the  longer  ones  appressed-recurved,  triangular,  scarcely 
lenticular  at  base,  sometimes  on  small  green  prominences,  the  intervening 
margin  nearly  straight;  inflorescence  about  10  m.  high,  the  upper  third  or  so 


1. 

A. 

Braceana. 

2. 

A. 

hahamana. 

3. 

A. 

Mill  spa  tighii. 

4. 

A, 

cacozela. 

5. 

A. 

acklinicola. 

6. 

A. 

indagatorum. 

^ 

A. 

NasML 

8." 

A. 

inaguensis. 

9. 

A. 

sisalana. 

AMARYLLIDACEAE.  75 

ovoid-paniculate  with  slightly  ascending  branches;  bracts  deltoid,  not  im- 
bricated; pedicels  about  10  mm.  long;  flo\vers  golden,  50-60  mm.  long;  ovary 
30-35  mm.  long,  half  as  long  again  as  the  perianth,  oblong-fusiform;  tube 
conical,  about  7  mm.  deep;  segments  4  by  15  mm.,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
ovary,  filaments  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat,  30-35  mm.  long,  more  than  twice 
as  long  as  the  segments;  capsules  oblong^  25  by  50  mm.,  shortly  stipitate  and 
beaked;  seeds  6  by  8  mm. 

Rocky  plains  and  ridges,  Berry  Islands,  Andres.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Cave  Cay 
and  Great  Exuma.  Endemic.  Erroneously  referred  bv  Dollev  and  by  I'rban  to 
Agave  amcricana  L. ;  by  Hitchcock  to  Agave  sohoUfcr'a  Salm-Dvck. ;  and  l)v  Mrs. 
Northrop  and  Coker  to  Agave  rigida  Mill.     Bahama  CEXTURy-ri.ANT. 

The  four  following  species  described  by  Professor  Trelease,  may  be  but 
races  of  A.  dahamana. 

3.  Agave  Millspaughii  Trelease,  Mem.  Xat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  41.     1913. 

Acaulescent,  not  cespitose.  Leaves  somewhat  glossy _,  green,  narrowly  ob- 
lanceolate,  concave,  15  by  125  cm.  or  more;  spine  red-brown,  smooth,  rather 
dull,  straight,  conical,  triquetrous  or  V-grooved  below  the  middle,  3-4  by  15-20 
mm.,  decurrent  for  its  length  or  more;  prickles  usually  15-25  mm.  apart,  3-5 
mm.  long,  straight  and  spreading  or  occasionally  reflexed  sometimes  with  up- 
curved  tips,  narrowly  triangular,  scarcely  lenticular  at  base,  the  intervening 
margin  nearly  straight;  inflorescence  large,  paniculate;  bracts  broadly  tri- 
angular; pedicels  about  10  mm.  long;  flowers  (yellow?)  50  mm.  long;  ovary 
25  mm.  long,  little  longer  than  the  perianth,  fusiform ;  tube  conical,  about  7 
mm.  deep;  segments  4  by  15-20  mm.,  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  ovary; 
filaments  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat,  scarcely  30  mm.  long,  about  one-half 
longer  than  the  segments;  capsules  short-oblong,  20  by  35  mm.,  shortly  stipi- 
tate and  beaked;  seeds  5  by  7  mm. 

Low   coppices    and   scrub-lands.    Great   Exuma.     Endemic.     Millspaugh's    Ce^- 

TURY-PLAXT. 

4.  Agave  cacozela  Trelease,  Mem.  Xat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  41.     1913. 

Acaulescent,  not  cespitose.  Leaves  yellowish  green,  somewhat  overcast 
with  gray,  typically  roughish,  lanceolate,  deeply  concave,  20  by  150-200  cm.; 
spine  from  brownish  becoming  gray,  smooth ;  dull,  straight  or  the  tip  slightly 
refracted,  triquetrously  conical,  openly  grooved  below  the  middle,  3-5  by  15-20 
mm.,  decurrent;  prickles  usually  10-15  mm.  apart,  2-5  mm.  long  in  the  middle, 
nearly  straight  or  the  larger  ones  appressed-recurved,  narrowly  triangular, 
rarely  lenticular  at  base,  the  intervening  margin  straight  or  somewhat  concave ; 
inflorescence  6-7  m.  high,  the  upper  third  densely  ovoid-paniculate  with 
horizontal  or  slightly  ascending  branches;  bracts  broadly  triangular,  not 
imbricated;  pedicels  about  10  mm.  long;  flowers  golden,  50-60  mm.  long; 
ovary  35-40  mm.  long,  about  half  as  long  again  as  the  perianth,  oblong-fusi- 
form; tube  rather  open,  about  7  mm.  deep;  segments  4-5  by  20  mm,,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  ovary;  filaments  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat,  40-45  mm. 
long,  rather  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  segments ;  capsules  narrowly  oblong, 
15  by  35-45  mm.,  shortly  conical-stipitate,  beaked;  seeds  4  by  6-7  mm.  Said 
to  be  bulbiferous  sometimes. 

Rocky  margins  of  salt  marshes,  New  Providence.  Endemic.  New  Providence 
Century -PLANT. 

5.  Agave  acklinicola  Trelease,  Mem.  Nat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  41.     1013. 

Aspect  of  A.  haliamana.  Spine  from  red-brown  becoming  gray,  smooth, 
glossy,  somewhat  flexuously  recurved,  conical,  involutely  grooved  to  or  beyond 
the  middle,  4-6  by  20-25  mm.,  decurrent;  prickles  5-10  mm.  apart,  1-1.5  mm. 


76  AMARYLLIDACEAE. 

long,  straight  or  gently  curved,  rather  acuminately  deltoid  often  from  oblique 
green  prominences,  or  with  lenticular  bases,  the  intervening  margin  nearly 
straight;   inflorescence,  flowers,  fruit,  and  bulbils  unknown. 

Acklin's   Island.     Endemic.     Acklix's   Island   Century -plaxt. 

6.  Agave  indagatorum  Trelease,  Mem.  Nat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  42.     1913. 

Acaulescent,  not  cespitose.  Leaves  somewhat  grayish  and  at  first  very 
glaucous  beneath,  lanceolate,  somewhat  concave,  gradually  acute,  20-25  by 
150-250  cm. ;  spine  chestnut,  smooth,  rather  glossy,  nearly  straight,  conical, 
involutely  grooved  to  the  middle,  3  by  12  mm.,  decurrent  for  about  its  own 
length;  prickles  5-12  mm.  apart,  about  1  mm.  long,  straight  or  slightly  re- 
curved, narrowly  triangular,  not  lenticular  at  base,  the  somewhat  membranous 
at  first  slightly  pink  intervening  margin  straight;  inflorescence  9  m.  high, 
paniculate;  pedicels  15-20  mm.  long;  flowers  unknown;  capsules  narrowly 
oblong,  20  by  55-60  mm.,  thick-stipitate,  acuminately  pointed;  seeds  5  by  7-8 
mm.     Said  by  Dr.  Britton  to  be  bulbiferous. 

Rocky    soil,    Watling's    Island.     Endemic.     Watlixg's    Island    Century-plant. 

7.  Agave  Nashii  Trelease,  Mem.  Xat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:   45.     1913. 

Acaulescent,  cespitose.  Leaves  gray-green,  sometimes  purple-tinged,  gray- 
green,  somewhat  glaucous  and  transversely  banded,  attenuate-oblong,  concave, 
4-5  by  30-50  cm.;  spine  purplish  brown,  smooth,  somewhat  polished  and 
recurved  or  upcurved  toward  the  end,  conical  tapered,  narrowly  slit-grooved 
to  beyond  the  middle,  3  by  15  mm.,  decurrent;  prickles  usually  3-5  mm.  apart, 
scarcely  2  mm.  long,  straight  or  somewhat  curved,  acuminately  triangular, 
sometimes  nearly  or  quite  confluent,  the  intervening  margin  nearly  straight; 
inflorescence  3.5-4  m.  high,  the  upper  third  or  more  very  loosely  paniculate 
with  slender  outcurved  branches;  pedicels  5-10  mm.  long;  flowers  light  yellow, 
35  mm.  long;  ovary  20  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  perianth,  subfusiform  or 
obovoid  in  development;  tube  openly  conical,  3  mm.  deep;  segments  3  by  10 
mm.,  half  as  long  as  the  ovary;  filaments  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat,  25  mm. 
long,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  segments;  capsules  oblong  or  oblong- 
pyriform,  20  by  35  mm.,  or  less,  slightly  stipitate  and  beaked;  seeds  4  by 
4-5  mm. 

Sandy  soil,  Inagua.     Endemic.     Nash's   Century-plant. 

8.  Agave  inaguensis  Trelease,  Mem.  ISTat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  47.     1913. 

Habit  of  A.  Nashii.  Leaves  typically  white-glaucous,  oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late,  more  quickly  acute,  flatter,  sometimes  plicate,  6-9  by  40-60  em.;  spine 
often  shorter  and  stouter;  prickles  closer,  2-3  mm.  apart,  more  recurved  and 
less  uniform,  very  narrowly  triangular,  almost  continuously  joined  by  a  narrow- 
blackish  border;  inflorescence  and  fruit  unknown;  pedicels  5-10  mm.  long; 
flowers  yellow,  50  mm.  long;  ovary  25-30  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  perianth, 
subfusiform ;  tube  open^  5  mm.  deep ;  segments  5  by  15-17  mm.,  half  as  long  as 
the  ovary ;  filaments  inserted  nearly  in  the  throat,  35  mm.  long,  fully  twice  as 
long  as  the  segments. 

Little  Inagua  ;   South  Caicos.     Endemic.     Inagua  Century-plant. 

9.  Agave  sisalana  (Engelm.)  Perrine,  House  Eep.  Document  564:  8.     1838. 

Agave  rigida  sisalana  Engelm.  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis,  3:  316.     1876. 
Agave  sisalana  armata  Trelease,  Mem.  Nat.  Acad.  Sci.  11:  49.     1913. 

Subacaulescent.  Leayes  finally  green  and  somew^hat  glossy,  at  first  lightly 
glaucous  and  transversely  banded  on  the  back,  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  flat, 
about  10  by  150  cm.;  spine  dark  brown,  somewhat  pitted  and  glossy,  tumidly 


AMAEYLLIDACEAE.  77 

conical  or  triquetrous,  slightly  recurved,  shallowly  round-grooved  near  the  base, 
4-5  by  20-25  mm.,  not  decurrent;  prickles  exceptionally  numerous  and  2-4  mm. 
long,  but  typically. minute  or  almost  entirely  suppressed;  inflorescence  about  (3  m. 
high,  the  upper  half  loosely  oblong-paniculate;  pedicels  5-10  mm.  long;  flowers 
yellowish  green,  45-60  mm.  long;  ovary  20-25  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the 
perianth,  soon  broadly  fusiform;  tube  urceolate,  15-20  mm.  deep;  segments 
6-8  by  15-20  mm.,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  filaments  inserted  about  the 
upper  third  of  the  tube,  40-70  or  even  80  mm.  long,  twice  or  thrice  as  long  as 
the  segments;  capsules,  when  produced,  Avhich  is  rare,  oblong,  20-25  by  60  mm., 
stipitate  and  beaked;  seeds  7  by  10  mm.     Freely  bulbiferous. 

Rocky  plains,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Andros,  New  I'rovidence,  Cat  Island. 
Native  of  Yucatan.     Cultivated  throughout   the   archipelago. 

In  fields  of  the  cultivated  plant  many  individuals  were  found  with  spineless  leaf 
margins,  others  with  very  spiny  margins,  and  still  others  both  spiny  and  spineless 
margins  on  the  same  plant.     Sisal. 

3.  FURCRAEA  Vent.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1:    65.     1793. 

Large  succulent  plants  with  tufted  basal  leaves  and  tall  scapes,  the  in- 
florescence terminal,  paniculate.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  segments,  slightly 
united  at  the  base.  Stamens  borne  on  the  bases  of  the  segments ;  filaments 
thickened  below  the  middle;  anthers  linear-oblong.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  many 
ovules  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  rather  stout,  3-angled  and  thickened 
below,  tipped  by  a  small  stigma.  Capsule  oblong,  3-sided,  3-valved.  Seeds 
numerous,  flat.  [Dedicated  to  Antoine  Francois  de  Fourcray.]  About  '20 
species,  natives  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:   Furcraea  cuhensis  Vent. 

1.  Furcraea  macrophylla  Baker  in  Hook.  Ic.  pJ.  2501.     1899. 

Leaves  many,  the  larger  about  2.3  m.  long  by  18  cm.  wide,  nearly  equally 
bright  green  on  both  sides,  shallowly  channeled  above,  rather  firm,  gradually 
narrowed  to  5  cm.  or  7  cm.  wide  above  the  expanded  base,  the  lower  prickles 
2-3  mm.  long,  the  upper  strongly  hooked  forward,  2-7  cm.  apart,  borne  on 
triangular,  distant  teeth  4-6  mm.  high;  scape  up  to  10  m.  tall,  about  1.5  dm. 
thick  toward  the  base,  its  lanceolate  bracts  broad-based,  the  lower  3-6  dm. 
long,  ascending,  the  upper,  shorter,  widely  spreading;  panicle  branches  curved 
and  tortuous  when  young;  flowers  white,  fading  yellowish  green;  ovoid  bulbils 
2-4  cm.  long  are  freely  developed  on  the  panicle  in  place  of  flowers. 

PiOadsides  and  waste  grounds.  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Acklin's  Island, 
North  and  South  Caicos  : — Bermuda  (naturalized).  Cuba,  .Jamaica.  Originally  de- 
scribed from  garden  specimens,  of  New  Providence,  grown  at  Kew.  Mr.  Percy 
Wilson  says  that  the  North  Caicos  plants  grow  in  a  forest  far  from  habitations 
and  have  all  the  appearances  of  being  native.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  F. 
cuhensifi  and.  doubtfullv  bv  Drnmmond  to  F.  taululato  Tacobi.  Drummond  (Rep. 
Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  18:  43)  doubtfully  records  F.  cuboi.sis  (.Jacq.)  Vent,  from  East 
Caicos.     Wild  Sisal. 

4.  ATAMOSCO  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   57,  522.     1763. 

Acaulescent  herbs',  with  coated  bulbs  and  glabrous  foliage.  Leaves  .^asal. 
narrowly  linear,  flat  or  channeled.  Scape  1-flowered.  Perianth  white,  red,  pink 
purple  or  yellow,  its  tube  funnelform,  its  6  lobes  equal.  Stamens  6,  equal  or 
nearly  so;  filaments  adnate  to  the  throat  of  the  perianth-tube;  anthers  versa- 
tile. Ovary  3-celled;  style  filiform,  3-lobed  at  top,  or  stigma  nearly  capitate. 
Ovules  numerous,  in  two  rows  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  3-celled,  subglobose  or 
depressed,  more  or  less  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved.     Seeds  black  or  nearly 


78  AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 

so,  usually  flattened.     [Aboriginal  name,]     About  35  species,  natives  of  America. 
Type  species:  Amaryllis  Atamasco  L. 

Flower  rose-pink,  2-3  cm.  wide.  1.  A.  rosea. 

Flower  bright  red,   7-8  cm.  wide.  2.  A.  cardinalis. 

1.  Atamosco  rosea  (Lindl.)   Greene,  Pittonia  3:  188.     1897. 

Zephyrantlies  rosea  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  10:  yl.  821.     1824. 

Bulbs  subglobose,  usually  less  than  2  cm.  in  diameter,  short-necked. 
Scape  rather  slender,  2  dm.  high  or  less,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer; 
leaves  3-4  mm.  wide ;  spathe  about  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  2-cleft  at  the 
top;  perianth  2-3  cm.  long,  rose-pink,  with  a  short  tube  and  obovate  bluntish 
segments;  style  3-cleft;  capsule  about  8  mm.  thick. 

Roadsides,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence  and  on  Grand  Turk 
where  it  was  observed  carpeting  a  pasture  of  over  five  acres  in  extent.  Native  of 
Cuba.     Erroneously   called    Ckocus   and   Sxowdrop.     Small   Pink   Atamasco-lilly. 

2.  Atamosco  cardinalis   (C.  H.  Wright)   Britton. 

Zephyrantlies  cardinalis  €.  H.  Wright,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  8553.     1914. 

Bulbs  up  to  6  cm.  in  diameter.  Scape  rather  stout,  10-12  cm.  high,  pink 
at  the  base,  green  above,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  leaves  6-8  mm.  wide; 
spathe  somewhat  longer  than  the  peduncle,  acute,  pink,  2-3  cm.  long;  perianth 
bright  red,  its  funnelform  tube  2-3  cm.  long,  its  oblong-oblanceolate  segments 
4-5  cm.  long. 

Grown  in  Bahama  gardens  ;  perliaps  native  somewhere  in  the  archipelago. 
Red  Atamasco-lily. 

5.  HYMENOCALLIS   Salisb.   Trans.   Hort.  Soc.   1:    338.     1812. 

Mostly  tall  bulbous  herbs  with  usually  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  leaves, 
and  large  white  capitate  or  umbelled  flowers  on  solid  scapes,  each  flower  sub- 
tended by  2  membranous  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  or  recurved,  narrow 
equal  elongated  lobes,  united  below  into  a  long  cylindric  tube.  Stamens  in- 
serted in  the  top  of  the  perianth-tube,  the  lower  parts  of  the  long  filaments  con- 
nected by  a  membranous  crown;  anthers  linear,  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled; 
ovules  only  1  or  2  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform,  long-exserted;  stigma  small, 
entire  or  nearly  so.  Capsule  rather  fleshy.  Seeds  usually  only  1  or  2,  large, 
green,  fleshy.  [Greek,  beautiful  membrane,  referring  to  the  crown.]  About 
30  species,  all  American.     Type  species:  HynienocaUis  littoralis  Salisb. 

Perianth-segments  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer.  1.  H.  decliiwta. 

Perianth-segments  shorter  than  the  tube.  2.  H.  caijmanensis. 

1.  Hjrmenocallis  declinata  (Jacq.)  M.  J.  Eoem.  Fam.  Nat.  4:  171.     1847. 

Pancratium    declinatum  Jacq.   Select.   Am.    99.     1763. 
Hymenocallis  arenicola  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club.  12:   28.     1902. 

Bulb  subglobose,  often  8  cm.  in  diameter.  Leaves  fleshy,  sessile,  nearly 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  6  dm.  long  or  less,  4-6  cm.  wide,  rounded  or  acute  at 
the  apex,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  broadened  base,  many-nerved,  dark  green; 
scape  stout,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter;  flowers  5-13,  sessile,  fragrant; 
bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-6  cm.  long;  ovary  oblong, 
1-1.5    cm.    long;    perianth-tube    slender,    5-10    cm.    long;    perianth-segments 


DIOSCOREACEAE.  79 

linear,  8-12  em.  long,  longer  than  the  tube ;  crown  3-4  cm.  long,  about  one-third 
as  long  as  the  stamens ;  style  about  as  long  as  the  perianth. 

Sandy  coastal  ridges  and  dunes,  Great  Bahama  to  Andres,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island  and  Great  Exuma : — Hispaniola  to  St.  Jan,  St.  Kitts  and 
Montserrat.     Spidek-lily.     Day-lily. 

2.  Hymenocallis  caymanensis  Herb.  Amaryl.  214.     1837. 

Bulb  subglobose.  Leaves  fleshy,  sessile,  3-8  dm.  long,  3-S  cm.  wide, 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  somewhat  narrowed  toward 
the  base,  green,  many-nerved;  scape  rather  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
flowers  G-12,  sessile;  bracts  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  7  cm. 
long  or  less;  ovary  oblong,  1-2  cm.  long;  perianth-tube  12-16  cm.  long;  peri- 
anth-segments linear,  8-10  cm.  long,  shorter  than  the  tube;  crown  about  3  cm. 
long;  style  very  slender,  about  as  long  as  the  perianth. 

In  sand,  Anguilla  Isles  and  Water  Cay : — Florida ;  Cuba ;  Haiti ;  Cayman 
Islands.     Cayman  Islands  Spider-lily.     Ciikysolite  Lily. 

Hymenocallis  caribaea  (L.)  Herb,  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  is  recorded  from 
the  Bahamas  by  Urban  (Symb.  Ant.  4:  151)  and  also  doubtfully  by  Schoepf, 
but  has  not  been  found  by  us  in  the  archipelago.  It  has  been  confused  with 
H.  declindta. 

Hymenocallis  crassifolia  Herb.,  of  Florida,  is  recorded  by  Baker  (Amaryl. 
126)  as  from  the  Bahamas,  but  has  not  been  found  by  us  in  the  archipelago. 
Perhaps  the  specimen  studied  by  him  was  of  H.  decUnata. 

Family  5.     DIOSCOREACEAE   Lindl. 

Ya^i  Family. 

Herbaceous  or  slightly  woody  twining  vines  with  fleshy  or  woody  root- 
stocks,  slender  stems,  petioled,  mostly  cordate,  several-nerved  and  reticulate- 
veined  leaves,  and  small  inconspicuous  dioecious  or  monoecious  (in  some 
exotic  genera  perfect)  regular  flowers  in  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles. 
Perianth  6-parted,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers  persistent.  Staminate 
flowers  with  6  or  3  stamens,  sometimes  with  a  rudimentaiy  ovan-.  Pistil- 
late flowers  ^vith  an  inferior  3-celled  ovary,  3  styles  and  3  terminal  stigmas, 
sometimes  also  with  3  or  6  staminodia;  ovules  2  (rarely  1)  in  each  cavity 
of  the  ovary,  pendulous,  anatroi-jous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  3-valved, 
3-angled  capsule  or  samaroid.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  cartilagi- 
nous, enclosing  the  small  embryo.  About  9  genera  and  175  species,  mostly 
natives  of  America,  a  few  in  the  Old  World. 

Fruit  a  3-celled,   3-winged  or  3-angled  capsule.  1.  Dio.«ro»ra. 

Fruit  a  1-seeded   samara.  2.  Rajunia. 

1.  DIOSCOREA   L.   Sp.   PI.    1032.     1753. 

Characters  of  the  family  as  defined  above,  the  fruit  a  3-angled  capsule. 
[Xame  in  honor  of  the  Greek  naturalist  Dioscorides.]  About  160  species,  nio?t 
numerous  in  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones.  Type  species: 
Dioscorea  sativa  L. 

1.  Dioscorea  alata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1033.     1753. 

Glabrous,  dioecious,  high-climbing  from  a  large  tuber,  the  stem  4-winged 
or  4-angled.     Leaves  opposite,  the  blades  broadly  ovate,  7-15  cm.  long,  palmately 


80  lEIDACEAE. 

nerved,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles  slender,  as  long  as 
the  blades  or  somewhat  shorter;  staminate  flowers  in  whorled,  often  panicled 
spikes,  the  rachis  flexuous,  the  perianth  about  2  mm.  broad,  the  stamens  mostly 
6;  pistillate  flowers  distant  in  simple  spikes;  capsule  elliptic,  3-winged,  1.5-2 
cm.  long. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Andros,  Eleuthera : — Jamaica ;  Porto  Rico ; 
Tortola  to  Trinidad.  Generally  cultivated  in  tropical  and  subtropical  countries. 
Probably  native  of  southeastern  Asia. — Yam. 

2.  RAJANIA  L.  Sp.  PL  1032.     1753. 

Twining  vines,  with  alternate,  petioled  leaves  and  small^  greenish,  dioe- 
cious, racemose  flowers,  the  staminate  ones  commonly  clustered  in  the  racemes, 
the  pistillate  solitary.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  6-cleft  perianth  and  6  stamens 
with  short  filaments,  the  pistil  rudimentary  or  none.  Pistillate  flowers  with  6 
distinct  perianth-segments,  the  styles  2-cleft;  staminodia  minute  or  wanting. 
Fruit  samaroid,  1-seeded,  indehiseent,  the  wing  terminal,  thin.  [Commemorates 
John  Eay,  1628-1705,  famous  English  botanist.]  Ten  species  or  more,  natives 
of  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:  Bajania  Jiastata  L. 

1.  Rajania  microphylla  Knuth,  Enum.  5:  451.     1850. 

Slender,  glabrous,  *  of  ten  much-branched,  1-2  m.  long  or  longer.  Leaves 
lanceolate  to  ovate  in  outline,  2-8  em.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  and  mucronate 
at  the  apex,  hastate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the  auricles  rounded,  the  petiole 
much  shorter  than  the  blade;  staminate  racemes  about  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
pistillate  racemes  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter;  samaras  oblong,  obtuse, 
thin,  shining,  8-12  mm.  long. 

Rocky  plains,  pine-lands  and  interior  ridges,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Cat  Island  and  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba.  Small  Rajaxia.  Wild  YA:Nr. 
Referred  to  R.  ha.^tata  L.,  by  Mrs.  Northrop,  a  species  now  understood  to  be 
restricted   to   Hispaniola. 

Family  6.     IRIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Iris  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  naiTov^  equitant  2-ranked  leaves  and  perfect, 
mostly  clustered  flowers  subtended  by  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  segments  or 
6-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  two  series, 
convolute  in  the  bud,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the 
13erianth  opposite  its  outer  series  of  segments  or  lobes;  filaments  filiform, 
distinct  or  united;  anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.  Ovary  inferior,  mostly  3- 
celled;  ovules  mostly  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous;  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches  sometimes  divided.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  3- 
angled  or  3-lobed  (sometimes  6-lobed),  many-seeded.  Endosperm  fleshy  or 
horny ;  embrj^o  straight,  small.  About  57  genera  and  1000  species,  of  wide 
distribution. 

1.  SISYRINCHIUM    L.    Sp.    PI.    954.     1753. 

Perennial  mostly  tufted  slender  herbs  with  fibrous  roots  from  contracted 
rootstoeks,  simple  or  branched  2-winged  or  2-edged  stems,  and  linear  grass-like 
leaves.  Flowers  from  terminal  spathes  consisting  of  mostly  one  pair  of  oppo- 
site   eonduplicate   herbaceous    bracts    enclosing   membranous    scales;    perianth 


ORCIIIDACEAE.  81 

blue,  violet  or  white  with  a  yellow  eye,  rarely  all  yellow,  the  6  oblong  or  ob- 
ovate  segments  spreading  and  aristulate;  filaments  monadelphous;  anthers 
linear  or  oblong,  the  sacs  distinct  at  base;  style  threadform,  the  branches  fili- 
form or  obsolete;  ovary  3-celled;  capsule  globose,  oval  or  obovoid,  usually 
trigonous,  loculicidally  3-valved;  seeds  globose  to  obovoid,  often  angled,  pitted 
or  smooth.  Flowers  fugacious,  opening  successively  in  sunlight,  each  usually 
lasting  but  a  day.  Probably  not  fewer  than  125  species,  nearly  all  American. 
Type  species:  Sisyrinchium  Bennudiana  L. 

1.  Sisyrinchium  miamiense  Bicknell,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  26:  226.     1899. 

Glabrous;  stems  erect,  2-3  dm.  high,  somewhat  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  striate-nerved,  acute,  serrulate;  peduncles  2-4,  slender, 
3-7  cm.  long;  spathes  12-15  mm.  long,  the  bracts  keeled,  the  outer  one  slightly 
longer  than  the  inner;  flowers  blue,  about  1  cm.  wide;  fruiting  pedicels  ex- 
serted,  10-15  mm.  long;  capsules  obovoid,  3-5  mm.  long,  mucronulate. 

Margins  of  swamps,  Great  Bahama  near  West  End  : — Florida.  Miami  Blue- 
eyed  Grass. 

Order  10.     ORCHIDALES. 

Monoeotyledonoiis  herbs,  many  tropical  species  epiphytes.  Flowers 
mostly  very  irregular,  complete  and  perfect,  their  parts  in  3's  or  6's. 
Ovary  inferior,  compound.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute,  without 
endosperm. 

Family  1.     ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl. 
Orchid  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  conns,  bulbs  or  tuberous  roots,  sheathinc:  entire 
leaves,  sometimes  reduced  to  scales,  the  flowers  perfect,  irregular.  In-acted, 
solitary,  spiked  or  racemed.  Perianth  superior,  of  6  segments,  the  3  outer 
(sepals)  similar  or  nearly  so,  2  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  lateral,  alike;  the 
third  inner  one  (lip)  dissimilar,  often  markedly  so,  usually  larger,  often 
spuiTed,  sometimes  inferior  by  torsion  of  the  ovary  or  pedicel.  Stamens 
variously  united  with  the  style  into  an  unsymmetrical  column :  anther  1  or 
in  Cijpripedium  2,  2-cellecl;  pollen  in  2-8  pear-shaped,  usually  stalked 
masses  (pollinia),  united  by  elastic  threads,  the  masses  wax>'  or  powdery, 
attached  at  the  base  to  a  viscid  disk  (gland).  Style  often  terminating  in  a 
beak  (rostellum)  at  the  base  of  the  anther  or  between  its  sacs.^  Stigma  a 
viscid  surface,  facing  the  lip  beneath  the  rostellum,  or  in  a  cavity  between 
the  anther-sacs  (clinandrium).  Ovai^  inferior,  usually  long  and  twisted. 
3-angled,  1-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  on  3  parietal  placentae. 
Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  vei-y  numerous,  minute,  mostly  s]>indle  shaj^ed, 
the  loose  coat  hyaline,  reticulated ;  endosperm  none ;  embryo  fleshy.  About 
410  genera  and  5000  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the 
tropics,  many  of  those  of  warm  regions  epiphytes. 

Flowering  stem  or  peduncle  terminal. 
Leaves  convolute. 

Anther   blunt,   generally   rounded,   usually   much   oxcooding   tho    rostollnm   and 
appressed  to  or  incumbent  upon  it. 
Lip    not    enclosing    the    column;    flowers    erect    or    ascending;    low    erect 

herbs.  3-   Cartcrin. 

Lip    enclosing    the    column ;    flowers    nodding ;    suc- 
culent vines.  -•   yaniUa. 


82 


OBCHIDACEAE. 


Anther,  at  least  the  body,  about  as  long  as  the  rostel- 
lum    and   not   appressed   to   it,    when   beaked,   the 
beak  sometimes  exceeding  the  rostellum. 
Pollinia    not    in    distinct    masses. 
Lip  turned  outward. 

Lateral    sepals    united    at    the    base    into    a 

long  spur. 
Lateral  sepals  free. 

Flowers  in  a  1-sided  spike  which  is 
sometimes  spirally  twisted,  the  peri- 
anth spreading  or  noddjng ;  lip  not 
saccate. 
Flowers  in  a  many-sided  spike,  the  peri- 
anth ascending  or  erect ;  lip  saccate  at 
the  base. 
Lip  turned  upward. 

Sepals  united  at  the  base;  lip  adnate  to  the 
sepal-tube,    the   base   free   from    the   short 
column. 
Sepals    free:    lip    free   from    the   sepals,    the 
base  adnate  to  the  elongate  column. 
Pollinia  in  several  distinct  masses. 
Leaves  duplicate. 

Leaf-blades  not  plaited.  .   . 

Leaves  not  articulated  near  the  base;   pollinia  un- 

appendaged. 
Leaves  articulated  near  the  base  ;  pollmia  with  tail- 
like  appendages.  ,    ,   ^ 
Column    with    a    distinct    foot;    lip    and    lateral 

sepals  about  equal  in  size. 
Column   without   a   foot;    lip   much   larger   than 
the  lateral  sepals. 
Ovary  not  produced  into  a  hollow  neck. 
Pollinia  4. 

Plants    without    pseudobulbs. 

Flowers    axillary    to    bracts    borne 

along  a   rachis. 
Flowers   in   a   terminal   raceme   or 
panicle  or  solitary. 
Plants   with   pseudobulbs. 

Lip   3-lobed.   longitudinally   crested 
or    appendaged ;    sepals    and 
petals  not  attenuate. 
Lip  deeply   3-lobed,   the  middle 
lobe       broad ;        pseudobulbs 
terete ;      scape      without      a 
long  basal  sheath. 
Lip  obscurely  3-lobed,  the  mid- 
dle lobe  minute  ;  pseudobulbs 
flattened ;   scape  with  a  long 
basal  sheath. 
Lip    entire,    or    undulate,    neither 
crested  nor  appendaged. 
Lip  concave,  shell-like. 
Lip  nearly  linear. 
Pollinia  8. 
Ovary  produced  into  a  hollow  neck. 
Leaf-blades  plaited. 
Flowering  stem  or  peduncle  lateral. 

Leaves    convolute;    column    elongate.  ,    .«   r.-p 

Column   without   a   foot;    lip   attached  to   the   base   of 

the  column:  lateral  sepals  free. 
Column  with  a  distinct  foot :  lip  attached  to  the  apex 
of  the  foot ;  lateral  sepals  adnate  to  the  column-foot. 
Leaves  duplicate ;  column  very  short. 


3.  Pelewia. 

4.  Ihidium. 

5.  Stenorrhynchus. 

6.  Prescottia. 

7.  Ponthieva. 

8.  Physurus. 

9.  MaJaxis. 

10.  Polystachya. 


11.  Spathigcr. 

12.  Auliza. 


13.  EncycUa. 


14.   Epiclacliiim. 


Id.  Anacheilium. 
10.  Nidema. 
17.  Tetramicra. 
IS.  Laeliopsis. 
19.  Limodorum. 


20.  Bletia. 

21.  Govenia. 

22.  OnckUum. 


1.  CAETERIA  Small,  Torreya  10:  187.  1910. 
Caulescent  terrestrial  orcliids  ^ith  clustered,  fleshy  tubers  and  erect  simple 
stems.  Leaves  various,  the  basal  ones  firm,  narrow,  with  plicate  blades,  the 
cauline  ones  mere  sheathing  scales.  Flowers  several,  erect,  axillary  to  scale- 
like bracts.  Perianth  colored.  Sepals  nearly  equal,  narrow,  longer  than  the 
petals.     Petals  decidedly  narrower  than  the  sepals.     Lip  short,  sessile,  slightly 


ORCHIDACEAE.  83 

3-lobed  at  the  apex,  with  the  middle  lobe  much  longer  than  the  lateral  ones, 
the  body  Avith  5  longitudinal  crests.  Capsules  erect.  [Commemorates  Joel 
Jackson  Carter,  1843-1912,  a  diligent  American  botanical  collector.]  A  mono- 
typic  genus. 

1.  Carteria  coralliccla  Small,  Torreya  10:    188.     1910. 

Stems  2-3.5  dm.  tall,  rather  slender,  fleshy.  Basal  leaves  2-7  cm.  long: 
blades  nearly  linear,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  often  curved;  spike  of  flowers 
rather  inconspicuous,  erect;  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate  to  broadly  linear, 
6.5-7.5  mm.  long,  green  or  greenish-yellow;  petals  linear  or  nearly  so,  yellow- 
ish-green or  greenish-white;  lip  oval  to  orbicular-oval,  6-7  mm.  long,  the  body 
yellowish,  with  the  crests  extending  to  the  base  of  the  middle  lobe,  the  lobes 
magenta,  or  magenta-pink  at  the  tips;  anther  magenta;  mature  fruit  not  seen. 

Scrub-lands,  New  Providence  along  Farringdon  Road : — Florida.  Carter's 
Orchid. 

2.  VANILLA  Juss.  Gen.  66.     1789. 

Fleshy,  climbing  orchids,  the  leaves  broad  or  reduced  to  mere  scales,  the 
stems  giving  off  aerial  roots,  the  mostly  large  flowers  in  axillary  spikes  or 
racemes.  Sepals  nearly  alike,  distinct,  spreading.  Petals  resembling  the 
sepals.  Lip  clawed,  the  claw  adnate  to  and  embracing  the  long  column. 
Stigma  borne  under  the  rostellum.  Anther  convex,  its  sacs  separate;  pollinia 
powdery.  Capsule  elongated,  fleshy,  indehiscent  or  tardily  partly  dehiscent. 
[From  the  Spanish  name  for  the  fruit.]  About  20  species,  of  tropical  and 
subtropical  regions.     Type  species:    Epidendrum   Vanilla  L. 

Plants  leaf-bearing ;   lip  not  lo'bed. 

Leaves  l_anceolate,  4  cm.  long  or  less.  1.  V.  Ef/gersii. 

Leaves  Tinear-oblong,   7-12   cm.   long,   1.5-2.5   cm.   wide.  2.  T'.  phacantha. 

Plant  leafless,  except  on  youngest  shoots  ;  lip  3-lobed.  3.  T'.  articiilaia. 

1.  Vanilla  Eggersii  Rolfe,  Jour.  Linn.  Soe.  32:  472.     1896. 

Fleshy,  elongated,  described  as  sometimes  30  m.  in  length  and  often  10  m. 
long  or  longer,  the  stems  terete,  1-grooved,  1-1.5  cm.  thick,  the  aerial  roots  5-8 
em.  long,  tendril-like.  Leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
2-8  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  wide;  peduncle  stout,  geniculate,  5-10  cm.  long,  bearing 
an  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  bract  at  each  node;  spike  several-flowered,  6-14  cm. 
long,  its  bracts  triangular-ovate,  about  5  mm.  long;  ovary  cylindric,  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  4-6 
cm.  long;  lip  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  rounded,  crenate  or  undulate,  not 
lobed;  column  2-2.5  cm.  long;  capsule  fleshy,  indehiscent,  cylindric  or  sub- 
clavate,  7-12  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  thick. 

Coastal  thickets  and  coppices,  Andros  : — .Florida  :  Ilispaniola  to  Virgin  Gordn, 
Eggers'  Vaxilla.  Fawcett  and  Rendle  (Fl.  Jam.  2:  17)  accredit  Vutiilla  rlarirulata 
Sw.  to  the  Bahamas,  Porto  Kico  and  St.  Thomas,  presumably  including  ]'.  Kijtjcrsii 
as  a  svnonvm  of  that  species.  This  view  may  be  correct,  hut  wp  do  not  have  speci- 
mens to  corroborate  it.  The  petals  of  V.  clavictihita  are  described  as  obtuse,  while 
those  of  V.  Eggersii  are  acute. 

2.  Vanilla  phaeantha  Echb.f.  Flora  48:  274.     1865. 

Fleshy,  often  6  m.  long  or  longer.  Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oldong.  nearly 
sessile,  6-18  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide,  acute  or  obtuse;  peduncle  stout,  2-8  cm. 
long,  geniculate,  leafy-bracted;  spike  few-several-flowered,  its  bracts  ovate, 
obtuse,  6-12  mm.  long;  ovary  cylindric,  5-6  cm.  long;   sepals  and  petals  nar- 


84  ORCHIDACEAE. 

rowly  oblong  or  linear-oblanceolate,  acutish,  6-8  cm.  long,  1-2  em.  broad;  lip 
broadly  ovate,  convolute,  retuse,  crenulate,  crested,  about  8  cm.  long;  capsule 
narrowly  eylindric,  7-8  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  thick. 

Coppices,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  :  Jamaica  ;  St.  Vincent ; 
Trinidad.  Our  Baliama  specimens  are  barren  ;  they  were  determined  by  Mr.  R.  A. 
Rolfe,   of  Kew.     Obloxg-lea^-ed  Vanilla. 

3.  Vanilla  articulata  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  31.     1902. 

High-climbing,  sometimes  10  m.  long  or  longer,  branched,  subterete,  the 
stems  2  cm.  in  diameter  or  less,  only  the  youngest  shoots  leaf-bearing,  their 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  2  cm.  long  or  less.  Peduncle  geniculate,  3-7  cm.  long, 
bearing  triangular-ovate  bracts  5-7  mm.  long;  spike  few-several-flowered; 
ovary  narrowly  eylindric,  about  3  em.  long;  sepals  and  petals  white  or  slightly 
pink,  oblanceolate,  acutish  or  obtuse,  3-4  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide;  lip 
broadly  obovate,  convolute,  3-lobed,  about  3  cm.  wide,  the  middle  lobe  some- 
what crested;  capsule  subcylindric,  5-7  em.  long. 

Thickets  and  low  coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Great  Exuma, 
Great  Guana,  Watling's  and  Crooked  Islands : — Florida  and  Cuba.  Link-vine. 
Worm-vine. 

3.  PELEXIA  Poit.;  L.  C.  Eich.  Mem.  Mus.  Paris  4:  59.     1818. 

Terrestrial  orchids,  with  thick,  clustered  roots,  petioled  basal  leaves,  the 
flowers  spicate  at  the  summit  of  a  sheathed  scape.  Sepals  narrow,  the  median 
one  adnate  to  the  petals,  the  lateral  ones  united  below  and  prolonged  into  a 
spur.  Lip  concave,  elongated,  embracing  the  short  column.  Column  without 
a  foot.  Rostellum  subulate.  Anther  narrowly  oblong;  pollinia  powdery.  Cap- 
sule ellipsoid.  [Greek,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  lip  to  a  hatchet.] 
About  20  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Neottia 
adnata  Willd. 

Perianth  6  mm.  long ;  spur  short,  adnate.  1.  P.  adnata. 

Perianth  2  5-3  cm.  long;  spur  subulate,  free.  2.  P.  setacea. 

1.  Pelexia  adnata  (Sw.)  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  704.     1826. 

Neottia  adnata  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Oce.  3:   1409.     1806. 
Pelexia  spirantJwides  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  12:  pL  985.     1826. 

Scape  pubescent  above,  2.5-4  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  2-5,  glabrous,  the 
blades  elliptic  or  ovate-elliptic,  5-12  em.  long,  3-nerved,  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  slender,  nearly  erect  petioles  7-14  cm.  long,  reddish; 
sheaths  of  the  scape  acuminate,  2-5  cm.  long;  spike  pubescent,  many-flowered, 
6-12  cm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  whitish 
flowers;  sepals  about  6  mm.  long,  the  median  one  elliptic,  obtuse,  concave,  the 
lateral  ones  linear,  acute ;  petals  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  lip  tubular 
below,  5-6  mm.  long;  capsule  about  1.5  cm.  long,  6-ribbed. 

In  shadv  coppice,  Andros  at  Conch  Sound  : — Cuba  to  Guadeloupe ;  Jamaica ; 
Venezuela.  Determination  based  on  fruiting  specimen  only ;  recorded  by  Mrs. 
Northrop  as  CranicJiis  sp.     Shoet-spueeed  Pelexia. 

2.  Pelexia  setacea  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  482.     1840. 

Scape  3-6  dm.  high,  puberulent  above,  bearing  several  acuminate  sheaths 
2-4  em.  long.  Basal  leaves  1-3,  the  blades  elliptic  or  oval,  8-15  em.  long, 
acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  several-nerved,  the  slender 
petioles  10-18  em.  long;  spike  few-several-flowered,  pubescent,  15  cm.  long  or 
less;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  long-acuminate  into  a  filiform  tip; 
ovary  fusiform,  about  2  cm.  long;   perianth  purplish-green  or  greenish-white; 


ORCHIDACEAE.  85 

sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  2.5-3  em.  long,  the  spur  8-10  mm.  long;  petals 
narrowly  lanceolate,  about  2  cm.  long;  lip  white;  capsule  about  2  cm.  long, 
6-ribbed. 

Shady  coppices,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Providence: — Florida;  Cuba 
to  Guadeloupe  and  Trinidad  ;  Colombia  to  Brazil.*  Long-spurreo  Pelexia. 

4.  IBIDIUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  Lond.  1:   291.     1812. 

Erect  terrestrial  orchids,  with  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots  and  slender 
stems  or  scapes,  leaf-bearing  below  or  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  spurless, 
spiked,  1-3-rowed,  the  spikes  more  or  less  twisted.  Sepals  free,  or  more  or  less 
coherent,  or  sometimes  united  with  petals  into  a  galea.  Lip  concave,  erect, 
embracing  the  column  and  often  adherent  to  it,  spreading  and  crisped,  or 
rarely  lobed  or  toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  minute  callosities  at  the  base. 
Column  arched  below,  obliquely  attached  to  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Anther 
without  a  lid,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column,  erect.  Stigma  ovate,  pro- 
longed into  an  acuminate  beak,  at  length  bifid.  Pollinia  2,  1  in  each  sac, 
powdery.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect.  About  80  species,  natives  of  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Ophrys  spiralis  J.  E.  Smith. 

Flowers  white;  basal  leaves  linear.  1.  /.  tortile. 

Flowei's  green;  basal  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic.  ~.  L  htcuiianum. 

1.  Ibidium  tortile  (Sw.)  House,  Muhlenbergia  1:  129.     1906. 

Neottia  tortilis  Sw.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  1800:  226.     1800. 
Spiranthes  tortilis  L.  C.  Eich.  Mem.  Mus.  Par.  4:  59.     1818. 

Stem  slender,  erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  above,  bear- 
ing 2-4  bladeless  acute  sheaths  above,  and  sometimes  a  narrowly  linear  leaf 
2-7  cm.  long,  below  the  middle.  Basal  leaves  2  or  3,  present  at  flowering  time, 
linear,  8-30  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  mm.  wide;  spike  erect,  6-13  cm.  long,  pubescent, 
the  approximate  flowers  in  a  single  spiral ;  flowers  white ;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pubescent,  acute  or  acuminate,  6-7  mm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the 
ovary;  sepals  5-6  mm.  long,  the  median  one  elliptic,  obtuse,  the  lateral  ones 
oblong,  oblique;  petals  oblong,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  lip  4-6  mm.  long, 
ovate-elliptic,  emarginate,  the  callosities  short;  capsule  about  5  mm.  long. 

Savannas  and  borders  of  marshes.  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Provi- 
dence : — Florida ;  Louisiana :  West  Indies.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Gyro- 
stachys  peruviana  Kuntze.     Southern  Ladies-tresses. 

2.  Ibidium  lucayanum  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5:  312.     ]907. 

Spiranthes  lucayana  Cogn.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  6:   338.     1909. 

Boot  of  cylindric,  fleshy  tubers  2-5  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  thick.  Basal 
leaves  present  at  flowering  time,  oblong-lanceolate,  oblanceolate  to  elliptic,  thin 
but  somewhat  fleshy,  spreading,  5-nerved,  reticulate-veined,  at  least  when  dry, 
5-17  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a 
rather  slender  petiole,  which  is  one  half  to  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  blade; 
scape  slender,  including  the  spike  2-4  dm.  high,  its  several  leaves  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  appressed,  1-3  cm.  long;  sjiike  5-25  cm. 
long,  about  1  cm.  thick,  usually  many-flowered;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
erect,  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  longer;  flowers  green,  spreading;  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate,  acutish,  3-4.5  mm.  long;  petals  linear  a  little  shorter  than  the 
sepals;  lip  ovate-oblong,  obtusish,  concave,  3-5  mm.  long,  about  one  third  as 


86  ORCHIDACEAE. 

wide  as  long,  ^\ith.  two  minute  callosities  at  the  base;    capsule  oblong,  blunt, 
about  0  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  white-lands,  Lignum  Yitae  Cay,  Andros,  Eleutliera,  Cat  Island, 
Long  Island,  Watling"s,  Great  Exuma,  Crooked  Island  and  Xortli  Caicos  : — Florida  ; 
Anegada  ;  Porto  Rico.  Erroneously  recorded  by  Cogniaux  as  Spiranthes  elata. 
Gbeex  Ladies-tresses. 

5.  STENORRHYNCHUS  L.  C.  Eich.  Mem.  Mus.  Paris  4:   59.     1818. 

Erect,  terrestrial  orchids,  with  lanceolate  to  elliptic  basal  leaves  often 
wanting  at  flowering  time,  the  sheathed  scape  terminated  by  a  spike  of  rather 
large,  often  showy,  mostly  red  or  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  nearly  equal,  the 
median  one  adnate  to  the  petals,  the  lateral  ones  united  below  and  produced 
into  a  sac  or  spur.  Petals  mostly  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Lip  entire  or  nearly 
so,  concave,  without  callosities.  Column  with  a  foot;  stigma  under  the 
beaked  rostellum.  Anther  oblong  or  lanceolate;  pollinia  powdery.  [Greek, 
narrow  beak.]  About  25  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type 
species:  Neottia  speciosa  Willd. 

1.  Stenorrhynchus  lanceolatus  (Aubl.)  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  642.     1864. 

Limodorum  lanceoJatum  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  2:   821.     1775. 

Satyrium  orchioides  Sw.  Prodr.  118.     1788. 

Stenorrhynchus  orchioides  L.  C.  Rich.  Mem.  Mus.  Paris  4:  59.     1818. 

Leaves  1-3,  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  bright  green,  glabrous,  1-3  dm. 
long,  2-5  cm.  wide,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  margined 
petioles,  wanting  at  flowering  time.  Scape  rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  high,  erect, 
scurfy  or  somewhat  glandular-pubescent,  bearing  several,  acuminate,  sheath- 
ing scales  2-4  cm.  long;  spike  several-many-flowered,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  bracts 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  floAvers ;  flowers  red  or  yellow,  2-3  cm. 
long ;  ovary  oblong,  oblique  at  the  apex ;  sepals  glandular,  lanceolate,  acute, 
5-7-nerved;  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  5-7-nerved;  lip  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  saccate  at  about  the  middle;  capsule  about  1  cm.  long. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Providence : — 
Florida ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  Trinidad ;  Mexico  to  Colombia  and  Paraguay. 
Leafless  Beaked-oechid. 

6.  PRESCOTTIA  Lindl.  in  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.  pi.  115.     1825. 

Terrestrial  orchids,  with  clustered  roots,  erect,  scape-like  stems,  broad, 
tufted,  basal  leaves  convolute  in  the  bud,  and  small  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 
Sepals  broad,  connate  at  the  base.  Petals  narrow,  thin,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  sepals.  Lip  broad,  concave,  2-auricled  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  erect. 
Column  short;  rostellum  retuse,  as  long  as  the  anther  or  longer.  Pollinia 
powdery.  Capsule  small,  oblong  or  ovoid.  [Commemorates  John  D.  Prescott, 
English  botanist,  died  1837.]  About  30  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
America.     Type   species:   Prescottia  plantaginifolia  Lindl. 

1.  Prescottia  oligantha  (Sw.)  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  454.     1840. 

Cranichis  oligajitha  Sw.  Prodr.  120.     1788. 

Slender,  glabrous,  2-4  dm.  high.  Basal  leaves  few,  ovate  to  elliptic, 
2-7.5  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  87 

about  13-iierve(l,  the  petioles  1.5-3  mm,  long;  scape  with  several,  narrow, 
acute,  bladeless  sheaths  1-3  cm.  long;  spike  slender,  densely  flowered,  2-7  cm. 
long;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-3  mm,  long;  ovary  obovoid-oblong; 
sepals  1-nerved,  pinkish,  rounded,  about  1  mm.  long;  petals  narrowly  obovate 
or  oblong,  obtuse,  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals,  white  or  pink;  lip' 3-nerved, 
1-1.5  mm.  long,  the  blade  roundish,  minutely  auricled;  capsule  about  4  mm. 
long. 

Coppices  and  shaded  stone  walls,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba 
to   Tortola   and    Guadeloupe ;    Jamaica.     Small    Prescottia. 

7.  PONTHIEVA  R,  Br,  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  5:    199.     1813. 

Terrestrial  orchids  with  fibrous  roots,  tufted  basal  leaves,  and  small, 
loosely  racemose  flowers  on  sheathed,  erect  scapes.  Sepals  spreading,  the 
lateral  ones  slightly  inequilateral.  Petals  clawed,  spreading,  nearly  triangular, 
adnate  to  the  short  column,  unsymmetrical.  Lip  adnate  to  the  column, 
clawed,  concave,  ascending,  spurless.  Anther  shorter  than  the  rostellum ; 
pollinia  4,  in  pairs,  powdery,  pendulous.  Capsule  ellipsoid.  [Commemorates 
de  Ponthieu,  who  sent  American  plants  to  Sir  Joseph  Banks.]  About  20 
species,  of  tropical  and  warm  temperate  America,  Type  species:  Neotiia 
glandulosa  Sims. 

1.  Ponthieva  Brittonae  Ames,  Torreya,  10:  90,     1910, 

Roots  clustered,  slender,  villous.  Basal  leaves  about  4,  oblong-lanceolate 
to  oblanceolate,  10  cm.  long  or  less,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  petioles 
1-2.5  cm.  long;  scape  slender,  2-4  dni.  high,  bearing  several  oblong,  acute 
sheaths,  pubescent  above;  raceme  1-2  dm.  long,  pubescent,  several-many- 
flowered;  bracts  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  5  mm.  long;  pedicels 
ascending,  8-10  mm.  long;  sepals  about  4  mm.  long;  petals  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
a  little  longer  than  the  sepals ;  lip  3-lobed,  subsaccate,  4.5  mm.  long,  the  lateral 
lobes  rounded,  the  median  lobe  oblong. 

Pine-land  near  Fresh  Creek,  Andros,  Maidenhead  Coppice,  New  Providence : — 
Florida.     Mrs.  Brittox's  Ponthieva. 

8.  PHYSURUS  L.   C.   Rich.   Mem.   Mus.   Paris   4:    55.     1818. 

[Ertthrodes    Blume,    Bijdr.    Fl.    Ned.    Ind.    410.     1825.] 

Leafy-stemmed,  terrestrial  orchids,  with  thick,  clustered  root?,  the  leaves 
broad,  petioled,  parallel-nerved  and  reticulate-veined,  convolute  in  the  bud, 
the  small  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike.  Sepals  distinct,  nearly  equal,  the  small 
petals  cohering  with  the  median  one.  Lip  erect,  3-lobed,  embracing  the  short 
column,  produced  below  into  a  blunt  pouch-like  spur.  Anther  about  as  long  as 
the  rostellum.  Pollinia  granular,  pendent.  Capsule  ellipsoid  to  obong. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  pouch-like  spur.]  About  60  species,  natives  of 
tropical    and    subtropical    regions.     Type    species:    Orchis   plantaginca    Willd. 

1.  Physunis  querceticola  Lindl.  Gen.  &■  Sp.  Orch.  505.     1840. 

Physurus  Sagraeanus  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:  253.     1850. 

Stem  slender,  erect,  glabrous,  3  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  several,  distant, 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  2-6  cm,  long,  acute,  acuminate,  or  the  lower  ones  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  rounded  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  5-20  mm.  long,  their 


88  ORCHIDACEAE. 

bases  much  dilated,  sheathing  the  stem,  the  upper  sheaths  bladeless;  spike 
2-7  em.  long;  bracts  lanceolate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  ovary;  sepals  about  4  mm.  long,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate;  lip  with 
a  dilated  claw  and  a  nearly  orbicular  blade  terminated  by  a  drooping  or 
recurved  triangular  tip,  the  pouch-like  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary. 

Under  bushes  in  pine-lands  and  in  savannas.  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  : — 
Florida  to  Louisiana;  Cubaj  Guadeloupe.     Low  Physurds. 

9.  MALAXIS  Sw.  Prodr.  119.     1788. 

Low  orchids  with  a  solid  bulb,  1-leaved  or  2-leaved.  Flowers  small,  white 
or  green,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  spreading,  separate,  the  lateral  ones 
equal  at  the  base.  Petals  filiform  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  cordate  or  eared 
at  the  base,  embracing  the  column.  Anther  erect  between  the  auricles,  2-celled; 
pollinia  4,  smooth  and  waxy,  2  in  each  sac,  the  pairs  cohering  at  the  summit, 
without  caudicles  or  glands.  Capsule  oval,  sometimes  nearly  globose,  beakless. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  soft  tissues.]  About  140  species,  widely  distributed, 
the  following  typical. 

1.  Malaxis  spicata  Sw.  Prodr.  119.     1788. 

Microstylis  spicata  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  19.     1830. 

Glabrous,  1-3  dm.  high,  2-leaved  near  the  base,  and  with  1  or  2  sheaths 
below  the  leaves.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute,  the 
lower  one  the  larger,  the  sheathing  petioles  1-5  cm.  long;  raceme  narrow,  8  cm. 
long  or  less,  many-flowered ;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  2-4  mm. 
long;  pedicels  5-9  mm.  long;  middle  sepal  about  3  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  bluntish,  the  lateral  ones  about  as  long,  obtuse;  petals  linear,  2  mm. 
long;  lip  about  4  mm.  long,  its  terminal  lobe  linear-oblong;  capsule  about  8 
mm.  long. 

Coppice,  Crooked  Island : — ^Florida ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  Martinique : 
Jamaica.  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Oakes  Ames  for  the  determination  of  the  Crooked 
Island  specimen.     Slender  Malaxis. 

10.  POLYSTACHYA   Hook.   Exot.   El.   pi   103.     1825. 

Epiphytic,  leafy-stemmed  orchids,  the  stems  usually  clustered,  sheathed 
at  the  base,  the  roots  thick-fibrous,  the  many-nerved  leaves  conduplicate  in  the 
bud,  the  upper  reduced  to  long,  narrow  scales,  the  small  flowers  in  terminal, 
panicles  or  spike-like  racemes.  Median  sepal  narrower  than  the  lateral  ones. 
Petals  narrower  than  the  lateral  sepals.  Lip  jointed  with  the  base  of  the 
column,  spurless,  sessile,  bent  below,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  small.  Column 
short,  with  a  distinct  foot.  Anther  terminal,  lid-like,  convex,  usually  1-celled; 
pollinia  4,  waxy,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  hemispheric,  not  appendaged. 
[Greek,  many  spikes.]  About  170  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions.  Type 
species:  Cranichis  luteola  Sw. 

Leaves  several,   oblong-ligulate ;   racemes  numerous.  1.  P.  minuta. 

Leaves  2,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  ;  racemes  few.  2.  P.  foliosa. 


OECHIDACEAE.  89 

1.  Polystachya  mttiuta  (Aubl.)  Brittoii;  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  328,  1329.    1903. 

Epidendrum  viimitum  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  2:   824.     1775. 
Dendrohium  polystachyum  Sw.  Act.  Holm.  21:   247.     1800. 
Cranichis  luteoJa  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  3:   1433.     1806. 
Polystachya  luteola  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.  pi  103.     1825. 

Stems  rather  slender,  2-6  dm.  long.  Sheaths  many-striate,  2-4  cm.  long; 
leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  6-30  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  acute  or  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  stem;  panicle  3  dm.  long  or  less,  sometimes  reduced  to  a 
single  raceme;  racemes  rather  densely  several-many-flowered;  bracts  acute, 
about  2  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish-yellow;  buds  obliquely  3-angled ;  median 
sepal  ovate,  3-4  mm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  oblique,  a  little  longer ;  petals  nar- 
rowly spatulate,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  lip  about  4  mm.  long,  glandular-hairy 
within,  the  median  lobe  emarginate,  the  lateral  lobes  incurved;  capsule  10-12 
mm.  long. 

On  trees  in  coppices,  Abaco,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to 
Virgin  Gorda,  soutli  to  Trinidad  and  Soutli  America.  Large  Polystachya.  Catesby, 
2  :  ijl.  55. 

2.  Polystachya  foliosa  (Hook.)  Echb.  f.;  Walp.  Ann.  Bot.  6:  640.     1863. 

Stelis  foliosa  Hook.  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  2:   330.     1839. 

Stems  slender,  2  dm.  long  or  less.  Sheaths  striate,  1-3  cm.  long;  leaves 
usually  2,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  5-16  cm.  long,  3-8  mm.  wide,  obtuse  or 
minutely  2-3-toothed  at  the  apex,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stem;  racemes 
1-5,  narrow,  rather  densely  several-many-flowered ;  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish ; 
bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  1-2  mm.  long;  median  sepal  ovate,  about  1.5  mm. 
long;  lateral  sepals  broadly  ovate,  about  2  mm.  long;  petals  spatulate, 
rounded,  1.5-2  mm.  long;  lip  nearly  2  mm.  long,  obovate,  its  lateral  lobes 
incurved,  not  much  smaller  than  the  median  one. 

On  tree-trunks,  Andros  : — Grenada  ;  Trinidad  ;  nortliern  South  America.  Small 
Polystachya. 

11.  SPATHIGER  Small,  Fl.  Miami  55.     1913. 

Epiphytic,  usually  branched,  creeping  or  pendent  orchids,  with  slender 
leafy  stems,  narrow^  sessile  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  the  axils  of  spathe-like 
bracts,  forming  terminal  spikes;  pseudobulbs  none.  Leaves  duplicate  in  the 
bud,  the  blades  not  plaited,  jointed  at  the  base.  Lateral  sepals  broader  than 
the  median  one.  Petals  scarcely  broader  than  the  sepals.  Lip  reniform  or 
nearly  orbicular,  concave.  Column  adnate  to  the  lip.  Pollinia  4,  appendageil. 
[Greek,  spathe-bearing.]  About  10  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Spathiger  rigidus   (Jacq.)   Small,  Fl.  Miami  55.     1913. 

Epidendrum  rigidmn  Jacq.  Enum.  29.     1760. 

Often  much  branched,  5  dm.  long  or  less.  Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
subcoriaceous,  3-8  cm.  long;  flowers  greenish-white;  lateral  sepals  ovate,  about 
6  mm.  long;  petals  narrowly  spatulate  or  oblong;  blade  of  the  lip  about  3 
mm.  long,  suborbicular,  with  callosities  near  the  base;  capsule  about  1.5  cm. 
long. 

On  trees.  New  Providence : — Florida ;  Jamaica  ;  Ilispanlola  ;  (JuadoI«>upe  to 
Trinidad ;   continental   tropical   America.     , 


90  OECHIDACEAE. 

12.  AULIZA   Salisb.    Trans.    Hort.   Soe.   1:    294.     1812. 

Epiphytic  or  terrestrial  orchids,  with  erect  or  ascending,  leafy,  often 
clustered  stems,  subcoriaceous  sessile  leaves  with  sheathing  bases,  and  rather 
large  pedicelled  flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles,  or  solitary;  pseudo- 
bulbs  none.  Sepals  often  elongated.  Petals  linear  to  spatulate.  Lip  various. 
Column  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  lip.  Pollinia  4,  appendaged.  [Greek, 
perching.]  Eighty  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 
Type  species:  Epidendrum  ciliare  L. 

1.  Auliza  noctuma   (Jacq.)   Small,  Fl.  Miami  56.     1913. 

Epidendrum  nocturnum  Jacq.  Enum.  29.     1760. 

Epiphytic  or  saxicolous;  stems  stiff,  clustered,  rather  slender,  usually 
erect,  3-11  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong  to  elliptic,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  7-16  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  partly  clasping  at  the  base,  the 
sheaths  cylindric,  the  lower  ones  bladeless;  flowers  solitary  or  two  together, 
peduncled,  the  peduncle  2-10  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  3-6  mm. 
long;  lateral  sepals  green,  linear-attenuate,  3-6  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide;  petals 
yellow,  similar  to  the  sepals,  but  a  little  narrower;  lip  white,  3-cleft,  the  2 
lateral  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  10-15  mm.  long,  the  middle  lobe  setaceous, 
3-5  cm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  2.5-4  cm.  long. 

On  trees  in  coppices,  Abaco,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba ; 
Hispaniola ;  Porto  Rico ;  .Jamaica ;  Trinidad ;  tropical  South  America.  Slender 
Auliza.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  68. 

13.  ENCYCLIA  Hook.  Bot.   Mag.  pi.  2831.     1828. 

Epiphytic  or  rarely  terrestrial  orchids,  with  mostly  terete,  short  or  elon- 
gt'ted  pseudobulbs,  flat,  mostly  stiff,  elongated  narrow  leaves  duplicate  in  the 
bud,  and  rather  large,  racemose  or  panicled  bracted  flowers  on  a  long  terminal 
scape.  Lateral  sepals  broad  or  narrow,  about  as  wide  as  the  similar  median 
one;  petals  spatulate  to  linear.  Lip  longitudinaly  crested  or  appendaged, 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  much  wider  than  the  lateral  ones,  often  emarginate. 
Column  usually  adnate  to  the  lip  at  its  base  and  sometimes  enclosed  by  it. 
Capsules  ribbed.  [Greek,  wrapped  around.]  Perhaps  75  species,  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Encyclia  viridiflora  Hook.  These 
orchids  are  locally  called  Wild  Indian. 

Middle  lobe  of  the  lip  acute  or  tipped.  1.  E.  fiicata. 

Middle  lobe  of  the  lip  rounded   or  retuse. 

Flowers  panicled  ;  middle  lobe  of  the  lip  rounded,  retuse  or 
apiculate. 
Column  short.  6  mm.  long  or  less. 

Sepals  obtuse  ;  lip  sessile  or  nearly  so.  2.  E.  hahamensis. 

Sepals  acute  ;  lip  clawed.  3.  E.  rufa. 

Column  long.  7-10  mm.  long. 

Pseudobulbs  ovoid,  4-7  cm.  long.  4.  E.  tampensis. 

Pseudobulbs   ovoid-oblong,  up  to  10  cm.  long. 

Sepals    and    petals    purplish    or    greenish ;    leaves 

1.5-2.5  cm.  wide.  5.  E.  cliurna. 

Sepals   and   petals   yellow ;   leaves   1    cm.   wide   or 

less.  6.  E.  inaguensis. 

Flowers  racemose  or  inflorescence  with  a  few  branches. 

Leaves  broadly  linear  :  middle  lobe  of  the  lip  cordate.  7.  E.  pUcata. 

Leaves  norrowly    linear ;    middle    lobe    of    the    lip    ovate, 

rounded.  ■  8.   E.  acicularis. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  91 

1.  Encyclia  fucata   (Lindl.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Epidendrum  fucatum  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  24:  Misc.  15.     1838. 

Pseudobulbs  slender,  ovoid  to  oblong,  2-5  cm.  long.  Leaves  1  or  2,  linear, 
1-3  dm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide;  scajje  slender,  iisaially  branched,  3-7  dm.  long; 
pedicels  slender  or  filiform,  1-2  cm.  long;  sepals  yellow  or  brownish  yellow, 
oblong  or  oblong-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  petals  oblanceolate, 
similar  to  the  se])als  hut  a  little  shorter;  lip  yellow,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  about  1  cm.  long,  the  middle  lobe  suborbicular,  tipped;  column 
wingless;   capsule  oblong,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long. 

On  trees  in  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  and  Andros : — 
Cuba  ;  recorded  from  Hispaniola  and  I'orto  Rico.     Sm.^ll-flowkukd  Encycma. 

A  fruiting  specimen  from  Abaco,  probably  of  this  species,  was  determined  by  R. 
A.  Rolfe  as  E.  primuUnum  Batem,  of  Mexico,  and  recorded  under  that  name  in 
Bull.  N.  y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  116. 

2.  Encyclia  bahamensis  (Griseb.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Epidendrum  hahamense  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  614.     1864. 

Pseudobulbs  ovoid-oblong,  10  cm.  long  or  less.  Leaves  1-3,  coriaceous, 
linear,  blunt  or  acutish,  1.5-5  dm.  long;  1-3.5  cm.  wide;  scape  usually  much- 
branched,  paniculately  many-flowered,  5-9  dm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  1-2  cm. 
long;  sepals  oblong,  7-nerved,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  15-19  mm.  long;  petals 
obtuse,  oblong  or  spatulate-oblong,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  about  as  long 
as  the  sepals;  lip  sessile  or  nearly  so,  deeply  3-lobed,  16-19  mm.  long,  its  lateral 
lobes  triangular-ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  orbicular-obovate,  rounded  or 
retuse,  nearly  sessile,  middle  one ;  column  narrowly  winged  to  the  base ;  capsule 
oblong,  1.5-3  cm.  long. 

On  trees,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  Eleuthera,  Ship  Channel  Cay,  Crooked 
Island,  Little  Inagiia  and  Inagua.  An  Andros  specimen  was  referred  to  Epidendrum 
odoratisshniim  Lindl.,  by  Mrs.  Northrop.     Bahama  Encyclia. 

3    Encyclia  rufa  (Lindl.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Epidendrum  rufum  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  31:   Misc.  33.     1845. 

Pseudobulbs  ''pyriform."  Leaves  2  or  3,  ligulate,  obtuse,  15-18  cm.  long, 
about  18  mm.  wide ;  scape  little  branched,  paniculately  many-flowered,  2-3.5 
dm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  about  1  cm.  long;  flowers  yellowish-brown;  sepals 
oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  acute,  19-25  mm.  long;  petals  oblong-cuneate,  about 
as  long  as  the  sepals;  lip  short-clawed,  about  2  cm.  long,  deeply  3-lobed,  the 
lateral  lobes  short  ''acute,"  much  shorter  than  the  obovate,  rounded  middle 
one;  column  narrowly  winged  to  the  base. 

Bahamas,  collected  by  Skinner  (according  to  Cogniaux)  and  also  attrilnited  to 
the  Bahamas  by  Grisebach  : — Hispaniola.  Not  known  to  us  from  the  archipelago. 
Cogniaux's  reference  to  this  species  as  recorded  l)y  Britton  from  Aliaco  ( I'rlian. 
Symb.  Ant.  6:494)  is  an  error.  The  type  specimen  is  said  by  Lindley  to  have 
been  sent  from  Rio  .Janeiro,  Brazil.  Our  specimen  from  Hispaniola  was  collected 
at  Baveux,  Haiti,  bv  George  V.  Nash  (Xo.  3(i0)  and  determined  as  Epidviidrum  rut  urn 
Lindl.",  by  R.  A.   Rolfe  at  Kew.     Rufous  Excyilia. 

4.  Encyclia  tampensis   (Lindl.)  Small,  Fl.  Miami  56.     1913. 

Epidendrum  iampense  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  1847:  under  pi.  35.     1847. 

Pseudobulbs  narrowly  ovoid,  terete,  4-7  cm.  long.  Leaves  1-3,  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  0.5-2.5  dm.  long,  8-18  mm.  wide,  acutish  or  obtuse,  rather 
rigid;  scape  slender,  branched,  often  5  dm.  long  or  longer;  pedicels  rather 
slender,  7-12  mm.  long;  lateral  sepals  yellowish-l)rown,  narrowly  oblanceolate, 
acutish,  about  2  cm.  long;  petals  similar  to  the  sepals  Init  sonunvhat  narrower; 
lip  nearly  sessile,  deeply  3-lobed,  white  lined  with  purple,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  petais,  the  middle  lobe  reniform-orbicular,  short-clawed,  rounded  or  apicu- 
late,  the  lateral  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  column  about  S  mm.  long,  2-auricled  at 
the  top  and  narrowly  winged. 

On  trees  and  shrubs,  Abaco,  New  Providence : — Florida  :  Culia.  Recorded  by 
Coker  as  Epidendrum  fueatum  LindL     Tampa  Encyclia. 


92  ORCHIDACEAE. 

5.  Encyclia  diurna  (Jacq.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Limodorum  diurnum  Jacq.  Ic.  Ear.  3:  pL  603.     1786-93. 
Epidendrum  gracile  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  21:  pi.  1765.     1835. 
Epidendrum  altissirnum  Batem, ;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  24:   Misc.  38.     1838. 
Epidendrum  virens  Lindl.  in  Paxton,  Fl.  Gard.  1:   152.     1850-51. 
Epidendrum  diurnum  Cogn.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  6:  497.     1910. 

Plants  usually  clustered,  sometimes  forming  large  colonies.  Pseudobulbs 
elongated,  ovoid-oblong,  10  cm.  long  or  less.  Leaves  2  or  3,  linear,  rigid, 
acute  or  obtuse,  2-5  dm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide;  scape  more  or  less  branched, 
5-10  dm.  high;  pedicels  1-1.5  cm.  long;  lateral  sepals  greenish  or  purplish, 
narrowly  oblong,  acute  or  obtusish,  about  2  cm.  long;  petals  similar  to  the 
sepals,  obtuse,  narrowed  below;  lip  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals,  white  lined 
with  purple,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  suborbicular  or  rhomboid-orbicular, 
rounded  or  retuse  and  apiculate,  the  lateral  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  column  clavi- 
form,  about  1  cm.  long;  capsule  oval,  1.5-3  cm.  long. 

On  the  ground,  in  rocky  soil,  or  sometimes  on  trees,  throughout  the  archipelago, 
from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros.  Mariguana.  Acklin's  and  Caicos  Islands  : — 
Cuba  ;  Mexico  to  Venezuela.  Consists  of  many  races,  differing  in  size  of  the  plant, 
of  the  leaves  and  of  the  flowers,  and  in  color  of  the  perianth.     Tall  Excyclia. 

6    Encyclia  inaguensis  Nash,  sp.  nov. 

Stems  slender,  up  to  1  m.  tall,  usually  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  the 
pseudobulbs  up  to  1  dm.  long  and  1.5  cm.  in  diameter  at  the  base,  gradually 
narrowed  from  the  base  to  the  apex.  Leaves  linear,  up  to  5  dm.  long  and  1  cm. 
wide,  acute ;  inflorescence  up  to  6  dm.  long,  paniculate,  the  branches  ascending, 
the  lower  ones  longer  and  bearing  2-5  flowers.  Flowers  2.5-3  cm.  in  diameter, 
fragrant;  sepals  and  petals  yellow,  irregularly  striped  with  purple,  the  sepals 
oblong-elliptic,  acute,  the  petals  oblanceolate-spathulate,  acute ;  lip  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  white,  the  lateral  lobes  and  margin  of  the  middle  lobe 
yelow,  all  flushed  and  striped  with  purple;  lateral  lobes  ascending,  oblong, 
acutish,  8-10  mm.  long,  the  middle  lobe  almost  orbicular,  undulate  on  the 
margin,  retuse,  8-9  mm.  in  diameter,  almost  sessile ;  column  white,  striped  with 
purple,  about  1  cm.,  long. 

On  shrubs  and  trees.  Tvne  collected  between  Northwest  Point  and  Southwest 
Point.  Little  Inagua,  Oct.  21.  1904  (yash  and  Taylor,  1251).  A  barren  specimen  from 
East  Caicos   {Mmspaugh  9111)  may  be  of  this  species.     Ixagua  Encyclia. 

7.  Encyclia  plicata  (Lindl.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Epidendrum  plicatum  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  33:  under  pi.  10.     1847. 

Pseudobulbs  ovoid,  terete,  8  cm.  long  or  less.  Leaves  2  or  sometimes  3, 
coriaceous,  stiff,  1.5-2.5  dm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide;  scape  usually  much  longer 
than  the  leaves,  simple  or  more  or  less  branched;  pedicels  slender,  1-1.5  cm. 
long;  lateral  sepals  oblong  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  purplish  or  greenish,  2.5-3 
cm.  long;  petals  similar  to  the  lateral  sepals;  lip  about  as  long  as  the  petals, 
yellowish  or  whitish  striped  with  purple,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  sub- 
orbicular,  cordate,  emarginate  and  sometimes  cuspidate,  the  lateral  lobes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse;  column  about  15  mm.  long;  fruit  oval,  2-3  cm.  long. 

On    shrubs  ■  and    trees    in    thickets,    Abaco,    Andros,  New    Providence,    Fortune 

Island,  Cat   Island,   Crooked  Island  and  Inagua  :— Cuba.  Recorded  by   Hitchcock   as 

E.  virens  Lindl.,  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  E.  plweniceum  Lindl.     Plicate  Encyclia. 
Catesby,  2  :  pi.  88. 

8.  Encyclia  acicularis  (Batem.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Epidendrum  aciculare  Batem.;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  27:   Misc.  46.     1841. 

Pseudobulbs  ovoid,  clustered,  2-3  cm.  long;  leaves  1  or  2,  narrowly  linear, 
2-7  cm.  long,  about  5  mm.  wide.  Scape  usually  simple,  few-several-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  very  slender,  about  1  cm.  long;  lateral  sepals 


ORCHIDACEAE.  93 

narrowly  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  purple,  acute,  2-3  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide; 
petals  similar  to  the  sepals;  lip  white,  lined  with  rose,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  sepals,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  ovate,  rounded,  the  lateral  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse;  column  about  1  cm.  long,  2-auricled  at  the  summit. 

Bahamas,  collected  by  Skinner,  according  to  Lindloy  : — Mexico.  A  plant  found  on 
Conocurpus  in  an  open  coastal  coppice,  at  Great  Bahama  at  Golden  Grove  (liiitton 
and  AliUspaiKjh  2728),  was  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species  by  Mr.  U.  A.  Kolfe  at 
Kew,  It  subsequently  produced  a  few  flowers  at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden 
which  do  not  wholly  agree  with  those  of  Mexican  specimens.  Nakuow-lkaved 
Ekcyclia. 

Epidendrum  papilionaceum  Vahl,  is  doubtfully  recorded  as  Bahamian  by 
Urban  and  by  Cogniaux,  the  determination  based  on  barren  specimens  collected 
by  Eggers  in  New  Providence. 

14.  EPICLADIUM  Small,  Fl.  Miami   56.     1913. 

An  epiphytic  orchid,  with  nearly  orbicular  flattened  pseudobulbs,  narrow, 
erect,  flat  leaves,  duplicate  in  the  bud,  the  flowering  scape  subtended  by  an 
elongated  spathe-like  sheath.  Flowers  racemose  or  solitary,  minutely  bracted, 
showy,  mottled.  Lateral  sepals  about  as  wide  as  the  median  one;  petals 
similar  to  the  lateral  sepals;  lip  subrhombic,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  column 
without  a  foot,  partly  adnate  to  the  lip.  Capsules  nodding,  winged.  [Greek, 
ujDon  a  branch.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Epicladium  Boothianum    (Lindl.)    Small,  Fl.   Miami   56.     1913. 

Epidendrum  Boothianum  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  24:  Misc.  5.     1838. 
Epidendrum  erythronioides  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  328.     1903. 

Pseudobulbs  clustered  or  solitary  on  branches,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  less 
than  1  cm.  thick,  subtended  by  ovate,  subscarious  scales  1-2  cm.  long.  Leaves 
oblong-oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  6-12  cm.  long;  flowering  stem  simple, 
mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  sheath ;  flowers  1-sev- 
eral;  pedicels  3-5  mm,  long;  lateral  sepals  oblong  to  elliptie-oblanceolate, 
acute,  yellow,  mottled  with  brown,  about  13  mm.  long;  petals  spatulate,  yellow, 
brown-mottled,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  lip  yellowish,  about  7  mm.  long; 
capsule  2-3  cm.  long,  oblong,  3-winged. 

On  trees,  Andros  : — Florida;  Cuba.     EpiCLADir.Ar.     Catosby,  2:  pi.  7.',. 

15.  ANAOHEILIUM    Hoffmg.    Linnaea     16:    Litt.    229.     1842. 

Epiphytic  orchids,  with  elongated,  somewhat  flattened  psudobulbs,  long 
flat  leaves  duplicate  in  the  bud,  and  nodding  racemose  bracted  flowers  on  a 
simple  terminal  scape.  Sepals  all  nearly  alike,  elongated,  narrow,  acuminate. 
Petals  similar  to  the  sepals,  but  somewhat  shorter;  lip  concave,  entire,  much 
shorter  than  the  sepals.  Column  partly  adnate  to  the  lip,  footle?s.  Capsules 
winged,  drooping,     [Greek,  upturned  lip.]      The  genus  is  probably  monotypic. 

1.  Anacheilium  cochleatum  (L.)  Hoffmg.  Linnaea,  16:  Litt.  229.     1842. 

Epidendrum  cochleatum  L.  Sp.  PL  ed.  2,  1351.     1763. 

Pseudobulbs  lanceolate  to  ovate,  compressed,  8-12  cm.  long,  clustered. 
Leaves  2  or  3,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  1-4  dm.  long;  scape  simple,  1.5-6 
dm.  long,  bearing  several  lir.ear-lanceolate  scarious  scales  1-3  cm.  long  and 
subtended  by  a  larger,  scarious,  spathe-like  scale  5-8  cm.  long:  flowers  few- 
several,  racemose;  bracts  small;  lateral  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  greenish  yellow, 


94  OECHIDACEAE. 

2-3  cm.  long,  similar  to  the  petals;  lip  purple  or  variegated,  about  2  cm.  long, 
abruptly  acute,  entire;  capsule  2-3  cm.  long. 

On  trees  in  coppices,  Abaco.  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Florida ;  Cuba  ; 
Hispaniola ;  Porto  Rico ;  Jamaica ;  Mexico  to  Colombia  and  Venezuela.  Recorded 
from   St.  Croix.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  88.     Shell  Orchid. 

16.  NIDEMA  Britton  &  Millspaugh,  gen.  nov. 

Epiphytic  orchids,  with  flattened  1-leaved  pseudobulbs  subtended  by  narrow 
scales,  the  leaves  narrowly  linear,  the  slender  scapes  bearing  several,  rather 
small,  racemose  flowers,  or  but  one.  Lateral  sepals  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3-5-nerved,  acute  or  acuminate ;  petals  linear  to  lanceolate,  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  sepals;  lip  linear  or  ligulate,  somewhat  fleshy,  entire  or  undu- 
late; column  free  from  the  lip  or  but  slightly  adnate  at  the  base,  footless. 
Capsule  oblong.  [Anagram  of  Dinema,  a  related  genus.]  Two  species  or 
more,  natives  of  the  West  Indies,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Nidema  Ottonis  (Rchb.  f.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Epidendrum  Ottojiis  Rchb.  f.;  Gri?eb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  613.     1864. 

Pseudobulbs  narrowly  oblong,  clustered,  compressed,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  1- 
leaved.  Leaf  thin  in  texture,  linear,  6-13  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  obtuse  or 
acutish;  scape  very  slender,  little,  if  any,  longer  than  the  leaf,  bearing  several 
linear  scales  and  3-6  bracted  whitish  flowers;  ovary  shorter  than  the  linear 
bract;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  8  mm.  long;  petals  linear,  acute, 
about  6  mm.  long;  lip  linear,  acute,  undivided,  about  5  mm.  long;  column  free, 
claviform,  4  mm.  long,  5-toothed;  capsule  oblong,  about  1  cm.  long. 

On  tree,  Blue  Hills,  New  Providence,  collected  by  Eggers  (according  to  Cog- 
niaux).  not  found  by  us  in  the  Bahamas: — Jamaica;  Cuba;  Hispaniola;  Porto 
Rico  ;  Trinidad  ;  Venezuela. 

17.  TETRAMICRA  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  119.     1831. 

Mostly  terrestrial  orchids,  without  pseudobulbs,  the  roots  thick  fibers,  the 
few  subterete  fleshy  leaves  basal,  the  pink  to  purple  flowers  in  a  simple  raceme 
at  the  end  of  a  slender  sheathed  scape.  Bracts  very  small.  Sepals  about 
equal,  distinct,  spreading.  Petals  similar  to  the  sepals.  Lip  3-lobed,  spread- 
ing, the  lobes  entire  or  nearly  so.  Column  2-winged.  Anther  convex,  imper- 
fectly 4-celled;  pollinia  4,  waxy,  appendaged.  Capsule  oblong,  beakless. 
[Greek,  small  four.]  About  8  species,  of  tropical  America.  Type  species: 
Cyrtibidium  rigidum  Willd. 

1.  Tetramicra  Urbaniana  Cogn.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  6:  551.     1910. 

Roots  few,  thick,  canescent.  Leaves  2,  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  3  cm. 
long  or  less,  acute  or  acuminate,  fleshy;  scape  very  slender,  2-4.5  dm.  high, 
its  small  membranous  sheaths  appressed;  raceme  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  dis- 
tant; bracts  ovate,  membranous,  acute,  1-3  mm.  long;  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long; 
ovary  slender,  5-7  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  5-nerved,  about  4  mm. 
long ;  petals  linear,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  lip  4-6  mm.  long,  deeply  3- 
lobed,  the  lobes  rounded;  column  narrowly  2-winged,  3  mm.  long. 

On  the  ground,  New  Providence  near  Nassau  : — Endemic.     Bahama  Tetramicra. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  95 

18.  LAELIOPSIS  Lindl.  in  Paxton,  Fl.   Gar.l.  3:    loo.     1853. 

Epiphytic  orchids,  with  small  oblong,  l-leaved  or  2-leave(l  pseudobulbs, 
the  leaves  linear  or  oblong,  coriaceous,  the  few  or  several  large,  rose  or  purple 
flowers  in  a  terminal,  long-peduncled  raceme.  Sepals  equal,  distinct,  erect  or 
somewhat  spreading.  Petals  similar  to  the  sepals,  but  a  little  broader.  Lip 
broad,  spreading,  sometimes  slightly  3-lobed,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  column. 
Anther  terminal,  2-celled;  pollinia  8.  Capsule  oblong  to  obovoid.  [Greek, 
similar  to  Laelia.]  Three  or  four  species,  inhabiting  Cuba,  .Jamaica,  Ilisijaniola 
and  the  Bahamas,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Laeliopsis  domingensis  Lindl.  in  Paxton,  Fl.  Gard.  3:   155,  pi  105.     1853. 

Cattlei/a  domingensis  Lindl.  Gen,  &  Sp.  Orch.  118.     1831. 

Broughtonia  lilacina  Henfr.  in  Moore  &  Ayres,  Gard.   Mag.  Bot.  3:   201. 

1851. 
Broughtonia  domingensis  Rolfe,  Gard.  Chron.  III.  5:  491.     1889. 
Cattleyopsis  Northropioruni  Cogn.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  6:  5^.     1910. 

Pseudobulbs  narrow,  3-7  cm.  long,  5-9  mm.  in  diameter.  Leaves  linear- 
oblong,  7-14  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide  or  less,  obtuse,  the  margin  more  or  less 
erose-denticulate,  the  midvein  prominent ;  peduncle  slender,  terete,  erect,  4-7 
dm.  long,  with  several  distant  scarious  appressed  sheaths;  flowers  4-15; 
pedicels  slender,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  about  2  mm.  long;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  5-7-nerved,  2.5-3  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide ;  petals  7-10  mm. 
wide;  lip  broadly  obovate,  3-4  cm.  long,  emarginate,  undulate;  capsule  2-3 
cm.  long. 

On  trees  and  shrubs  in  coastal  coppices  and  pine-lands,  Abaco  and  Great  Ba- 
hama, Andros,  South  Bimini  and  Eleuthera  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica. 

19.  LIMODORUM   L.    Sp.    PI.    950.     1753. 

Scapose  terrestrial  orchids,  with  round  solid  bulbs  which  arise  from  the 
bulb  of  the  previous  year,  a  leaf  appearing  the  first  season,  succeeded  in  the 
following  year  by  the  scape.  Flowers  several  in  a  loose  terminal  spike  or 
raceme.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  separate,  spreading.  Column  elon- 
gated, 2-winged  above.  Anther  terminal,  operculate,  sessile;  pollinia  solitary, 
1  in  each  sac,  loosely  granular.  Lip  spreading,  raised  on  a  narrow  Ktalk, 
dilated  at  the  apex,  bearded  on  the  upper  side  with  long  club-shaped  hair3. 
[Greek,  a  meadow-gift.]  Five  species  of  the  eastern  United  States,  the 
Bahamas  and  Cuba.     Type  species:  Limodorum  tuberosum  L. 

1.  Limodorum  Simpsoni  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  322.     1903. 

Cdlopogon  pulcheUus  Simpsoni  Ames,  Contr.  Ames  Bot.  Lab.  1:  IS.     Ilypo- 
nym.     1904. 

Scape  slender,  erect,  3-7  dm.  tall,  bearing  1  or  2  short  basal  scales  and 
usually  but  1,  linear,  acute  leaf  1-3  dm.  long,  borne  near  the  base.  Spike 
loosely  few-flowered;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
ovary;  flowers  purple,  rarely  white;  lateral  sepals  suborbicular,  acute,  about 
18  mm.  long;  petals  ovate-oblong,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals;  middle  lobe 
of  the  lip  8-10  mm.  wide,  emarginate;   capsule   1.5-2  cm.  long. 

Savannas  and  pine-lands,  Andros  : — Florida  :  Cuba.  Determined  l)y  Mrs.  North- 
rop as  L.  tuberosum  L.,  and  referred  to  that  species  by  CoKniaux.  Soitiikrn 
Grass-pink. 


96  OBCHIDACEAE. 

20.  BLETIA  E.  &  P.  Syst.   229.     1798. 

Terrestrial  orchids,  with  globose  or  ovoid  corms,  narrow,  elongated  linear 
or  lanceolate  leaves,  the  slender  sheathed  scape  arising  from  the  side  of  the 
corm,  the  large  purple  or  pink  flowers  in  simple  or  branched  racemes.  Sepals 
nearly  alike,  ovate  to  oblong.  Petals  similar  to  the  sepals.  Lip  broad,  5-7- 
crested,  3-lobed.  Column  elongated.  Anther  2-celled;  pollinia  obovate,  waxy. 
Capsules  oblong,  erect.  [Commemorates  L.  Blet,  a  Spanish  apothecary.] 
About  45  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Bletia  catenulata 
E.  &  P. 

1.  Bletia  purpurea   (Lam.)   DC.  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Hist.  Nat.  Geneve  9:    100. 
1841. 

Limodorum  purpureum  Lam.  Encycl.  3:   515.     1789. 

Limodorum  altum  Jacq.  Ic.  Ear.  3:  17,  pi.  602.     1786-93.     Not.  L.     1767. 

Bletia  verecunda  E.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  ed.  2,  5:   206.     1813. 

Corm  subglobose,  2-3  cm  in  diameter;  scape  slender,  3-11  dm.  high. 
Leaves  1.5-»5  dm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide  at  about  the  middle,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  narrowed  below  into  a  sheath;  sheaths  of  the  scape  1-1.5  cm.  long,  ovate, 
appressed;  bracts  ovate,  4-5  mm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate;  sepals  11-18  mm. 
long,  acute,  the  median  one  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lateral  ones  ovate  to  oblong; 
petals  oval,  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals;  lip  7-crested,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
petals,  its  middle  lobe  notched,  crenate  crisped;  capsule  cylindric,  2.5-4  cm. 
long. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera  : — Florida  :  Cuba  :  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica.  Recorded  by  Hitchcock  as  Bletia 
alta  (L.)   Hitchc.     Purple  Bletia. 

21.  GOVENIA  Lindl.  in  Lodd.  Bot.  Cab.  pi.  1709.     1831. 

Terrestrial  orchids  Mith  rootstocks,  the  leaves  few,  plaited,  the  stem  erect, 
the  rather  small  flowers  in  a  simple,  terminal,  spike-like  raceme.  Sepals  con- 
nivent,  nearly  equal,  the  median  one  erect,  incurved.  Petals  similar  to  the 
sepals.  Lip  concave,  simple.  Column  winged,  incurved,  its  foot  short.  Anther 
incumbent,  convex,  1-celled;  pollinia  4,  waxy,  not  appendaged.  Capsule  oblong. 
[Commemorates  James  Eobert  Go  wen,  an  English  botanist,  who  died  in  1862.] 
About  17  species,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Govenia  superha 
Lindl. 

1.  Govenia  utriculata  (Sw.)  Lindl.  Bot.  Eeg.  25:  Misc.  47.     1839. 

Cymhidium  utricvlatum  Sw.  Nov.  Act.  Ups.  6:   75.     1799. 

Plant  3-7  dm.  high,  the  stem  rather  stout,  bearing  large  basal  inflated 
bladeless  sheaths  and  1  or  2  broad  leaves.  Basal  sheaths  usually  2,  mem- 
branous, 4-20  cm.  long;  leaves  usually  2,  elliptic,  1-2.7  dm.  long,  5-9  cm.  wide, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  finely  many-nerved; 
cauline  sheaths  1  or  2,  obtuse,  about  5  cm.  long;  raceme  few-several-flowered, 
1.5  dm.  long  or  less;  pedicels  3-5  mm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  1-2 
cm.  long;  flowers  whitish;  sepals  about  1.5  cm.  long,  the  lateral  lanceolate,  the 
median  oblong;  petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  lip  ovate,  acute,'  about 
9  mm.  long;  capsules  deflexed,  2.5-3  cm.  long. 

Coppices  and  pine-barrens.  Abaco,  Andros  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Mexico  to  South  America.     Swollen  Goa'exia. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  97 

22.  ONCIDIUM  Sw.  Vet.  Akad.  Stock.  Handl.  21 :   239.     1800. 

Mostly  epiphytic  orchids,  with  or  without  pseudobulbs,  the  leaves  flat  or 
3-edged,  elongated  or  short,  the  stems  short,  the  peduncles  or  scapes  lateral, 
the  flowers  in  loose  racemes  or  panicles.  Sepals  nearly  equal,  spreading  or 
reflexed,  the  lateral  ones  connate  in  some  species.  Petals  similar  to  the  median 
sepal.  Lip  clawed  or  sessile,  3-lobed,  crested  or  tubercled,  the  middle  lobe 
broad,  notched  or  2-cleft.  Column  short,  winged,  without  a  foot.  Anther 
inclined,  convex  or  semiglobose,  1-celled  or  imperfectly  2-celled;  pollinia  2, 
waxy,  not  appendaged.  Capsule  ovoid  to  fusiform,  beaked.  [Greek,  referring 
to  the  tubercled  lip.]  More  than  400  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical  America.     Type   species:    Oncidium  carthaginense    (Jacq.)    Sw. 

Terrestrial;  leaves  3-5  dm,  long;  scape  1  m.  or  more  high.  1.  O.  sphacclatuin. 
Epiphytic  ;  leaves  1-1.5  dm.  long ;  scape  3-5  dm.  long. 

Leaves  elongated-linear.  2.  O.  hahamense. 

Leaves  oblong-falcate.  3.  0.  lucayanum. 

1.  Oncidium  sphacelatum  Lindl.  Sert.  Orch.  under  pi.  48.     1841. 

Pseudobulbs  nearly  cylindric,  8-12  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick.  Leaves 
linear,  elongated,  3-10  dm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  flat,  finely  many-nerved;  scape 
slender,  2  m.  long  or  less,  the  flowers  loosely  panicled;  bracts  linear-lanceolate, 
8-15  mm.  long;  pedicels  slender,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  about  16  mm. 
long,  brownish,  barred  with  yellow;  petals  similar  to  the  sepals,  but  somewhat 
broader  and  shorter;  lip  bright  yellow,  about  as  long  as  the  petals,  its  middle 
lobe  11-14  mm.  wide;  capsule  oblong,  about  2  cm.  long. 

On  the  ground  in  pine-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Watling's  Island,  Crooked   Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;   Central  America. 

2.  Oncidium  bahamense  Nash,  sp.  nov. 

A  stoloniferous  plant,  creeping  along  branches  and  tree  trunks,  with 
equitant  leaves  which  are  long,  curved  and  narrow,  and  a  raceme  of  yellow 
flowers  much  exserted  beyond  the  leaves.  Leaves  up  to  8,  crowded  at  the 
base,  the  lower  1  or  2  short,  triangular  and  scale-like;  the  larger  ones  up  to 
2  dm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  laterally  compressed,  acutely  angled  on  the  back, 
channeled  on  the  upper  side,  smooth  and  glabrous,  linear,  acute;  scape  up  to 
4.5  dm.  long,  smooth  and  glabrous,  with  scattered  ovate  scarious  acute  scales 
5-7  mm.  long;  raceme  5-7  cm.  long,  of  10-15  spreading  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels  up  to  1  cm.  long,  the  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  about  3  mm.  long; 
dorsal  sepal  obovate-spatulate,  concave,  much  narrowed  at  the  base,  emargi- 
nate  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  1-nerved,  5-6  mm.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide  at 
the  broadest  part  when  spread  out;  lateral  sepals  united  to  the  apex  into  an 
obovate-cuneate  concave  body  about  6  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  wide  when  spread 
out,  rounded-truncate  at  the  apex,  2-nerved,  running  out  into  short  apicula- 
tions:  petals  obovate,  5-nerved,  undulate  on  the  margins,  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
7  mm.  long  and  5  mm.  wide;  lip  sessile  with  a  broad  rounded  base,  0-10  mm. 
long  and  10-12  mm.  wide,  puberulent  on  the  upper  surface,  of  equal  width  at 
base  and  apex,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes  spreading  and  somewhat  reflexed, 
broad,  rounded  at  the  apex,  irregularly  crenulate  on  the  margins,  the  middle 
lobe  much  broader  than  long,  reniform,  irregularly  lobulate  on  the  margins, 
strongly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  apiculate,  the  crest  with  two  processes,  one 
of  them  with  long  lobes,  the  other  smaller  and  with  3  lobes;  column  stout, 
about  2.5  mm.  long,  the  wings  puberulent,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  and  extending  considerably  beyond  the  summit  of  the  column,  3.5 
mm.  long  and  about  2  mm.  wide. 

Type  collected  by  L.  J.  K.  Brace,  at  Eight  Mile  Rocks.  Great  Bahama.  April  16- 
May   8,   19(i5,   iw.   8C89,   in   the   herbarium    of  the   New  York  Botanical   Garden.     A 


98  OEOHIDACEAE. 

specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Columbia  University,  collected  bv  John  I.  and  Alice 
R.  Northrop,  on  Andros  Island,  in  May,  1890,  no.  5-J3,  doubtfully  determined  by  Mrs. 
Northrop  as  O.  syJvestre  Lindl.,  is  also  this  species ;  it  was  also  referred  to  O. 
sylvestre  by  Cogniaux.  The  plant  recorded  by  Eaton  and  Setchell,  and  also  by 
Dolley,  from  Abaco,  collected  by  Herrick,  is  apparently  this  species. 

This  orchid  is  related  to  Oncidhim  sylvestre  Lindl.,  but  the  longer  leaves, 
smaller  flowers,  and  the  differences  in  the  lip  at  once  distinguish  it.  In  O.  sylvstre 
the  leaves  are  not  over  4  cm.  long,  the  flowers  are  fully  twice  the  size,  and  the  lip 
has  the  lateral  lobes  very  small ;  in  O.  hahamense  the  lip  is  as  broad  across  the 
lateral  lobes  as  it  is  at  the  apex. 

3.  Oncidium  lucayanum  Nash,  sp.  no  v. 

Plant  with  short  compressed  leaves  and  a  few-flowered  raceme.  Leaves 
4-6,  crowded  at  the  base,  curved,  spreading,  acute,  compressed,  acutely  angled 
on  the  back,  channeled  on  the  upper  surface,  wrinkled  on  the  upper  margins, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  1-1.5  cm.  long  and  about  3  mm.  wade;  scape  &*mooth  and 
glabrous,  with  a  few  scattered  ovate  acute  appressed  scarious  scales  3-4  mm. 
long;  flowers  on  pedicels  5-7  mm.  long;  dorsal  sepal  oblanceolate-cuneate, 
acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  toward  the  base,  7  mm.  long  and  2-2.5  mm. 
wide,  the  margins  repand ;  lateral  sepals  united  into  a  concave  2-nerved  oblance- 
olate-cuneate body  which  is  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  rounded  and  about 
0.75  mm.  long,  about  8  mm.  long  and  2.5-3  mm.  wide;  petals  lyrate-ovate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  below  the  middle  into  a  claw  about  2  mm. 
long  and  1.5  mm.  wide,  8  mm.  long  and  3-3.5  mm.  wide,  undulate  on  the 
margin;  lip  adnate  to  the  column  up  to  its  wdngs  by  a  bi-lamellate  process, 
8  mm,  long  and  7  mm.  wide,  sessile  by  a  rounded  or  truncate  base,  3-lobed,  the 
lateral  lobes  1.5-2  mm.  long  and  1.5  mm.  wide,  somewhat  reflexed,  rounded  or 
a  little  acute  at  the  base,  merging  into  a  hemispherical  somewhat  toothed 
isthmus  which  joins  them  to  the  middle  lobe,  the  middle  lobe  flabellate,  on  a 
triangular  claw,  round-truncate  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  irregularly  lobulate 
on  the  margins,  the  crest  of  3  lobes,  the  lateral  divaricate,  separated  by  a 
rounded  protuberance,  the  middle  lobe  the  largest  and  again  3-lobed;  column 
3-3.5  mm.  long,  the  wings  semiovate,  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex, 
irregularly  lobed  and  extending  somewhat  beyond  the  summit  of  the  column. 

Type,  in  the  herbarium  of  Columbia  University,  collected  by  John  I.  and  Alice 
R.  Northrop,  at  Fresh  Creek,  Andros  Island.  June  10,  1890.  no.  647.  Resembles  O. 
rariegatum  considerably,  but  the  sepals  are  nearly  as  long  as  the  lip,  and  the 
middle  lobe  of  the  lip  flabellate  while  in  O.  rariegatum  the  sepals  do  not  exceed  one 
half  the  length  of  the  lip  which  has  the  middle  lobe  reniform  and  sessile.  Referred 
by  Cogniaux  to  0.  Leiboldi  Rchb.  f. 

Oncidium  variegatum  Sw.  is  recorded  by  Cogniaux  as  collected  on  Andros 
(Northrop  587)  but  our  specimens  of  this  number  appear  to  be  0.  lucayanum. 
We  have  fruiting  specimens  of  apparently  the  same  plant  from  Abaco  and 
Great  Bahama. 

A  small  Oncidium,  collected  on  Cat  Island,  died  before  flowering. 

Sub  class  2.     DICOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  of  the  seed  with  two  cotyledons  (in  a  few  genera  one 
only),  the  first  leaves  of  the  germinating  plantlet  opposite.  Stem 
exogenous,  of  pith,  wood  and  bark  (endogenous  in  structure  in 
Nymphaeaceae),  the  wood  in  one  or  more  layers  surrounding  the 
pith,  traversed  by  medullary  rays  and  covered  by  the  bark.  Leaves 
usually  pinnately  or  palmately  veined,  the  veinlets  forming  a  net- 
work.    Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  3  's  or  6  's. 

Dicotyledonous  plants  are  first  definitely  known  in  Cretaceous 
time.  They  constitute  between  two-thirds  and  three-fourths  of  the 
living  angiospermous  flora. 


DICOTYLEDOXES. 


99 


Series  I.     Choripetalae. 

Petals  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other,  or  wanting. 

The  series  is  also  known  as  Archichlamideae,  and  comprises 
most  of  the  families  formerly  grouped  under  Apetalae  (without 
petals)  and  Polypetalae  (with  separate  petals).  Exceptions  to  the 
typical  feature  of  separate  petals  are  found  in  the  Fabaceae,  in 
which  the  two  lower  petals  are  more  or  less  united ;  in  the 
Fumariaceae,  where  the  two  inner  petals  or  all  four  of  them  are 
sometimes  coherent;  in  some  Crassulaceae ;  the  Polygalaceae,  in 
which  the  three  petals  are  united  with  each  other,  and  with  the 
stamens ;  Oxalidaceae  and  Ilicaceae,  whose  five  petals  are  sometimes 
joined  at  the  base. 

t  Petals  none  (except  in  family  rortulacaceae  and  in  most  Caryoiihyllacpae, 
which  are  herbs  with  the  leaves  nearly  always  opposite,  the  seeds  with  endosperm). 

Calyx  none    (except  in  some  of  the  Santalales,  and  sometimes  in  Casuarinaceae). 
Loosely  jointed  trees,  the  leaves  reduced  to  verticillate  scales. 

Plants  not  loosely  jointed  ;  leaves  normal. 

Herbs  with  small  perfect  flowers  in  spikes. 
Trees  or  shrubs  ;  staminate  flowers,  and  some- 
times also  the  pistillate,  in  aments. 
Leaves  simple. 

Leaves   odd-pinnate   or   trifoliolate ;   fruit   a 
nut  enclosed  in  a  husk,  or  drupe-like. 
Calyx  present. 

Flowers     monoecious,     dioecious     or     polygamous, 

ovary  superior,  1-celled. 
Flowers    dioecious    or    perfect ;    ovary    inferior,    at 
least   in   part. 
Ovary  1-celled. 

Ovary  several-celled   (usually  6-celled)  ;  flowers 
perfect. 
Flowers  mostly  perfect ;  ovary  superior. 

Embryo  straight  or  nearly  so ;  fruit  an  achene. 
Embryo    coiled,    curved    or    annular ;    fruit    not 
an  achene. 

tt  Petals  present  (wanting  in  Ceratophyllaceae.  aquatic  herbs  with  whorled 
dissected  leaves;  in  many  Ranunculaceae ;  in  Lauraceae,  alternate-leaved  aromatic 
trees  and  shrubs;  in  Zunthoxijlum,  pinnate-leaved  trees  of  the  Uutaceae  :  in  in:my 
Euphorbiaceae  ;  in  some  species  of  Ludicigia  in  Onagraceae ;  in  Proserpinaca  of  the 
Haloragidaceae). 

A.   Ovary   superior,   free   from   the   califx    (partly    or   wholly   inferior   in    Loasaceae). 
Carpels   solitary,   or   several   and   distinct    (united   in    some   Nymphaeaceae)  ;   sta- 
mens mostly   hypogynous  and  more  numerous  than   the  sepals  ;   sepals  mostly 


Order 

1. 

Casuarinales. 

Order 

2. 

PiPERALES. 

Order 

3. 

Myricales. 

Order 

4. 

JUGLANDALES. 

Order 

5. 

Urticales. 

Order 

G. 

Saxtalales. 

Order 

7 

Aristolochiales 

Order 

8. 

POIAGONALES. 

Order 

9. 

Chenopodiaijcs, 

distinct. 
Carpels  2  or  more,  united  into  a  compound  ovary  ; 

stamens  hypogynous  ;  sepals  mostly  distinct. 
Carpels  solitary,  or  several   and  distinct,   or  some- 
times united  ;  stamens  mostly  perigynous  or  epi- 
gynous  ;   sepals  mainly  united   or  confluent  with 
the  concave  receptacle   (hypanthium ». 
Carpels    united    into    a    compound    ovary ;    sepals 
mostly  distinct. 
Stamens  few,  rarely  more  than  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals. 
Stamens  as  many   as  the  sepals   or  fewer 
and  opposite  them,  or  more  numerous. 
Ovules  pendulous,  the  raphe  toward  the 

axis  of  the  ovary. 
Ovules  pendulous,  the  raphe  away   from 
the  axis  of  the  ovary,  or  erect,  or  as- 
cending. 
Stamens  as   many  as   the  sepals   and   alter- 
nate with  them,  opposite  the  petals  when 
these  are  present  ;   ovules  erect. 
Stamens     usually     very     numerous     (except     in 
Violaceae    and    Passifloraceae)  ;    disc    in- 
conspicuous, or  none. 


Order  10.  Hanales. 
Order  11.  Papaverales. 


Order  12.   Rosai.es. 


(^rder    1."?.   Oeramai.es. 


Order   14.    Sapimui.ks. 


Order   1").   Riiamnales. 


100  CASUAEINACEAE. 

Sepals  valvate  ;   placentae  united  in  the  axis.     Order  16.  Malvales. 
Sepals  or  calyx-segments  imbricated  or  con- 
volute ;     placentae     mainly     parietal, 
sometimes  united  in  the  axis. 
Sepals  separate.  Order  17.  Hypericales. 

Sepals  united.  Order  18.  Passiflokales. 

B.   Ovary  inferior,   annate   to   the   calyx.    ivhoJly    or   in   part    (except   in   Lythraceae 
where  it  is  usually  merely  enclosed  by  it). 
Herbs  with  barbed  or  stinging  hairs.  Order  19.   Loasales. 

Plants  without  barbed  or  stinging  hairs. 

Fleshy    spiny    plants,    with    jointed    stems,    the 
leaves  mostly  very  small  or  none  ;  calyx-seg- 
ments and  petals  several  or  numerous.  Order  20.   Opuntiales. 
Herbs,    shrubs    or   trees,    not    fleshy    or    spiny ; 
calyx-segments  rarely  more  than  5. 
Ovules  several   or  numerous  in  each  cavity 
of  the   ovary    (except   in   Haloragidaceae, 

aquatic  herbs).  Order  21.  Myrtales. 

Ovule  1  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Order  22.  Ammiales. 

Order  1.     CASUARINALES. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  very  slender,  .iointed,  anj^'led  branches  and  tmgs, 
the  leaves  reduced  to  minute  verticillate  scales  at  the  nodes,  the  scales 
sometimes  connate,  the  small  imperfect  bracted  flowers  in  terminal  spikes 
or  cone-like  heads.  Staminate  flowers  T\dth  1  or  2  sepals  and  1  stamen 
with  a  large  anther.  Pistillate  flowers  without  a  perianth;  ovary  small, 
1-eelled;  style  short,  with  2  slender  branches;  ovules  1  or  2,  ascending. 
Fruit  a  cone-like  mass  of  accrescent  bracts,  subtending  winged  achenes. 
Seed  with  a  membranous  testa  and  no  endosperm,  the  embryo  straight. 

Family  1.     CASUARINACEAE  Lindl. 
Beef-wood  Family. 
Only  one  genus,  with  about  25  species,  most  abundant  in  Australasia. 

1.  CASUARINA    Forst.    Char.    Gen.    PI.    104.     1776. 

Characters  of  the  order.  [From  the  zoological  name  of  the  Cassowary.] 
The  following  species  is  typical. 

1.  Casuarina  equisetifolia  Forst.  Char.  Gen.  PI.  104.     1776. 

A  tree,  reaching  in  the  American  tropics  a  maximum  height  of  about  20  m.., 
with  a  trunk  up  to  1  m.  in  diameter,  much  larger  in  Australia,  with  long  and 
slender  branches,  the  upper  ones  erect  or  nearly  so,  the  dark  brown  bark  fur- 
rowed. Twigs  angular,  very  slender,  drooping;  leaves  6-8  in  each  whorl,  only 
]-3  mm.  long,  acute,  appressed,  ciliate,  decurrent  on  the  twigs;  staminate 
flowers  in  slender  terminal  cylindrie  spikes  1-4  cm.  long,  the  bracts  imbricated, 
the  anthers  exserted;  pistillate  flowers  in  lateral  dense  subglobose  heads  whicli 
become  about  2  cm.  in  diameter  in  fruit. 

Sandy  sea  shores,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Eleuthera,  Crooked  Island,  the  Caicos.  Grand  Turk,  and  Inagua  : — A  native 
of  Australia  more  or  less  naturalized  in  Florida,  the  West  Indies  and  Yucatan. 
Erroneously   called  Spanish   Cedar.     Beef-wood. 


MYRICACEAE.  101 

Order  2.     PIPERALES. 

Dicotyledonous  plants,  with  neither  petals  nor  sepals,  the  spicate  flowers 
bracteolate. 

Family  1.     PIPERACEAE  H.B.K. 

Pepper  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  rarely  small  trees,  with  alternate,  opposite  or  verticil- 
late  leaves,  almost  always  entire-margined,  the  mostly  minute  bracteolate 
flowers  in  spikes  or  rarely  in  racemes.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  mostly 
2-6,  hypog-ynous;  anthers  erect,  terminal,  their  sacs  distinct  or  confluent, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile  or  rarely  stipitate,  1-celled,  1- 
ovuled;  style  1;  ovule  erect,  orthotropous.  Fruit  baccate,  indehiscent. 
Seed  solitary,  the  testa  membranous,  the  endosperm  copious,  the  embiyo 
minute.  About  6  genera  with  over  1000  species,  mostly  of  tropical 
distribution. 

1.  PEPEROMIA  E.   &  P.  Prodr.   8.     1794. 

Herbs,  mostly  succulent,  with  alternate,  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  the 
flowers  in  slender,  solitary  or  clustered  spikes,  subtended  by  circular  or  elliptic 
bracts.  Stamens  2 ;  filaments  short.  Ovary  mostly  sessile,  sometimes  stalked, 
sometimes  beaked ;  stigma  terminal  or  lateral.  Berry  very  small,  globose, 
oblong  or  ellipsoid,  viscid.  [Greek,  pepper.]  Six  hundred  species  or  more, 
mostly  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Peperomia  secunda  R.  &  P. 

1.  Peperomia  spathulifolia  Small,  sp.  nov. 

Plants  mainly  terrestrial,  strongly  aromatic.  Stems  and  branches  decum- 
bent, partly  creeping;  leaf-blades  cuneate  to  spatulate,  6-11  cm.  long,  rounded, 
truncate  or  notched  at  the  apex,  glabrous,  bright-green,  obscurely  veined,  ex- 
cept sometimes  in  drying,  acuminate  at  the  base  or  attenuate  into  long  or 
rather  long  petioles;  inflorescence  with  a  slender  often  elongate  stalk,  with  one 
to  five  slender  recurved-nodding  branches;  spikes  mostly  1-2  dm.  long,  yel- 
lowish, the  rachis  less  than  2.5  mm.  thick,  slender-tipped ;  bracts  orbicular, 
about  0.3  mm.  in  diameter;  anthers  about  0.25  mm.  in  diameter;  berries  not 
densely  crowded,  broadly  ellipsoid  or  ovoid,  nearly  1  mm.  long,  rounded  at  the 
base,  the  beak  much  shorter  than  the  body,  strongly  curved  or  hooked. 

Deep   woods.   Abaco,   in   coppice   at   Eight   Mile   Bay  : — Florida  ;    Haiti.     Sp.\tu- 

LATE-LEAVED   WiLD   PEPPER. 

Order  3.     MYRICALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  wdth  simple  leaves  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers  in  aments.     Perianth  none.     Ovaiy  1-celled;  style  short;  stigmas 

2.  Ovule  erect,  orthotropous.     Endosperm  none.     Only  one  family. 

Family  1.     MYRICACEAE  Dumort. 

Bayberry  Family. 

Leaves  alternate,  mostly  coriaceous  and  aromatic.  Flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils  of  the  bracts.     Staminate  flower  with  2-16  (usually  4-8)  stamens 


102  PICRODENDEACEAE. 

inserted  on  the  receptacle;  filaments  short;  anthers  ovate,  2-eelled,  thi 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  subtended  by  2-8  bractlets;  stigmas 
linear.  Fruit  a  small  drupe  or  nut,  the  exocarp  often  waxy.  Seed  erect. 
Cotyledons  plano-convex.    Radicle  short.    Two  genera  and  about  36  species. 

•    1.  MYRICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1024.     1753. 

Leaves  entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  mostly  resinous-dotted.  Staminate  aments 
ohlong  or  narrowly  cylindric,  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves.  Stamens 
4-8.  Pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  subglobose;  ovary  subtended  by  2-4,  mostly 
short,  bractlets.  Drupe  globose  or  ovoid,  its  exocarp  waxy.  [Ancient  Greek 
name  of  the  Tamarisk.]  About  35  species,  widely  distributed.  Type  species: 
Myrica  Gale  L, 

1.  Myrica  cerifera  L.  Sp.  PL  1024.     1753. 

Cerotliamnus  ceriferus  Small,  PI.  Miami  61.     1912. 

A  slender  dioecious  shrub,  or  a  tree,  sometimes  12  m.  high,  with  a  trunk 
5  dm,  in  diameter,  the  bark  gray,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  narrow,  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  mostly  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  dentate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
fragrant,  short-petioled,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  sometimes  pubescent 
beneath,  golden-resinous,  2-8  cm.  long,  unfolding  with  or  before  the  aments; 
staminate  aments  cylindric;  pistillate  aments  short,  oblong;  ripe  drupes 
globose,  bluish  white,  waxy,  tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style,  long-persistent. 

Sandy  thickets,  coppices  and  pine-lands,  Abaco,  Andros.  Great  Bahama.  New 
Providence.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  and  Acklin's  Island: — New  Jersey  southward 
along  the  coast  to  the  Florida  Keys  and  to  Texas  :  Bermuda  :  Cuba ;  Hispaniola ; 
Porto  Rico.     Bay-bekry.     Wax-berry.     Mickle-berry.     Wild  Tea. 

Order  4.     JUGLANDALES. 

Trees  with  alternate  pinnately  compound  or  trifoliolate  leaves,  and 
monoecious  or  dioecious  bracteolate  flowers,  the  staminate  in  long  drooping 
aments,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  several  together.  Staminate  flowers  con- 
sisting of  3-numerous  stamens  with  or  without  an  irregularly  lobed  perianth 
adnate  to  the  bractlet,  very  rarely  with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Anthers 
erect,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent;  filaments  short.  Pistillate 
flowers  with  a  3-5-lobed  calyx  or  with  both  calyx  and  petals,  and  a  1-celled 
or  2— 4-celled  ovaiy.  Ovules  solitain^  or  2,  erect,  orthotropous ;  styles  1  or  2. 
Fruit  a  drupe  with  indehiscent  or  dehiscent,  fibrous,  fleshy  or  woody  exo- 
carp, enclosing  the  bony  endocarp  or  nut  which  is  2-^-celled.  Seed  large, 
2-4-lobed.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  corrugated,  Two  families,  that 
of  the  Walnuts  ( Juglandaceae)   and  the  following. 

Family  1.     PICRODENDRACEAE  Small. 

Rough-barked  trees,  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  wood,  alternate,  slender- 
petioled,  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  dioecious  flowers,  the  pistillate  ones  solitaiy, 
axillary,  peduneled,  the  staminate  in  long  drooping  aments.  Staminate 
flowers  each  subtended  by  3  bracts,  the  middle  bract  the  larger;  perianth 
none ;  stamens  many,  clustered ;  filaments  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  anthers 


TJLMACEAE.  103 

or  as  lono-;  anthers  oval,  sparingly  pubescent.  Calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  small,  4-partecl,  the  lobes  or  sepals  narrow,  deciduous;  jietals  none; 
ovary  sessile,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  columnar;  stigmas  subu- 
late, longer  than  the  style.  Drupe  globose  or  oval,  stalked.  Seed  solitary. 
Only  the  following  genus. 

1.  PICRODENDRON  Planch,  in  Hook.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  5:   579.     1846. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Greek,  bitter  tree.]  Three  species,  natives  of 
the  Bahamas,  Jamaica,  Cuba  and  Hispaniola.  Type  species:  Juglans  haccaia 
L.    (Picrodendron  ar'boreum  Macfad.). 

1.  Picrodendron  macrocarpum   (A.  Eich.)   Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4: 
139.     1906. 

Schmidelia   macrocarpa  A.  Eich.   in   Sagra,   Hist.   Cub.    10:    116.     yl.   30. 

1845. 
Picrodendron  haocatum  bahamense  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.   15:    308. 

1893. 

A  tree,  up  to  20  m.  high,  or  sometimes  a  shrub.  Petioles  minutely  pubes- 
cent, 2-8  cm.  long;  leaflets  1.5-9  cm.  long,  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  usually 
rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  finely 
pubescent,  or  becoming  glabrate,  finely  reticulate-veined;  calyx  yellowish,  the 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate  lobes  2.5-3.5  mm.  long;  drupe  oval  or  ovoid,  2-2.5 
cm.  long,  longer  than  its  stalk. 

Rocky  coppices,  Abaco.  Andros,  New  Providence.  Eleutliera,  Cat  Island,  Great 
Guana  Cay.  and  Lons  Island  : — Cuba.  Referred  by  Dolley  to  Picrodendron  juylans 
Griseb.     Erroneously  called  Olive.     Black  Wood.     Catesby.  2  :  ijI.  32. 

Order  5.     URTICALES. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  the  flowers  with  a  calyx  but  without  corolla, 
small,  not  borne  in  aments,  monoecious,  dioecious  or  polygamous;  ovary 
1-celled,  superior. 

Fruit  not  an  achene  ;  trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  :  ovule  pendulous. 

Trees  with  alternate  leaves,  the  sap  not  milky.  Fam.  1.  Flmaceae. 

Trees  with  alternate  leaves  and  milky  sap.  Fam,   2.   Moraceae. 

Fruit  an  achene  ;  herbs  with  small  clustred  greenish  flowers  ; 
ovule  erect  or  ascending.  Fam.   3.  Urticaceae. 

Family  1.     ULMACEAE  Mirbel. 

Elm  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  serrate  potioled  ]->innately-veined 
stipulate  leaves,  the  stipules  usually  fugacious.  Flowers  small,  monoe- 
cious, dioecious,  perfect  or  polygamous,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate  solitary. 
Perianth  3-9-parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in 
our  species  as  many  as  the  perianth-lobes  or  sei^als  and  opposite  them ; 
filaments  straight;  anthers  ovate  or  oval,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
1-celled  (rarely  2-celled),  mostly  superior;  ovule  solitary,  pendulous,  ana- 
tropous  or  amphitropous;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  dru]ie  or 
nut.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  little  or  none.  End)ryo  straight  or  curved; 
cotyledons  mostly  flat.  About  13  genera  and  140  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 


104  MORACEAE. 

1.  TREMA  Lour.  Flor.   Coch.   562.     1790. 

Tall  shrubs  or  trees,  unarmed,  usually  pubescent.  Leaves  alternate, 
toothed,  3 -nerved  at  the  base,  equilateral  or  only  slightly  inequilateral,  short- 
petioled,  the  stipules  lateral.  Flowers  small,  mostly  monoecious  or  polyg- 
amous, greenish  or  whitish,  the  perfect  mostly  fertile,  in  axillary  cymes. 
Sepals  of  pistillate  flowers  induplicate-valvate,  those  of  the  perfect  flowers 
slightly  imbricated.  Stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary  sessile.  Stigmas  2,  entire.  Ovule 
pendulous.  Drupe  ovoid  to  globose.  [Name  unexplained.]  Some  30  tropical 
species.     Type  species:  Trema  cannabina  Lour. 

1.  Trema  Lamarckiana  (R.  &  S.)  Blume,  Mus.  Bot.  Lugd.  2:  58.     1853. 

Celtis  LamarcJciana  R.  &  S.  Syst.  6:  311.     1820. 

Sponia  Lamarcliana  Decn.  Nouv.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  3:   498.     1834. 

Trema  Lima  Hitch.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  129.     1893. 

A  tree,  up  to  8  m.  high,  the  trunk  sometimes  3  dm.  in  diameter,  or  more 
often  a  shrub  1.5-3.5  m.  high,  the  twigs  slender,  rough-pubescent.  Leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  5  cm.  long  or  less,  very  rough  on  the  upper 
side,  3-nerved  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined  and  finely  tomentose  beneath; 
flowers  only  about  2  mm.  wide,  the  staminate  clusters  sessile,  the  pistillate  short- 
stalked;  fruit  ovoid,  about  3  mm.  long,  smooth. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices.  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  Mangrove  Cay.  St.  George's 
Cay,  New  Providence.  Rose  Island.  Hog  Island,  Eleuthera,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Wat- 
ling's,  Crooked  Island  and  Mariguana  : — Florida  :  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  ; 
Montserrat  to  St.  Vincent.     Lamarck's  Trema.     Paik-ix-back. 

Family  2.     MORACEAE  Lindl. 

Mulberry  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  mostly  with  milky  sap,  petioled  stipulate  leaves, 
and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  axillary  clustered  flowers,  or  the  pistil- 
late flow^ers  solitary  in  some  exotic  g-enera.  Calyx  mostly  4— 5-parted. 
Petals  none.  In  Ficus  the  minute  flowers  are  wholly  inclosed  in  receptacles. 
Staminate  flow^ers  panieled,  spicate  or  capitate,  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  calyx-segiuents.  Pistillate  flowers  capitate,  spicate  or  cymose. 
Ovary  superior,  1-celled  in  our  genus.  Ovule  solitary,  pendulous,  ana- 
tropous.  Styles  1  or  2.  About  55  genera  and  925  species,  natives  of 
temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

1.  FICUS  [Tourn.]  L.  Sp.  PI.  1059.     1753. 

Woody  plants,  mostly  large  trees,  with  milky  sap,  weak  wood,  and  alter- 
nate leaves  Avith  interpetiolar  stipules.  Flowers  minute,  wholly  enclosed  in 
receptacles,  the  staminate  with  1,  2  or  3  stamens  with  short,  stout  filaments, 
the  pistillate  with  a  sessile  1-celled  ovary,  the  style  lateral,  the  ovule  anat- 
ropous.  Aehenes  enclosed  in  the  receptacle.  [Latin  fig.]  Some  600  species, 
of  tropical  and  warm  regions.     Type  species:  Ficus  Carica  L. 

Receptacles  normally  sessile.  1.  P.  aurea. 
Receptacles  peduncled. 

Leaves  6  cm.  long  or  less,  short-petioled.  2.  P.  jacqttinifolia. 

Leaves  3-10  cm.  long,  long-petioled.  3.  P.  hrevifoUa. 


URTICACEAE.  105 

1.  Ficus  aurea  Xutt.  Sylva  2:  4.     1846. 

Ficvs  sapotaefolia   Kiinth   &   Bouche,   Ind.   Sem.    Ilort.   Berol.    1846:    17 

1846. 
Ficus  dimidiata  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I,  151.     1859. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  20  m.  with  a  trunk  dianicter 
up  to  1.2  m.,  the  stout  branches  spreading,  s-cnding  down  aerial  roots  which 
sometimes  reach  the  ground  and  form  secondary  trunks,  the  thick,  nearly 
smooth  bark  gray,  the  stout  twigs  yellow,  glabrous.  Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic, 
firm  in  texture,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  obtuse  at  the  base,  glabrous,  the  petioles  1-6  cm.  long;  figs  obovoid,  sessile 
(rarely  short-stalked),  yellow  or  red,  6-15  mm.  in  diameter. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Berry  Islands.  Cat  Cay,  Andres, 
New  Providence.  Eleiithera,  Cat  Island  and  Great  Exiima  : — Florida ;  Cuba ;  His- 
paniola ;   Jamaica.     Golden    Wild   Fig.     Erroneously   called    Banyam. 

2.  Ficus  jacquinifolia  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:   221.     1850. 

A  tree  up  to  15  m.  high  with  a  trunk  1  m.  in  diameter,  usually  much 
smaller  and  sometimes  shrubby,  the  smooth  bark  pale  gray  or  nearly  white,  the 
branches  often  emitting  many  aerial  roots,  the  twigs  slender,  glabrous.  Leaves 
obovate  to  oblong,  coriaceous,  2-6  cm.  long,  acute  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed or  obtuse  at  the  base,  glabrous,  finely  many-veined,  the  petioles  2-5  mm. 
long;  figs  globose,  in  pairs  or  solitary,  3-5  mm.  in  diameter,  on  peduncles  2-4 
mm.  long,  the  ostiolum  prominent.  The  leaves  of  shoots  are  sometimes  con- 
siderably larger  than  those  of  older  branches. 

Coppice  and  pine-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Andros.  ^[angrove  Cay,  New 
Providence  and  Cat  Island : — Cuba.  Referred  to  F.  pcrtusa  L.  f.,  by  Hitchcock, 
Dolley  and  Mrs.  Northrop.     Small-leaved  Wild  Fig. 

3.  Ficus  brevifolia  Nutt.  Sylva  2:  3.     1846. 

Ficus  populnea  hahamensis  Warb.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  473.     1903. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  15  m.  with  a  trunk  up  to  5 

dm.  thick,  the  branches  spreading,  the  smooth  bark  brownish,  the  twigs  slender, 
glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  rather  thin,  glabrous, 
ovate  or  oval,  3-10  cm.  long,  acijte  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  the  slender  j^etioles  1.5-4  cm.  long;  figs  globose  or  globose-obovoid, 
7-12  mm.  in  diameter,  on  peduncles  4-20  mm.  long,  red  when  mature,  the 
ostiolum  not  prominent. 

Rocky  and  sandy  soil,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great  Ba- 
hama to  Andros,  Caicos  Islands  and  Inagua  : — Florida:  Cuba:  Santo  I>onilngo. 
Closely  related  to  F.  laevigata  Vahl.  of  Porto  Rico  and  the  Lesser  Antilles,  to 
which  species  it  was  referred  by  Hitchcock ;  recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  F. 
pedunculata  Willd.     Short-leaved   Wild   Fig.     Catesl)y   2 :    App.   pi.   IS. 


Family  3.     URTICACEAE  Rehb. 

Nettle  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees),  with  watoiy  sap.  mostly 
stipulate  simple  leaves,  and  small  areenish  dioecious,  monoecious  or  i>oly- 
gamous  flowers,  variously  clustered.  Calyx  2-^')-cleft,  or  of  distinct  sepals. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  as  many  as  the  lobes  or 
segments  of  the  calyx  (sepals)  and  opposite  them,  the  filaments  inflexed 
and  anthers  reversed  in  the  bud,  straightening  at  anthesis.  Ovary  superior, 
1-celled;  style  simple;  ovule  solitary,  erect  or  ascending,  orthotropous,  or 


106  UETICACEAE. 

in  some  genera  partly  ampbitropous.  Fruit  an  achene.  Endosperm  oily, 
usually  not  copious;  embryo  straigbt.  About  40  genera  and  550  species 
of  wide  geograpbic  distribution. 

Herbs  with  stinging  hairs.  1,  Fleurya. 
Herbs  without  stinging  hairs. 

Stigma  penicellate.  2.  Pilea. 

Stigma  not  penicellate.  3.  Rousselia. 

1.  FLEURYA  Gaud.  Bot.  Voy.  Freyc.  497.     1830. 

Annual  herbs,  vcith  stinging  hairs  similar  to  those  of  nettles,  alternate 
petioled  dentate  leaves,  and  minute  clustered  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers. 
Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-5-parted  perianth,  4  or  5  stamens  and  a  rudimentary 
ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  4  imbricated  perianth-segments,  a  somewhat 
oblique  ovary,  the  stigma  papillose;  ovule  erect.  Fruit  an  oblique  achene. 
[Commemorates  J.  F.  Fleury,  French  botanist.]  About  8  species,  of  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:  Fleurya  paniculata  Gaud. 

1.  Fleurya  aestuans  (L.)   Gaud.;  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  154.     1859. 

Urtica  aestuans  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1397.     1763. 

Erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  little-branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  the  stinging 
hairs  copious  or  few.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-orbicular,  2-12  cm.  broad, 
coarsely  and  sharply  dentate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  1-10  cm.  long;  panicles  androgynous,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  leaves,  slender-peduncled;  achene  ovate,  compressed,  about 
2.5  mm.  long. 

A  weed  in  waste  places.  New  Providence  at  Nassau  and  Grant's  Town : — 
Haiti  to  Tortola  and  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ;  continental  tropical  America.  West  In- 
dian Nettle.     Cow-itch. 

2.  PILEA   Lindl.   Coll.   pi.   4.     1821. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  mostly  3-nerved  leaves,  connate  stipules,  and 
small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Staminate  flowers 
mostly  4-parted  (sometimes  2-  or  3-parted)  and  with  a  rudimentary  ovary. 
Pistillate  flowers  3-parted,  the  segments  in  most  species  unequal,  each  subtend- 
ing a  staminodium-  in  the  form  of  a  concave  scale;  ovary  straight;  stigma 
sessile,  penicillate.  Achene  compressed.  Seed-coat  thin.  Endosperm  scanty 
or  none.  [Name  unexplained.]  About  160  species,  chiefly  in  the  tropics,  most 
abundant  in  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Pilea  muscosa  Lindl. 

Leaves  firm,  thick  or  succulent:  stems  erect.  1.  P.  microphxiUa. 

Leaves  very  thin  and  flaccid,  slender-petioled ;  stems  prostrate.       2.  P.  tenerrima. 

1.  Pilea  microphyUa  (L.)  Liebm.  Vid.  Selsk.  Skr.  V.  2:  296.     1851. 

Parietaria  micropJiyUa  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1308.     1759. 
Pilea  muscosa  Lindl.  Coll.  pi.  4.     1821. 

Annual  or  biennial,  slender,  glabrous.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  or  some- 
times creeping  at  the  base,  5-30  cm.  long,  fleshy,  simple  or  mostly  branched; 
leaves  elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  4^10  mm.  long,  acute  or  aeutish  at  the  apex, 
entire,  acuminate  at  the  base,  transversely  wrinkled;  petioles  filiform,  shorter 
than  the  blades;  flower-clusters  very  small,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  sepals 
ovate,  very  thin,  aeutish;  achenes  oblong,  lenticular. 

On  walls  and  in  waste  rocky  places,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Great 
Exuma  : — Bermuda ;  Florida ;  West  Indies ;  continental  tropical  America.  Lace- 
plant. 


URTICACEAE.  107 

2.  Pilea  tenerrima  Miquel,  Linnaea  26:  219.     1854. 

Stems  very  slender  or  nearly  filiform,  usually  tufted,  prostrate  or  nearly 
so,  somewhat  fleshy,  3-10  cm.  long,  more  or  less  branched.  Leaves  suborbicu- 
'lar  or  obovate,  usually  thin  and  flaccid,  the  blades  3-6  mm.  long,  rounded  or 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  obliquely  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  raphides 
linear,  0.3-0.5  mm.  long,  irregularly  transverse,  the  slender  petioles  2-5  mm. 
long;  flowers  and  achenes  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species  of  which  it 
may  be  a  slender,  small-leaved  race. 

Crevices  of  rocks,  Andros,  Eleuthera,  Rum  Cay,  Long  Island,  Acklin's  and 
South  Caicos  : — Florida;  Cuba;  St.  Jan;  Ariegada  ;  Curasao;  Jamaica.  Tliis  plant 
has  been  confused  with  P.  hcrniurioides  (Sw.)  Lindl.,  of  wet  mountain  rocks  In 
Cuba  and  Jamaica.     Small  lace-plant. 

3.  ROUSSELIA   Gaud.   Bot.   Voy.    Freyc.    503.     1830. 

A  low,  diffuse,  perennial  herb,  without  stinging  hairs,  the  leaves  alternate, 
entire,  the  small  axillary  flowers  monoecious.  Staminate  flowers  in  small 
racemes,  the  calyx  4-parted,  the  stamens  4,  the  ovary  rudimentary.  Pistillate 
flowers  geminate,  2-bracted,  sessile,  the  bracts  foliaceous;  calyx  ovoid,  dentate; 
ovary  straight;  style  filiform,  curved,  plumose  on  one  side.  Achene  flat,  ovate, 
acute,  surrounded  by  the  bracts.  Seed  with  a  membranous  testa  and  scanty 
endosperm.  [Commemorates  H.  F.  A.  de  Roussel,  professor  at  Caen.]  A 
monotypic  genus. 

1.  Rousselia  humilis   (Sw.)   Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  4:   205.     1905. 

Urtica  humilis  Sw.  Vet.  Akad.  Stockh.  Handl.  6:  34.     1785. 

Urtica  lappulacea  Sw.  loc.  eit.  8:   69.     1787. 

Eoiisselia  lappulacea  Gaud.  Bot.  Voy.  Freyc.  503.     1830. 

Pubescent;  stems  slender,  branched,  prostrate  or  ascending,  1-4  dm.  long. 
Leaves  ovate,  membranous,  3-nerved,  0.5-3  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  rounded  at  the  base;  stipules  minute;  bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
ovate,  3-4  mm.  long,  entire;  achene  shining,  about  2  mm.  long. 

On  rocks,  New  Providence  at  Nassau: — Cuba  to  St,  Thomas;  Jamaica.  Rous- 
selia, 


Order  6.     S ANT AL ALES. 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  and  a  few  species  herbaceous,  many  of  them  para- 
sitic on  the  roots  or  branches  of  other  plants,  Avith  simple,  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  inconspicuous  clustered  perfect  or  imperfect  flowers,  the 
corolla  present  or  wanting.  Ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  compound. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  petals.  Fruit  various. 
Seeds  mostly  with  fleshy  endosperm.     A  large  order,  mostly  tropical. 

Green  parasites  with  opposite  leaves.  Fnm.  1.  Loranthaceae. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  alternate  leaves.  i^am.  -.  ulacaceah.. 


108  LORAXTHACEAE. 

Family  1.     LORANTHACEAE  D.  Don. 

]\IiSTLETOE  Family. 

Parasitic  green  sbrabs  or  herbs,  containing  cbloropbyll,  growing  on 
woody  plants  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through  specialized 
roots  called  haustoria  (a  few  tropical  species  terrestrial).  Leaves  in  the 
following  genera  opposite,  in  Razoumofskya  reduced  to  opposite  scales. 
Flowers  regular,  terminal  or  axillary,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  and  peri- 
anth simple,  or  in  some  genera  perfect,  and  with  perianth  of  both  calyx 
and  corolla.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  2-6.  Ovary  soli- 
tary, erect;  style  simple  or  none;  stigma  terminal,  undivided,  obtuse. 
Fruit  a  berry.  Seed  solitary,  its  testa  indistinguishable  from  the  endo- 
sperm, which  is  usually  copious  and  fleshy;  embryo  terete  or  angled. 
About  21  genera  and  500  species,  widely  distributed;  most  abundant  in 
tropical  regions. 

Perianth  of  two  series  of  parts  ;  flowers  mostly  perfect.  1.  Dendropemon. 

Perianth  of  one  series  of  parts  ;  flowers  imperfect.  2.  Phoradendron. 

1.  DENDROPEMON  Blume,  in  Schultes,  Syst.  7:    1729.     1830. 

Parasitic  shrubs,  with  opposite,  coriaceous  or  somewhat  fleshy,  mostly  flat 
leaves,  and  small,  axillary,  bracteolate  flowers  in  simple  axillary  spikes  or 
racemes,  the  bractlets  connate,  eupiilate.  Calyx-limb  truncate  or  4-6  toothed, 
Petals  usually  5  or  6,  small.  Stamens  short,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  petals; 
anthers  dorsifixed.  Style  short;  stigma  terminal.  Fruit  a  small,  fleshy  berry. 
[Greek,  injurious  to  trees.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies. 
Type  species:  Loranthus  parvifolius  Sw. 

Plants  glabrous,  not  scaly. 

Leaves  long-petioled  ;  berry  oblong  to  obovoid.  1.  D.  purpureus. 

Leaves  subsessile  ;  berry  subglobose.  2.  D.   brevipes. 

Inflorescence  scaly. 

Leaves  mostly  acute ;   twigs  angular :   inflorescence   densely 

scaly.  3.  D.  hahamensis. 

Leaves   rounded,   emarginate   or   cuspidulate ;   twigs   terete ; 

inflorescence  lightly  scaly.  4.  D.  emarginatus. 

1.  Dendropemon  purpureus    (L.)    Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  24:    26.     1897. 

ViscuTri'  purpureum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1023.     1753. 

Loranthus  iiniflorus  A.  Eich.  Ess.  Fl.  Cub.  648.     1845.     Xot.  Jacq.     1760. 

Smooth,  not  at  all  scaly;  branches  2-4  dm.  long,  a  little  flattened  when 
young,  soon  terete.  Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  3-6  cm.  long,  obtuse,  sub- 
truncate  or  acute  at  the  apex  and  usually  mucronulate,  rarely  retuse,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  the  petioles  3-12  mm.  long;  racemes  glabrous,  several-many- 
flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  the  peduncles  somewhat  flattened; 
pedicels  1-3  mm.  long;  bractlets  connate  to  about  the  middle;  flowers  reddish; 
berry  obovoid-cylindric,  blue-black,  or  red,  or  black  with  a  red  base,  5-8  mm. 
long. 

On  trees,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Caicos  : — Cuba ;  Hispaniola ;  Porto  Rico. 
Catesby  2  :  pi.  95.     Smooth  Mistletoe. 

2.  Dendropemon  brevipes  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

Smooth  throughout,  not  at  all  scaly ;  young  branches  slightly  flattened,  the 
older  terete,  3  dm.  long  or  less.     Leaves  oval  to  elliptic-obovate,   dull  green, 


LOEANTHACEAE.  109 

2.5-4  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  roiinded  or  minutely  apiculate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  the  midvein  prominent  on  the  under  side,  the  lateral  vena- 
tion obscure,  the  petioles  about  0.5  mm.  long;  inflorescence  peduncled,  few- 
flowered,  short-racemose;  peduncles  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
pedicels  3  or  4  mm.  long;  bractlets  connate  to  about  the  middle;  calyx  trun- 
cate; fruit  subglobose,  bluish  purple,  8-9  mm.  in  diameter. 

On  Sirirtrnia  Mahagoni,  Long  Island  near  Clarence  Town  on  Galloway  Road 
Britton  <&  Mills paugh  632.'f.)      Short-stalked  Mistletoeu 

3.  Dendropemon  Tbahamensis  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

Similar  to  D.  emarginaius,  but  the  twigs  strongly  angled,  not  scaly. 
Leaves  ovate-elliptic  to  elliptic-obovate,  5  cm.  long  or  less,  1.5-3  cm.  wide, 
acute,  acutish  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  petioles  stout, 
about  2  mm.  long;  rachis  of  the  inflorescence  densely  Avhite-scaly,  3  cm.  long 
or  less;  calyx  densely  white-scaly,  broadly  triangular,  3  mm.  long  in  fruit,  its 
teeth  broadly  triangular,  horny,  glabrous;  ripe  fruit  cylindrie  with  a  conic 
apex,  red-brown,  9  mm.  long,  5  mm.  thick. 

On  TAjsilomo  Sahicu,  Nassau,  New  Providence  (Britton  and  Br<ice  ?«.'>.  type ; 
Brace  3^27)  ;  on  the  same  host,  Haynes  Road,  Great  Exuma  {Britton  &  Millspaugh 
2975)  ;  on  Conocnrpus  ereeta;  Georgetown,  Great  Exnma  (Britton  d-  MilUpdugh  2!)(i(;\ . 
Presumably  recorded  by  Dolley  as  Loranthus  parviflorus   Sw.     Bahama  Mistletoe. 

4.  Dendropemon  emarginatus  (Sav.)  Steud.  Xomencl.  ed.  2,  491.     1841. 

Loranthus  emarginatus  Sw.  Prodr.  58.     1788. 

Dendropemon  emarginatus  lepidotus  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  24:   25. 

1897. 

Stems  rather  stout,  terete,  3-4  dm.  long,  the  twigs  terete  or  very  nearly 
so,  usually  scaly.  Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic-obovate,  2-7  cm.  long,  rounded 
or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuueate  at  the  bafe,  the  petioles  2-6 
mm.  long;  inflorescence  scaly,  several-flowered,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  peduncles 
terete  or  slightly  angular,  the  pedicels  1  mm.  long  or  less;  bracts  connate; 
calyx  more  or  less  scaly,  its  teeth  short ;  berry  cylindrie,  6-8  mm.  long,  black, 
or  red  with  a  black  base. 

On  Ficus  and  Elaphrium  Simantha,  Andros : — Cuba ;  Ilispaniola.  Scaly 
Mistletoe. 

2.  PHORADENDRON  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  II.  1:    185.     1848. 

Shrubs,  parasitic  on  trees,  mostly  brittle  at  the  nodes,  with  opposite 
coriaceous  flat  leaves,  sometimes  reduced  to  locales  (cataphyls),  terete  or  angled 
twigs,  and  monoecious  or  dioecious  axillary  spicate  bracted  small  flowers, 
solitary  or  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Staminate  flowers  with  a 
3-lobed  (rarely  2-4-lobed)  calyx,  bearing  a  sessile  transversely  2-celled  anther 
at  the  base  of  each  lobe.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  similar  calyx  adnate  to  the 
ovoid  inferior  ovary;  style  short;  stigma  obti-se  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  sessile 
fleshy  berry.  Endosperm,  copious.  [Greek,  tree-thief,  from  its  parasitic  habit.] 
Over  200  species,  all  American.  Type  species:  Phoradcndron  californicum 
Nutt. 

Branches  distinctly  tetragonal  ;  leaves  scarcely  petioled  or  short- 
petioled 

Leaves   oblanceohite   to  spatulate   or   oblong-spatulate ;   peti- 
oles 3-8  mm.  long.  1.  P-  ruhrum. 

Leaves  obovate  to  obovate-elliptic,  5  cm.  long  or  less,  petioles 

1-2  mm.  long.  2.   /'.   trincrvium. 

Branches  terete  or  nearly  so  :  leaves  distinctly  petioled. 

Leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  blunt  at  the  apex  ;  berry 

white.  ^.   P.   raccinostim. 

Leaves  obovate,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex;  berry  red.  4.  P.  yorthropiae. 


110  LOEANTHACEAE. 

1.  Phoradendron  rubrum  (L.)  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  314.     1860. 

Viscum  ruhrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1023.     1753. 

Phoradendron  s-pathuU folium  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  24:   41.     1897. 

Branches  slender,  5  dm.  long  or  less,  pseudodiehotomous,  bearing  2-4 
blunt  cataphyls  near  the  base,  the  internodes  short,  4-angled,  upwardly  some- 
what enlarged.  Leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong-spatulate,  2-7  cm.  long,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  scarcely  petioled;  spikes  usually 
several  together,  2  cm.  long  or  less,  2-3-jointed,  the  joints  about  12-flowered; 
berry  subglobose,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  smooth,  red  or  sometimes  yellow. 

On  trees,  especially  mahogany,  Abaco.  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Long  Island, 
Fortune  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Mariguana,  Inagua  : — Cuba.  Cates- 
by,  2  :  pi.  81.     Recorded  as  Phoradendron  tetrastichum  Griseb.  by  Hitchcock.     Nar- 

EOW-LEAVED    MISTLETOE. 

2.  Phoradendron  trinervium   (Lam.)   Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  314.     1860. 

Viscum  trinervium  Lam.  Encyc.  3:   57.     1789. 

Branches  slender,  3-5  cm.  long,  pseudodichotomous,  bearing  1  or  2  pairs 
of  cataphyls  near  the  base,  the  internodes  3-5  cm.  long,  4-angled.  Leaves 
obovate  or  elliptic-obovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  sub- 
cuneate  at  the  base,  scarcely  petioled;  spikes  usually  clustered,  1-2  cm.  long, 
2-3-jointed,  the  joints  usually  6-flowered  or  8-flowered;  berry  oblong  when 
young,  subglobose,  smooth,  orange  and  3-4  mm.  in  diameter  when  mature. 

On  various  trees,  Watling's  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Acklin's  Island : — 
Porto  Rico  and  St.  Thomas  to  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica.  Closely  related  to  the  preceding 
species.     Angled  Mistletoe. 

3.  Phoradendron   racemosum    (Aubl.)    Krug  &   Urban,   Bot.   Jahrb.   24:    46. 

1897. 

Viscum  racemosum  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  2:  895.     1775. 

Branches  elongated,  rather  stout,  3-6  dm.  long,  most  of  the  joints  bearing 
]-3  pairs  of  cataphyls,  the  internodes  terete  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  enlarged 
above,  7-15  cm.  long.  Leaves  various,  lanceolate  or  elliptic  or  orbicular,  5-16 
cm.  long,  pinnately  veined,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed 
into  winged  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  spikes  often  clustered,  3-7  em.  long,  3-5- 
jointed,  the  long  joints  several-many-flowered;  berry  ellipsoid,  white,  about 
4  mm.  long. 

On  Ocotea,  Andros  at  Deep  Creek  : — Cuba  :  Hispaniola  :  Porto  Rico  :  northern 
South  America.  Erroneously  called  Snakekoot.  Broad-leaved  Mistletoe.  Big 
Man. 

4.  Phoradendron   Northropiae   Urban;    Northrop,   Mem.    Torr.    Club    12:    33, 

pi.  4.     1902. 

Dichotomously  or  trichotomously  branched,  2-4  dm.  long,  the  subterete 
branches  glabrous,  3-5  mm.  thick,  usually  with  cataphyls  in  all  joints,  the  inter- 
nodes 4-10  cm.  long.  Leaves  obovate,  thick,  3-7  cm.  long,  2.5-4  cm.  wide, 
rounded,  subtruneate  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  very 
indistincty  few-veined,  the  petioles  3-7  mm.  long;  spikes  several  or  numerous 
at  the  nodes,  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  short-peduncled,  4-6-jointed;  joints  8-18- 
flowered,  subfusiform,  rather  thick;  berry  subglobose,  red. 

On  Mimusops,  Andros,  at  Conch  Sound  and  Lisbon  Creek : — Endemic.  Mrs. 
NoRTHROP's  Mistletoe. 


OLACACEAE.  Ill 

Family  2.     OLACACEAE  Lindl. 

Olax  Family. 

Shrubs,  trees  or  woody  vines,  mostly  with  alternate  and  entire,  pinnately 
veined,  estipulate  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  or  polygamous  flowers  in 
axillary  clusters.  Calyx  4-6-toothed  or  4-6-parted.  Corolla  4—fi-lohed  or 
of  4-6  distinct  petals.  Disk  various.  Stamens  4-12;  filaments  distinct  or 
rarely  monadelphous;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1-3-celled,  inferior,  half- 
superior,  or  partly  immersed  in  the  disk;  ovules  few,  anatropous;  style 
short,  usually  simple;  stigma  entire  or  2-5-lobed.  Fruit  drupaceous,  1- 
celled.  Testa  of  the  seed  membranous;  endosperm  fleshy,  or  rarely  want- 
ing.    Abont  25  genera  and  140  species,  mostly  tropical. 

Petals  united  to  above  the  middle.  1.  Scliocpfta. 

Petals  nearly  separate.  2.  Ximcnia. 

1.  SOHOEPFIA  Schreb.;    Gmel.  Syst.   376.     1791. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  coriaceous  entire  leaves  and  small  perfect 
flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  very  small,  4-toothed.  Petals  united  to  above 
the  middle,  forming  a  tubular  or  ureeolate,  4-6-lobed  corolla,  the  lobes  valvate, 
recurved.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla4obes  and  opposite  them;  filaments 
filiform  or  short;  anthers  didymous.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled,  partly  immersed 
in  the  disk;  style  slender  or  short;  stigma  capitate  or  34obed;  ovules  usually 
1  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  small  drupe  nearly  enclosed  by  the  accrescent  disk. 
[Commemorates  J.  D.  Schoepf,  1752-1800,  German  botanist.]  About  15 
species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America  and  Asia.  Type  species: 
Schoepfia  Sclireberi  Gmel. 

Leaves  obovate,  obtuse.  1.  8.  ohovata. 

Leaves  ovate,  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  acute.  2.  8.  chrysophylloides. 

1.  Schoepfia  ohovata  C.  Wright ;  Sauv.  Anales  Acad.  Habana  5 :  289.     1868. 

A  glabrous  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  or  sometimes  a  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  the 
twigs  slender,  gray,  the  bark  rough  in  narrow  plates.  Leaves  obovate,  oblong 
or  elliptic,  coriaceous,  2-4  cm.  long,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  cuneate  at  the  base,  few-veined,  the  petioles  1-3  mm.  long;  peduncles  soli- 
tary or  few  together  in  the  axils,  2-8  mm.  long,  1-3-flowered ;  flowers  sessile ; 
corolla  ovoid-cylindric,  4-5  mm.  long,  red  to  greenish  yellow,  the  lobes  ovate  or 
triangular-ovate;  fruit  globose-obovoid  to  ellipsoid,  5-8  mm.  long;  fruit  yellow 
or  red  when  mature. 

Thickets  and  coppices,  Abaco.  Great  Bahama.  New  Providence.  Marij^uann  and 
Acklin's  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  :  Ane^ada.  Referred  to  by  Mrs.  Northrop 
as   Elaeodendron  xylocarpum.     White   Beefwoou. 

2.  Schoepfia  chrysophylloides   (A.  Eich.)   Planch.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  IV.  2:   261. 

1854. 

Diplocalyx  chrysophijUoides  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:   81.     1850. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  sometimes  up  to  8  m.  high,  with  crooked  branches  and 
slender  glabrous  twigs.  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  2-6  cm. 
long,  acute  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  the 
margined  petioles  4-8  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the 
axils,  reddish;   calyx  about  2  mm.  long;   corolla  narrowly  campanulate,  about 


112  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 

4  mm.  long,  its  lobes  reflexed;  stamens  4,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  corolla- 
lobes,  the  anthers  sessile;  drupe  ovoid  or  oval,  scarlet,  10-12  mm.  long,  nearly 
enclosed  by  the  accrescent  calyx. 

Coppices,  scrub-lands  and  nine-lands.  Abaco,  Great  Baliama.  Andros  and  Eleu- 
thera  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica.     White  Wood. 

2.  XIMENIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1193.     1753. 

Spinescent  shrubs  or  trees,  with  entire,  often  fascicled  leaves  and  small 
white  or  yellow,  perfect  axillary,  solitary  or  cymose  flowers.  Calyx  very  small, 
4-5-toothed.  Petals  4  or  5,  united  only  at  the  base,  coriaceous,  valvate,  pubes- 
cent on  the  inner  side.  Stamens  8-10,  the  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers  linear. 
Ovary  3-celled;  style  simple;  stigma  subcapitate;  ovules  3  or  4  in  each  cavity. 
Drupe  with  a  fleshy  exocarp  and  a  woody  or  crustaceous  stone.  Embryo  of  the 
seed  very  small.  [Commemorates  Francesco  Ximenes,  a  Spanish  naturalist.] 
About  5  species,  of  tropical  distribution,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Ximenia  americana  L.  Sp.  PL  1193.     1753. 
Ximenia  inermis  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  497.     1762. 

A  thorny  shrub  or  small  tree,  rarely  6  m.  high,  with  reddish  smooth 
astringent  bark,  the  slender  branches  spreading.  Leaves  oblong  to  orbicular, 
subcoriaceous,  3-7  em.  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  oi- 
rounded  at  the  base,  sparingly  pubescent  when  young,  mostly  glabrous  when 
old,  the  slender  petioles  5-10  mm.  long;  clusters  2-4-flowered,  much  shorter 
than  the  leaves;  calyx  about  1  mm.  long;  corolla-lobes  linear,  reflexed,  1  cm. 
long;   drupe  yellow  or  red,  12-17  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coastal  white-lands  and  coppices.  New  Providence,  Conception  Island.  Long 
Island.  Fortune  Island.  Crooked  Island,  Caicos  and  Cay  Sal  : — Florida ;  Cuba  to 
Porto  Rico  and  Martinique ;  .Tamaica :  Mexico  and  South  America ;  Old  World 
tropics.  When  growing  on  sand  dunes  this  shrub  is  much  depressed  and  has  nearly 
orbicular,  fleshy  leaves ;  when  growing  in  coppices  or  scrul)-lands  it  is  tall,  with 
elongated  oblong  to  oblanceolate  leaves.     Tallow   Wood.     Spanish  Plum. 

Order  7.     ARISTOLOCHIALES. 

Herbs  or  vines,  mostly  with  cordate  or  reniform  leaves  and  perfect 
flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  its  tube  wholly  or  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
Corolla  none.  Ovarj^  several-  (mostly  6-)  celled.  Only  the  following 
family. 


Family  1.     ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  Bliime. 

BiRTHwoRT  Family. 

Aeanlescent  plants,  or  vrith.  erect  or  twining-  stems.  Leaves  alternate, 
often  basal,  estipulate.  Flowers  regular  or  iiTegular,  sometimes  clus- 
tered. Calyx-limb  3-6-lobed  or  irregular.  Stamens  6-many,  adnate  to 
the  pistil;  anthers  2-celled,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovules 
numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous,  horizontal  or  pendulous.  Fruit  a 
many-seeded  6-celled  capsule.  Seeds  angled  or  compressed,  with  a  crus- 
taceous testa  and  usually  wdth  a  fleshy  or  dilated  raphe;  endospemi  fleshy, 
copious;  embryo  minute.  Six  genera  and  about  200  species  of  wide  dis- 
tribution in  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 


AEISTOLOCHIACEAE.  113 

1.  ARISTOLOCHIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  960.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs  or  twining  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  petioled,  or 
entire,  3-7-lobed  cordate  or  aurieulate  palmately  nerved.  Flowers  irregular. 
Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  base,  the  tube  usually  inflated  around 
the  style  and  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  limb  spreading  or  reflexed,  entire, 
3--6-lobed  or  appendaged.  Stamens  mostly  6;  anthers  adnate  to  the  short  style 
or  stigma,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  mostly  6-celled 
with  6  parietal  placentae.  Style  3-6-lobed.  Capsule  naked,  septicidally  6- 
valved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  horizontal,  compressed.  [Xamed  for  its  sup- 
posed medicinal  properties.]  About  180  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropica] 
and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:   Aristolocliia  rotunda  L. 

Leaves  cordate  ;  fruits  short-peduncled  ;  pedvmcles  leafy-bracted. 

1.  -1.  pcntandra. 
Lenvps  sagittate  to  hastate;  fruits  slender-peduncled  ; 
peduncles  not  bracted.  2.  A.  passifloracfoUa. 

1.  Aristolochia  pentandra  Jacq.  Enum.  30.     1760. 

Stems  loosely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  trailing  or  low-climbing,  branched,  3 
m.  long  or  less.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  broadly  ovate, 
4-10  cm.  long,  entire  or  3-lobed,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the 
bas'e,  the  slender  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  axils,  shorter 
than  the  petioles,  leafy-bracted  at  about  the  middle,  the  bract  ovate,  cordate, 
sessile,  1-3  cm.  long;  ovary  and  calyx  pubescent;  calyx  2-3  cm.  long,  expanded 
to  one  side,  the  limb  acuminate,  veined;  stamens  5;  capsule  globose,  1.5-2  cm. 
in  diameter,  usually  longer  than  the  peduncle. 

Maritime  sand  plains,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Andres,  Eleu- 
thera,     Watling's     and     Long     Island : — (Florida ;     Cuba.     Coastal     Aristolochia. 

PiTCHER-PLAXT. 

2,  Aristolochia  passifloraefolia  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:   195.     1850. 

A  glabrous  vine,  sometimes  becoming  3  m.  long,  usually  not  more  than  1 
m.,  usually  climbing,  the  stem  slender.  Leaves  sagittate  or  aurieulate  to 
hastate,  various,  3-6  cm.  long,  acute,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  the  basal 
auricles  rounded,  the  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade;  peduncles  solitary  in  the 
axils,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  not  bracted ;  calyx  3-4  cm.  long,  brown- 
purple  or  greenish  yellow,  its  base  obliquely  inflated,  its  tube  slender,  curved, 
its  limb  suborbicular,  bearing  slender  processes  6-10  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong 
or  oblong-globose,  1-2  cm.  long. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba. 
Slender  Aristolochia, 

Order  8.     POLYGONALES. 

Herbs,  twining-  vines,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  or  sometinies  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  smiple  mostly  entire  leaves,  jointed  stems,  and  usually 
sheathing  united  stipules  (ocreae).  Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  dioe- 
cious, monoecious  or  polygamous.  Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior,  2-r)-cleft 
or  2-6-parted,  the  segments  or  sepals  more  or  less  imbricated,  sometimes 
petaloid,  sometimes  developing  wings  in  fruit.  Stamens  2-0,  inserted  near 
the  base  of  the  calyx;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate,  often  dilated  at  tlie 
base,  distinct  or  united  into  a  ring:  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.     Ovary  superior,  1-celled ;  ovule  solitary,  orthotropous,  erect  or 


114  POLYGOXACEAE. 

pendulous;  stj'le  2-3-eleft  or  2-3-parted,  sometimes  very  short;  stigmas 
capitate  or  tufted,  rarety  2-eleft;  fruit  a  lenticular  3-angled  or  rarely  4- 
angied  achene,  usually  invested  by  the  persistent  calyx;  endosperm  mealy; 
cotyledons  accumbent  or  incumbent;  embryo  straight  or  nearly  so.  Only 
the  following  family. 

Family  1.     POLYGONACEAE  Lindl. 
Buckwheat  Family. 

About  40  genera  and  800  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Herbaceous  plants. 

Erect   or  ascending  herbs. 

Ocreae  cylindric,  truncate.  1.  Persicaria. 

Ocreae  oblique.  2.  Fagopyrum. 

Vines  ;  racemes  terminating  in  tendrils.                                                   3.  Antigonon. 

Trees  and  shrubs.  4.  CoccoIoMs. 

1.  PERSICARIA   [Tourn.]    Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Abr.  ed.  4.     1754. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  cylindric  ocreae,  and  flowers  in  slender 
spike-like  racemes,  the  ocreolae  funnelform,  the  short  pedicels  jointed  at  the 
base  of  the  calyx.  Sepals  mostly  5,  neither  winged  nor  keeled.  Stamens  4-8, 
included  or  exserted,  the  filaments  erect  or  nearly  so.  Styles  2  or  sometimes 
3,  usually  partly  united;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  lenticular,  or  sometimes 
S-angled,  usually  black.  Endosperm  horny;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [From 
Tersica,  the  leaves  resembling  those  of  the  peach.]  About  125  species,  widely 
distributed.     Type  species:  Polygonum  Persicaria  L. 

Ocreae  ciliate. 

Flower  clusters  contiguous.                                                              1.  P.  hydropiperoides. 

Flower  clusters  separated.                                                                2.  P.  punctata. 

Ocreae  eciliate.  "                                             3.  P.  portoricensis. 

1.  Persicaria  hydropiperoides   (Michx.)   Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  378.     1903. 

Polygonum  liijdropiperoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:    239.     1803. 

Perennial,  strigillose;  stem  erect,  decumbent  or  prostrate,  slender,  3-9 
dm.  long.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  varying  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  acute  at  apex,  ciliate,  pubescent  with 
appressed  hairs  on  the  midrib  beneath;  ocreae  cylindric,  loose,  strigose,  fringed 
with  long  bristles;  racemes  panicled,  terminal,  erect,  narrow,  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted, 3-7.5  cm.  long;  calyx  pink  or  greenish;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted  to 
below  the  middle;  achene  3-angled,  ovoid  or  oblong,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  smooth, 
shining. 

Water-holes,  Great  Bahama  at  West  End  : — Continental  North  America  south 
to  Florida  and  California.     Mild  Water  Pepper. 

2.  Persicaria  punctata  (Ell.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  L'.  S.  379.     1903. 

Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  455.     1817. 
Polygonum  acre  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:   179.     1817.     Not  Lam.     1778. 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so;  stem  erect  or  ascending, 
rarely  prostrate,  simple  or  branched,  3-12  dm.  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  3-20  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  petioled,  ciliate,  con- 
spicuously punctate,  acrid,  the  midrib  often  with  a  few  scattered  hairs;  ocreae 


POLYGOXACEAE.  115 

eyliiidric,  fringed  v^ith  long  bristles  falling  away  at  maturity,  racemes  narrow, 
erect  or  slightly  drooping,  loosely-floAvered,  2-8  cm.  long;  calyx  greenish; 
stamens  8;  style  2-3-parted  to  the  base;  achene  oblong,  thick,  lenticular  or  3- 
angled,  2.5  mm.  long,  smooth,  shining. 

Swampy  ground,  Andros.  along  road  to  Morgan's  Bluff  : — Bermuda  :  temperate 
and  tropical  continental  America  ;  Cuba  to  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica.     Water  Smahtweed. 

3.  Persicaria  portoricensis  (Bert.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  377.     1903. 

Polygonum  portoricense  Bert.;   Small,  Mem.  Bot.  Col.  Coll.  1:   40.     1895. 
Polygonum  glabrum  C.  &  S.  Linnaea  3:  46.     1828.     Not  Willd.     1799. 

Perennial,  more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  erect,  decumbent  or  floating,  1-1.5  m. 
long  or  longer,  branched,  enlarged  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  4-30  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  obscurely  punctate,  short- 
petioled,  the  nerves  prominent  beneath;  ocreae  cylindric,  sometimes  bristly 
when  young,  naked  when  mature,  sometimes  hispid;  racemes  narrow,  panicu- 
late, often  in  pairs,  2.5-13  cm.  long,  dense,  erect;  calyx  white  or  whitish,  5- 
parted  to  near  the  base;  stamens  6-8,  included;  style  2-3-cleft,  somewhat  ex- 
serted;  achene  lenticular  and  strongly  biconvex  or  3-angled,  2-3  mm.  long, 
broadly  oblong,  orbicular  or  even  broader  than  high,  black,  smooth  and  shining, 
or  minutely  granular. 

Fresh  water  swamps  and  water-holes.  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  rrovidpnoe. 
Great  Exuma  and  Cat  Island  :— southern  T'nited  States  to  Mexico  and  northern 
South   America ;    Cuba    to   Martinique ;    Jamaica.     Dense-flowered   Persicaria. 

2.  FAOOPYRUM   Gaertn.   Fr.   &  Sem.   2:    182.     1791. 

Annual  or  perennial,  rather  fleshy,  usually  glabrous  leafy  herbs,  with  erect 
striate  or  grooved  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  hastate  or  deltoid,  with 
oblique,  cylindric  or  funnelform  ocreae.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in 
terminal  or  axillary,  usually  paniculate  racemes,  perfect,  borne  solitary  or  sev- 
eral together  from  each  ocreola,  slender-pedicelled.  Calyx  about  equally  5- 
parted,  persistent  and  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  segments  petaloid,  shorter  than 
the  achene.  Stamens  8 ;  filaments  filiform,  glabrous.  Ovary  1-celled,  1- 
ovuled;  style  3-parted;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  3-angled.  Embryo  central, 
dividing  the  mealy  endosperm  into  two  parts;  cotyledons  broad.  [Greek, 
beech-wheat,  from  the  similarity  of  the  grain.]  About  6  species,  native  of 
Europe  and  Asia.     Type  species:  Fagopyrum  tataricum  Gaertn. 

1.  Fagopyrum  Fagopyrum   (L.)   Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  522.     1880-83. 

Polygonum  Fagopyrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  364.     1753. 
Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench,  Meth.  290.     1794. 

Annual,  glabrous  except  at  the  nodes,  stem  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  hastate, 
2.5-7,5  em.  long,  abruptly  narrowed  above  the  middle,  acuminate,  the  nerves  on 
the  lower  surface  slightly  scurfy;  ocreae  brittle  and  fugacious;  racemes  mostly 
panicled,  sometimes  corymbose,  many-flowered,  erect  or  inclined  to  droop;  pedi- 
cels as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-segments  white  or  whitish;  stamens  imduded ; 
style-branches  deflexed  in  fruit;  achene  acute,  5  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  its  faces  pinnately-striate  when  mature,  the  angles  acute,  not 
crested. 

Waste  grounds.  New  Providence  : — native  of  eastern  Europe  or  western  Asia. 
Widely  distributed  through  cultivation.     Buckwheat. 


116  POLYGOXACEAE. 

3.  ANTIGONON  Endl.;  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  Voj.  308.     1838. 

Vines  with  alternate  petioled  cordate  entire  leaves,  the  petiole-bases 
clasping,  and  small  flowers  in  racemes  opposite  the  leaves  or  clustered  at  the 
summit,  the  racemes  terminating  in  tendrils.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  the  3  outer 
ones  cordate,  ovate,  the  2  inner  ones  oblong.  Stamens  8,  equal,  the  filaments 
subulate,  connate  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-angled;  ovule  erect;  styles  3,  recurved. 
Achene  enclosed  in  the  accrescent  calyx.  [Greek,  opposite  the  nodes.]  Three 
or  four  species  native  of  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Antigonon  leptopus  H.  &  A.  Bot.  Beech.  Yoy.  308.     1838. 

Herbaceous,  climbing,  branched,  often  5  m.  long  or  longer,  finely  pubescent 
at  least  above.  Leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate,  3-9  cm.  long,  puberulent,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  rather  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  1-5  cm.  long; 
racemes  several  or  many,  loosely  several-flowered,  the  floriferous  part  3-8  cm. 
long,  the  tendril  as  long  or  shorter;  pedicels  slender,  10  mm.  long  or  less; 
flowering  calyx  pink  or  sometimes  white,  about  5  mm.  long;  fruiting  calyx 
1-1.5  cm.  long,  the  sepals  strongly  veined. 

Roadways  and  waste  ground,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence 
near  Nassau  : — Cuba  to  Martinique,  and  in  Jamaica.     Native  of  Mexico.     Corallina. 

4.  COCCOLOBIS  P.  Br.  Civ.  &  Xat.  Hist.  Jam.  209.     1756. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  the  ocreae  cylindric  or  fun- 
nelform,  often  very  small,  the  small,  usually  green  flowers  racemose  or  spicate, 
subtended  by  minute  bracts  and  ocreolae.  Calyx-tube  accrescent,  enclosing  the 
achene,  its  lobes  5.  Stamens  8,  the  filaments  slender.  Ovary  3-angled;  ovule 
erect;  styles  3,  Fruit  ovoid  or  globose,  the  accrescent  calyx-tube  becoming 
fleshy  and  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  achene.  Seed-coat  thin ;  endosperm 
mealy.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  adherent  calyx.]  Over  125  species  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  distribution,  all  American.  Type  species:  Polygonum  Uvi- 
fera  L. 

Flowering  pedicels  1  mm.  long  or  longer. 

Leaves  very  large,  suborbicular,  or  broader  than  long,  7-20  cm.  wide. 

Leaves   (except  those  of  shoots)   6  cm.  wide  or  less,  ovate  to 
elliptic,   obovate  or  orbicular. 
Leaves  not  reticulate-veined  above. 

Leaves  coriaceous  ;   racemes  erect  or  spreading ;  fruit 

7-10  mm.  long. 
Leaves    chartaceous ;    racemes    long,    drooping;    fruit 
about  4  mm.  long. 
Leaves  prominently  reticulate-veined  on  both  sides  when 
old. 
Flowering  pedicels  less  than  1  mm.  long. 

Inflorescence  longer  than  the  leaves,  which  are  finely  reticu- 
late-veined  above. 
Inflorescence  shorter  than  the  leaves,  which  are  very  indis- 
tinctly veined  above. 

1.  Coccolobis  Uvifera  (L.)  Jacq.  Enum.  19.     1760. 

Polygonum  Uvifera  L.  Sp.  PI.  365.     1753. 
Coccolobis  leoganensis  Jacq.  Enum.  19.     1760. 

A  tree,  exceptionally  up  to  15  m.  high  with  a  trunk  1  m.  in  diameter, 
usually  not  over  6  m.  high,  the  branches  spreading,  the  smooth  bark  brown,  the 
twigs  stout,  finely  pubescent  when  young,  soon  glabrous.  Leaves  orbicular  or 
broader  than  long,  coriaceous,  7-20  cm.  broad,  cordate  at  the  base,  very  «hort- 


1. 

C. 

Uvifera. 

2 

C. 

la  iiri  folia. 

3. 

G. 

hahamensis. 

4. 

C. 

Xorthropiae. 

5. 

c. 

diversifolia. 

6. 

c. 

Krugii. 

POLYGOXACEAE.  117 

petioled,  their  sheaths  1  cm.  long  or  less;  flowers  numerous,  ^Yhite,  in  dense 
narrow  glabrous  racemes  7-12  cm.  long;  pedicels  3-4  mm.  long;  calyx  \Yhite, 
about  6  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  ovate,  rounded;  fruits  forming  drooping  clusters 
some\Yhat  resembling  bunches  of  grapes,  globose,  purple,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter, 
the  pulp  thin,  astringent. 

Coastal  thickets,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama 
to  Grand  Turk,  Inagua,  Anguilla  Isles  and  Water  Cay  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West 
Indies  ;  coasts  of  tropical  continental  America.     Ska  Gkape.     Catesby,  2  ;  />/.  ;*(j. 

2.  Coccolobis  laurifolia  Jacq.  Hort.  Schoen.  3:  9.     1797. 

A  tree,  up  to  20  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  7  m.  thick,  usually  much 
smaller,  and  often  shrubby,  the  thin  gray  bark  brown  mottled,  the  twigs  and 
leaves  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate,  elliptic  or  obovatc,  coriaceous,  obtuse  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  4-12  cm.  long,  or  those  of  young  shoots 
larger,  the  petioles  5-20  mm.  long,  the  sheaths  short;  racemes  slender,  5-10 
cm.  long;  pedicels  5-8  mm.  long;  calyx  greenis-h  about  5  mm.  broad,  its  lobes 
suborbicular;   fruits  subglobose,  red,  acid,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  :  Cuba  to  St.  Croix  ;  .Jamaica.  Very  various 
in  size  and  shape  of  leaves,  the  species  evidently  composed  of  numerous  races, 
one  of  which  was  recorded  in  Mrs.  Northrop's  Flora  as  the  Cuban  C.  Wrightii 
Lindau,  a  different  species ;  and  another  as  C.  tenuifolia  L.,  as  also  recorded  by 
Dolley  and  by  him  also  as  C.  punctata  L.     Pigeon-plum.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  0.',. 

3.  Coccolobis  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   116.     1905. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  4  m.  high  or  less.  Leaves  thin-coriaceous,  elliptic  to 
ovate  or  obovate-elliptic,  obtuse  to  acutish  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  somewhat  nar- 
rowed, or  subcordate  at  the  inequilateral  base,  4-7  cm.  long,  5  cm.  wide  or  less, 
the  primary  veins  6-8  on  each  side,  minutely  but  strongly  reticulate-nerved  on 
both  surfaces,  dull,  the  uj^per  surface  bright  green,  the  lower  surface  paler; 
petioles  3-5  mm.  long;  racemes  very  slender,  numerous,  recurved-drooping, 
finely  puberulent  when  very  young,  in  fruit  glabrous;  pedicels  1  mm.  long  in 
fruit,  much  longer  than  the  ocreolae ;  flowers  bright  white,  3-4  mm.  broad: 
sepals  oval,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens ;  fruit  ovoid,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  bluntish  at  the  apex,  6  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  faintly  several-ribbed, 
not  coronate. 

Coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands.  Andros.  New  Providence.  Great  Exunia. 
Eleuthera,  Acklin's  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Inagua.  Endemic.  Reported  by 
Lindau  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  C  obtnsifoUa  Jacq.     Bahama  Pigeon-plum. 

4.  Coccolobis  Northropiae  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

A  shrub,  or  a  tree  up  to  4  m.  high,  the  bark  rough,  the  twigs  and  leaves 
glabrous.  Leaves  orbicular  to  obovate  or  obovate-orbicular,  3-5  cm.  long, 
chartaeeous  or  subcoriaceous,  obtuse,  rounded  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  obtuse  at  the  base,  retiulate-veined  on  both  sides  when  old,  the  petioles-  3-6 
mm.  long,  the  ocreae  short;  racemes  mostly  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer, 
the  rachis  puberulent  or  glabrous;  pedicels  '2-3.5  mm.  long,  solitary  or '2  or  3 
together;  perianth  about  3  mm.  long;  ocreolae  obliquely  truncate,  about  1  mm. 
long;  fruit  ovoid,  about  5  mm.  long,  short-coronate,  the  exocarp  flei^hy. 

Coppices  and  white-lands,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  and  Great 
Exuma.  Tvpe  collected  near  Nassau,  New  Providence,  by  A.  IT.  Curtiss  in  1903. 
Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  C.  retusa  Griseb.     Northrop's  Pigeon-plum. 

5.  Coccolobis  diversifolia  Jacq.  Enum.  19.     1760. 

A  tree  up  to  10-12  m.  high,  the  bark  gray,  the  many  twigs  short,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so.  Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  or  elliptic-obovate,  coriaceous,  glabrous, 
4—10  cm.  long,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  subcordate,  or  some  of 
them  narrowed  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined  on  both  sides,  the  rather  stout 


118  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

petioles  8-15  mm.  long;  ocreae  appressed,  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  shorter; 
inflorescence  spicate,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers  green,  very  nearly 
sessile,  2-2.5  mm.  long;  fruit  ovoid,  pointed,  6-10  mm.  long,  coronate,  the  peri- 
carp slightly  fleshy. 

Scrub-lands,  pine-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  to  Caicos  Islands  and  Inagua : — Hispaniola  to  Porto  Rico, 
Virgin  Gorda  and  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica.  Aruba  :  Curagao  ;  Bonaire.  Leaves  and  fruit 
smaller  than  in  specimens  from  the  Windward  Islands.     TiErXONGUE. 

6.  Coccolol)is  Krugii  Lindau,  Bot.  Jahrb.  13:   145.     1890. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  about  8  m.  high,  the  slender 
tAvigs  short  and  numerous,  the  bark  smooth,  gray.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  or 
nearly  orbicular,  light  green,  subcoriaceous,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
eorclate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  6  cm.  long  or  less,  inconspicuously  veined 
above,  densely  finely  reticulate-veined  beneath,  the  rather  stout  petioles  4-8 
mm.  long,  the  ocreae  appressed,  short;  spikes  very  slender,  glabrous,  mostly  as 
long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  loosely  flowered;  pedicels  less  than  0.5  mm.  long; 
perianth  green,  about  1.5  mm.  lonf^ ;  stamens  white;  fruit  ovoid  or  ovoid- 
giobose,  4-6  mm.  long,  slightly  ribbed,  black,  capped  by  the  perianth-segments, 
the  jjericarp  somewhat  fleshy. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices.  New  Providence,  Cat  Island.  Watling's  Island, 
Crooked  Island,  Acklin's  Island.  Fortune  Island.  Caicos  Islands,  Inagua : — Porto 
Rico  ;  Jamaica  ;  Anegada  ;  St.  Martin  ;  Barbuda.     Crab-wood.     Bow-pigeox. 

Order  9.     CHENOPODIALES. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  present.  Corolla,  if  pres- 
ent, polypetalous.  Ovary  superior.  Embryo  coiled,  curved  or  annular. 
Fruit  not  an  acliene,  rarely  achene-like. 

Fruit  not  capsular,  a  utricle,  berry,  anthocarp  or  achene-like;   corolla  none. 
Fruit  a  utricle. 

Flowers  bractless,   or   if   bracted,   the   bracts   not 

scarious.  Fam.  1.  Chexopodiaceae. 

Flowers  with  scarious  bracts.  Fam.  2.  Amaraxthaceae. 

Fruit   not   a   utricle. 

Fruit  an  anthocarp.  Fam.  3.  Xyctagixaceae. 

Fruit  not  an  anthocarp. 

Fruit  aggregate.  Fam.  4.  Batidaceab. 

Fruit  not  aggregate.  Fam.  5.  Phytolaccaceae. 

Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  by  valves  or  teeth. 

Capsule  2-several-celled  ;'  corolla   none.  Fam.  6.  Aizoaceae. 

Capsule  1-celled  ;  petals  mostly  present. 

Sepals  5  or  4.  Fam.  7.  Alsixaceab. 

Sepals  only  2.  Fam.  8.  Poetulacaceae. 

Family  1.     CHENOPODIACEAE  Dumort. 

GoosEFOOT  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  slinibs,  with  ang-led  striate  or  terete 
stems.  Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  estipulate,  simple,  en- 
tire, toothed  or  lobed,  mostly  petioled  (in  Salicornia  reduced  to  mere 
scales).  Flowers  small,  green  or  greenish,  regiilar  or  slightly  irregular, 
variously  clustered,  occasionally  solitary  in  the  axils.  Petals  none.  Calyx 
persistent,  2-5-lobed,  2-5-parted  or  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal,  want- 
ing in  the  pistillate  flowers  of  some  genera.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
lobes  or  divisions  of  the  calyx,  or  fewer,  and  opposite  them ;  filaments 
slender;    anthers   2-celled,    longitudinally    dehiscent.     Disk    usually    none. 


CHEXOrODIACEAE.  119 

Ovary  1-celled;  ovule  solitary,  amphitropous;  styles  1-3;  stigmas  capitate, 
or  2-3-lobed  or  divided.  Fruit  a  utricle,  with  a  thin  or  coriaceous  peri- 
carp. Seed  vertical  or  horizontal;  endosperm  mealy,  fleshy  or  wanting. 
About  75  genera  and  550  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Embryo  annular  or  horseshoe-shaped ;   leaves  normal,  at  least  the  lower  broad. 

Calyx  present;  fruit  not  enclosed  by  bractlets.  1.  Vhcnoijodium, 

Calyx  present  in  staminate  flowers  only  ;  fruit  enclosed  by 

bractlets.  2.  Atriplcx. 
Embryo  spirally  coiled. 

Leaves  thick  and  fleshy,  nearly  terete.  3.  Dondia. 

Leaves  reduced  to  rudimentary  scales  or  ridges.  4.  Salicornia. 

1.  CHENOPODIUM    L.    Sp.    PI.    218.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  small, 
green,  perfect,  sessile,  bractless,  clustered.  Calyx  2-5-parted  or  2-5-lobed, 
embracing  or  enclosing  the  utricle,  its  segments  or  lobes  often  keeled  or  ridged. 
Stamens  1-5;  filaments  filiform  or  slender.  Styles  2  or  3;  seed  horizontal  or 
vertical,  sometimes  in  both  positions  in  different  flowers  of  the  same  species: 
endosperm  mealy;  embryo  completely  or  incompletely  annular.  [Greek,  goose- 
foot,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.]  About  60  species,  mostly  weeds,  of  wide 
geographic  distribution.     Type  species:   CJienopodium  rubrum  L. 

Embryo  a  complete  ring ;  plant  not  aromatic.  1.  0.  murale. 

Embryo  horse-shoe-shaped;  plant  aromatic.  2.  C.  amhrosioidcs. 

1.  Chenopodium  murale  L.  Sp.  PI.  '219.     1753 

Annual,  somewhat  scurfy  above;  stem  3-8  dm.  high,  leafy  to  the  summit. 
Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  thin,  bright  green,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and 
coarsely  sinuate-dentate,  cuneate  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  slender-petioled, 
5-10  cm.  long;  flowers  in  loose  axillary  panicles  often  not  longer  than  the 
petioles;  calyx-segments  not  entirely  enclosing  the  utricle;  seed  sharp-edged, 
horizontal,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp. 

A  weed  of  streets  and  waste  grounds,  on  the  inhabited  islands  of  the  archi- 
pelago, Great  Bahama  to  Watling's,  Acklin's,  and  Long  Islands,  East  Caicos  and 
Grand    Turk : — Widely    distributed    as    a    weed    in   temperate    and    tropical    regions. 

SOWBANE.       GEEENS. 

2.  Chenopodium  ambrosioides  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.     1753. 

Chenopodium  spatJiulatum  Sieb.;  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13":  73.     1849. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  slightly  glandular-pubescent,  strong-scented ;  stem 
leafy.  6-10  dm.  high,  angular  and  grooved.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-laneolate, 
narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  repand-dentate,  undulate  or  the  upper  entire,  2-9 
cm,  long,  the  upper  numerous  and  much  smaller ;  flowers  in  small  dense  axillary 
spikes;  calyx  usualy  3-parted,  completely  enclosing  the  fruit;  pericarp  readily 
separable  from  the  horizontal  or  vertical,  shining  seed. 

A  weed,  in  waste  grounds  of  the  larger  towns.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  and 
Cat    Island : — Widely    distributed    as    a    weed    in    temperate    and    tropical    regions. 

WORMSEED.       JEEUSALEM    PAESLEY. 

2.  ATRIPLEX  L.  Sp.  PI.  1052.     1753. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  often  scurfy-canescent  or  silvery.  Leaves  alternate, 
or  some  of  them  opposite.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  small,  green,  in 
panicled  spikes  or  capitate-clustered  in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  bractless, 
consisting  of  a  3-5-parted  calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens;   filaments 


120  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

separate  or  united  by  their  bases;  a  rudimentary  ovary  sometimes  present. 
Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  2  bractlets  whicli  enlarge  in  fruit  and  are  more 
or  less  united,  sometimes  quite  to  their  summits;  perianth  none;  stigmas  2. 
Utricle  completely  or  partially  enclosed  by  the  fruiting  bractlets.  Seed  vertical 
or  rarely  horizontal;  embryo  annular;  endosperm  mealy.  [From  a  Greek 
name  of  orache.]  About  150  species,  of  wide  geographic  disribution.  Type 
species:   ArtipJex  hortensis  L. 

Leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  toothed. 

Sides  of  the  bracts  tubercled  or  crested.  1.  A.  pentandra. 

Sides  of  the  bracts  unappendaged.  2.  A.  domingensis. 

Leaves  entire.  3.  A.  arenaria. 

1.  Atriplex  pentandra  (Jacq.)  Standley,  N.  A.  Fl.  21:  54.     1916. 

Axyris  'pentandra  Jacq.  Sel.  Stirp.  Am.  244.     1763. 
Atriplex  cristata  H.  &  B.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  959.     1806. 

Annual  or  perennial,  branched,  the  branches  procumbent  or  ascending,  3-8 
dm.  long,  scurfy  Avhen  young,  becoming  glabrate.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile  or 
short-petioled,  oblong  to  rhombic  or  obovate,  1-3  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at 
the  apex,  mucronate,  cuneate  at  the  base,  repand-dentate,  undulate  or  the  upper 
entire,  white-scurfy  beneath,  green  above;  flowers  monoecious,  the  staminate 
in  dense  short  terminal  spikes,  the  pistillate  clustered  in  the  axils;  fruiting 
bracts  cuneate-orbicular,  about  3  mm.  long,  united  only  at  the  base,  sharply 
dentate,  the  sides  bearing  2  dentate  crests  or  irregularly  tubercled;  seed  brown. 

Coastal  rocks  and  sands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Bahama  south 
to  Andros,  Mariguana,  Atwood  Cay,  and  Grand  Turk : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Jan  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Curagao  ;  Venezuela  and  Colombia  to  Peru.     Crested  Atriplex. 

2.  Atriplex  domingensis  Standley,  N.  A.  Fl.  21:  55.     1916. 

Annual,  woody,  much  branched,  the  branches  decumbent,  spreading,  scaly, 
2  dm.  long  or  longer.  Leaves  alternate,  nearly  sessile,  deltoid  or  deltoid- 
oblong,  small,  4-6  mm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  denticulate  or  entire,  acute  at  the 
apex,  crisped,  thick,  white-scaly  on  both  sides ;  flowers  monoecious,  the  stami- 
nate in  terminal  spikes,  the  pistillate  2-4  together  in  axillary  clusters;  bracts 
cuneate,  2  mm.  long,  coarsely  5-toothed  above,  their  sides  unappendaged;  seed 
dark  brown. 

White-lands,  Eastern  Cay,  Turk's  Islands  : — Hispaniola.     Domixgax   Atriplex. 

3.  Atriplex  arenaria  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  198.     1818. 

Atriplex  cristata  arenaria  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  546.     1891. 

Annual,  pale,  stem  densely  silvery-scurfy,  bushy-branched,  1-4.5  dm.  high, 
the  branches  ascending  or  decimibent,  angular.  Leaves  oblong  to  obovate, 
entire,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  1-4  cm.  long,  whitish-scurfy  beneath,  the  lateral 
veins  few  and  obscure;  staminate  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  spikes;  pis- 
tillate flowers  in  axillary  clusters  much  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  fruiting  bracts 
triangular  wedge-shaped,  broadest  above,  4-6  mm.  wide,  united  nearly  to  the 
several-toothed  summits,  their  margins  entire,  their  sides  reticulated,  or  some- 
times crested  or  tubercled. 

Coastal  sands,  Eleuthera,  Anguilla  Isles  and  Water  Cay : — Nova  Scotia  to 
Texas ;  Bermuda  ;  Cayo  Sabinal,  Cuba.     Sea-beach  Atriplex. 

3.  DONDIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   261.     1763. 

Fleshy  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  narrowly  linear,  thick  or  nearly 
terete,   entire   sessile  leaves,   and   perfect   or   polygamous   bracteolate   flowers, 


CHEXOPODIACEAE.  121 

solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  the  segments 
in  fruit  enclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Styles  usually  2,  short.  Pericarp 
separating  from  the  seed.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral.  Endosperm  want- 
ing or  very  little.  [In  honor  of  Jacopodi  Dondi,  Italian  naturalist  of  the 
fourteenth  century.]  About  50  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type 
species:  Chenopodium  aJtissimum  L. 

Leaves  2-5  cm.  long,  elongated-linear;  calyx-lobes  strongly  keeled.  1.  D.  lincuris. 
Leaves  1-1.5  cm.  long,  narrowly  oblong ;   calyx-lobes  intiexed,  not 

keeled.  2.  D.  fruticosa. 

Leaves  2-5  mm.  long,  oblong;  calyx-lobes  inflexed,  rounded.  3.  D.  insuluris. 

1.  Dondia  linearis    (Ell.)    Heller,  Cat.   N.  A.   PI.   3.     1898. 

Salsola  linearis  Ell.,  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  332.     1821. 
Dondia  carinata  Millsp.  Field.  Mus.  Bot.  2:  297.     1909. 

Usually  annual,  sometimes  perennial;  stem  erect,  strict,  3-10  dm.  tall,  pale 
green  or  nearly  white,  the  branches  slender,  very  leafy,  erect-asending  or  some- 
times recurved.  Leaves  of  the  stem  linear-subulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  those  of  the 
branches  much  shorter,  somewhat  3-angled,  lanceolate-subulate,  widest  just 
above  the  base,  the  upper  surface  flat;  calyx-lobes  glaucous,  acutely  keeled  or 
almost   winged;    seed   orbicular,  horizontal,   black,   shining,    1-1.5   mm.   broad. 

Salina  borders  and  maritime  rocks.  South  Bimini,  New  Providence,  Andres, 
Eleuthra,  Riding  Rocks,  Inagua,  islands  of  the  Cay  Sal  Bank  : — Co;isr  of  e.isrt'rn 
North  America;  Cuba.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  D.  fruticosa  (Forsk.)  North- 
rop.    Tall  Sea-Blite. 

2.  Dondia  fruticosa  (L.)  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club.  12:   35.     1902. 

Chenopodium  fruticosum  L.  Sp.  PL  221.     1753. 

Suaeda  intermedia  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  296.     1879. 

Dondia  intermedia  Heller,  Cat.  N.  A.  PI.  3.     1898. 

Dondia  Wilsonii  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   297.     1909. 

Perennial,  woody,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  glaucous,  much  branched, 
8  dm.  high  or  less,  the  branches  leafy,  ascending.  Leaves  subterete,  1-1.5  cm. 
long,  the  upper  little  shorter  than  the  lower;  calyx-lobes  rounded  on  the  back, 
inflexed;  seed  red-brown  or  black,  1  mm.  broad. 

Margins  of  salt  pans.  South  Caicos  Island  : — Western  United  States  ;  Cuba  ; 
Virgin  Gorda ;  alkaline  regions  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.     Bushy   Sea-Blite. 

The  plant  is  much  out  of  its  general  range  on  South  Caicos  ;  our  specimen  was 
referred  to  D.  fruticosa  by  Standley   (N.  A.  FL  21:  91). 

3.  Dondia  insularis  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  4:  138.     1906. 

Perennial,  shrubby,  much  branched,  3  dm.  high  or  less,  glabrous,  glaucous, 
the  branches  divaricately  ascending.  Leaves  approximate,  oblong,  thick  and 
fleshy,  2-5  mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  thick,  obtuse,  narrowed  to  a  subsessile  base; 
flowers  axillary  to  the  upper  leaves,  about  2.5  mm.  broad ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
obtuse,  rounded  on  the  back;  filaments  shorter  than  the  calyx;  seed  vertical, 
black,  shining,  1  mm.  long. 

In  Salinas,  Grand  Turk  Island  and  Ambergris  Cay : — Cuba  ;  Santa  Lucia. 
Island  Sea-Blite. 

4.  SAIilCORNIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  3.     1753. 

Fleshy  glabrous  herbs  with  opposite  terete  branches,  the  leaves  reduced  to 
mere  opposite  scales,  the  flowers  sunken  3-7  together  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
ones  forming  narrow  terminal  spikes,  perfect  or  the  lateral  ones  staminate. 
Calyx    obpyramidal    or    rhomboid,    fleshy,    3-4-toothed    or    truncate,    becoming 


122  AMAEANTHACEAE. 

spongy  in  fruit,  deciduous.  Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  solitary,  exserted;  fila- 
ments cylindric,  short;  anthers  oblong,  large.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  or  stigmas  2. 
Utricles  enclosecj  by  the  spongy  fruiting  calyx,  the  pericarp  membranous. 
Seed  erect,  compressed;  embryo  conduplicate ;  endosperm  none.  [Name  Greek, 
salt-horn;  from  the  saline  habitat,  and  horn-like  branches.]  About  10  species, 
natives  of  saline  soil,  widely  distributed  in  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 
Type  species:  Salicornia  europaea  L. 

Perennial :  prostrate  with  erect  branches.  1.  8.  perennis. 

Annual ;  erect.  2.  S.  Bigelovii. 

1.  Salicornia  perennis  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  2.     1768. 

Salicornia  amhigua  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:   2.     1803. 

Perennial  by  a  Avoody  rootstock;  stem  trailing  or  decumbent  1.5-6  dm. 
long,  rooting,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  slender,  nearly  or  quite  simple, 
rather  long- jointed.  Scales  broadly  ovate  or  wider  than  high,  appressed  or 
slightly  divergent;  fruiting  spikes  1-4  cm.  long,  their  joints  not  longer  than 
thick;  iloAvers  all  about  equally  high  and  about  equalling  the  joints;  seeds 
covered  with  slender  hairs. 

Salinas,  usually  on  the  edge  of  mangrove  colonies,  throughout  the  archipelago 
from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros,  the  Caicos  and  Turks  Islands  and 
Inagua  :-^Xorth  American  coasts,  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  west  to  Texas  :  Ber- 
miada ;  Cuba  :  St.  Croix ;  Jamaica.  An  Inagua  specimen  was  referred  by  Standley 
(N.  A.  Fl.  21  :  83)  to  the  European  8.  fruticosa  L.  which  this  species  much  re- 
sembles.    Woody    Glass  wort.     Wild   Coral.     Guinea-bead. 

2.  Salicornia  Bigelovii  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  184.     1859. 

Salicornia  mucronata  Bigelow,  Fl.  Bost.  ed.  2,  2:  1824.     Not  Lag.  1817. 

Annual,  stout,  erect  or  nearly  so,  5-50  cm.  tall,  more  or  less  branched, 
the  branches  stout.  Scales  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  sharply  mucronate,  2-3 
mm.  long,  at  length  spreading;  fruiting  spikes  1-12  cm.  long,  their  joints  not 
longer  than  thick;  middle  flower  slightly  higher  than  the  lateral  ones,  reaching 
very  nearly  to  the  end  of  the  joint;  seed  covered  with  short  hairs. 

In  saline  marshes.  Abaco,  Andros  and  Grand  Tnrk  : — Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and 
Texas;  California;   Cuba;  Porto  Rico;  Yucatan.     Bigelow's  Glasswort. 

Family  2.     AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Amaranth  Family. 

Herbs,  or  a  few  genera  low  shrubs,  with  simple,  mostly  entire,  thin 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  green  or  white,  bracteolate.  variously  clustered, 
usually  in  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  heads.  Petals  none.  Calyx  her- 
baceous or  membranous,  2-5-parted,  the  segments  distinct,  or  united  ai 
the  base,  equal,  or  the  inner  ones  smaller.  Stamens  1-5,  mostly  opposite 
the  calyx-segTOents,  hypogynous;  filaments  distinct,  united  at  the  base,  or 
into  a  tube.  Ovai-y  1-celled;  ovule  solitary  in  the  majority  of  genera, 
amphitropous,  several  in  some  tropical  genera;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a 
utricle,  circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly,  or  indehiscent,  1-seeded  or  sev- 
eral-seeded. Seeed  mostly  smooth;  embrj^o  annular;  endosperm  mealy, 
usually  copious.  About  40  genera  and  475  species,  widely  distributed,  most 
abundant  in  warai  regions. 


AMAKANTHACEAE.  123 

Anthers  4-cellecl. 
Leaves  alternate. 

Fruit  several-seeded.  1.  Celosia. 

Fruit  1 -seeded.  '*.  Amurunthus. 

Leaves  opposite.  3.  Ccntrostuchijs. 

Anthers  2-celled. 

Stigma  capitate.  4.  Achyranthcs. 

Stigma-lobes  subulate  or  fililurm. 
Flowers  in  dense  heads. 

Stamens  2;  perianth  sessile,  5.  LithophUa. 

Stamens  5  ;  perianth  stalked.  <».  Philoxerus. 

Flowers  in  panicled  spikes.  7.  Ircsinc. 

1.  CELOSIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  205.     1753. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  perfect  bracted  flowers, 
in  spikes  or  fascicles.  Perianth  5-parted,  the  segments  scarious,  striate. 
Stamens  5 ;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate,  connate  at  the  base ;  anthers  -i- 
celled.  Ovary  2-many-ovuled;  style  present  or  v^anting;  stigmas  2  or  3. 
Utricle  circumscissile  or  irregularly  rupturing.  Seeds  2  to  many,  lenticular, 
shining;  embryo  annular,  en(5osperm  starchy.  [Greek,  burned,  from  the  dry 
parched  flowers  of  some  species.]  About  40  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
distribution.     Type  species:  Celosia  argentea  L. 

1.  Celosia  nitida  Vahl,  Symb.  2:  44.     1791. 

Perennial;  glabrous.  Stem  slender,  erect  or  vine-like,  3-15  dm.  long; 
petioles  slender,  5-20  mm.  long;  leaves  ovate  to  rhombic-lanceolate,  2-7  cm. 
long,  obtuse,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  obtuse  and  often 
oblique  at  the  base;  inflorescence  of  panicled  spikes,  1-5  cm.  long;  bracts 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  sepals,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  keeled,  acuminate ;  sepals 
elliptic-lanceolate,  about  5  mm.  long,  acuminate,  dark  brown,  strongly  parallel- 
veined;  style  short;  utricle  globose-ovoid,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  seeds  black, 
smooth. 

Moist  soil  and  thickets,  Acklin's  Island,  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ; 
Texas  ;  Mexico  ;  northern  South  America.     Slender  Celosia. 

2.  AMARANTHUS   L.   Sp.   PI.   989.     1753. 

Annual  branched  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs, 
with  petioled  pinnately  veined  leaves  and  small  monoecious  polygamous  or 
dioecious,  green  or  purplish,  mostly  3-bracteolate  flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes 
or  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  1-5  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  1-5;  anthers 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong 
utricle,  1-seeded,  2-3-beaked  by  the  styles.  Embryo  annular.  [Greek,  unfad- 
ing flower,  from  the  dry,  unwithering  bracts.]  About  60  species  of  wide 
geographic  distribution.     Type  species:   Amaranthiis  caudatus  L. 

Flowers  all  axillary  ;  sepals  of  pistillate  flowers  spatulate. 
Peduncles  short  and  thick  ;   utricle  indehiscent. 
Peduncles  none  ;  utricle  circumscissile. 
Staminate    flowers    mostly    in    terminal    spikes ;    sepals    of    pis- 
tillate flowers  oblong  or  obovate. 
Utricle  indehiscent. 
Utricle  smooth. 
Utricle  wrinkled. 
Utricle  circumscissile  or  bursting  irregularly. 
Leaf  axils  with  a  pair  of  spines. 
Plants  not  spiny. 

Plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Plants  pubescent  or  villous. 


l- 

.1. 
.1. 

cra.<if<ipcs. 
pohjiionoiih 

4. 

A. 
A. 

riridiff. 
(jracilis. 

5. 

A. 

spin  OS  us. 

0. 

A. 
A. 

(hiliius. 
hi/bridus. 

124  AMAEANTHACEAE. 

1.  Amaranthus  crassipes  Schlecht.  Liuuaea  6:   757.     1831. 

Scleropus  amaranthoides  Sclirad.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Goetting.     1835. 

Glabrous;  stems  prostrate  or  somewhat  ascending,  rather  fleshy,  2-6  dm. 
long.  Petioles  slender,  0.5-4  cm.  long;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  obovate,  0.5- 
3.5  cm.  long,  prominently  whitish-veined,  rounded  and  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  monoecious,  in  dense  short-peduncled  axillary 
clusters,  the  peduncles  thickened;  bracts  very  small,  ovate,  acutish;  sepals  of 
the  pistillate  flowers  4  or  5,  spatulate,  scarious,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  obtuse  or 
emarginate;  style-branches  2;  utricle  obovoid,  compressed,  coriaceous,  finely 
tuberculate,  indehiscent;  seed  dark  brown  or  black,  smooth,  about  1  mm.  broad. 

Waste  places,  New  Providence,  Watling's  and  South  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  West 
Indies  ;  northern  South  America.     Thick-stalked  Amaranth. 

2    Amaranthus  polygonoides  L.  PL  Jam.  Pug.  27.     1759. 

Amhlogyna  polygonoides  Eaf.  Fl.  Tell.  3:  42.     1836. 

Stems  slender,  prostrate  or  ascending,  much  branched,  1-5  dm.  long,  villous 
above.  Petioles  2-7  mm.  long;  leaves  0.5-2  cm.  long,  rhombic-ovate  to  obovate, 
obtuse  and  usually  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base, 
glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  monoecious,  in  sessile  dense 
axillary  small  clusters;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the 
sepals;  sepals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  spatulate,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  white, 
scarious,  3-nerved,  connate  at  the  base,  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  oblong, 
acute ;  stamens  and  style-branches  2  or  3 ;  utricle  eircumscissile ;  seed  dark 
brown  or  black,  shining,  less  than  1  mm.  broad. 

Sandy  waste  places,  usually  roadsides  and  paths,  Eleuthera  and  Inagua : — 
Florida  ;  Texas  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  St.  Thomas  to  Martinique  ;  Curagao  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Mexico  to  northern  South  America.     Kxotweed  Amaranth. 

3.  Amaranthus  viridis  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1405.     1763. 

Amaranthus  emarginatus  Salzm.;  Uline  &  Bray,  Bot.  Gaz.  19:  319.     1894. 

Stems  slender,  prostrate  or  ascending,  glabrous,  usually  branched,  1-6  dm. 
long.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  rhombic-ovate,  1-4  cm.  long,  glabrous,  deeply 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  monoecious, 
in  small  axillary  clusters  and  usually  also  in  a  short  terminal  spike;  bracts 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  sepals  or  shorter;  sepals  3,  those  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  oblong  or  oblong-oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  shorter  than  the 
utricle,  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  oblong,  acute;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  3;  utricle  smooth,  indehiscent;  seed  reddish-brown,  shining,  nearly  1 
mm.  broad. 

In  cultivated  ground,  New  Providence  at  Nassau : — southern  United  States ; 
Cuba :  Porto  Rico :  .Jamaica  :  Guadeloupe ;  tropical  South  America  and  Old  World 
tropics.     Notch-leaved  Amaranth. 

4.  Amaranthus  gracilis  Desf.  Tabl.  Bot.  43.     1804. 

Glabrous;  stem  erect,  usually  branched,  2-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  slender- 
petioled,  8  cm.  long  or  less,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  mostly  obtuse  and  emargi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base ;  flowers  monoecious,  in 
slender,  axillary  and  terminal,  sometimes  panicled  spikes  4-12  cm.  long,  and 
also  often  in  small  dense  axillary  clusters;  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute, 
scarious,  much  shorter  than  the  3  sepals;  sepals  cuspidate,  1-1.5  mm.  long; 
stamens  and  style-branches  3;  utricle  wrinkled,  indehiscent,  as  long  as  the 
sepals  or  longer;  seed  dull,  dark  brown,  1  mm.  broad. 

Waste  grounds  naar  dwellings.  Great  Bahama.  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleu- 
thera, Long  Island  and  Watling's  : — southeastern  United  States  ;  West  Indies  and 
tropical  and  subtropical  America  ;   Old  World  tropics.     Slender  Amaranth. 


AMARAXTHACEAE.  125 

5.  Amaranthus  spinosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  991.     1753. 

Stem  stout,  ridged,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  below,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent above,  usually  mucb  branched,  sometimes  red,  3-12  dm.  high.  Leaves 
ovate,  slender-petioled,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute  at  both 
ends,  2-8  cm.  long,  with  a  pair  of  rigid  stipular  spines  at  each  node,  the  mid- 
vein  excurreiit;  flowers  monoecious,  the  pistillate  in  numerous  capitate  axillary- 
clusters,  the  staminate  in  dense  terminal  spreading  or  drooping  spikes  2-]  8  cm. 
long;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  about  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  5  scarious 
oblong  mucronate-tipped  1-nerved  sepals,  and  the  thin  imperfectly  circum- 
scissile  utricle ;  stamens  5 ;  style-branches  3 ;  seed  black,  shining,  nearly  1  mm. 
broad. 

Waste  f?rounfls.  Great  Harbor  Cay.  and  Xew  Providence: — United  States;  West 
Indies ;    all    tropical    and    warm    temperate    regions.     Spiny    Amaranth.     Calalue. 

6.  Amaranthus  dubius  Mart.  Hort.  Erlang.  197.     1814. 

Amaranthus  tristis  Willd.  Hist.  Amar.  21.     1790.     Not.  L.     1753. 

Glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent  above;  stem  erect,  often  much  branched, 
1  m.  high  or  less.  Leaves  long-petioled,  the  slender  petiole  2-9  cm.  long,  the 
blade  ovate,  2-12  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse  and  usually  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  acute  at  the  base;  flowers  monoecious,  in  slender,  often  drooping 
and  numerous  dense,  terminal  and  axillary  spikes,  5-25  cm.  long,  and  some- 
times in  small,  dense  axillary  clusters;  bracts  ovate  or  elliptic,  acute,  shorter 
than  or  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  1.5-2  mm. 
long,  mucronate,  often  emarginate,  1-nerved;  stamens  5;  style-branches  3; 
utricle  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals,  rugulose,  dehiscent  at  the  middle ;  seed 
dark  browm  or  black,  circular,  sharp-edged,  1  mm.  in  diameter. 

Waste  places  near  dwellings,  Abaco,  New  Providence.  Great  Guana  Cay,  Cat 
Island.  Little  San  Salvador.  Fortune  Island  and  Grand  Turk  : — West  Indies  :  Cen- 
tral and  South  America  ;  tropical  Africa  ;  adventive  in  Europe.     Southern  Pigweed. 

7.  Amaranthus  hybridus  L.  Sp.  PI.  990.     1753. 

Stem  usually  slender,  erect,  0.3-2.5  m.  tall,  often  much-branched,  villous 
above.  Leaves  long-petioled,  1.5  dm.  long  or  less,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usually 
acute;  spikes  linear-cylindric,  2-12  cm.  long,  axillary  and  forming  dense 
terminal  panicles,  ascending,  or  somewhat  spreading;  bracts  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  5  oblong  acute  or  cuspidate  sepals ;  stamens  5 ; 
style-branches  3;  utricle  scarcely  wrinkled,  circumscissile ;  seed  dark  brown  or 
black,  shining,  1  mm.  in  diameter. 

Waste  places,  Fortune  Island.  Anguilla  Isles  : — United  States  ;  Bermuda  :  Cuba  ; 
Mexico.     A.  paniculatus  as  to  Bahamian  references.     Slender  Pigweed. 

3.  CENTROSTACHYS  Wall,  in  Roxb.  Fl.  Ind.  2:  497.     1824. 

Herbs,  some  species  somewhat  woody,  with  opposite  membranous  broad 
leaves,  and  small  green  flowers  sessile  in  slender  elongated  terminal  spikes, 
the  calyx  deflexed  after  anthesis.  Sepals  4  or  5,  cartilaginous,  narrow,  acumi- 
nate or  aristate.  Stamens  4  or  5;  filaments  subulate;  anthers  4-celled.  Ovary 
1-celled;  ovule  1;  style  filiform;  stigma  capitate.  Utricle  thin-walled,  inde- 
hiscent.  [Greek,  prickly-spike.]  About  12  species,  of  warm  and  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:   Centrostachys  aquatica  Wall. 


126  AMAEANTHACEAE. 

1.  Centrostachys  indica   (L.)  Standlej,  Journ.  Wash.  Acacl.  Sci.  5:   75.     1915. 

Achyranthes  aspera  indica  L.  Sp.  PI.  '204.     1753. 
Achyranthes  indica  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  2.     1768. 
Achyranthes  ohtusifoUa  Lam.  Encyd.   1:    545.     1785. 
Achyranthes  aspera  ohtusifoUa  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  62.     1859. 

Herbaceous,  erect  or  ascending,  simple  or  branched,  6-12  dm.  high,  rather 
densely  pubescent  above.  Leaves  suborbicular  or  obovate-orbicular,  pubescent, 
2-5  cm.  long,  abruptly  short-tipped  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the 
base,  pinnately  veined,  the  slender  petioles  1-3  cm.  long;  spikes  very  slender, 
2-6  dm.  long,  densely  flowered  above,  the  lower  flowers  scattered ;  flowers 
about  4  mm.  long;  bracts  subulate,  horny,  glabrous,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  deflexed;  sepals  acuminate. 

A  weed  in  waste  places  and  cultivated  soils,  throughout  the  archipelago  from 
Abaco  south  to  Acklin's  Island : — a  weed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 
Blunt-leaved  Centrostachys. 

4.  ACHYRANTHES  L.  Sp.  PI.  204.     1753. 

Decumbent  or  prostrate  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire  or  nearly  so. 
Flowers  perfect,  in  sessile  or  peduncled,  head-like,  usually  white  or  silvery 
spikes.  Sepals  5,  unequal.  Stamens  5,  the  filaments  partially  united  into  a 
cup-like  tube;  staminodia  surpassing  the  filaments  and  2-celled  anthers,  or 
shorter.  Ovary  1-celled;  stigma  capitate.  Ovule  solitary.  Utricle  flattened, 
indehiscent.  Seeds  lenticular,  smooth.  [Greek,  straw-flower.]  Forty  species 
or  more,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution.     Type  species:  Achyranthes  repens  L, 

Plants  succulent :  leaves  sessile.  1.  A.  maritima. 
Plants  not  succulent. 

Sepals  merely  acute.  2.  A.  polj/ponoides. 

Sepals  spinulose-tipped.  3.  A.  repens. 

1.  Achyranthes   maritima    (St.   Hil.)    Standley,   Journ.   Wash.   Acad.   Sci.   5: 

74.     1915. 

Alternanthera  maritimn  St.  Hil.  Voy.  Bras.  2:  437.     1833. 

Plants  glabrous,  fleshy.  Stems  or  the  branches  prostrate,  2-8  dm.  long, 
angled,  branched ;  leaves  leathery,  cuneate  to  oblong  or  elliptic,  1.5-6  cm.  long, 
obtuse,  commonly  mucronate,  entire,  sessile  or  somewhat  petioled ;  spikes  dull 
straw-colored,  6-12  mm.  long,  sessile,  leaving  a  conspicuous  scar  when  detached; 
bracts  ovate,  keeled ;  calyx  ^  longer  than  the  bracts ;  sepals  rigid,  ovate,  acute 
and  slightly  awn-tipped,  usually  5-nerved,  glabrous;  staminodia  longer  than 
the  filaments,  cleft  or  lacerate  at  the  tip. 

Maritime  sands  at  the  wave  line.  Great  Bahama,  Frozen  Cay,  South  Bimini, 
Little  Mangrove  Cay.  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island  : — Bermuda  :  Florida  :  Cuba  : 
Guiana  to  Brazil  •  west  coast  of  Africa.  Referred  to  by  Dolley  and  by  Herrick  as 
Gomphrena  sp.     Beach  Achteanthes. 

2.  Achyranthes  polygonoides  (L.)  Lam.  Encycl.  1:  547.     1785. 

Gomphrena  polygonoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  225.     1753. 

Alternanthera  paronychioides  St.  Hil.  "Voy.  Bras.  2:  439.     1833. 

Glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose,  branched,  the  branches  procumbent  or  creep- 
ing, 1-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  spatulate  to  elliptic,  2  cm.  long  or  less,  obscurely 
veined,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles  5-10  mm, 
long;  flowers  in  dense  sessile  globose  axillary  heads  8-12  mm.  in  diameter; 
sepals  bright  white,  shining,  lanceolate,  acute,  slightly  unequal,  about  3  mm. 


AMAEANTHACEAE.  127 

long,  somewhat  longer  than  the  lanceolate  bracts;  staminoJia  about  as  long  as 
the  filaments,  toothed  to  the  apexj  utricle  obcordate,  included. 

Sandy  waste  places.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence.  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — 
southeastern  United  States  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  to  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ;  con- 
tinental tropical  America.     Knutweed  Aciiykantiies. 

3.  Achyranthes  repens  L.  Sp.  PI.  205.     1753. 

AUernantliera  Achyrantlia  E.  Br.  Prodr.  417.     1810. 
Alternantliera  repens  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  2:  540.     1891. 

Loosely  pilose,  branched,  the  branches  prostrate,  5  dm.  long  or  less. 
Leaves  spatulate,  or  obovate  to  oval  or  suborbicular,  2  cm.  long  or  less,  pin- 
nately  veined,  obtuse  or  abruptly  tipped,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  peti- 
oles; flowers  in  dense  sessile  globose  or  oblong  heads  6-12  mm.  long;  sepals 
dull  whitish,  unequal,  about  2  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  bracts,  the  outer 
aristate,  villous;  staminodia  somewhat  shorter  than  the  filaments,  entire,  or  few- 
toothed  below;   utricle  ovoid,  included. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  lands.  Abaco,  St.  George's  Cay.  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera  and  Long  Island  : — South  Carolina  to  Florida,  Texas  and  California ; 
Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  to  South  America  ;  Mexico  to  Panama,  Peru  and  Argen- 
tina;  Canary  Islands;  Madeira;   Spain.     Creeping  Achyranthes.     Washerwoman. 

5.  LITHOPHILA  Sw.  Prodr.  14.     1788. 

Perennial,  more  or  less  villous  herbs,  the  leaves  mostly  in  basal  tufts,  the 
small  perfect  bracteolate  flowers  in  spikes  or  heads.  Calyx  flattened,  5- 
parted,  sessile.  Stamens  2 ;  filaments  connate  below ;  anthers  2-celled';  stami- 
nodia 3.  Ovary  ovoid;  style  short;  stigmas  2,  slender;  ovule  1,  pendulous. 
Utricle  ovoid,  compressed.  Seed  lenticular,  smooth.  [Greek,  rock-loving.  | 
About  4  species,  of  the  West  Indies  and  Galapagos,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Lithophila  muscoides  Sw.  Prodr.  14.     1788. 

Achyranthes  linearifolia  Sw.  Yet.  Acad.  Handl.  1825:   48.     1825. 

Eoot  woody,  often  deep;  stems  few  or  several,  prostrate  or  ascending, 
villous,  branched,  01.-2  dm.  long.  Basal  leaves  several  or  many,  tufted,  filiform 
to  oblong-spatulate,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  0.3-5  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  villous  near  the 
base;  cauline  leaves  few,  similar  but  smaller,  glabrous;  spikes  3-15  mm.  long, 
about  5  mm.  thick,  solitary  or  clustered,  terminal  or  axillary,  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  bracts  white,  membranous,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  bractlets  similar,  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  oblong, 
1-2.5  mm.  long,  the  outer  obtuse,  villous  at  the  base,  the  inner  acute;  seed 
nearly  orbicular,  brown,  shining,  0.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

In  trodden  sands  of  roadside  paths,  and  in  rocky  and  sandy  soil,  throughout 
the  archipelago  from  Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk  and  Ambergris  Cay  : — Cuba  to 
St.    Croix,    Anegada   and   Martinique ;    Bonaire ;    Curagao.     Moss-like    Lithophila. 

6.  PHILOXERUS  E.  Br.  Prodr.  416.     1810. 

Herbs,  mostly  fleshy,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  the  perfect  bracteolate 
flowers  in  dense  heads  or  short  spikes.  Calyx  compressed,  thickened  at  the 
base,  5-parted,  the  segments  obtuse.  Stamens  5;  filaments  subulate,  connate 
below;  anthers  oblong,  2-celled.  Ovary  ovoid,  compressed;  style  short;  stig- 
mas   2,    subulate;    ovule    suspended    on    a    long    funicle.     Utricle    compressed, 


128  AMAKAXTHACEAE. 

ovoid,  indehiseent.  Seed  lenticular;  embryo  annular;  endosperm  starchy. 
[Greek,  dry-loving,  some  species  inhabiting  dry  situations.]  About  10  species 
of  coastal  distribution  in  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  Africa  and  Austral- 
asia.    Type  species:   Philoxerus  conicus  E.  Br. 

1.  Philoxerus  vennicularis  (L.)  Xutt.  Gen.  2:  78.     1818. 

Gomphrena  vermicularis  L.  Sp.  PI.  224.     1753. 

Lithophila  vermiculata  Uline,  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  39.     1900. 

Fleshy,  the  stems  prostrate,  branched,  1-8  dm.  long,  the  branches  prostrate 
or  ascending,  sometimes  1.5  dm.  high.  Leaves  thick,  or  subterete,  linear, 
linear-oblong  or  clavate,  1-5  cm.  long,  acutish  or  blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  sessile  base ;  heads  subglobose  to  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  bright 
white,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  thick;  sepals  about  3  mm.  long,  obtuse,  a  little 
longer  than  the  bracts. 

Margins  of  salt  water  ponds  and  on  maritime  rocks.  Abaco  and  Great  Ba- 
hama to  Watling's  Island  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — ^Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  northern 
South  America.     Sampiee.     Salt-weed. 

7.  IRESINE  P.  Br.   Hist.  Jam.  358.     1756. 

Tall  herbs,  with  opposite  broad  petioled  leaves  and  small  3-bracted  white 
flowers,  in  large  terminal  panicles  or  panicled  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the 
pistillate  usually  woolly.  Stamens  5,  rarely  fewer;  filaments  united  by  their 
bases,  filiform;  anthers  2-celled.  Utricle  very  small,  subglobose,  indehiscent. 
[Greek,' in  allusion  to  the  Avoolly  pubescence.]  About  40  species,  natives  of 
^'^arm  and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Celosia  paniculata  L. 

Leaves  large,  broadly   ovate-lanceolate,   acute.  1.  1.  Celosia. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate,  obtuse.  2.  /.  fiavescens. 

Leaves  linear,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so.  3.  /.  inaguensis. 

1.  Iresine  Celosia  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1291.     1759. 

Celosia  paniciilata  L.  Sp.  PI.  206.     1753. 

Iresine  celosioides  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1456.     1763. 

Iresine  paniculata  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  2:  542.     1891.     Xot  Poir.     1813. 

Annual  or  perennial ;  stem  erect,  ascending  or  clambering,  0.6-3  m.  long, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate, 
0.5-1.5  dm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  slender  petioles  1-6  cm.  long;  flowers 
very  numerous,  2  mm.  broad  or  less,  calyx  and  bracts  silvery;  sepals  1-1.5  mm. 
long;  pistillate  flowers  white-villous  at  the  base,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
bracts;  utricle  shorter  than  the  sepals;  seed  red,  shining,  0.5  mm  in  diameter. 

Coastal  sands  and  on  waste  and  cultivated  lands,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  : — 
southeastern  United  States ;  .Jamaica  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico ;  Antiqua  to  Trinidad ; 
Mexico  to  Brazil  and  Argentina.     New-burn  Weed. 

2.  Iresine  fiavescens  H.  &  B.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  766.     1806. 

Alternanthera  fiavescens  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  132:  350.     1849. 
Iresine  l^eyensis  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   148.     1906. 

Perennial  by  a  woody  root;  stems  erect,  rather  stout,  1  m.  high  or  less, 
glabrous,  simple  or  much  branched,  the  nodes  often  swollen.  Leaves  linear- 
oblong  to  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-10  cm.  long,  0.4-2.5  cm.  wide,  mostly 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  the  petioles 
1  em.  long  or  less;  panicles  narrow,  dense,  1-3  dm.  long,  glabrous;  spike.^  0.3-4 


NYCTAGIXACEAE.  129 

cm.  long;  bracts  ovate-orbicular,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  sepals;  sepals 
about  1  mm.  long,  those  of  pistillate  flowers  copiously  woolly  at  the  base; 
utricle  shorter  than  the  sepals;  seed  red-brown,  shining,  0.5  mm.  long. 

Maritime  rocks  and  pine-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco.  Great 
Bahama  and  Great  Sturrup  southward  to  Andros,  Great  Ragged  Cay,  Acklin's 
Island  and  Watling's  Island  : — Florida  :  Cuba  :  Colombia.  Referred  bv  Mrs.  North- 
rop and  by  Coker  to  /.  paniculata;  by  Hitchcock  to  /.  celosioidcs.     Coastal  Iresine. 

3.  Iresine  inaguensis  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  149.     1906. 

Perennial  by  a  woody  root;  stems  several,  erect,  rather  stout,  3-9  dm.  high, 
glabrous,  little  branched,  the  branches  erect.  Leaves  many,  linear,  6  cm.  long 
or  less,  1-2.5  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  glabrous,  nearly  sessile,  sometimes  with  fas- 
cicles of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils;  panicles  narrow,  7-14  cm.  long,  dense, 
glabrous;  spikes  densely  liowered,  3-12  mm.  long;  bracts  ovate-orbicular, 
about  one-third  as  long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  oblong,  about  1  mm.  long,  obtuse, 
those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  bearing  long  hairs  at  the  base;  utricle  a  little 
shorter  than  the  sepals;  seed  red,  shining,  0.5  mm.  long. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Castle  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Sheep  Cay  and  Inagua  : — 
Endemic.     Bahama  Iresine. 

Family  3.     NYCTAGINACEAE  Liiull. 

Four-o'clock  Family. 

Herbs,  some  tropical  genera  trees  or  shiTibs,  w^ith  simple  entire  leaves, 
and  regular  flowers  in  clusters,  in  many  of  the  genera  subtended  by  in- 
volucres. Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior,  usualh^  corolla-like,  its  limb  4-5- 
lobed  or  4-5-toothed.  Stamens  hyiDogynons;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
2-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits.  Ovarv''  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  the 
perianth,  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  ovule  campylotropous ;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit 
a  ribbed,  grooved  or  winged  anthocarp.  About  25  genera  and  350  species, 
of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  America. 

Herbs  ;  flowers  perfect. 

Perianth  large,  tubular-fimnelform.  1.  Mirabili^. 

Perianth  small,  campannlate  or  funnelform. 

Fruit  5-angled  or  5-ribbed.  2.  Boerhaovca. 

Fruit  10-ribbed.  3.   Commicarpus. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  woodv  vines  ;  flowers  dioecious. 

Fruit  drupe-like,  fleshy.  4.   Torruhia. 

Fruit  dry,  with  5  rows  of  glands.  5.  Pisouia. 

1.  MIRABILIS  L.  Sp.  PI.   177.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  large  tuberous-thickened  roots  and  forking  stems. 
Leaves  opposite,  somewhat  fleshy,  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile.  Flower 
solitary  or  many  flowers  together  in  a  o-lobed  calyx-like  involucre.  Calyx 
colored,  its  tube  elongated,  constricted  above  the  ovary,  its  limb  expanding, 
deciduous.  Stamens  5  or  6,  unequal;  filaments  filiform,  slender,  incurved, 
united  into  a  fleshy  cup  at  the  base.  Style  filiform.  Fruit  ribbed.  Seed  filling 
the  pericarp,  to  which  the  testa  adheres;  endosperm  mealy.  [Latin,  beautiful.] 
Twenty  or  more  American  species,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Mirabilis  Jalapa  L.  Sp.  PI.  177.     1753. 

Foliage  deep  green,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent.  Stem  erect,  3-7  dm. 
tall,    much    branched;    leaves    ovate,    acuminate,    sometimes    sparingly    ciliate, 


130  NYCTAGINACEAE. 

entire,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  about  one  half  as  long  as 
the  blades;  involucres  campanulate,  7-8  mm.  high,  pubescent,  1-flowered,  their 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  acute,  bristle-tipped;  calyx 
trumpet-shaped,  3-5  cm.  long,  deep  red  to  purple  or  white,  often  more  or  less 
blotched,  the  edge  notched;  stamens  exserted;  fruit  ovoid,  black,  8-10  mm. 
long,  wrinkled-tuberculate,  5-ribbed. 

Waste  grounds,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  and 
Fortune  Island  : — Bermuda  :  Florida  ;  ttie  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  Amer- 
ica north  through  Mexico.     Four-o'clock. 

2.  BOERHAAVEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  3.     1753. 

Slender  herbs  with  forking  stems  and  branches,  opposite  leaves,  and  small 
minutely  bracted  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels.  Calyx  campanulate  to  funnel- 
form,  its  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  1-5,  exserted,  the  slender  filaments  united  at 
the  base.  Ovary  oblique;  style  filiform;  stigma  peltate.  Fruit  obovoid  or 
clavate,  5-angled  or  5-ribbed.  [In  honor  of  Hermann  Boerhaave,  1668-1738, 
a  celebrated  Dutch  scientist.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:  Boerliaavea  diffusa  L. 

Fruit  with  viscid  glands.  \.  B.  coccinea. 

Fruit  not  glandular.  2.  B.  erecta. 

1.  Boerhaavea  coccinea  M^ll.  Gard.  Diet.  No.  8.     1768. 

Boerhaavea  paniculata  Eich.  Act.  Soc.  Hist.  Xat.  Paris  1:   105.     1792. 
Boerhaavia  hirsuta  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  1:  20.     1797. 

Perennial  by  somewhat  fleshy  roots;  stems  2-10  dm.  long,  slender, 
branched,  procumbent  or  ascending,  usually  pubescent,  at  least  below,  the 
branches  glabrous  or  puberulent.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate  to  oblong  or  nearly 
orbicular,  2-6.5  cm.  long,  rounded,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  slender-petioled,  entire  or  undulate;  panicle  slender, 
often  3  dm.  long,  its  branches  nearly  filiform,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  flowers 
reddish,  2  mm.  broad,  nearly  sessile  in  small  glomerules  of  2-several;  fruit 
obovoid,  2.5-4  mm.  long,  5-grooved,  glandular. 

Roadsides  and  waste  places.  North  Bimini,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great 
Guana  Cay,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Fortune  Island  and  Inagua  : — Florida :  West 
Indies ;  Mexico  through  Central  America  to  northern  South  America ;  tropical 
Africa.     Viscid  Hog-weed. 

2,  Boerhaavea  erecta  L.  Sp.  PI.  3.     1753. 

Stem  erect  or  ascending,  branched;  leaves  ovate  to  deltoid-ovate,  some- 
times inequilateral,  2-8  cm.  long,  apiculate,  repand  or  undulate,  acute  to  cordate 
at  the  base,  minutely  black-dotted  on  the  lower  whitish  surface,  the  petioles 
usually  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  blades  or  longer;  peduncles  filiform; 
flowers  2-6  in  a  cluster;  calyx  white  to  purple,  its  tube  glabrous,  the  limb 
campanulate,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent;  stamens  exserted;  fruit 
obpyramidal,  3.5-4  mm.  long,  5-angled,  the  grooves  transversely  wrinkled,  the 
top  flat. 

Waste  grounds.  New  Providence : — southern  United  States ;  Bermuda :  New 
Mexico  and  California  to  Peru  and  Brazil ;  the  West  Indies.     Smooth  Hog-weed. 

3.  COMMICAHPUS  Standley,  Contr.  Nat.   Herb.   12:    373.     1909. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  long  forking  stems,  opposite  entire  petioled  mostly 
cordate  leaves,  and  small  perfect  umbellate  flowers.     Calyx  short-funnelform. 


XYCTAGINACEAE.  131 

the  limb  rather  widely  expanded.  Stamens  5,  exserted,  the  filaments  slender. 
Ovary  oblique;  style  slender.  Fruit  clavate,  10-ribbed,  mucilaginous-glandular, 
the  glands  rather  large.  [Greek,  viscid  fruit.]  About  5  species,  natives  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Commicarpus  scandens  (L.)  Standley,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.  12:  373.     1909. 
Boerhaavea  scandens  L.  Sp.  PI.  3.     1753. 

Glabrous;  stems  slender,  pale,  elongated  and  often  vine-like,  much 
branched,  sometimes  2  m.  long.  Leaves  ovate,  rather  thin,  somewhat  fleshy, 
1-4  cm.  long,  acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  the  petioles  2.5  em.  long  or  less;  peduncles  slender,  mostly  longer  than 
the  leaves;  umbels  several-flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  5-12  mm.  long;  calyx 
greenish,  about  6  mm.  broad,  its  tube  and  teeth  short;  fruit  narrowly  clavate, 
7-10  mm.  long,  glandular  toward  the  blunt  apex,  its  ribs  low  and  obscure. 

Scrub-lands,  thickets  and  coppices,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cave  Cay.  Ack- 
lin's  Island,  Grand  Turk.  Ambergris  Cay  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  :  'ICxa's  and 
Arizona  to  Guatemala.  Colombia  and  Peru:  .Tamaica;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  St. 
Barts  ;    Bonaire  ;    Aruba  ;    Curagao.     Commicaepus. 

4.  TORRUBIA  Veil.  Fl.  Flum.  139.     1825. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  often  somewhat  fleshy  leaves,  and  small 
greenish  dioecious  panicled  flowers.  Calyx-limb  5-toothed.  Stamens  about 
10,  exserted,  the  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  sessile ;  style  slender  or  short. 
Anthocarp  fleshy,  drupe-like,  obovoid  to  ellipsoid  or  subglobose,  without  glands 
in  rows,  enclosing  the  utricle.  [Commemorates  Jose  Torrubia,  a  Spanish 
naturalist.]  Fifteen  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 
Type  species:    Torrubia  opposita  Veil. 

Petioles   stout ;    leaves   6-9   cm.    long,    coriaceous,    reticulate-veined   beneath. 

Leaves  broadly  elliptic,  mostly  subcordate  at  the  base.  1.   T.  ohtunnta. 

Leaves  obovate,  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base.  2.   T.  Cokcri. 

Petioles    slender ;    leaves    4-6    cm.    long,    fleshy-chartaceous,    very 
indistinctly  veined. 
Fruit   globose-obovoid   to   ellipsoid,    little    longer   than   thick ; 

anthocarp  4-6  mm.  long.  3.   T.  lotif/ifolia. 

Fruit   oblong-obovoid.   twice   as   long   as   thick ;    anthocarp   7-8 

mm.  long.  4.   T.  Bracci. 

1.  Torrubia  obtusata   (Jacq.)   Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  31:   612.     1904. 

Pisonia  obtusata  Jacq.  Hort.  Schoen.  3:  35.     1798. 
Pisonia  calophylla  Heimerl,  Bot.  Jahrb.  21:  625.     1896. 

A  shrub,  or  a  small  tree  up  to  13  m.  high,  the  twigs  rather  slender,  Pub- 
terete,  pale  gray,  the  bark  of  the  trunk  white.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic,  coria- 
ceous, 6-9  cm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded, 
subcordate  or  some  of  them  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  involute-margined,  the 
stout  petioles  3-7  mm.  long;  panicles  usually  many-flowered,  as  long  as  the 
leaves  or  shorter;  flowers  sessile,  puberulent  or  glabrate;  fruit  oblong,  bright 
red,  shining,  8-10  mm.  long. 

Low  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Now  Providence.  Eleu- 
thera,  Cat  Island.  Great  Exuma.  Acklin's,  Crooked  and  Fortune  Islands: — Cuba; 
Santo  Domingo.     Broad-leaved  Blolly. 

2.  Torrubia  Cokeri  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  31:    613.     1904. 

Glabrous,  the  twigs  gray.  Leaves  firm,  obovate,  8  cm.  long  or  less,  3-4 
cm.  wide,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  somewhat  cuneate  at  the  base; 


132  NYCTAGINACEAE. 

petioles  stout,  about  1  cm.  long;  flowers  sessile,  the  perianth  and  panicle- 
branches  minutely  tomentulose;  staminate  perianth  about  3  mm.  long,  bluntly 
5-toothed,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  stamens. 

Rockr  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros?,  Eleuthera  and  Inagua : — Cuba. 
COKEP.'S  Blolly. 

3.  Torrubia  longifolia  (Heimerl)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  31:  614.     1904. 

Pisonia  discolor  longifolia  Hiemerl,  Bot.  Jahrb.  21:  627.     1896. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  16  m.  with  a  trunk  up  to  5 
dm.  in  diameter,  usually  much  smaller  and  often  shrubby,  the  bark  scaly,  the 
twigs  glabrous,  slender.  Leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate  or  spatulate,  firm  in 
texture,  2-6  cm*,  long,  glabrous,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
cuneate  at  the  base,  obscurely  veined,  the  slender  petioles  5-15  mm.  long; 
calyx  3-4  mm.  long;  fruit  juicy,  obovoid  or  globose-obovoid,  bright  red,  little 
longer  than  thick;  anthocarp  4-6  mm.  long. 

Rocky  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Baliama,  Andros,  Nortti  Bimini.  New 
Providence,  Rose  Island.  Eleuthera,  Watling's,  Acklin's,  Inagua  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — 
Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica.     Naeeow-leaved  Blolly.     Beef-wood. 

4.  Torrubia  Bracei  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  31:  614.     1904. 

A  slender  tree,  5  m.  high  or  less,  the  bark  gray.  Leaves  thin,  green  on 
both  sides;  petioles  very  slender,  6-8  mm.  long;  blades  narrowly  obovate,  5  cm., 
long  or  less,  rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base;  fruiting  pedi- 
cels about  0.5  mm.  long;  fruit  very  juicy,  oblong-obovoid,  twice  as  long  as  thick, 
claret-red,  truncate  at  the  top;  anthocarp  7-8  mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  New  Providence  and  Inagua.  Endemic.  Specimens 
from  Cat  Island,  Conception,  Acklin's  and  Fortune  Islands,  showing  foliage  only, 
are  doubtfully  referred  to  this  species.     Brace's  Blolly. 

5.  PISONIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1026.     1753. 

"Woody  vines,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  broad  entire  opposite  leaves,  and  small, 
mostly  dioecious,  bracteolate,  cymose  or  panicled  flowers.  Calyx-limb  5-toothed 
or  5-lobed.  Stamens  6-10;  filaments  filiform,  connate  below  into  a  tube  or 
ring;  anthers  exserted.  Ovary  sessile;  style  slender;  stigma  capitellate. 
Anthocarp  coriaceous,  linear  or  clavate,  bearing  stalked  or  sessile  glands  in 
rows,  enclosing  the  elongated  utricle.  [Commemorates  William  Piso,  a  physi- 
cian of  Leyden,  who  travelled  in  Brazil,  and  died  in  1648.]  Twenty  species  or 
more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribution.  Type  species:  Pisonia 
aculeata  L. 

Climbing    vine    with    hooked    prickles :    anthocarp    with    rows    of 

stalked  glands  along  its  whole  length.  1.  P.  aculeata. 

Shrub    or   small    unarmed   tree ;    anthocarp   with    rows    of   stalked 

glands  near  its  summit.  2.  P.  rotnndata. 

1.  Pisonia  aculeata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1026.     1753. 

A  climbing  woody  vine  sometimes  10  m.  long,  armed  with  hooked  oppo- 
site prickles.  Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  rather  thin,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  glabrous, 
acute,  obtuse  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  cymes  many-flowered,  pubescent;  fruit  clavate, 
slender-pedicelled,  8-10  mm.  long,  10-ridged,  with  5  rows  of  glands  from  base 
to  apex. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands.  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  conti- 
nental tropical  America ;  Philippine  Islands.     Cock-spur.     Hold-back.     Pull-back. 


BATIDACEAE.  133 

2.  Pisonia  rotundata  Griseb.  Cat.  PL  Cub.  283.     1866. 

Pisonia  subcordata  rotundata  Heimerl,  Bot.  Jahrb.  21:  630.     1896. 

An  unarmed  shrub,  or  small  tree,  up  to  5  m,  high,  in  Cuba  becoming  larger, 
the  twigs  and  leaves  glabrous  or  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  oval,  oblong  or 
obovate,  firm  in  texture,  2.5-7  cm.  long,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or 
broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  minutely  reticulate-veined  beneath,  the  petioles 
3-10  mm.  long;  cymes  many-flowered,  rather  densely  pubescent  or  glabrate; 
fruit  clavate,  6-7  mm.  long,  with  5  rows  of  short-stalked  glands  above  the 
middle. 

Coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera : — 
Florida  ;  Cuba.     Round-lea\-ed  Pisoxia. 

Family  4.     BATIDACEAE  Dammer. 

Saltwort  Family. 

Low  fleshy  much-branched  shrubs,  with  opposite  semiterete,  linear  or 
clnb-shaped,  entire  sessile  estipnlate  leaves,  and  small  dioecious  .o:reenish 
flowers  in  axillary  spikes.  Staminate  spikes  with  many  persistent  imbri- 
cated scales,  each  subtending  a  flower;  calyx  2-lobed;  stamens  4  or  5,  vdih. 
stout  filaments  alternating-  with  staminodia;  anthers  introrse.  Pistillate 
spikes  4-12-flowered,  the  scales  deciduous;  calyx  and  corolla  wanting; 
ovary  sessile,  4-celled;  ovule  1  in  each  cavity,  erect,  anatropous;  stigma 
sessile,  somewhat  2-lobed;  fruit  aggregate,  about  4-seeded.  Seeds  club- 
shaped,  the  testa  membranous;  endosperm  none;'  cotyledons  large.  Only 
the  following  genus. 

1.  BATIS  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1289.     1759. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Greek,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
fruit  to  a  blackberry.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Batis  maritima  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1289.     1759. 

A  glabrous  shrub  1  m.  high  or  less,  the  rather  stout  stems  spreading, 
prostrate  or  ascending,  the  branches  nearly  erect,  angular.  Leaves  acutish, 
]-2.5  cm.  long;  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  5-10  mm.  long,  the  staminate  sessile, 
the  pistillate  short-peduncled;  bracts  nearly  orbicular  or  reniform,  longer  than 
the  calyx;  stamens  exserted,  longer  than  the  triangular  staminodia;  fruit  1-2 
em.  long^  drooping. 

Mangrove  mud  and  saline  marshes,  Great  Bahama,  North  Bimini,  Andros.  Wat- 
ling's.  Grand  Turk,  Inagua  and  Anguilla  Isles : — Georgia  to  Florida ;  southern 
California ;   West  Indies ;   continental   tropical   America.      Saltwort.     Turtle-wked. 

Family  5.     PHYTOLACCACEAE  Lindl. 

PoKEWEED  Family. 

Herbs,  some  tropical  species  shrubs,  vines  or  trees,  ^^^th  alternate  entire 
mostly  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  rejrular  polygamous  or  monoecious 
flowers.  Calyx  4-5-parted  or  of  4  or  5  sepals,  its  segments  or  sepals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx- 
segments  or  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more  numerous,  hypog>'n- 
ous;  filaments  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base;   anthers  2-celIed,  the  sacs 


134  PHYTOLACCACEAE. 

longitudinally  dehiscent,  often  nearly  separated.  Ovaiy  superior,  several- 
celled  in  most  of  the  genera;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cavities,  amphitropous. 
Styles  as  many  as  the  carpels,  short,  or  none;  stigmas  linear  or  filiform. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  an  achene.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  mealy  or  fleshy. 
About  22  genera  and  110  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics. 

Pistil  a  single  carpel. 

Fruit  a  globular  berry. 

Stamens  4  ;  style  elongated.  1.  Rivina. 

Stamens  8-16  ;  style  none.  2.  TricJiostigma. 

Fruit  dry,  achene-like,  with  bristles.  3.  Petiveria. 

Pistil  several-many-carpeled  with  as  many  styles  as  carpels.              4.  Phytolacca. 

1.  RIVINA  L.  Sp.  PI.  121.     1753. 

Herbs,  sometimes  woody  below,  the  stems  branched,  erect,  the  leaves  thin 
in  texture,  the  small  perfect  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal,  slender  racemes. 
Sepals  4,  not  enlarging  in  fruit.  Stamens  4,  the  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers 
erect.  Ovary  1-celled,  subglobose;  style  curved;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed. 
Fruit  a  small  subglobose  berry.  Seed  erect,  lenticular,  its  testa  crustaceous, 
the  embryo  curved,  the  endosperm  mealy.  [Commemorates  August  Eivinus, 
1652-1725,  professor  in  Leipzig.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  regions,  the  fol- 
lowing typical. 

1.  Rivina  humilis  L.  Sp.  PI.  121.     1753. 

Eivina  laevis  L.  Mant.  1:  41,     1767. 

Glabrous  or  finely  pubescent,  branched,  3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long,  membranous,  flaccid,  undulate  or  entire,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  the  slender 
petioles  1-5  cm.  long;  racemes  10  cm.  long  or  less,  loosely  several-many- 
flowered;  pedicels  4-6  mm.  long;  bracts  deciduous;  calyx  about  6  mm.  wide, 
the  sepals  oblong-cuneate,  obtuse,  pink  or  nearly  white;  sta,mens  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  sepals;  berries  subglobose,  red,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coastal  rocks  and  waste  grounds,  from  Abaco  throughout  the  archipelago  to 
Parrot  Cay  (Caicos).  Inagua,  Anguilla  Isles,  and  Water  Cay: — Florida;  West  In- 
dies ;   continental  tropical   America.     Wild  Tomato. 

2.  TRICHOSTIGMA  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cuba  10:   306.     1845. 

[A^iLLAMiLLA  E.  &  P.;  Hook.  f.  in  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  3:  81.     1880.] 

Woody  vines,  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  broad  leaves,  the  small 
perfect  flowers  in  slender  bracted  racemes.  Sepals  4,  concave,  spreading  or 
reflexed.  Stamens  8-16;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  versatile,  2-cleft. 
Ovary  subglobose,  1-celled;  ovule  sessile;  style  none;  stigma  penicillate.  Fruit 
coriaceous,  baccate,  subglobose,  the  pericarp  adherent  to  the  erect  seed. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  penicillate  stigma.]  About  4  species,  of  tropical 
America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Trichostigma  octandnim  (L.)   H.  Walter,  Pflanzenr.  39:   109.     1909. 

Fivina  octandra  L.  Cent.  PI.  2:  9.     1756. 

VillamiUa  octandra  Hook.  f.  in  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PI.  3:  81.     1880. 

Trichostigma  rivinoides  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cuba  10:  306.     1845. 

A  woody  vine,  often  10  m.  long  or  longer,  usually  climbing  on  trees,  the 
stem  up  to  1.5  dm.  in  diameter  at  the  base,  the  branches  long  and  slender, 


PHYTOLACCACEAE.  135 

glabrous.  Leaves  elliptic,  oblong,  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  membranous,  5-15  cm. 
long,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  entire, 
the  slender  petioles  1-5  cm.  long;  racemes  usually  numerous,  loosely  many- 
flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  pedicels  2-10  mm.  long;  flowers 
white,  about  8  mm.  broad,  the  ovate  obtuse  sepals  at  length  reflexed;  berry 
black,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Waste  grounds  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Cat  Island,  at  the  Bight : — Flor- 
ida ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  north  to  Mexico.     Trichostigma. 

3.  PETIVERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  342.     1753. 

An  erect  slender  perennial  herb  with  the  odor  of  garlic,  the  leaves  broad, 
membranous,  alternate,  entire,  the  small  perfect  flowers  in  slender  bracted 
sfiikes.  Calyx  4-parted,  conic  at  the  base,  the  segments  lanceolate,  spreading 
in  flower,  erect  in  fruit.  Stamens  4-8 ;  filaments  subulate ;  anthers  linear,  2- 
cleft  at  apex  and  base.  Ovary  oblong,  flattened,  truncate,  tomentose,  2-celled, 
with  1-6  deflexed  bristles  near  the  apex;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigma 
penicillate.  Fruit  elongated,  cuneate,  flattened,  striate,  keeled  on  both  sides, 
2-lobed  at  the  top  and  bearing  1-6  hooked  bristles.  Seed  linear.  [In  honor 
of  Jacob  Petiver,  English  naturalist  and  apothecary,  who  died  in  1718.]  A 
monotypic  genus. 

1.  Petiveria  alliacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  342.     1753. 

Stem  puberulent,  at  least  above,  or  glabrate,  erect,  branched,  2-10  dm. 
high,  the  branches  slender,  long,  nearly  erect  or  ascending.  Leaves  elliptic, 
oblong  or  obovate,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  3-12  cm.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled ;  spikes  very  slen- 
der, 1-4  dm.  long,  puberulent;  flowers  greenish,  short-pedicelled ;  sepals  nar- 
rowly linear,  about  4  mm,  long;  achene  linear-cuneate,  about  6  mm.  long,  ap- 
pressed  to  the  axis  of  the  epike,  the  terminal,  reflexed  bristles  about  2  mm. 
long. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence  at  Nassau : — Florida :  West 
Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  north  to  Mexico.     Garlic-weed.     Obeah-bdsh. 

4.  PHYTOLACCA   L.    Sp.    PL   441.     1753. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  petioled  estipulate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes,  which  by  the  further  growth  of  the  stem  become  opposite  the 
leaves.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base  and  often  1-3-bracted  above.  Calyx  of  4 
or  5  persistent  rounded  sepals.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
calyx.  Ovary  composed  of  5-15  distinct  or  somewhat  united  carpels.  Fruit  a 
depressed-globose  5-15-celled  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  1  in  each  cavity,  erect,  com- 
pressed; embryo  annular  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [Xame  Greek  and  French, 
refering  to  the  crimson  juice  of  the  berries.]  About  24  species,  mostly 
tiopical.     Type  species:  Phytolacca  americana  L. 

1.  Phytolacca  icosandra  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1040.     1750. 

Phytolacca  octandra  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  631.     1762. 

Erect,  glabrous,  or  puberulent  above,  branched,  somewhat  succulent,  1-3 
m.  high.  Li-aves  elliptic  to  ovate-lanceolate,  membranous.  8-20  cm.  long,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  rather  stout  petioles  1-5 


136  AIZOACEAE. 

cm.  long;  racemes  erect,  densely  many-flowered,  1-3  dm.  long;  pedicels  1.5-4 
mm.  long;  flowers  greenish  white  or  yellowish,  6-8  mm.  broad;  sepals  rounded; 
stamens  8-20;  carpels  8-20;  berry  black,  depressed-globose,  about  8  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground,  and  in  coppices,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera,  Great  Exuma : — Cuba ;  Jamaica ;  Hispaniola ;  continental 
tropical   America.     Southern    Poke-weed   or   Poke-bush.     Pork-bush. 

Family  6.     AIZOACEAE  A.  Br. 

Carpet-weed   Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  mostly  prostrate  and  branching,  with 
(in  our  species)  opposite,  more  or  less  fleshy  leaves,  and  perfect  small  regu- 
lar flow^ers.  Stipules  none  or  scarious,  or  the  petiole-bases  dilated.  Calyx 
4-5-cleft  or  4 — parted.  Petals  small  or  none  in  most  species.  Stamens 
IDerigynous.  Ovary  usually  free  from  the  calyx,  3-5-celled,  and  ovules 
numerous  in  each  cell  in  our  genus.  Fruit  a  capsule  with  loculicidal 
or  circumscissile  dehiscence.  Seeds  amphitropous;  endosperm  scanty  or 
copious ;  embiyo  slender,  curved.  About  22  genera  and  500  species,  mostly 
of  warm  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

1.  SESUVIUM  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1058.     1759. 

Fleshy  decumbent  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary 
pink  or  purplish  flowers.  Stipules  none,  but  the  petioles  often  dilated  and 
connate  at  the  base.  Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  5-60,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Filaments  filiform, 
sometimes  united  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-5-celled.  Styles  3-5,  papillose  along 
the  inner  side.  Capsule  membranous,  oblong,  3-5-celled,  circumscissile.  Seeds 
round-reniform,  smooth;  embryo  annular.  About  4  species,  natives  of  seacoasts 
and  saline  regions.     Type  species:  Sesuvium  portulacastrum  L. 

Stamens  5.  1.  S.  maritimum. 

Stamens  numerous.  2.  S.  portulacastrum. 

1.  Sesuvium  maritimum  (Walt.)  B.S.P.  Prem.  Cat.  N.  Y.  20.     1888. 

Pharnaceum  maritimum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  117.     1788. 
Sesuvium  pentandrum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1 :  556.     1821. 

Annual,  glabrous;  branches  0.5-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate, 
entire,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  or 
the  upper  sessile,  8-25  mm.  long;  flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  about  2  mm. 
broad,  mostly  solitary;  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  4  mm.  high,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Salinas  and  edges  of  mangrove  swamps.  Andros.  Ship  Channel  Cay,  Cat  Island, 
Long  Island,  Little  San  Salvador  and  Watling's  : — Atlantic  coast  from  Long  Island 
to  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico.     Slexder  Sea  Purslane. 

2.  Sesuvium  portulacastrum  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1058.     1759. 

Perennial,  fleshy,  glabrous.  Stems  usually  diffusely  branched,  the  branches 
prostrate,  often  creeping,  forming  large  patches;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong, 
1.5-4  cm.  long,  acute  or  acutish,  the  bases  clasping;  flowers  shoit-pedicelled, 
solitary   in  the   axils;    calyx-lobes  lanceolate,   7-10   mm.   long,   hooded,   purple 


PORTULACACEAE.  137 

within,   the   back   prolonged   into   an   appendage;    stamens   numerous;    capsule 
conic,  8-10  mm.  long. 

Sea  beaches  and  saline  borders,  throughout  the  archipelago  to  Turks  Island  and 
Cay  Sal  : — Bermuda  :  North  Carolina  to  Florida  ;  the  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to  Co- 
lombia and  Venezuela;  Old  World  tropics.  Plants  from  saline  borders  have  smaller 
leaves  and  seeds  than  those  from  sea  beaches  and  coastal  rocks.     Se.v  Pluslane. 

Family  7.     ALSINACEAE  Walil. 

Chickweed  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  estipulate  or 
stipulate,  and  mostly  small  perfect  flowers,  solitary  or  in  cymes  or  umbels. 
Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals,  imbricated,  at  least  in  the  bud,  separate  to  the 
base,  or  nearly  so.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  not  clawed,  rarely 
wanting.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  fewer,  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  sessile  ovary,  or  on  a  small  disk;  filaments  distinct,  or  coherins; 
below;  anthers  introrse,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovaiw  usually  1-celled; 
styles  2-5,  distinct;  ovules  several  or  numerous,  amphitropous  or  campylo- 
tropous,  borne  on  a  central  column.  Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  by  valves 
or  by  apical  teeth.  Embryo  mostly  curved  and  with  incumbent  cotyledons. 
About  32  genera  and  500  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in 
temperate  regions. 

1.  DRYMAJRIA  Willd;  E.  &  S.  Syst.  5:  406.     1819. 

Low  branching  herbs,  with  flat  small  leaves,  small,  often  fugacious  stip- 
ules, and  small  mostly  white  flowers  in  cymes  or  solitary.  Sepals  5,  distinct. 
Petals  5,  cleft.  Stamens  5  or  fewer.  Ovary  1-celled,  many-ovuled;  style 
mostly  3-cleft.  Fruit  a  5-valved  capsule.  Seeds  globose-reniform,  the  embryo 
peripheral.  [Greek,  pertaining  to  the  forest.]  About  20  species,  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  America,  one  also  in  the  Old  World  tropics.  Type  species: 
Drymaria  arenarioides  H.  &  B. 

1.  Drymaria  cordata  (L.)  Willd.;  E.  &  S.  Syst.  5:  406.     1819. 

Holosteum  cordatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  88.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  puberulent  above;  stems  very  slender,  diffuse,  1-4 
dm.  long.  Leaves  orbicular  or  broader  than  long,  6-20  mm.  wide,  membranous, 
palmately  veined,  obtuse  or  cuspidulate  at  the  apex,  subcordate  at  the  base, 
short-petioled ;  peduncles  filiform,  usually  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  often 
forked;  cymes  few-several-flowered;  pedicels*  as  long  as  the  bractlets  or 
shorter;  sepals  1.5-3  mm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  petals  2-cleft;  stamens 
2  or  3 ;  capsule  about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Waste  grounds.  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  trop- 
ical America.     Dkymaria. 

Family  8.     PORTULACACEAE  Rchb. 
PuRSLAXE  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  regular  j-terfect  but  unsynnnet- 
rical  flowers.     Sepals  commonly  2"  (rarely  5).     Petals  4  to  6,  rarely  more, 

10 


138  POETULACACEAE. 

hypogynous,  imbricated.  Stamens  hypogynous,  equal  in  number  to  the 
petals  or  fewer,  rarely  more;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  2-celled,  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled;  style  2-3-cleft  or  2-3-divided,  the 
divisions  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side:  ovules  2-co,  amphitropous.  Capsule 
eircumscissile,  or  dehiscent  by  3  valves.  Seeds  2-oo,  reniform-globose  or 
compressed:  embi-yo  curved.  About  20  genera  and  180  species,  mostly 
natives  of  America. 

1.  PORTULACA  L.  Sp.  PI.  445.     1753. 

Diffuse  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pubescent  succulent  herbs,  with  terminal 
flowers.  Sepals  2,  united  at  the  base  and  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Petals 
4-6  (mainly  5),  inserted  on  the  calyx,  fugacious.  Stamens  7-cc,  also  on  the 
calyx.  Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  deeply  3-9-cleft  or  parted.  Capsule  mem- 
branous, dehiscent  by  a  lid,  many-seeded.  [Latin,  in  allusion  to  the  purging 
qualites  of  some  species.]  A  genus  of  about  20  species,  all  but  2  or  3  natives 
of  America.     Type  species:   Portulaca  oleracea  L. 

Leaves  flat ;  flowers  yellow.  1.  P.  oleracea. 
Leaves  subterete. 

Flowers  yellow  ;  seeds  brown.  2.  P.  phaeosperma. 

Flowers  purple ;  seeds  black.  3.  P.  gagatosperma. 

1.  Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Sp.  PI.  445.     1753. 

Annual,  usually  prostrate,  branching  from  a  deep  root;  branches  1-7.5  dm. 
long.  Leaves  alternate  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  obovate  or 
cuneate,  6-20  mm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  very  fleshy;  flower-buds  flat; 
flowers  solitary,  sessile,  4-10  mm.  broad,  yellow,  opening  in  bright  sunshine; 
sepals  broad,  keeled,  acutish;  style  4-6-parted;  capsule  6-10  mm.  long;  seeds 
finely  rugose. 

Cultivated  soil,  waste  places  and  maritime  rocks,  throughout  the  archipelago  : — 
all  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Includes  several  races  differing  in  size  of 
leaves  and  flowers,  and  of  a  prostrate  or  ascending  habit.     Purslaxb. 

2.  Portulaca  phaeosperma  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  4:  233.     1905. 

Fleshy,  branched,  1.5  dm.  high  or  less,  with  tufts  of  brownish  hairs  at  the 
nodes.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  subterete,  acute  or  obtuse,  5-10  mm.  long,  about 
2  mm.  thick,  alternate  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  flowers  yel- 
low, 6-10  mm.  broad;  petals  oblong  to  obovate,  obtuse;  capsule  about  3  mm. 
in  diameter,  eircumscissile  at  about  the  middle;   seeds  brown. 

Dry  or  rocky  soil,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Bahama  and  Andros 
to  Mariguana,  Turk's  Islands  and  Inagua  : — ^Florida  :  Cuba  to  St.  Croix  and  Virgin 
Gorda  ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  INIrs.  Northrop  and  by  Coker  to  P.  haWnoides  L. ; 
by  Hitchcock  and  by  Coker  to  P.  pilosa  L.     Brown-seeded  Portulaca. 

3.  Portulaca  gagatosperma  Millsp.  Field.  Mus.  Bot.  2:   299.     1909. 

Fleshy,  diffusely  branched,  5-10  cm.  high,  with  tufts  of  whitish  hairs  at 
the  nodes.  Leaves  alternate,  subterete,  acute,  6-12  mm.  long,  about  2  mm. 
thick,  short-petioled ;  flowers  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  sepals  broadly 
ovate,  apiculate;  petals  purple,  emarginate;  capsule  about  4  mm.  in  diameter, 
eircumscissile  below  the  middle;  seeds  jet  black,  0.6  mm.  in  diameter. 

In  moist  soils  and  mud  of  lake  borders.  Great  Bahama.  New  Providence.  Grand 
Turk,  Salt  Cay  (Turk's  Islands)  and  Inagua,  attaining  its  highest  development  in 
our  region  on  the  dry  rocks  of  East  and  Ambergris  Cavs  of  the  Turk's  Island 
group: — ^Endemic.  Referred  by  Hitchcock  to  P.  pilosa  L.,  which  it  resembles.  Ba- 
hama Portulaca. 


NYMPHAEACEAE.  139 

Order  10.     RANALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.  Calyx  present,  usually  of  separate  sepals. 
Corolla  usually  present  and  of  separate  petals.  Ovary  or  ovaries  Sruperior, 
free  from  the  calyx;  carpels  1  to  many,  usually  separate.  Stamens  mostly 
hypogynous  and  more  numerous  than  the  sepals. 

Aquatic  herbs,  the  leaves  peltate  or  with  a  basal  sinus.     Fam.   1.  Ny.mpiiakaceak. 
Terrestrial  plants. 

Stamens  many  ;  sepals  distinct. 

Flowers  perfect   (in  the  Bahama  species). 

Carpels  distinct ;  sepals  4  or  5  ;  petals,  when 

present  about  as  many   (none  in  Clematis).     Fam.  2.  Raxuxculaceae. 
Carpels    more    or    less    coherent ;    sepals    3 ; 

petals  6  ;  trees  or  shrubs.  Fam.  3.  Axxoxaceae. 

Flowers  dioecious,  small  ;  climbing  vines.  Fam.  4.   Menispekmaceae. 

Stamens  O*  or  12  in  .3  or  4  series  of  3  each;  sepals 
more  or  less  united. 
Shrubs  or  trees  with  broad  leaves  ;  fruit  borne 

on  the  calyx-tube.  Fam.  5.   Lauijaceae. 

Leafless  vines ;   fruit  enclosed  by   the   accrescent 

calyx-tube.  Fam.  G.  Cassythaceae. 

^  Family  1.     NYMPHAEACEAE  DC. 

Water  Lily  Family. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  floating,  im- 
mersed or  rarely  emersed  leaves,  and  solitaiy  axillaiy  flowers.  Sepals 
3-5.  Petals  5-oo.  Stamens  5-co  ;  anthers  erect,  the  connective  continu- 
ous with  the  filament.  Carpels  3-oo,  distinct,  united,  or  immersed  in  the 
receptacle.  Stigmas  distinct,  or  united  into  a  radiate  or  annular  disk; 
ovules  1-00,  orthotropous.  Fruit  indehiscent.  Seeds  enclosed  in  pulpy 
arils,  or  rarely  naked;  cotyledons  fleshy;  hypocotyl  very  short.  Five 
genera  and  about  55  species,  widely  distributed  in  fresh  water. 

1.  CASTALIA  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  1:  pi.  14.     1805. 

Herbs  with  horizontal  perennial  rootstocks,  floating  leaves  and  showy 
flowers.  Sepals  4.  Petals  in  several  rows,  or  but  few,  inserted  on  the  ovary, 
gradually  passing  into  stamens;  stamens  co,  the  exterior  with  large  petaloid 
lilaments  and  short  anthers,  the  interior  with  linear  filaments  and  elongated 
anthers.  Carpels  oo,  united  into  a  compound  pistil  with  radiating  linear  pro- 
jecting stigmas.  Fruit  globose,  covered  with  the  bases  of  the  petals,  ripening 
under  water.  [A  spring  of  Parnassus.]  About  40  species,  of  wide  geographic 
distribution.     Type  species:  Castalia  magnifica  Salisb. 

1.  Castalia  piUchella  (DC.)  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  138.     1906. 

Nymphaea  pulchella  DC.  Syst.  2:  51.     1821. 

Nymphaea  ampla  pulchella  Casp.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  42;    150.     1878. 

Kootstock  2-4  cm.  thick.  Petioles  5-10  mm.  thick,  various  in  length,  de- 
pending upon  the  depth  of  water;  leaf -blades  suborbicular,  rather  thin,  1-3 
dm.  broad,  glabrous,  undulate  or  repand,  green  on  both  sides,  very  coarsely 
reticulate-veined  beneath,  the  basal  sinus  rather  narrow,  the  lobes  acute; 
peduncles  about  as  long  and  as  thick  as  the  petioles;   sepals  4,  lanceolate, 


140  EANUNCULACEAE. 

acutish,  6  mm.  long  or  less ;  petals  4-8,  white,  acute ;  stamens  50  or  fewer ;  fruit 
2-3  cm.  in  diameter. 

Fresh  water  swamps  and  water-holes,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Great 
Exuma,  Acklin's  Island  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  to  Haiti  and  St.  Croix ;  South  Amer- 
ica.    Referred  to  by  Coker  as  C.  anvpJa  (DC.)   Greene.     White  Watee-lily. 


Family  2.     RANUNCULACEAE  Juss. 

Crowfoot  Family. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  climbing  shrubs,  wath  acrid  sap.  Leaves  alternate 
(except  in  Clematis  and  Atragene).  Stipules  usually  none,  but  the  base 
of  the  petiole  often  sheathing.  Pubescence,  when  present,  composed  of 
simple  hairs.  Sepals  3-15,  generally  caducous,  often  petal-like,  imbricate, 
except  in  Clematis  and  Atragene.  Petals  about  the  same  number  (occa- 
sionally more),  or  wanting.  Stamens  oo ,  hypogjmous,  their  anthers 
innate.  Carpels  x  or  rarely  solitary,  1-eelled,  1-many-ovuled.  Ovules 
anatropous.  Fruit  achenes,  follicles  or  berries.  Steels  with  endosperm. 
About  35  genera  and  1100  species,  distributed  thf oitghout  *the.' -^yorld,  not 
abundant  in  the  tropics. 

1.  CLEMATIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  543.     1753. 

Climbing  vines  or  perennial  herbs,  more  or  less  woody.  Leaves  opposite, 
slender-petioled,  pinnately  compound,  lobed,  or  in  some  species  entire.  Sepals 
4  or  5,  valvate  in  the  bud,  petaloid.  Petals  none.  Stamens  oo.  Pistils  oo. 
Achenes  1-seeded.  Style  long,  persistent,  plumose,  silky  or  naked.  [Greek 
name  for  some  climbing  plant.]  About  25  species  of  very  wide  geographic  dis- 
tribution, most  abundant  in  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Clematis 
Vitalha  L. 

1.  Clematis  bahamica  (Kuntze)  Brittou,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  117.     1905. 

Clematis  dioica  hahamica  Kuntze,  Verh.  Bot.  Ver.  Prov.  Brand.  26:   102. 
1895. 

Vine  slender,  trailing  or  high-climbing,  the  young  plants  sparingly  and 
loosely  pubescent.  Leaves  trifoliolate  or  the  uppermost  simple;  leaflets  slender- 
stalked,  4  em.  long  or  less,  various  in  form  even  on  the  same  vine,  ovate  to 
oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  acute  or  obtuse  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  quite 
glabrous  when  mature,  entire,  or  often  3-lobed,  firm  in  texture  and  strongly 
veined  on  the  under  side;  achenes  plump,  only  3  mm.  long,  the  filiform  plumose 
style  3-5  cm.  long;  flowers  few,  in  small  leafy-bracted  panicles;  pedicels  loosely 
pubescent;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  about  5  mm.  long,  loosely  pubescent,  in  a 
Mariguana  specimen  coherent  and  falling  away  as  a  cap. 

Rocky  thickets,  pine-lands  and  sink-holes.  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Andros.  Eleu- 
thera.  Cat  Island.  Great  Exuma,  and  Mariguana.  Endemic.  Referred  by  Mrs. 
Northrop  to  C.  dioica;  by  Hitchcock  to  C.  flammulastrum,  and  by  Dolley  to  C. 
Vitalha.     Bahama   Virgin's-bower. 


ANNONACEAE.  141 

Family  3.     ANNONACEAE  DC. 

Custard-apple  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  generally  aromatic,  with  alternate  entire  leaves. 
Stipules  none.  Sepals  3  (rarely  2),  valvate  or  rarely  imbricate.  Petals 
about  6,  arranged  in  2  series.  Stamens  co  ;  anthers  adnate,  extrorse. 
Carpels  oo,  separate  or  coherent,  mainly  fleshy  in  fruit.  Seeds  large, 
anatropous;  embryo  minute;  endosperm  copious,  wrinkled.  About  46 
p-enera  and  550  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics,  a  few  in  the  temperate 
zones. 

1.  ANNONA  L.  Sp.  PI.  536.     1753. 

Mostly  trees,  with  coriaceous  or  chartaeeous  leaves,  and  perfect,  usually 
solitary  and  axillary,  nodding,  peduncled  flowers.  Sepals  3,  valvate,  deciduous. 
Petals  usually  6,  valvate,  the  3  outer  larger  than  the  3  inner.  Receptacle 
hemispheric.  Anther-sacs  contiguous.  Pistils  borne  at  the  top  of  the  recep- 
tacle; ovaries  1-ovuled;  stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Fruit  compound,  aggre- 
gate, many-seeded;  seeds  arillate,  [Name  said  to  be  derived  from  Malayan.] 
I'ifty  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribution.  Type  species: 
Annona  muricata  L. 

Outpr     nptals     broad,     ovate,     the     inner     as  long,     or     somewhat     shorter ;     fruit 

smooth.  1.  A.  glahni. 

Outer  iietals  linear-oblong,   the  inner  minute. 

Fruit  tubercled.  2.  A.  squatunsa. 

Fruit  reticulated  or  areolate.  3.  A.  reticulata. 

1.  Annona  glabra  L.  Sp.  PI.  537.     1753. 

Annona  palustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  757.     1762. 
Anona  laurifolia  Dunal,  Monogr.  Anon.  65.     1817. 

A  tree,  up  to  12  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  4  or  5  dm.  in  diameter,  usually 
smaller,  sometimes  shrubby,  the  fissured  bark  reddish  brown,  the  twigs  glabrous. 
Leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  subcoriaceous,  8-18  cm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate 
at  the  apex,  usually  rounded  at  the  base,  the  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils,  nodding,  short-peduncled,  yellowish  green,  2-3.5  cm.  long; 
sepals  broader  than  long,  slightly  united ;  petals  thick,  concave,  the  outer  a 
little  larger  than  the  inner;  fruit  ovoid,  6-13  cm.  long,  smooth,  roundeJ  at 
apex,  impressed  at  base,  yellowish  brown ;  seeds  1-2  cm.  long. 

Ponds  and  water-holes.  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  rrovidenre.  Cat  Island. 
Watling's  Island.  Crooked  Island: — Florida;  West  Indies;  northern  South  America. 
Catesby,  2:  pi.  6.'f,  67.     Fond- apple. 

2.  Annona  squamosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  537.     1753. 

A  tree,  up  to  about  12  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  densely  pubescent. 
Leaves  elliptic,  lanceolate  to  oblong,  chartaeeous,  6-12  cm.  long,  pubescent,  at 
least  when  young,  sometimes  glabrous  when  old,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  the  petioles  5-12  mm.  long;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the 
petioles;  flowers  greenish,  about  2  cm.  long;  sepals  triangular,  acute,  pubescent, 
1.5  mm.  long;  outer  petals  linear-oblong,  puberulent;  fruit  globose,  5-0  cm. 
in  diameter,  strongly  tubercled,  greenish,  the  tubercles  rounded,  the  pulp  white; 
seeds  oblong,  brown,  shining. 

Scrub-lands.  New  Providence,  probably  introduced : — Cuba  to  Virgin  fJorda 
and  St.  Vincent ;  Jamaica  ;   widely  cultivateil  in  tropical  regions.     Sugar-apple. 


142  MENISPERMACEAE. 

3.  Annona  reticulata  L.  Sp.  PL  537.     1753. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  m.  high,  usually  smaller,  the  young  twigs  puberu- 
lent.  Leaves  oblong,  oblong-laneeolate,  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  chartaceous, 
8-15  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  puberulent  when  young,  glabrous  when  old, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  rather  stout  petioles  2  cm. 
long  or  less;  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles;  flowers  greenish,  about  2  cm. 
long;  sepals  triangular-ovate,  2-3  mm.  long;  outer  petals  narrowly  oblong, 
puberulent;  fruit  globose,  8-12  em.  in  diameter,  yellowish  brown,  glabrous, 
coarsely  reticulated,  the  pulp  yellowish,  the  oblong,  brown  seeds  shining. 

Sink-holes,  Great  Bahama  at  Eight  Mile  Rocks  : — West  Indies.  Widely  culti- 
vated.    CuSTAED   Apple.     Catesby,    2 :    pi.    S6. 

Family  4.     MENISPERMACEAE  DC. 

MooNSEED  Family. 

Vines,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  small 
dioecious  panieled  racemose  or  cymose  flowers.  Sepals  4—12,  or  fewer. 
Petals  6,  imbricated  in  2  rows,  sometimes  fewer,  or  none.  Stamens  about 
the  same  number  as  the  petals  or  fewer.  Carpels  3-co  (generally  6),  1- 
ovuled,  separate;  styles  commonly  recurved.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Embryo 
long,  curved.  About  55  genera  and  150  species,  mainly  of  tropical  dis- 
tribution, a  few  extending  into  the  temperate  zones. 

1.  CISSAMPELOS  L.   Sp.  PL   1031.     1753. 

Slender  vines,  often  high-climbing,  the  leaves  broad,  mostly  entire  and 
cordate,  palmately  veined,  the  staminate  flowers  cymose-paniculate,  the  pistil- 
late clusters  racemose,  bracted.  Staminate  flowers  with  4  sepals,  the  petals 
united  below  into  a  cup,  the  2-4  anthers  sessile  on  the  peltate  top  of  the 
stamen-column.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  rudimentary  scale-like  perianth  of  1 
sepal  and  1  petal  and  a  single  carpel  with  a  3-cleft  or  3-toothed  style.  Drupe 
subglobose,  convex;  stone  compressed,  tubercled  on  the  back,  concave  on  both 
sides.  [Greek,  ivy-grape.]  Perhaps  25  species,  of  tropical  America  and  trop- 
ical and  southern  Africa.     Type  species:  Cissampelos  Pareira  L. 

1.  Cissampelos  tomentosa  DC.  Syst.  1:  535.     1818. 

Climbing,  often  5  m.  long  or  longer,  the  young  branches,  petioles,  inflor- 
escence and  under  leaf-surfaces  densely  tomentose.  Leaves  suborbicular,  2-10 
cm.  broad,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  not  peltate,  the  petioles  1-7  cm. 
long;  racemes  of  pistillate  flowers  5-8  cm.  long,  the  bracts  orbicular,  cordate 
or  subcordate,  5-15  mm.  broad,  the  pedicels  several  at  each  bract,  densely 
tomentose,  about  2  mm.  long,  the  sepals  about  1  mm.  long;  panicles  of  stami- 
nate flowers  8  cm.  long  or  less,  the  flowers  usually  very  numerous,  about  1  mm. 
broad,  on  filiform  short  pedicels. 

Old  fields  and  coppices,  Andros,  near  Nicol's  Town  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica ;  Mexico 
and  Central  America.     Vela'ety  Cissampelos. 


LAURACEAE.  143 

Family  5.     LAURACEAE  Lindl. 

Laurel  Family. 

Aromatic  trees  and  shrubs,  with  alternate  (very  rarely  opposite)  mostly 
thick,  punctate  estipulate  leaves.  Flowers  small,  perfect,  polygamous, 
dioecious,  or  sometimes  monoecious,  usually  fragrant,  yellow  or  greenish, 
in  panicles,  corymbs,  racemes  or  umbels.  Calyx  4-6-parted,  the  segments 
imbricated  in  2  series  in  the  bud.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  inserted  in  3 
or  4  series  of  3  on  the  calyx,  distinct,  some  of  them  commonly  imperfect 
or  reduced  to  staminodia;  anthers  opening  by  valves.  Ovar}'  superior, 
free  from  the  calyx,  1-celled ;  ovule  solitary,  anatropous,  pendulous ;  stigma 
discoid  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe  or  beriy.  Endospenn  none. 
Cotyledons  plano-convex,  accumbent.  About  40  genera  and  1000  species, 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions;  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Staminodia  of  the  fourth  series  small  or  none.  1.  Ocotea 

Staminodia  of  the  fourth  series  large,  sagittate.  2.  Persea. 

1.  OCOTEA   Aubl.  PI.   Guian.   2:    780.     1775. 

[Nectandra  Roland;   Rottb.  Descr.  PI.  Surinam.  10.  1776.] 

Evergreen  trees,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  coriaceous  leaves  and  small, 
perfect  or  polygamous  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  panicles.  Perianth- 
segments  6,  nearly  equal.  Perfect  stamens  9,  in  3  series;  stamens  of  the  first 
and  second  series  eglandular,  their  anthers  introrsely  4-celled;  stamens  of  the 
third  series  with  extrorsely  4-celled  anthers;  staminodia,  representing  a  fourth 
series  of  stamens,  are  present  in  some  species.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly 
enclosed  by  the  perianth-tube;  style  short.  Berry  oblong  to  globose,  partly 
enclosed  by  the  enlarged  perianth-tube.  [Guiana  name.]  Probably  300  species, 
mostly  natives  of  tropical  America.       Type  species:   Ocotea  gidanensis  Aubl. 

1.  Ocotea  coriacea  (Sw.)  Britton. 

Laurus  coriacea  Sw.  Prodr.  65.     1788. 
Laurus  Cateshyana  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:   244.  1803. 
Nectandra  coriacea  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  281.     1860. 
Ocotea  Cateshyana  Sargent,  Sylva  7:  11.     1895. 

An  evergreen  tree,  up  to  12  m.  high,  the  trunk  sometimes  3  dm.  in  diameter, 
the  nearly  smooth  bark  light  gray,  the  twigs  slender,  glabrous,  the  wood  brown. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  6-15  cm.  long,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  dull 
beneath,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  reticulate-veined,  the  petioles  5-15  mm. 
long;  panicles  axillary,  peduncled,  puberulent,  several-many-flowered;  peilicels 
4-7  mm.  long;  calyx  white,  its  6  lobes  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  about 
4  mm.  long;  stamens  shorter  than  the  calyx;  drupe  oval  or  subglobose,  dark 
blue  or  nearly  black,  10-18  mm.  long,  the  persistent  red  or  yellow  calyx-base 
3-4  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama.  Andros.  Now  Providence.  Eleuthera. 
Cat  Island.  Watling's.  ('ro(iked  Island  and  Nortli  Caicos  : — Florida:  W.'st  Indies. 
Referred  by  Grisebach,  Dolley,  Mrs.  Northrop  and  by  Hitchcock  to  XcrtatKlra  nan- 
(jninca  Ilottb.     Catesby,  2  :  pL  28.     Bastaud  Tokcu.     Black  Touch.     Swkkt  Tuucu- 

WOOD. 


1 44  CASSYTHACEAE. 

2.  PERSEA   Gaertn.   Fr.   &   Sem.   3:    222.     1805. 

Leaves  alternate,  coriaceous,  persistent,  entire.  Calyx  6-parted,  persistent. 
Stamens  12,  in  4  series  of  3,  the  inner  series  reduced  to  gland-like  staminodia, 
the  3  other  series  anther-bearing,  their  anthers  4-celled,  4-valved,  those  of  the 
third  series  extrorse  and  the  others  introrse  in  our  species.  Staminodia  large, 
cordate,  stalked.  Fruit  a  berry.  [Ancient  name  of  some  oriental  tree. J 
About  50  species,  natives  of  America.     Type  species:  Persea  gratissima  Gaertn. 

1.  Persea  pubescens   (Pursh)   Sargent,  Silva  N.  A.  7:    7.     1895. 
Tamala  puhescens  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  ed.  2,  822,  1375.     1913. 
Laurus  carolinensis  yubescens  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  276.     1814. 

A  tree,  with  maximum  height  of  about  14  m.  the  trunk  up  to  3.5  dm.  in 
diameter,  the  twigs  densely  short-pubescent,  the  thin  brown  bark  fissured. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  subcoriaceous,  0.5-2  dm.  long, 
acute,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  pale  and  pubescent  beneath,  the  pubescent  petioles  2  cm. 
long  or  less;  peduncles  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  very  short; 
inner  sepals  5-6  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  outer;  filaments  pubescent; 
drupe  dark  blue,  glaucous,  oval  or  subglobose,  8-15  mm.  in  diameter. 

Palmetto-lands,  Great  Bahama  at  Barnett's  Point : — Virginia  to  Florida.     Red 

BAY. 

Family  6.     CASSYTHACEAE  Dumont. 

LovE-vixE  Family. 

Tines,  trailing,  or  parasitic  by  papillae  on  shrnbs  or  on  trees,  the 
leaves  none,  or  reduced  to  scales,  the  small  regular  and  perfect  flowers 
spicate,  racemose,  or  capitate.  Calyx  6-cleft,  the  lobes  imbricated,  in  2 
series,  the  outer  ones  shorter  than  the  inner.  Corolla  none.  Perfect 
stamens  9,  with  2-celled  anthers;  staminodes  3.  Pistil  1;  ovary  1-ovuled, 
becoming'  enclosed  by  the  enlarging  calyx-base ;  style  simple ;  stigma  small, 
mostly  capitate.     Fruit  berry-like,  fleshy.     Only  the  following  genus. 

1.  CASSYTHA  L.  Sp.  PI.  35.     1753. 

Characters  of  the  family.  About  15  known  species,  of  tropical  regions. 
[Synonym  of  Cuscuta.']     Type  species:   Cassxjilia  filifonnis  L. 

1.  Cassytha  americana  Xees.  Syst.  Laur.  644.     1836. 

Cassytlia  ■filiformis  Jacq.  Sel.  Amer.  115.     1763.     Not  L,     1753. 

Slender,  branched,  often  5  m.  long  or  more,  sometimes  matted,  yellow  or 
yellowish  green,  the  stems  about  2  mm.  thick.  Leaves  mere  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
acute  scales  1-2  mm.  long,  few  and  distant;  spikes  peduncled,  few-several- 
flowered,  1-2  em.  long;  flowers  white,  about  2  mm.  broad,  the  inner  sepals 
ovate,  larger  than  the  outer;  fruit  globose,  W'hite,  5-7  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coastal  sand  dunes  and  maritime  rocks,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  south  to  Mariguana,  Inagua  and  the  Caicos  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — 
Florida ;  AYest  Indies  ;   Mexico  and  continental  tropical  America.     Woe-vine. 


BRASSICACEAE.  145 

Order  11.     PAPAVERALES. 

Mostly  herbs,  with  chistered,  regular  and  perfect  flowers.  Petals,  with 
V'ery  rare  exceptions,  present,  separate.  Sepals  usually  separate.  Stamens 
hypogynons.  Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  calyx,  compound,  composed 
of  two  united  carpels,  or  more. 

Sepals  2  (very  rarely  3  or  4)  :  endosperm  fleshy.  Fam.  1.  PArAVEitAfEAE. 

Sepals  or  calyx-segments  4-8  :  endosperm  none. 

Capsule  2-celled  by  a  longitudinal  partition,  usually  2- 

valved,  rarely  indetiiscent :  sepals  and  petals  4.  Fam.   2.  Rhassicaceae. 

Capsule  1-celled,  of  2-6  carpels. 

Style  short  or  wanting ;  seeds  wingless.  Fam.  3.  Capparidaceae. 

Style  elongated ;  seeds  winged.  Fam,  4.  Mokingaceae. 

Family  1.     PAPAVERACEAE  B.  Juss. 

Poppy  Family. 

Herbs,  with  milk}'  or  colored  sap,  and  alternate  leaves  or  the  upper 
rarely  opi^osite.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  2 
(rarely  3  or  4),  caducous.  Petals  4-6  or  rarely  more,  imbricated,  often 
wrinkled,  deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  distinct;  filaments  filiform: 
anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  1,  many-oviiled,  mainly  1-celled ; 
style  short ;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  general^  dehiscent  by  a 
pore,  or  by  valves,  rarely  indehiscent.  About  23  genera  and  115  species, 
widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 

1.  ARGEMONE  L.  Sp.  PL  508.  1753. 
Glaucous  herbs,  with  yellow  sap,  spiny-toothed  leaves  and  large  flowers. 
Sepals  2  or  3.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  oo.  Placentae  4-6,  many-ovuled.  Style 
very  short.  Stigma  dilated,  3-6-radiate.  Capsule  prickly,  oblong,  dehiscent 
at  the  apex  by  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  cancellate.  [Greek,  an  eye  disease, 
supposed  to  be  relieved  by  the  plant  so  called.]  A  genus  of  about  10  species, 
natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America.     Type  species:  Argemone  mexicanaJj. 

1.  Argemone  mexicana  L.  Sp.  PI.  508.     1753. 

Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  spiny  or  sometimes  nearly  unarmed.  Leaves  sessile, 
clasping  by  a  narrowed  base,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  glaucous,  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
spiny-toothed  and  more  or  less  spiny  on  the  veins;  flowers  orange  or  yellow, 
sessile  or  subsessile,  2-8  cm.  broad;  sepals  acuminate,  bristly -pointed ;  capsule 
2.5  cm.  long  or  more;  stigma  sessile. 

A  weed  of  waste  places  near  dwellings,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great 
Bahama  south  to  Grand  Turk.  Salt  Cay,  Inagua : — Bermuda :  southern  Fnited 
States;  West  Indies:  continental  tropical  America;  Old  World  tropics.  1»mnki:y 
Thistle.     Mexican  Toppy. 

Family  2.     BRASSICACEAE  Lindl. 

Mustard  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  watery  acrid  sap,  alternate 
leaves,  and  racemose  or  corymbose  flowers.  Se]-)als  4,  deciduous,  or  rarely 
persistent,  the  2  outer  narrow,  the  inner  similar,  or  concave,  or  saccate 


146  BEASSICACEAE. 

at  the  iDase.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  cruciate,  nearly  equal,  g-enerally 
clawed.  Stamens  6,  rarely  fewer,  hypogynous,  tetradynamous.  Pistil  1, 
compound,  consisting-  of  2  united  carpels,  the  parietal  placentae  united 
by  a  dissejoiment ;  style  generally  persistent,  sometimes  none;  stigma  dis- 
coid or  usually  more  or  less  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle,  generallv 
2-celled,  rarely  1-celled,  in  a  few  geenra  indehiscent.  Seeds  attached  to 
both  sides  of  the  septum;  endosperm  none;  cotyledons  incumbent,  accum- 
bent  or  conduplicate.  About  200  genera  and  1800  species,  of  wide  geo- 
graphic distribution. 

Pod  a  silique  or  silicle.  dehiscent  into  2  valves. 

Pod  a  flattened  silicle.  1.  Lepidium. 

Pod  a  short  or  long  silique.  not  flattened. 
Flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  lobed  or  toothed. 
Pod  elongated,  beaked. 

Pod  conic-l">eaked.  its  valves  1-3-nerved.  2.  Brassica. 

Pod  stout-beaked,  its  valves  3-5-nerved.  3.  Sinapis. 

Pod  short,  beakless.  4,  Radicula. 

Flowers  white;   leaves  entire.  5.  Conringia. 

Pod  indehiscent. 

Pod  suborbicular.  didymous.  fi.  Carara. 

Pod  elongated,  of  2  separating  joints.  7.  Cakile. 

1.  LEPIDIUM  L.   Sp.   PI.    643.     1753. 

Erect  or  rarely  diffuse  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  lobed  or  entire  leaves  and 
racemose  white  or  whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  fewer  than  6.  Petals  short, 
sometimes  none.  Silicles  oblong  to  orbicular,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition, 
winged  or  Mingless;  valves  keeled,  dehiscent.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell, 
flattened;  cotyledons  incumbent  or  rarely  aecumbent.  [Greek,  a  little  scale, 
from  the  flat  scale-like  pods.]  About  65  species,  widely  distributed.  Type 
species:   Lepidium  latifolium  L. 

1.  Lepidium  virginicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  645.     1753. 

Annual,  erect,  glabrous.  Basal  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate  in  outline, 
pinnatifid,  generally  with  a  large  terminal  lobe  and  numerous  small  lateral 
ones,  all  dentate,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate  or 
oblong-linear,  sessile,  or  the  lower  stalked;  flowers  1-2  mm.  broad,  white; 
petals  generally  present,  sometimes  wanting  in  the  later  flowers ;  pedicels  slen- 
der, spreading,  4-6  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pod  flat,  short-oval  or  orbicular, 
minutely  winged  above;  cotyledons  aecumbent. 

A  weed  of  waste  grounds  and  cultivated  soils,  throughout  the  archipelago 
from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros.  Turk's  Islands.  Ambergris  Cay  and 
Inagua  : — Bermuda  :  native  of  continental  North  America  ;  widely  naturalized  as  a 
weed  in  the  West  Indies,  Mexico  and  Central  America.     Wild  Pepper-grass. 

2.  BRASSICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  666.     1753. 

Erect  branching  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  basal  leaves,  and  showy  yellow 
flowers  in  elongated  racemes.  Siliques  elongated,  sessile,  terete  or  4-sided, 
tipped  with  an  indehiscent  conic,  usually  1-seeded  beak.  Valves  convex,  1-3- 
nerved.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless;  cotyledons  condupli- 
cate. [Latin  name  of  the  cabbage.]  About  80  species,  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia  and  northern  Africa,     Type  species:  Brassica  oleracea  L. 


BRASSICACEAE.  147 

1.  Brassica  integrifolia   (West)   0.  E.  Schulz,  in  Urban  Symb.  Ant.  3:   509. 
1903. 

Sinapis  integrifolia  West  Bidr.  St.  Croix,  296.     1793. 

Glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose  below,  pale  green,  slightly  glaucous,  8  dm. 
high  or  less.  Basal  and  lo^vest  cauline  leaves  broadly  obovate,  or  elliptic- 
obovate,  coarsely  dentate,  obtuse,  long-petioled,  often  2-lobed  near  the  base; 
upper  leaves  oblong  to  linear,  few-toothed  or  entire,  mostly  acute,  short- 
petioled  or  sessile ;  racemes  loosely  several-many-flowered,  erect ;  pedicels  fili- 
form, 6-12  mm.  long;  petals  light  yellow,  6-9  mm.  long,  broa(31y  obovate, 
clawed;  pods  erect-spreading,  3-4  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  thick,  the  slender 
beak  4-7  mm.  long. 

Cultivated  soil.  New  Providence  ;  Great  Exuma  at  Georgetown  : — Porto  Rico  to 
St.  Jan  and  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  :  Yucatan  ;  native  of  Asia.  Recorded  by  Doiley  as 
Sinapis  hrassicata  L.     Wild  Mustard. 

3.  SINAPIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  668.     1753. 

Annual  or  biennial,  usually  erect,  branching  more  or  less  hispid  herbs, 
with  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  rather  large,  mostly  yellow  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes.  Siliques  linear,  nearly  terete,  constricted  between  the  seeds, 
sessile  in  the  calyx,  tipped  with  a  flat  sword-like  beak  which  sometimes  con- 
tains a  seed  near  its  base,  its  valves  3-5-nerved.  Seeds  oblong  or  subglobose, 
not  winged  nor  margined.  Cotyledons  conduplicate.  [Name  Greek,  said  to 
come  from  the  Celtic  for  turnip.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  southern 
Europe.     Type  species:  Sinapis  alha  L. 

1.  Sinapis  arvensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  668.     1753. 

Brassica  Sinapistrum  Boiss.  Voy.  Esp.  2:  39.     1839-45. 

Erect,  3-6  dm.  high,  hispid  with  scattered  stiff  hairs,  or  glabrate.  Leaves 
oblong  to  elliptic,  dentate,  denticulate  or  subpinnatifid ;  flowers  1-1.6  cm.  broad ; 
pedicels  stout;  pods  glabrous,  spreading  or  ascending,  somewhat  constricted 
between  the  seeds,  1-1.6  cm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  tipped  with  a  flattened  elongated- 
conic  often  1-seeded  beak  10-12  mm.  long,  the  valves  strongly  nerved. 

Waste  groimds  near  Nassau,  New  Providence.  Native  of  Europe:  naturalized 
in  continental  North  America  and  also  in  Bermuda  and  Jamaica.     Charlock. 

4.  RADICULA  Hill,  Brit.  Herb.  264.     1756. 

Branching  herbs,  with  simple  or  pinnate,  lobed  dissected  or  rarely  entire 
leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers.  iSepals  spreading.  Stamens  1-6.  Pods 
short,  terete  or  nearly  so.  Stipe  none.  Valves  nerveless  or  1-nerved.  Style 
short  or  slender.  Stigma  2-lobed  or  nearly  entire.  Seeds  turgid,  minute,  in  2 
rows  in  each  cell  or  very  rarely  in  1  row.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Name 
Latin,  diminutive  of  radix,  root.]  About  50  species,  of  wide  geographic  dis- 
tribution, most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  Type  species:  Sisym- 
hrium  amphibium  L. 


148  BRASSICACEAE. 

1.  Eadicula  Ibrevipes   (DC.)  Britton,  Torreya  6:   30.     1906. 
Nasturtium  palustre  hrevipes  DC.  Syst.  2:   192.     1821. 
Nasturtium  brevipes  Griseb.  Mem.  Amer.  Acad.  II.  8:   154.     1860. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  below,  branched  from  the  base, 
the  branches  usually  prostrate  or  nearly  so,  slender,  3  dm.  long  or  less.  Leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  several  or  numerous,  oblong,  ovate  or  suborbicular 
dentate  segments,  or  the  upper  segments  confluent;  racemes  several-many- 
flowered,  6-12  cm.  long;  pedicels  about  1  mm.  long;  flowers  about  1.5  mm. 
long;  petals  minute  or  wanting;  pods  linear,  7-12  mm.  long,  about  1.5  mm. 
wide. 

Sink-holes,  Andros,  near  Fresh  Creek : — Cuba,  Hispaniola,  Porto  Rico.  The 
Andres  specimens  show  foliage  only  and  are  referred  to  this  species  with  hesitation. 
Short-stalked  Yellow-cress. 

5.  CONRINGIA   [Heist.]   Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   418.     1763. 

An  erect  glabrous  annual  herb,  with  elliptic  or  ovate  entire  leaves,  sessile 
and  cordate  at  the  base,  and  middle-sized  yellowish  white  flowers  in  terminal 
racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  narrow.  Style  2-lobed  or  entire.  Siliques  elon- 
gated-linear, angled,  the  valves  firm,  1-3-nerved.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell, 
oblong,  marginless;  cotyledons  incumbent.  [In  honor  of  Hermann  Conring, 
1606-1681,  Professor  at  Helmstadt.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  Europe  and 
Asia,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Conringia  orientalis  (L.)  Dumort.  Fl.  Belg.  123.     1827. 

Brassica  orientalis  L.  Sp.  PI.  666.     1753. 

Stem  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  light  green,  obtuse,  5-13  cm,  long;  racemes 
elongating  in  fruit;  pedicels  8-16  mm.  long;  petals  about  1,2  cm.  long,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  pods  7-13  cm.  long,  about  2  mm.  wide,  4-angled, 
spreading. 

Waste  grounds.  New  Provdence,  1916.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in  tem- 
perate North  America  :   introduced  from  the  Old  World.     Hare"s-ear. 

6.  CARARA  Medic.  Pflg.  1:   34.     1792. 

[CoRONOPus  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  293.  1791.  Xot  Mill.  1754.] 
Annual  or  biennial,  diffuse  herbs,  with  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers.  Silicles  small,  didymous,  laterally  compressed,  sessile.  Sta- 
mens often  only  2  or  4.  Valves  of  the  capsule  oblong  or  subglobose,  obtuse  at 
each  end,  indehiscent,  falling  away  from  the  septum  at  maturity.  Seeds  1  in 
ectch  cell;  cotyledons  narrow,  incumbent  or  conduplicate.  [Greek,  crow-foot, 
irom  the  shape  of  the  leaves.]  About  6  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Type 
species:   Cochlearia  Coronopus  L. 

1.  Carara  didyma  (L.)  Britton,  in  Britton  k  Brown,  111.  Fl.  ed.  2,  2:  167.    1913. 

Lepidium  didymum  L.  Mant.  92.     1767. 

Coronopus  didymus  J.  E.  Smith,  Fl.  Brit.  2:  691.     1800. 

Tufted,  spreading  on  the  ground,  sparingly  pubescent.  Stems  0.5-4  dm. 
long;  leaves  deeply  1-2-pinnatifid;  flowers  white,  racemose;  pedicels  slender, 
2-3  mm.  long  in  fruit;  pod  about  2  mm.  broad  and  slightly  more  than  1  mm. 
high;  valves  obtuse  at  each  end  and  readily  separating  into  2  ovoid  nutlets. 

Streets  and  waste  grounds.  New  Providence.  Eleuthera  : — Bermuda  :  southern 
Tnited  States  :  Antigua  :  Martinique  ;  South  America  ;  widely  distributed  in  the  Old 
World.     Star-of-the-Earth. 


CAPPARTDACEAE.  149 

7.  CAKILE   [Touru.]   Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Abr.  ed.  4.     1754. 

Annual  glabrous  fleshy  herbs,  Avith  piiri^lish  or  white  flowers.  Siliques 
elongated,  sessile,  flattened  or  ridged,  indehiseent,  2-jointed,  the  joints  1-celled 
and  usually  1-seeded.  Style  none;  cotyledons  accumbent.  |  Old  Arabic  name.] 
A  genus  of  about  3  species,  natives  of  sea  and  lake  shores  of  Europe  and  North 
America.     Type  species:  Bunias  Cakile  L. 

1.  Caklle  lanceolata  (Willd.)  O.  E.  Schulz,  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  504.    1903. 

Eaphanus  lanceolatus  Willd.  Sp.  PL  3:  562.     1801. 
Caklle  aequalis  L'Her.  DC.  Syst.  2:  430.     1821. 

Erect  or  ascending,  often  much  branched,  8  dm.  high  or  less.  Bas-al  and 
lower  leaves  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  5-8  cm.  long,  coarsely  crenate-ilcntate; 
upper  leaves  smaller,  narrowly  obovate  to  oblong,  crenate-dentate  or  entire; 
flowers  pale  purplish,  6-10  mm.  broad;  fruiting  racemes  often  3  dm.  long; 
fruiting  pedicels  stout,  ascending,  4-6  mm.  long;  pod  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  its 
upper  joint  1^-4  times  as  long  as  the  lower. 

Maritime  sands  and  white-lands,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  southward  through- 
out the  archipelago  to  Salt  Cay  (Grand  Turk),  Inagua,  the  Anguilla  Isles  and  Water 
Cay : — Bermuda ;  southern  United  States ;  the  West  Indies  and  northern  South 
America.     Southekn    Sea-rocket.     Gaedena.     Pork    Bush. 

Family  3.     CAPPARIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Capcr  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (rarely  trees),  with  alternate  or  verj^  rarely  opposite 
leaves,  and  reg'ular  or  irregular,  mostly  perfect  flowers.  Sei>als  4-S. 
Petals  4  (rarely  none).  Receptacle  elongated  or  short.  Stamens  4—^, 
not  tetraclynamous,  inserted  on  the  receptacle;  anthers  oblong.  Style 
generally  short;  ovules  oo,  on  parietal  placentae.  Fmit  a  capsule,  or 
indehiseent,  or  iiTegularly  rupturing.  Seeds  various;  endosperm  none; 
embrj^o  generally  coiled.  About  35  genera  and  450  species,  mostly  of  wann 
regions. 

Herbs;  fruit  a  longitudinally  dehiscent  capsule.  1.  Clromc. 

Shrubs  and  trees  ;  fruit  indehiseent  or  irregularly  rupturing.  2.   Capparis. 

1.  CLEOME  L.  Sp.  PI.  671.     1753. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs.  Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate,  or  simple.  Flowers 
mostly  racemose.  Calyx  4-divided  or  of  4  sepals,  often  persistent.  Petals  4, 
cruciate,  nearly  equal,  entire,  more  or  less  clawed.  Receptacle  short,  slightly 
prolonged  above  the  petal-bases.  Stamens  6  (rarely  4),  inserted  on  the  recep- 
tacle. Ovary  stalked,  with  a  gland  at  its  base.  Capsule  elongated,  many- 
seeded.  [Derivation  uncertain.]  About  75  species,  mainly  natives  of  tropical 
legions,  especially  American  and  African.     Type  species:  Cleome  gjniandra  L. 

1.  Cleome  gynandra  L.  Sp.  PI.  671.     1753. 

Cleome  pentaphylJa  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  938.     1763. 

Pedicellaria  pentaph'/lla  Schrank ;   Roem.  &  Ust.  Mag.  Bot.  8:    11.     17P0. 

Gynandropsis  pentaphylla  DC.  Prod.  1:  238.     1824. 

Annual,  bright  green,  clammy-pubescent.  Stem  5-10  dm.  tall,  branching; 
ieaf -blades  palmately  3-5-foliolate;   petioles  longer  than   the  leaflets;   leaflets 


150  CAPPARIDACEAE. 

2-6  em.  long,  oval  to  obovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  serrulate;  racemes  1-4 
dm.  long;  bracts  suborbicular,  oval  or  broadly  obovate;  sepals  lanceolate,  4-5 
mm.  long,  acuminate;  petals  white  or  pink,  5-10  mm.  long;  blades  suborbicular, 
longer  than  the  claws;  stamens  6;  capsules  linear,  4-6  cm.  long,  surpassing  the 
glandular  pedicel  in  length;  seeds  1-5  mm.  broad,  coarsely  rugose  and  muricate. 

Waste  and  cultivated  lands,  New  Providence  at  Grant's  Town : — Bermuda ; 
southern  United  States  :  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.  Native  of 
the  Old  World  tropics.     Small,  Spider-flowee. 

2.  CAPPARIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  503.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  mostly  coriaceous  leaves,  sometimes  stipu- 
late on  young  or  barren  shoots,  and  large  corymbose,  mostly  white  flowers. 
Sepals  4,  distinct  or  partly  united,  often  with  a  gland  at  the  base.  Petals  4, 
distinct,  imbricated.  Stamens  several  or  usually  many,  the  filaments  filiform, 
the  anthers  short.  Ovary  stalked,  1-4-celled;  ovules  few  or  many,  usually  on  2 
parietal  placentae;  style  none;  stigma  depressed.  Fruit  elongated-linear,  or 
oblong,  or  short  and  subglobose,  indehiscent,  or  irregularly  rupturing.  Seeds 
without  endosperm;  embryo  convolute;  cotyledons  fleshy.  [From  the  Greek 
name  of  the  Caper-tree,  Capparis  spinosa  L.,  of  Europe.]  About  150  species, 
natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.     Type  species:  Capparis  spinosa  L. 

Leaves  densely  scaly  beneath.  1.  G.  cynophaUophora. 

Leaves  glabrous.  2.  C.  flexuosa. 

1.  Capparis  cynophaUophora  L.  Sp.  PI.  504.     1753. 

Capparis  javiaicensis  Jacq.  Enum.  23.     1760. 

A  shrub  or  a  tree  up  to  about  15  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  reaching 
2  or  3  dm.,  the  bark  brown,  furrowed,  the  slender,  angular  twigs  densely  scaly. 
Leaves  elliptic  or  oblong,  coriaceous,  4-12  cm.  long,  2-6  cm.  wide,  or  those 
of  shoots  narrowly  linear,  sometimes  3  dm.  long  and  only  5-10  mm.  wide,  acute 
obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  and  shining 
above,  densely  silvery-scaly  and  with  the  lateral  venation  obsolete  beneath,  the 
scaly  f)etioles  1-3  cm.  long;  corymbs  few-several-flowered;  pedicels  stout,  scaly, 
0.5-3  cm.  long;  flowers  fragrant;  flower-bud  4-angled;  sepals  distinct,  valvate, 
8-12  mm.  long,  densely  scaly,  reflexed,  nearly  as  long  as  the  white  petals; 
stamens  numerous,  purplish,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  petals,  the  anthers  yellow; 
fruit  narrowly  linear,  torulose,  drooping,  8  cm.-4  dm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick, 
irregularly  rupturing,  scarcely  fleshy,  often  much  longer  than  the  gynophore. 

Scrub-lands  and  thickets,  Andros,  Long  Island,  Cat  Island,  Watling's,  Atwood 
Cay,  Acklin's,  Fortune,  Crooked,  Mariguana,  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to 
Tortola  and  Barbadoes ;  Jamaica.     Black  Willow. 

2.  Capparis  flexuosa  L.  Sp.  PL  ed.  2,  722.     1762. 

Capparis  cynophaUophora  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1071.     1759. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  or  a  tree  up  to  8  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  2  dm.  in  diameter, 
the  bark  brown,  the  branches  slender,  sometimes  vine-like.  Leaves  elliptic  to 
oblong,  lanceolate  to  linear,  coriaceous,  4-9  cm.  long,  obtuse,  emarginate  or 
sometimes  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined 
on  both  sides,  the  rather  stout  petioles  2-6  mm.  broad,  with  a  small  sessile, 
oblong  or  subglobose  gland  in  the  axil;  corymbs  few-flowered;  pedicels  stout, 
12  mm.  long  or  less;  flowers  fragrant;  sepals  suborbicular,  5-8  mm.  broad, 
slightly  united  at  the  base,  the  outer  a  little  smaller  than  the  inner;  petals 
white  to  rose,  obovate,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  stamens  numerous,  about  3  times  as  long 


ROSALES.  151 

as  the  petals,  the  filaments  white;  fruit  long-linear,  6-20  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm. 
thick,  more  or  less  torulose,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  slender  gynophore, 
tardily  opening  longitudinally,  its  pulp  scarlet. 

Scrub-lands  and  thickets,  Andros.  Exuma  Chain,  Lonj;  and  Acklin's  Island  : — 
Florida ;    Cuba    to    Virgin    Gorda    and    Barbadoes ;    continental    tropical    America. 

CAFEIt-TKEE. 

Crataeva  Tapia  L.,  reported  by  Dolley,  we  have  been  unable  to  find  in  the 
archipelago.  It  is  native  of  Jamaica,  Martinique  and  of  tropical  continental  Amer- 
ica, and  is  unlikely  to  have  been  found  in  the  Bahamas,  unless  planted. 

Family  4.     MORINGACEAE   Dumort. 

HORSERADISH-TREE    FAMILY. 

Trees  wdtb  alternate,  2-3-pinnate.  deciduous  leaves,  and  perfect,  slig:htl> 
irregular  flow^ers  in  large  axillaiy  panicles.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  imbricated, 
reflexed  or  spreading,  sligbtl}^  united  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  somewhat 
unequal,  the  lower  one  reflexed.  Stamens  5,  with  slender  filaments  and 
1-celled  anthers,  alternating  with  as  many  staminodia.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
3  parietal  placentae,  bearing  numerous  pendulous  ovules;  style  slender; 
stigma  minute.  Capsule  elongated,  angled,  beaked,  3-valved.  Seeds  3- 
winged  or  ^vingless;  endosperm  none;  embryo  straight,  the  cotyledons  large. 
Only  the  following  genus. 

1.  MORINGA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  318.     1763. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Malabar  name.]  Three  known  species,  natives 
of  Asia  and  Africa,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Moringa  Moringa  (L.)  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  1:  490.     1902. 

Guilandina  Moringa  L.  Sp.  PI.  381.     1753. 

Moringa  pterygosperma  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  314.     1791. 

A  tree,  up  to  9  m.  high,  the  bark  corky,  rough,  the  puberulcnt  twigs  slender. 
Leaves  3-6  dm.  long,  their  segments  and  leaflets  opposite ;  leaflets  numerous, 
thin,  oblong  to  obovate,  1-2  em.  long,  obtuse,  entire;  flowers  numerous,  fra- 
grant; pedicels  5-10  mm.  long;  sepals  linear  to  linear-oblong,  9-13  mm.  long, 
reflexed;  petals  nearly  white,  a  little  larger  than  the  sepals;  capsule  linear, 
3-angled,  pendulous,  2-4.5  dm.  long,  1-2  cm.  thick;  seeds  winged,  2.5-3  cm. 
long. 

Thickets,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence,  near  Nassau  ;  Grand 
Turk  : — ^Florida  ;    West    Indies  ;    Mexico    to    Tanama.      Native    of    the    Kast    Indies. 

HORSERADISH-TEEE. 

Order  12.     ROSALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  the  flowers  usually  petaliferous  and  the  petals 
distinct.  Stamens  mostly  perigynous  or  epigynous.  Sepals  mainly  united 
or  confluent  with  the  concave  receptacle.  Carpels  one  or  more,  distinct  or 
sometimes  united  into  a  compound  ovary. 

Endosperm  copious,  fleshy:  leaves  without  stipules.  Fam.   1.  Ckassi-l.xceak. 

Endosperm  little  or  none  ;  leaves  with  stipules. 
Flowers  regular. 

Ovary  2-ovuled  :  fruit  a  drupe:  leaves  simple.  Fam.  2.  Amyod.vl.vceae. 

Ovary  several-ovuled  ;  fruit  a  legume  ;  leaves  com- 
pound. Fam.  .?.  MiMOSACEAa 
Flowers  irregular  :  fruit  a  legume  or  a  loment. 

Upper   petal    enclosed   by   the   lateral    ones   in   the 

bud.  Fam.  4.  Caesai.pinaceae. 

Upper  petal  enclosing  the  lateral  ones  In  the  bud.    Fam.  5.  Fabaceae. 


152  CEASSULACEAE. 

Family  1.     CRASSULACEAE  DC. 

Orpine  Family. 

Herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants,  mostly  fleshy  or  succulent,  with 
cymose  or  rarelj^  solitary  regular  or  symmetrical  flowers.  Stipules  none. 
Calj^x  persistent,  free  from  the  ovary  or  ovaries,  4-toothed  or  4-parted  in 
our  species.  Petals  or  corolla-lobes  equal  in  number  to  the  calyx-lobes  or 
calyx-segments,  usually  jDersistent,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  of  the  same 
number  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  corolla-lobes;  anthers  longitudi- 
nally dehiscent.  Receptacle  with  a  scale  at  the  base  of  each  carpel.  Carpels 
equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  or  calyx-lobes,  distinct,  or  united  below;  stjdes 
subulate  or  filiform ;  ovules  numerous,  arranged  in  2  rows  along  the  ventral 
suture.  Follicles  1-celled,  dehiscent  along  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds 
minute;  endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  terete;  cotyledons  short.  About  30 
genera  and  600  species,  of  wide  geogTaphic  distribution. 

Calyx  inflated,  4-tootlied.  1.  BryopliyUum. 

Calyx  4-pai-ted.  2.  Kalanchoe. 

1.  BRYOPHYLLUM  Salisb.   Par.   Loud.   pi.   3.     1805. 

Upright  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  simple  or  pinnately  compound,  the 
leaflets  mostly  toothed.  Flowers  perfect,  often  showy,  nodding,  in  cymes  or 
panicles  opposite  the  branches.  Calyx  inflated,  4-toothed.  Corolla  nearly 
campanulate,  or  urn-shaped,  the  narrow  limb  with  4  spreading  lobes.  Stamens 
8,  in  2  series,  adnate  to  about  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube;  filaments  filiform; 
anthers  mostly  exserted.  Carpels  4,  distinct  or  partially  united.  Ovules  many. 
Follicles  4.  Seeds  numerous.  [Greek,  sprouting  leaf.]  Four  known  species 
of  South  Africa,  Asia  and  Madagascar,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Bryophyllum   pinnatum    (Lam.)    Kurz,   Jour.    Asiat.   Soc.   Beng.   402:    52. 
1871. 

Cotyledon  pinnata  Lam.  Encye.  2:   141.     1786. 
Bryophyllum  calycinum  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  pi.  3.     1805. 

Perennial,  fleshy,  glabrous.  Stamens  4-15  dm.  tall,  branched ;  leaf-blades 
often  pinnately  compound,  1-3  dm,  long;  leaflets  oblong,  oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse, 
crenate,  the  terminal  one  several  times  longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  panicles 
1-4  dm.  long,  conspicuous;  calyx  bladder-like,  finally  oblong-campanulate,  3-3.5 
cm.  long,  glabrous;  corolla  reddish,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  shorter,  its 
lobes  lanceolate  or  narrowly  ovate,  acute. 

Waste  grounds  near  old  dwellings,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great 
Bahama  southward  to  Long  Ishind  : — Bermuda ;  Florida ;  West  Indies ;  Mexico. 
Probably  a  native  of  Asia.     Life  Plant. 

2.  KAIiANCHOii  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:    248.     1763. 

Erect  herbs,  sometimes  a  little  woody,  with  opposite  leaves  and  panicled 
flowers,  often  showy.  Calyx  4-parted,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  with  a  swollen  tube  and  a  spreading,  4-parted  limb.  Stamens  usually  8, 
ir  2  series  on  the  corolla-tube,  the  filaments  very  short.  Carpels  4,  lanceolate, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube;  ovules  many.  Follicles  many-seeded. 
[Chinese  name.]  Twenty  species  or  more,  all  but  the  following  natives  of 
Asia  and  Africa.     Type  species:  Cotyledon  laciniata  L. 


AMYGDALACEAE.  153 

1.  Kalanchoe  brasiliensis  Camb.  in  St.  Hil.  Fl.  Bras.  Mer.  2:  196.     1829. 

Herbaceous,  perennial,  3-10  dm.  high,  glandular-pubescent  above.  Leaves 
ovate  to  obovate,  short-petioled,  5-10  cm.  long,  faintly  pinnately  veined, 
crenate-dentate,  or  the  upper  pairs  lanceolate,  nnu-h  smaller  and  entire;  inflor- 
escence 1-3  dm.  long,  cymose-paniculate,  its  branches  nearly  erect,  the  bracts 
very  small;  flowers  yellow,  12-16  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  glandular-pubes- 
cent, acute;  corolla-tube  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  limb  spreading; 
stamens  borne  on  the  corolla-tube  a  little  above  the  middle,  not  exscrted; 
follicles  about  6  mm.  long,  the  brown  seeds  oblong. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation,  pine-lands  near  Deep  Creek,  Andros  : — Natural- 
ized in  Cuba  and  in  the  Virgin  Islands.     Native  of  Brazil.     Bkazilian   K.\i.anciioe. 

Family  2.     AMYGDALACEAE   Rchb. 
Plum  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  the  bark  exuding  gum,  the  foliage,  bark  and  seeds 
often  containing  prussic  acid,  bitter.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  serrate, 
the  small  stipules  early  deciduous,  the  teeth  and  petiole  often  glandular. 
Flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  inferior,  deciduous,  free  from  the 
ovary,  5-lobed.  Disk  annular.  Calyx-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  .  Petals 
5,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals. 
Pistil  1  in  our  genera;  ovary  1-celled,  2-ovuled;  style  simple:  stigma 
mostly  small  and  capitate.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seed  1,  suspended;  endosperm 
none;  cotyledons  fleshy.  About  10  genera  and  120  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed, most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Stylo  terminal.  1.  Laurocrrnsus. 

Style  basal  or  lateral.  2.  Chrysoholanus. 

1.  LAUROCERASUS  Eoem.   Syn.   Mon.   3:    89.     1847. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous  leaves  and 
small  flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  deciduous.  Petals 
5,  white,  deciduous.  Stamens  15-30,  the  filaments  slender.  Ovary  sessile; 
ovules  pendulous;  style  terminal.  Drupe  subglobose,  1-seeded,  the  flesh  thin, 
not  pulpy.  [Laurel-cherry.]  About  20  species,  of  temperate  and  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:  Primus  Laurocerasus  L. 

1.  Laurocerasus  myrtifolia  (L.)  Britton,  N.  A.  Trees,  510.     1908. 

Celastms  myrtifolius  L.  Sp.  PI.  196.  1753. 
Prunus  spJiaerocarpa  Sw.  Prodr.  80.  1788, 
Prunus  myrtifolia  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  93.     1904. 

A  tree  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  12  m.  with  a  trunk  up 
to  4  dm.  thick,  the  nearly  smooth  bark  reddish  brown.  Leaves  subcoriaceous, 
elliptic  or  elliptic-ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute,  bluntish,  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  glabrous,  shining  aliove,  dull  beneath, 
entire-margined,  the  petioles  about  1  cm.  long;  racemes  mostly  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  rather  densely  flowered;  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  toothed; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  about  as  long  as 
the  petals;   drupes  globose,  9-12  mm.  in  diameter,  orange-brown. 

In  coppices.  Great  Bahama  and  New  rrovidence  : — Florida  ;  Cul>a  ;  Ilispnnlola  : 
Jamaica.     West  Indian  Ladrel-ciiekry. 

11 


154  MIMOSACEAE. 

2.  CKRYSOBAIiANUS  L.  Sp.  PL  513.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  coriaceous,  entire  or  undulate-margined  leaves,  and 
small,  white  or  greenish,  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  cymes  or 
panicles.  Calyx  with  a  campanulate  or  turbinate  tube  and  a  5-lobed  limb,  the 
lobes  imbricated,  nearly  equal.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  numerous,  with 
slender  filaments.  Ovary  inferior,  sessile,  1-celled;  ovules  2,  erect;  style  fili- 
form, basal  or  lateral.  Drupe  pulpy,  with  a  hard  5-6-ridged  stone.  [Greek, 
golden  date.]  About  3  species,  2  of  them  American,  the  other  African.  Type 
s]3ecies:    Chrysohalanus  Icaco  L. 

Fruit  oval  or  globose  ;  petals  cuneate.  1.  C.  Icaco. 

Fruit  obovoid  ;  petals  spatulate.  2.  C.  pellocarpus. 

1.  Chrysobalanus  Icaco  L.  Sp.  PI.  513.     1753. 

An  evergreen  tree  or  shrub,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  10  m., 
with  a  trunk  sometimes  3  dm.  in  diameter,  the  thin  bark  brownish,  the  twigs 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  reddish  brown.  Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate  or  nearly 
orbicular,  4-8  cm.  long,  glabrous,  rounded,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  petioles 
short,  stout;  cymes  peduncled,  several-many -flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
calyx  pubescent,  its  lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute,  about  2.5  mm.  long;  petals 
white,  cuneate-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  drupes  various, 
globose  or  oval,  pink,  white  or  purple,  2-4  cm.  long. 

Coastal  thickets  and  woodlands  and  especially  on  the  borders  of  swamps. 
Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Great  Guana,  Great  Exuma, 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  Watling's.  Crooked  Island.  Inagua.  Dellis'  Cay  (Caicos)  and 
Ambergris  Cay  (Turk's  Islands)  : — Florida;  West  Indies;  Mexico  to  northern  conti- 
nental South  America  ;  tropical  Africa.  Pokk-fat  Apple.  Coco  Plum.  Catesby,  1 : 
pj.  25. 

2.  Chrysobalanus  pellocarpus  G.  F.  W.  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  193.     1818. 

Chrysohalanus  Icaco  pellocarpus  DC.  Prodr.  2:  525.     1825. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  not  attaining  as  large  size,  usually  a 
shrub  2  m.  high  or  less,  sometimes  a  small  tree.  Leaves  usually  smaller,  6  cm. 
long  or  less,  rounded  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex;  cymes  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  petals  spatulate;  drupe  mostly  obovoid,  or  oblong-obovoid,  1.5-2  cm. 
long,  purple. 

Borders  of  swamps.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Great 
Exuma: — Florida;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico;  Guadeloupe;  South  America.  Probably  a 
race  of  C.  Icaco. 

Family  3.     MIMOSACEAE  Rehb. 

Mimosa  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  w^itli  alternate,  commonly  2-3-pinnate  leaves, 
the  stipules  various,  and  small  regular  mostly  perfect  flowers  in  heads, 
spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  3-6-toothed  or  3-6-lobed.  the  teeth  or  lobes 
mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  as  many  distinct  or  united  petals, 
also  valvate.  Stamens  distinct,  or  monadelphous.  Ovary  1-eelled;  style 
simple.  Fruit  a  legume.  Seeds  without  endosperm;  cotyledons  fleshy. 
About  40  genera  and  1500  species,  mostly  tropical. 

A.  stamens  numerous,  at  least  more  than  10. 
Stamens  united  below  into  a  tube. 
Pods  not  elastically  dehiscent. 


MIMOSACEAE. 


155 


Valves  of  the  pod  not  separating  from  the  continuous 
Valves   of  the  pod  thick,   coiling   in   dehiscence   in 

our  species. 
Valves  oil  the  pod  flat  and  papery. 
Valves    of    the    pod    separating    from    the    continuous 
margins. 
Pods  elastically  dehiscent  from  the  base. 
Stamens  distinct. 

Seeds  in  one  row  ;  ovary  stipitate. 
Seeds  in  two  rows  ;  ovary  sessile. 
B.   Stamens    only    as   many    or    twice    as   many    as    the    corolla- 
segmenti?. 
Anthery  without  glands. 

Valves  of  the  pod  separating  from  the  continuous  margin. 
Valves  of  the  pod  not  separating  from  the  margins. 
Shrubs   or  trees  ;   seeds  transverse. 
Herbs  ;  seeds  longitudinal  or  oblique. 
Anthers  tipped  by  glands    (at  least  in  the  bud). 
Herbs  ;   flowers  capitate  ;   pods  flat. 
Trees  ;  flowers  spicate  ;  pods  nearly  terete. 


margin. 

1.  I'ithecolobiuin. 
•2.  Albizzia. 

3.  Lysiloma. 

4.  AnnesHa. 

5.  Acacia. 

6.  VachcUia. 


7.  Mimosa. 

8.  Lcucacna. 

9.  Acuun. 

!»!.  Xcptunia. 
1 1 .   I'roHopis. 


1.  PITHECOLOBIUM  Mart.  Hort.  Monac.  188.     1829. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  often  spiny,  with  2-pinnate  leaves,  and  small,  mostly  per 
feet  flowers  in  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  5-6-toothed.  Corolla  5-6-lobed.  Sta- 
mens many,  long-exserted,  the  filaments  partly  united  into  a  tube,  the  anthers 
small.  Ovary  several-many-ovuled ;  style  slender;  stigma  small,  capitate. 
Pods  flattened,  mostly  contorted  or  curved,  2-valved.  Seeds  mostly  arillate. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  contorted  pods  of  the  typical  species.]  Perhaps  100 
species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Type  species: 
Mimosa  Unguis-cati  L.     The  original  spelling  of  the  genus  is  Pithecellobium. 

Pinnae  with  1  or  2  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Leaflets  1-6  cm.  long  or  longer. 

Leaflets   chartaceous ;   petioles   of  at   least   the  lower   leaves   longer  than  the 

petiolules.  1.  J'.   LtKjiiis-cuti. 

Leaflets  coriaceous  ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  petiolules 
or  as  long. 
Petioles    and    petiolules   stout,    thick,    the   petiolules 


often  2-3  cm.  long ;  leaflets  large, 


7  cm.  long, 
long ;  leaf- 


Petioles  and  petiolules  slender,  2-5  mm, 
lets  1-3  cm.  long.  • 
Leaflets   strongly   spinulose-mucronate ;   shrub   or 

small   tree  with   erect  branches. 
Leaflets    rounded,    or    merely    mucronulate ;    low 
shrubs  witli  divergent  branches. 
Leaflets  2-8  mm.  long;  petioles  6  mm.  long  or  less. 
Pinnae  with  3-6  pairs  of  leaflets. 


2.   /'.   auadaJtipcnsc. 


unicronaiiiin. 

hahnmcnae. 

Hiislrix. 

discolor. 


1.  Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati    (L.)    Mart.   Hort.   Monac.   188.     1829. 


Mimosa  Unguis-cati  L.  Sp.  PI.  517.     1753. 

Pithecolobium  flavovirens  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3: 


442.     1905. 


A  shrub  up  to  6  m.  high,  rarely  a  small  tree  8  m.  high,  usually  armed  with 
stipular  spines  2  cm.  long  or  less,  the  foliage  glabrous.  Petiole  5-20  mm.  long, 
bearing  a  round  gland  at  the  summit;  pinnae  2,  each  with  one  pair  of  obliquely 
obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  thin  leaflets,  1-5  cm.  long;  heads  slender-peduncled, 
in  terminal  racemes;  flowers  sessile;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long;  corolla  5-6  mm. 
long;  stamens  10-15  ftim.  long,  yellowish  or  pinkish;  pod  coiled  or  curved,  red, 
compressed,  somewhat  constricted  between  the  seeds,  5-10  cm.  long,  about  7 
mm.  wide;  seeds  nearly  black,  shining,  4-6  mm.  broad. 

Scrub-lands,  Watling's  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Mariguana,  (Jrand  Turk  nnd 
Inagua  : — Florida  ;    West    Indies  ;    Yucatan  ;    northern    South    America.     r.\T"s-cL.\w. 

The  characters  thought  to  difTerentiate  /'.  fftirovircns  speciflcally  do  not  seem 
constant,  since  specimens  from  other  islands  obtained  during  subsequent  explora- 
tion appear  to  connect  them  with  those  of  P.  Untjuis-cati. 


156  MIMOSACEAE. 

2.  Pithecolobium  guadalupense  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  U,  S.  116.     1860. 

Pithecoloiium  Tceyense  Britton;  Coker,  in  Shattuck,  Bah.  Isl.  255.     Hvpo- 
nym.     1905. 

A  usually  unarmed  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  6  m.  high  Tvith  a  trunk 
up  to  1.5  dm.  in  diameter,  the  bark  gray,  slightly  fissured,  the  twigs  and  leaves 
glabrous.     Petioles  2-3  cm.  long,  bearing  a  round  gland  at  the  summit;  pinnae 

2.  stalked,  each  bearing  a  single  pair  (rarely  2  pairs)  of  sessile  leaflets,  which 
are  obliquely  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  firm  in  texture,  3-7  cm.  long,  rounded 
or  notched  at  the  apex,  or  rarely  short-pointed,  the  margins  somewhat  revolute; 
peduncles  slender,  glabrous,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  sometimes  panicled ; 
flowering  heads  2-3  em.  in  diameter;  calyx  about  1.5  mm.  long,  5-toothed; 
corolla  about  3  mm.  long;  stamens  pink,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
ovary  pubescent ;  pod  coiled  or  much  curved,  brown,  6-15  cm.  long,  8-10  mm. 
broad;  seeds  black,  shining. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Andros 
to  Mariguana,  Caicos,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  :— Florida  ;  Cuba.  Black-bead. 
Ram's-horn. 

3.  Pithecolobium   mucronatum   Britton;    Coker,    in    Shattuck,    Bah.    Isl.    254. 

1905. 

A  shrub,  about  2  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  and  peduncles  sparingly  pubes- 
cent. Petiole  1  cm.  long  or  less,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  stiff  sharp 
stipular  spines,  the  gland  stout-stalked;  pinuae  a  single  pair,  stalked,  each 
bearing  a  single  pair  of  leaflets,  which  are  coriaceous,  rather  narrowly  obovate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  glabrous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  mid- 
vein  excurrent;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  upper  leaves;  flowering  heads 
about  1.5  cm.  in  diameter;  calyx  puberulent,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute;  corolla 
about  6  mm.  long,  puberulent,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  stamens  about 
12  mm.  long. 

Coastal  thickets,  Long  Island,  near  Clarence  Harbor.  Endemic.  Pointed 
Cat's-claw.     Catesby,  2  :  pJ.  97. 

The  records  by  Schoepf  and  by  Bentham  of  P.  circinale  (L.)  Benth.,  a 
plant  of  Hispaniola_,  as  Bahamian,  collected  by  Catesby,  refer  to  this  species. 

4.  Pithecolobium  bahamense  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:   38.     1902. 

A  shrub,  3  m.  high  or  less,  the  branches  slender,  glabrous.  Petioles  1-10 
mm.  long,  bearing  a  stout-stalked  gland  at  the  summit;  stipular  spines  sharp, 
3-7  mm.  long;  pinnae  a  single  pair;  petiolules  as  long  as  the  petioles  or 
shorter;  leaflets  1  pair  or  sometimes  2  pairs,  sessile,  obliquely  oblong,  oblance- 
olate  or  obovate,  subcoriaceous,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  obtuse  or  mucronate 
at  the  apex,  shining  above,  dull  beneath;  peduncles  2-3  cm.  long;  flowering 
heads  2-3  cm.  in  diameter;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  its  5  ovate  teeth  acute; 
corolla  about  4  mm.  long,  pink  or  crimson;  stamens  pink  or  crimson,  2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  corolla;  ovary  puberulent;  pod  coiled  or  much  curved,  .8-12  cm. 
long,  about  1  cm.  wide;   seeds  black. 

Scrub-lands,  pine-lands,  savannas  and  coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence  and 
Great  Exuma  :— Cuba.     Bahama  Cat's-claw. 

5.  Pithecolobium  Hystrix  (A.  Eich.)  Benth.  in  Hook.  Icon.  PI.  pi.  1168.    1876. 

Inga  hystrix  A.  Eich.  Ess.  El.  Cub.  1:  471.     1845. 

Pithecolobium  caUiandriflorum  C.  Wright ;  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  83.     1866. 

An  intricately  branched  shrub,  0.5-2  m.  high,  the  twigs  very  slender,  but 
stiff,  puberulent  or  glabrate,  the  internodes  mostly  short.  Stipular  spines 
acicular,  4-12  mm.  long;  petioles  1-6  mm.  long;  pinnae  a  single  pair;  petiolules 


MIMOSACEAE.  167 

mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles;  leaflets  obliquely  obovate,  2-8  mm.  long,  ses- 
sile, subcoriaceous,  rounded  at  the  apex,  rather  strongly  few-veined,  shining 
above,  dull  beneath;  peduncles  4-20  mm.  long;  heads  few-several-flowered; 
calyx  2  mm.  long,  sharply  5-toothed;  corolla  aV>out  5  mm.  long;  stamens  rose, 
or  pink,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  corolla;  pod  curved  into  a  nearly  or  quite 
complete  circle,  6-12  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide. 

Coppices  and  pine-lands,  Andros,  New  Trovidence  and  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba. 
Bristly  Cat's-claw. 

6.  Pithecolobium  discolor  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  41:   4.     1914. 

A  shrub,  or  a  small  tree  up  to  7  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  and  leaves  densely 
puberulent,  the  old  leaves  glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent,  1-2  dm,  long; 
petioles  stout,  1-2  cm.  long;  pinnae  3  or  4  pairs,  the  glands  on  the  rachis  be- 
tween them  small  and  orbicular;  leaflets  3-6  pairs,  obovate,  chartaceous,  1.5-2.5 
cm.  long,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  reticulate-veined,  obtuse  or  retuse ; 
peduncles  axillary,  5-11  cm.  long;  flowers  short-racemose;  pedicels  puberulent; 
calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  puberulent;  corolla  puberulent,  7-8  mm.  long;  stamens 
1.5-2  cm.  Jong;  pod  coiled,  6-8  cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  wide;  seeds  blue  and 
white,  shining,  orbicular,  4  mm.  broad. 

Margin  of  coppice,  Abaco  at  Old  Kerr's  Point,  perhaps  introduced  : — Cuba. 

2.  ALBIZZIA  Durazz.  Mag.  Tosc.  3*:  11.     1772. 

Unarmed  trees,  or  some  species  shrubs,  with  bipinnate  leaves  and  solitary 
or  panicled  heads:,  umbels,  or  rarely  spikes  of  small,  mostly  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx  5-toc.thed.  Corolla  funnelform,  the  petals  united  to  about  the  middle 
into  a  tube.  Stamens  numeious,  united  below,  long-exserted ;  anthers  small; 
pollen-grains  agglomerate.  Pod  broadly  linear,  flat,  thin,  not  pulpy  within. 
Seed?'  suborbicular  to  oblong.  [In  honor  of  the  Italian  naturalist  Albizzi.] 
About  50  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species:  Albiz.zia  JuUbrissin 
Burazzini. 

1.  Albizzia  Lebbeck  (L.)  Benth.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  3:  87.     1844. 

Mimosa  Lehheclc  L.  Sp.  PI.  516.     1753. 

Acacia  Lehheclc  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:   1066.     1806. 

A  tree,  up  to  15  m.  high,  often  flowering  when  not  over  5  m.,  the  foliage 
glabrous  or  sparingly  puberulent.  Leaves  large,  often  4  dm.  long;  petioles 
2-10  cm.  long,  bearing  an  oblong,  sessile  gland ;  pinnae  2-4  pairs ;  leaflets  4-9 
pairs  on  each  pinna,  thin,  nearly  sessile,  obliquely  oblong  or  the  terminal  pair 
obovate,  obtuse,  2-4  cm.  long,  reticulate-veined;  peduncles  3-10  cm.  long; 
umbels  subglobose ;  pedicels  pubescent,  2-5  mm.  long;  calyx  narrowly  cam- 
panulate,  pubescent,  about  4  mm.  long,  its  teeth  short;  corolla  about  6  mm. 
long;  stamens  yellowish,  about  3  cm.  long;  pod  straight,  broadly  linear,  nar- 
rowed at  each  end,  1.5-3  dm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  glabrous,  shining;  seeds 
about  1.5  cm.  broad. 

Roadsides  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence  near  Nassau : — 
Widely  planted  and  established  in  the  \Yest  Indies :  native  of  tropical  Asia  and 
Africa.     Woman's-tongue   I'rer.     Sixger-tiu:e.     Whistling  rean. 

3.  LYSILOMA  Benth.  Lond.  Jour.   Bot.  3:    82.     1844. 

Unarmed  trees  or  shrubs,  with  slender  branches,  bipinnate  leaves,  the  small 
flowers    in    heads    or    spikes.     Calyx    campanulate,    5-lobed.     Corolla    5-lobed. 


158  MIMOSACEAE. 

Stamens  numerous,  more  than  twice  as  many  as  tlie  corolla-lobes,  the  filaments 
united  below  into  a  tube.  Ovary  sessile  or  short-stalked;  style  slender  or 
filiform ;  ovules  several  or  numerous.  Pods  flat,  linear  or  oblong,  the  valves 
separating  from  the  continuous  margins.  Seeds  transverse,  flattened.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  separating  of  the  pod-valves  from  the  margins.]  About  10 
species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Lysiloma  hahamen- 
sis  Benth. 

Leaflets  few,  obovate-oval ;  stipules  obovate ;  pod  obtuse.  1.  L.  Sahicu. 

Leaflets  many,  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  stipules  ovate  ;  pod  acute.         2.  L.  hahamensis. 

1.  Lysiloma  Sabicu  Benth.  Kew  Jour.  Bot.  6:  236.     1854. 

Acacia  latisiliqua  paucifoliola  DC.  Prodr.  2:  467.     1825. 

Acacia  formosa  A.  Rich.  Ess.  Fl.  Cub.  463.     1845.       Xot  Kunth.     1822. 

Lysiloma  formosa  Hitchc.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   83.     1893. 

Lysiloma  'paucifoliola  Hitchc;  Xorthrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club.  12:  38.     1902. 

A  tree,  attaining  in  Cuban  forests  a  height  of  60  m.  or  more,  usually  much 
smaller,  the  gray  bark  somewhat  scaly,  the  slender  twigs  glabrous.  Stipules 
obovate,  rounded ;  leaves  1-2  dm.  long,  the  petiole  bearing  a  small  circular 
gland;  pinnae  2-4  pairs;  leaflets  3-7  pairs,  oval  or  obovate,  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  reticulate- 
veined,  short-petioled;  heads  about  1.5  em.  in  diameter,  solitary  and  long- 
peduncled  in  the  axils;  flowers  greenish  white;  calyx  about  1  mm.  long;  corolla 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  lobes  villous  above;  stamens  15-20,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  the  corolla;  pod  oblong,  7-15  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  wide,  rounded 
at  the  apex;  seeds  brown,  flat,  6-10  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  Great  Guana 
Cay,  Great  Exuma  and  Fortune  Island  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola.     Horseflesh.     Sabicu. 

2.  Lysiloma  bahamensis  Benth.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  3:  82.     1844. 

Acacia  hahamensis  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  221.     1860. 

Lysiloma  latisiliqua  A.  Gray;  Sauv.  Anales  Acad.  Habana  5:  406.     1869. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  16  m.  with  a  trunk  up  to  1 
m.  in  diameter,  the  smooth,  gray  bark  splitting  into  scales,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, the  twigs  slender,  glabrous ;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate ;  leaves  8-14  cm. 
long,  the  petiole  bearing  a  large  gland  near  the  lowest  pair  of  pinnae;  pinnae 
2-5  pairs,  3-8  cm.  long;  leaflets  10-33  pairs,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
sessile,  8-15  mm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  unequally  rounded  at  the  base, 
glabrous;  heads  1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter,  racemose,  globose,  on  peduncles  2-4  cm. 
long ;  flowers  white,  mostly  perfect ;  calyx  campanulate,  about  1  mm.  long ; 
corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  lobes  reflexed ;  stamens  about  20,  twice  as 
long  as  the  corolla;  pod  linear-oblong,  8-15  cm.  long,  2-2.5  cm.  wide,  nearly 
straight,  pointed;  seeds  flat,  about  12  mm.  long,  dark  brown,  shining. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  throughout  the  archipelago 
to  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Yucatan.     Wild  Tamarind. 

4.  ANNESLIA  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  pi.  64.     1807. 

Shrubs,  or  small  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves  and  capitate  flowers,  the  heads 
peduncled,  axillary,  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed. 
Corolla  funnelform  or  campanluate,  5-lobed,  the  petals  being  united  to  the  mid- 
dle or  above  the  middle.     Stamens  numerous;  filaments  united  below,  long-ex- 


MIMOSACEAE.  159 

serted;  anthers  small,  glandular-hirsute  or  glabrous,  the  pollen  grains  agglom- 
erate. Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  filiform.  Pod  linear,  usually  narrowed  below 
the  middle,  flat,  not  pulpy  within,  straight  or  nearly  so,  elastically  dehiscent  from 
the  base,  the  valves  stiff  with  raised  margins.  Seeds  obovate  or  orbicular,  com- 
pressed. [In  honor  of  George  Annesley,  1769-1844,  English  traveler  and 
botanist.]  Over  100  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribution.  Type 
species:  Anneslia  falcifolia  Salisb. 

Flowers  red  to  purple:  pod  appressed-pubescent.  1.  A.  haematosioma 

Flcwers  white;  pod  glabrous.  2.  A.  forniosa. 

1.  Anneslia    haematostoma    (Bert.)    Britton,    Mem.    Brooklyn    Bot.    Gard     1: 

50.     1918. 

Acacia  haematomma  Bert.;  DC.  Mem.  Leg.  448.     1825. 
Calliandra  haematomma  Benth.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  3:   103.     1844. 

A  much-branched  shrub  3  m.  high  or  less,  the  twigs  sparingly  pilose  or 
glabrous.  Leaves  small,  1-3  cm.  long;  petioles  short;  pinnae  1  pair;  leaflets 
3-8  pairs,  oblong  to  obovate,  4-8  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  mucronate,  strongly  few- 
nerved,  coriaceous;  peduncles  mostly  pubescent,  usually  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  commonly  clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches;  calyx  striate,  about 
2  mm.  long;  corolla  silky-pubescent,  5-7  mm.  long;  stamens  red,  1-2  cm.  long; 
pod  pubescent,  5-8  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  wide. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Rum  Cay,  Conception  Island, 
Fortune  Island,  \Yatling"s,  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas.     Red  Anneslia. 

2.  Anneslia  formdsa  (Kunth)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Acacia  formosa  Kunth,  Mim.  102.     1822. 

Calliandra  formosa  Benth.  in  Hook.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  3:  98.     1844. 

Calliandra  formosa  cubensis  Macbride,  Contr.  Gray  Herb.  II.  59:  4.     1919. 

A  branched  shrub,  0.5-2.5  m.  high,  glabrous  throughout.  Leaves  7-15  cm. 
long;  petioles  1-3  cm.  long;  pinnae  2  or  3  pairs;  leaflets  6-11  pairs,  oblong  to 
oblong-obovate,  inequilateral,  10-22  mm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obliquely 
subtruncate  at  the  base,  subchartaceous,  few-veined;  peduncles  slender,  shorter 
than  the  leaves;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long;  corolla  glabrous,  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  stamens  w^hite,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  pod  glabrous,  5-9  cm.  long,  about 
1  cm.  wide,  attenuate  at  the  base. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices  and  thickets,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and 
the  Berry  Islands  to  South  Caicos,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Cuba  ;  Mexico. 
Recorded  by  Hitchcock  as  CaUiandra  gracilis  Griseb.  and  by  Dolley  as  CaUiamlra 
portoricensis  Benth.     White  Anneslia. 

5.  ACACIA  Willd.   Sp.   PI.  4:    1049.     1806. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  the  ultimate  leaflets  usually  small 
and  numerous,  or  the  leaves  in  many  exotic  species  modified  into  flat  simple 
phyllodes.  Flowers  small,  in  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate,  usually 
4-5-toothed,  or  of  4  or  5  distinct  sepals.  Petals  mostly  4  or  5,  or  wanting. 
Stamens  distinct,  exserted ;  filaments  filiform ;  pollen-grains  cohering  in  2  's-6  's. 
Pod  linear,  oblong  or  oval,  flat  or  swollen,  often  constricted  between  the  seeds. 
[Greek,  point,  or  thorn,  many  species  being  thorny.]  About  450  species,  chiefly 
in  subtropical  regions.     Type  species:  Aca-cia  niloiica  Delile. 


160  MIMOSACEAE. 

Foliage  glabrous. 

Leaflets  linear-oblong :  base  of  trunlc  armed  with  clusters  of 

long  spines.  1.  A.  acuifera. 

Leaflets  obovate  to  oblong  and  elliptic  ;  unarmed  tree.  2.  A.  choriophylla. 

Foliage  pubescent ;  leaflets  many,  linear.  3.  A.  macracantha. 

1.  Acacia  acuifera  Benth.  in  Hook.  Lend.  Journ.  Bot.  1 :  496.     1842. 

A  glabrous,  mucli-branched  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  about  4  m.  high,  the 
base  of  the  trunk  armed  with  clusters  of  rigid  sharp  sj^ines  4-10  cm.  long,  the 
slender  twigs  warty.  Stipules  spinescent,  2-20  mm.  long;  petiole  3-10  mm. 
long,  bearing  a  sessile,  nearly  flat  gland  at  the  end,  between  the  single  pair  of 
short-stalked  pinnae;  pinnae  5-9  em.  long,  the  raehis  bearing  small  glands 
between  the  pairs  of  leaflets;  leaflets  8-17  pairs,  oblong,  coriaceous,  5-15  mm. 
long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  sessile  base,  shining  above, 
dull  beneath;  peduncles  solitary  or  fascicled,  slender,  2-3.5  cm.  long;  flowers 
yellow  in  dense  globose  heads  about  8  mm.  in  diameter;  stamens  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  corolla;  pod  fleshy,  linear,  curved,  5-7  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  thick, 
slightly  impressed  between  the  seeds. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Rum  Cay,  Fortune  Island, 
Acklin's.  Grand  Turk,  Caicos  Islands,  Inagua  and  Little  Inagua.  Endemic.  Ba- 
hama Acacia.     Rosewood.     Cassip.     Poek-and-Doughboy. 

2.  Acacia  choriophylla  Benth.  in  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  1:  495.     1842. 

An  unarmed  tree,  up  to  8  or  9  m.  high,  the  twigs  and  leaves  glabrous. 
Stipules  minute,  subulate;  petioles  rather  stout,  8-15  mm.  long,  glandular; 
leaves  1-2  dm.  long;  pinnae  1-3  pairs,  short-stalked;  leaflets  3-7  pairs,  sessile, 
oblong  to  obovate,  subcoriaceous,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  8-15  mm.  wide,  rounded  or 
slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  base;  peduncles  mostly 
clustered  in  the  axils,  slender,  glabrous,  often  numerous,  2-3.5  cm.  long; 
flowers  yellow,  in  dense  globose  heads  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  corolla  puberu- 
lent ;  stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  pod  stipitate,  woody,  oblong, 
straight  or  somewhat  curved,  compressed,  4-8  cm.  long,  1.5-2.5  cm.  wide,  about 
8  mm.  thick,  short-pointed,  glabrous,  tardily  dehiscent. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Andros,  Mariguana  and  Inagua  : — Cays  of  northern  Cuba.  Recorded  by 
Hitchcock   as  PithecoloMum  asplenifolium  Griseb.     Ci>'xecoed. 

3.  Acacia  macracantha  H.  &  B.;  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4:  1080.     1806. 

A  widely  branched  tree,  5-15  m.  high,  or  sometimes  a  shrub,  the  young 
twigs  slender,  tomentose  or  pubescent,  the  tortuous  branches  armed  with 
stipular  spines  6  cm.  long  or  less,  or  sometimes  unarmed.  Leaves  tomentose 
or  pubescent,  the  short  petiole  bearing  a  sessile  depressed  gland;  pinnae  8—10 
pairs,  short-stalked,  2-4  cm.  long;  leaflets  15-40  pairs,  linear,  2-5  mm.  long, 
obtuse,  sessile,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  clustered  or  solitary  in  the 
upper  axils,  slender,  pubescent,  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  yellow,  capitate;  heads 
globose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter;  pod  linear,  tomentulose,  turgid-compressed, 
6-10  cm.  long,  straight  or  a  little  curved,  continuous  or  more  or  less  torulose, 
somewhat  pulpy. 

Rocky  plain,  Salt  Cay,  Turk's  Islands  :  in  a  yard,  Matthew  Town,  Inagua  : — 
Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Vieques  ;  St.  Thomas  to  Tortola,  Martinique  and  Vene- 
zuela.    LoxG-spiNED  Acacia, 

6.  VACHELLIA  W.  &  A.  Prodr.  272.     1834. 

Spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  numerous,  small  leaflets, 
the  polygamous  flowers  in  globular  heads.  Calyx  5-lobed;  corolla  tubular- 
funnelform,  5-lobed.     Stamens  numerous,  the  filaments  distinct.     Ovary  sessile; 


MIMOSACEAE.  161 

style  filiform.  Pod  woody,  swollen,  nearly  terete,  very  tardily  dehiscent  or  inde- 
liiscent,  pulpy  within.  Seeds  in  two  rows,  immersed  in  the  pi^p.  [Com- 
memorates C.  H.  Vachell,  an  English  missionary  and  botanical  collector  in 
China.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Vachellia  Famesiana  (L.)  W.  &  A.  Prodr.  '272.     1834. 

Mimosa  Famesiana  L.  Sp.  PI.  521.     1753. 
Acacia  Famesiana  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  1083.     1806. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  about  9  m.  high,  its  thin  brown  bark  scaly, 
the  slender  branches  spreading,  the  twigs  armed  with  stiff  paired  whitish 
spines  1-2.5  cm.  long.  Leaves  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent,  evenly  bipin- 
nate,  4-8  cm.  long,  short-petioled ;  pinnae  3-8  pairs,  sessile  or  nearly  so ; 
leaflets  10-25  pairs,  linear-oblong,  2-6  mm.  long,  blunti^^h  at  the  apex ; 
peduncles  axillary,  slender,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  heads  8-12  mm.  in 
diameter;  flowers  yellow,  fragrant;  calyx  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
corolla  about  1.5  mm.  long;  stamens  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  corolla;  pod 
straight  or  a  little  curved,  3-7.5  cm.  long,  about  1.5  cm.  thick,  pointed,  dark 
brown ;  seeds  shining,  6  mm.  long. 

Waste  and  schub-lands  and  coastal  thickets,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera, 
Cat  Island.  Watling's,  Great  Exuma,  Fortune  Island.  Grand  Turk  and  Caicos  : — 
Florida;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Tobago;  .Jamaica;  continental  tropical  Amer- 
ica and  Old  World  tropics.  Recorded  by  Dollej'  as  Acacia  tortuosa  Willd.,  a  Jam- 
aican  species.     Akoma.     Cashia.     Opoponax. 

7.  MIMOSA  L.  Sp.  PI.  516.     1753. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  rarely  trees,  mostly  with  2-pinnate,  often  sensitive  leaves, 
the  small  regular,  mostly  4-5-parted,  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamous  flowers 
in  axillary,  peduncled  heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  small,  its  teeth  short.  Petals 
valvate,  connate  below,  hypogynous.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  twice  as 
many,  distinct;  exserted;  filaments  mostly  filiform;  anthers  small,  eglandular. 
Ovary  2-many-ovuled ;  style  slender  or  filiform;  stigma  terminal,  small.  Pod 
linear  or  oblong,  usually  flat,  often  transversely  jointed,  2-valved  with  the  con- 
tinuous margins  persistent.  Seeds  compressed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  sensi- 
tive leaves  of  some  species.]  Over  300  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm 
regions.     Type  species:  Mimosa  sensitiva  L. 

Low,  sensitive-leaved  herb.  1.  J/,  pudica. 

Shrub,   the  leaves  not  sensitive.  2.  J/,  hahanuiisis. 

1.  Mimosa  pudica  L.  Sp.  PI.  518.     1753. 

Herbaceous,  or  a  little  woody,  loosely  pubescent  with  long  hairs  or  gla- 
brate,  branched,  5  dm.  high  or  less,  the  stems  and  branches  armed  with  rather 
stout,  somewhat  curved  prickles  2-4  mm.  long.  Stipules  lanceolate,  striate, 
acuminate,  3-6  mm.  long;  petioles  slender,  with  a  pulvinus  at  the  base,  2-6 
cm.  long,  deflexed  when  touched;  pinnae  1  pair  or  2  approximate  pairs,  also 
with  a  pulvinus  at  base,  2-6  cm.  long;  leaflets  15-25  pairs,  thin,  linear,  6-10 
mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide,  folding  when  touched,  acutish  at  the  apex,  obliquely 
founded  at  the  base;  heads  ovoid,  axillary;  peduncles  1-2  cm.  long;  calyx 
minute;  petals  and  stamens  4;  stamens  pink;  pods  linear-oldong,  2-5-jointed, 
1-1.5  cm.  long,  3  mm.  wide,  constricted  at  the  joints,  the  margins  armed  with 
slender  straight  prickles,  otherwise  glabrous. 

Andros  at  Mastic  Point,  collected  onlv  by  Keith  : — West  Indies ;  continental 
tropical  America  ;  naturalized  in  the  East  Indies.  Cultivated  on  New  Providence. 
Sensitive  Plant. 


162  MIMOSACEAE. 

2.  Mimosa  bahamensis  Benth.  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  4:   408.     1842. 

A  mufli-braiiclied  shrub  1.5-3.5  m.  high,  or  a  small  tree  about  4  m.  high,  the 
branches  armed  with  short  hooked  prickles,  the  twigs  densely  brown-tomentulose. 
Petioles,  rachis  and  peduncles  tomentulose  or  rachis  glabrate;  leaves  4-7  cm. 
long;  petioles  5-20  mm.  long;  pinnae  2-4  pairs;  leaflets  2-6  pairs,  oval  or  obo- 
vate,  2-6  mm,  long,  subcoriaceous,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
subcordate  or  nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral 
venation  obscure;  heads  1  cm.  broad,  short-peduncled,  axillary  and  in  terminal 
racemes;  calyx  about  0.5  mm.  long;  corolla  about  1.5  mm.  long,  4-cleft; 
stamens  8,  pink,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  pod  linear-oblong,  compressed, 
4-7  cm,  long,  12-14  mm.  wide,  densely  brown-tomentulose,  6-10-jointed,  both 
sutures  narrowly  winged,  the  wings  lacerate  or  nearly  entire;  seeds  oval- 
quadrate,  smooth,  brown,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands  and  thickets,  Watling's  Island,  Rum  Cay,  Fortune  Island,  Acklin's 
Island,  Caicos  Islands :  Inagua.     Endemic.     Bahama  Mimosa.     Haulback. 

The  plant  recorded  by  Schoepf  as  Mimosa  arhorea  has  not  been  identified. 

8.  LEUCAENA   Benth,   in  Hook,   Journ.  Bot.   4:    416,     1842, 

Unarmed  trees  or  shrubs,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  the  white  flowers  in 
peduncled  heads.  Calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  distinct, 
valvate.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  exserted,  the  anthers  not  gland-bearing,  often 
pilose.  Ovary  stipitate;  ovules  numerous;  style  filiform;  stigma  minute.  Pod 
broadly  linear,  flat,  membranous,  completely  2-valved,  the  ovate  or  obovate  flat 
seeds  transverse.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  white  flowers.]  About  10  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Leucaena  glauca  (L.)  Benth.  in  Hook.  Journ,  Bot.  4:  416.     1842. 

Mimosa  glauca  L.  Sp.  PI.  520.     1753. 

Usually  a  shrub  2-3  m.  high,  but  sometimes  a  small  tree,  in  Porto  Rico  becom- 
ing a  tree  20  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  puberulent.  Leaves  1-2  dm,  long ;  petiole  3-6 
cm.  long,  with  or  without  a  gland ;  pinnae  3-10  pairs,  the  upper  ones  little  shorter 
than  the  lower ;  leaflets  10-20  pairs  to  each  pinna,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  thin,  8-15 
mm.  long,  inequilateral,  acute  at  the  apex,  obliquely  narrowed  at  the  base,  ligbt 
green  above,  pale  beneath;  heads  globular,  axillary  or  terminal,  mostly  clustered, 
1.5-3  cm.  in  diameter;  peduncles  stout,  puberulent  or  pubescent,  2-3  cm.  long; 
calyx  obconic,  1  mm.  long,  its  short  teeth  blunt ;  petals  linear-spatulate,  pubes- 
cent; stamens  about  3  tim^s  as  long  as  the  petals;  ovary  pubescent;  pods 
several  or  numerous,  linear,  ]0-15  cm.  long,  about  1.5  cm.  wide,  abruptly  acute 
or  mucronate,  tapering  at  the  base,  the  thin  valves  with  raised  margins. 

Pastures,  coppices,  waste-lands  and  thickets,  throughout  the  archipelago  from 
Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  the  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda ;  Florida  ;  West 
Indies  :  tropical  America  :  Old  World  tropics.  Probably  native  of  continental  trop- 
ical   America.     .Tumbie   Bean.     Jimbay.     Cow-bush.     Catesby   2 :    pi.   1,2. 

9.  ACUAN  Medic.  Theod.  62.     1786. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  green- 
ish or  whitish  small  regular  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  heads  or  spikes. 
Flowers  perfect,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  staminate,  neutral  or  apetalous. 
Calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  short.  Petals  valvate,  distinct,  or  slightly  united 
or  coherent  below.  Stamens  10  or  5,  distinct,  mainly  exserted;  anthers  all 
alike.     Ovary  nearly  sessile;   ovules  oo.     Pod  linear,  straight  or  curved,  acute. 


MIMOSACEAE.  163 

flat,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  the  valves  coriaceous  or  membranous.  About  10 
species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  America,  one  widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical regions  of  the  Old  World.     Type  species:  Mimosa  virgata  L. 

Pods  6-9  cm.  long;  plant  erect  or  ascending.  1.  a.   rirfjatum. 

Pods  4-5  cm.  long;  plant  diffuse.  2.  A.  diiji-csnum. 

1.  Acuan  virgatum  (L.)  Medic.  Theod.  C2.     1786. 

Mimosa  virgata  L.  Sp.  PI.  519.     1753. 
'?  Mimosa  pernamhucana  L.  Sp.  PI.  519.     1753. 
Desmanthus  virgatus  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  1047.     1806. 
Desmantlius  strictus  Bertol.  Giorn.  Arcad.  21:   190.     1824. 

Stem  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  branched, 
0.5-2  m.  high.  Stipules  subulate,  2.5-4  mm.  long;  leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled,  the  petiole  and  rachis  sometimes  pubescent;  pinnae  1-7  pairs,  the 
gland  between  the  lower  pair  usually  oblong,  conspicuous;  leaflets  10-20  pairs, 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  4-9  mm.  long,  thin,  obtuse  or  apiculate  at  the  apex, 
subtruncate  at  the  base;  heads  few-several-flowered;  peduncles  solitary  in  the 
axils,  slender,  2-5  cm.  long;  flowers  white;  stamens  10,  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  petals;  pod  straight  or  slightly  curved,  4-7.5  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide,  acute 
or  apiculate,  smooth. 

Thickets  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Sturrup  Cay,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Eleu- 
thera,  Long  Island,  Acklin's,  Fortune  Island  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ;  West 
Indies ;    continental    tropical   America.     Virgate   Mimosa. 

2.  Acuan  depressum  (H.  &  B.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  1:  158.     1891. 

Desmanthus  depressus  H.  &  B.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  1046.     1806. 

Diffusely  branched,  seldom  over  3  dm.  high,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubes- 
cent. Stipules  subulate,  3.5  mm.  long  or  less;  leaves  short-petioled,  1.5-4  cm. 
long;  pinnae  1-5  pairs,  the  gland  between  the  lowest  pair  email,  mostly  orbicu- 
lar; leaflets  10-20  pairs,  linear,  3-5  mm.  long,  thin,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
or  subtruncate  at  the  base;  heads  few-flowered,  on  solitary  axillary  peduncles; 
stamens  10,  about  6  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals;  pod  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  2-5  em.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide. 

Roadsides  and  waste  places,  Andros.  Mangrove  Cay,  New  Providence.  Long 
Island,  Ambergris  Cay  and  Inagua  : — Florida ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Grenada ; 
Jamaica  ;  Mexico  to  continental  tropical  America.     Low  Mimosa, 

10.  NEPTUNIA  Lour.  Fl.  Coch.  653.     1790. 

Prostrate,  diffuse  or  floating  perennial  herbs,  some  species  a  little  woody, 
with  bipinnate  leaves,  and  axillary  solitary,  long-peduncled  heads  of  more  or 
less  imperfect  and  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  with  5  short  teeth. 
I'etals  5,  distinct,  or  united  below  the  middle.  Stamens  mostly  10,  distinct, 
exserted,  the  anthers  bearing  a  stalked  gland.  Ovary  stipitate,  several-many- 
ovuled;  style  filiform  with  a  terminal  capitate  stigma.  Pods  broadly  linear  or 
narrowly  oblong,  stipitate,  flat,  commonly  recurved,  impressed  between  the 
ovate  transverse  seeds,  2-valved,  the  valves  thin-coriaceous.  [Dedicated  to 
Neptune.]  About  10  species,  of  America,  tropical  Asia  and  Australia.  Type 
species:  Neptunia  oleracea  Lour. 


164  CAESALPINIACEAE. 

1.  Neptunia  plena   (L.)   Benth.  in  Hook.  Jour.  Bot.  4:   355.     1842. 

Mimosa  plena  L.  Sp.  PL  519.     1753. 

Glabrous,  the  slender  branches  prostrate  or  ascending,  3-6  dm.  long. 
Stipules  ovate  to  lanceolate,  thin,  oblique,  4-6  mm.  long;  leaves  4-10  cm.  long, 
with  slender  petioles;  pinnae  2-4  pairs;  leaflets  12-20  pairs,  linear,  thin, 
faintly  veined,  4-10  mm.  long,  obtuse;  peduncles  6-12  cm.  long,  usually  bearing 
1  or  2  cordate  bracts  at  or  below  the  middle ;  heads  ovoid ;  flowers  yellow,  the 
upper  ones  perfect,  the  lower  staminate,  or  neutral  with  exserted  staminodia; 
pods  2-0  cm.  long,  about  8  mm.  wide,  acute  or  apiculate,  thickened  on  the 
margins. 

Scrub-land  opening,  New  Providence ;  Inagua,  near  a  fresh  water  pond  west 
of  Great  Salt  Lake  : — Cuban  Cays  ;  Haiti ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Antigua  to  Grenada  ;  Ja- 
maica ;   continental  tropical  America.     Neptuxia. 

11.  PROSOPIS  L.  Mant.   1:    10.     1767. 

Trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  and  small,  nearly  or  quite  sessile  flowers,  in 
axillary  spikes  or  rarely  capitate.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Petals  5, 
valvate.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  the  anthers  usually  bearing  a  deciduous  gland. 
Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  filiform;  stigma  small  and  terminal.  Pod  linear, 
subterete  or  somewhat  flattened,  coriaceous,  indehiseent,  the  mesoearp  spongy. 
Seeds  flattened.  [Greek  name  of  some  plant.]  About  15  species,  natives  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions.     Type  species:  Prosopis  spicigera  L. 

1,  Prosopis  jiiliflora  (Sw.)  DC.  Prodr.  2:  447.     1825. 
Mimosa  jiilifora  Sw.  Prodr.  85.     1788. 

A  tree,  up  to  13  m.  high,  but  usually  smaller,  with  widely  spreading 
branches,  armed  with  stipular  slender  straight  spines,  1-4  cm.  long,  the  slender 
twigs  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  glabrous,  or  when  young  sparingly  ciliate, 
0.7-2  dm.  long;  petioles  slender,  1-4  cm.  long;  pinnae  1  or  2  pairs,  short- 
stalked;  leaflets  12-20  pairs,  linear-oblong,  sessile,  7-16  mm.  long,  strongly 
few- veined,  obtuse  or  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  obliquely  obtuse  at  the  base; 
flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  in  dense  cylindric  peduncled  spikes,  5-10  em. 
long,  7-8  mm.  thick;  calyx  about  1  mm.  long,  its  teeth  short;  petals  about  2.5 
mm.  long,  acute,  villous  within;  ovary  villous;  pod  compressed,  falcate,  7-20 
cm.  long,  8-10  mm.  wide,  5-7  mm.  thick  when  mature. 

Waste  places,  introduced  but  not  planted,  Inagua,  near  Mathew  Town  : — Cuba  ; 
Hispaniola  ;  Tortola  ;  Montserrat ;  Jamaica  :  Bonaire  ;  Curagao  ;  Aruba  ;  continental 
tropical  America.     Naturalized  in  the  Philippine  Islands.     Mesquite. 

Family  4.     CAESALPINIACEAE  KI.  &  Garcke. 

Senna  Family. 

Trees,  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  simple  or  compoimd,  mostly 
stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  mostly  clustered  and  perfect,  sometimes  monoe- 
cious, dioecious  or  polygamous,  nearly  regular,  or  irregular.  CaWx  mostly 
of  5  sepals  or  5-tootbed.  Petals  usually  5,  imbricated,  and  the  upper 
(unpaired)  one  enclosed  by  the  lateral  ones  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10  or 
fewer  in  our  genera,  the  filaments  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united.  Ovary 
1-celled,  1-many-ovuled.  Fruit  a  legnme,  mostly  dehiscent  into  2  valves. 
Seeds  with  or  without  endosperm.  About  90  genera  and  1000  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  distribution. 


CAESALPINIACEAE.  165 

Leaves  once  pinnate. 

Anthers  dorsifixed,  longitudinally  dehiscent;  larger  petals  3.       1.   Tamarind u a. 
Anthers    basifixed.    mostly    opening    by    terminal    pores    or 
slits  :  petals  5. 
Pod  not   elastically  dehiscent :   seeds   with   long   funicles.       '2.  Cassia. 
Pod    elastically    2-valved ;    seeds    with   short   funicles.  3.  Chumavcrista. 

Leaves  twice  pinnate. 

Petiole  very  short,  terminating  in  a  spine.  4.   Parkinson ia. 

Petioles  well  developed. 

Stigma  not  peltate  ;  pod  not  winged. 

Pod  splitting  through  the  middle  of  the  valves.  5.  JIu<'matox!ilum. 

I'od  splitting  along  the  sutures. 

Woody    vines :    pods    broad,    thick,    mostly    prickly.       6.   GuHanOina. 
Trees  or  shrubs  ;  pods  narrow,  unarmed. 

Calyx-lobes    imbricate :    shrubs    and    low    trees. 
Stamens   and   pistils   little   longer   than   the 

corolla.  7.  Caesalpinia. 

Stamens   and   pistils   much   longer   than   the 

corolla.  8.   Poincinna. 

Calyx-lobes    not    imbricated ;    large    introduced 

tree.  D.   Drlonix. 

Stigma  peltate;  pod  flat,  thin,  winged.  lu.  Pcltophontm. 

1.  TAMARINDUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  34.     1753. 

An  unarmed  tree,  with  e\enly  pinnate  leaves,  numerous  and  small  leaflets, 
the  stipules  caducous,  and  pink  to  yellow  racemose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  turbi- 
nate, its  4  segments  imbricated.  Petals*  very  unequal,  the  3  upper  ones  large, 
nearly  alike,  the  2  lower  ones  minute,  scale-like.  Perfect  stamens  3,  mona- 
delphous;  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent;  staminodia  minute.  Ovary  stipi- 
tate,  few-many-ovuled,  the  stipe  adnata  to  the  calyx-tube;  style  long;  stigma 
terminal,  subeapitate.  Pod  linear  or  linear-oblong,  curved,  little  compressed, 
indehiscent,  the  thin  epicarp  crustaeeous,  the  mesocarp  pulpy,  the  coriaceous 
endocarp  septate  between  the  obovate-orbieular  seeds.  Endosperm  none;  coty- 
ledons thick.      [Latin  name  of  the  tree.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Tamarindus  indica  L.  Sp.  PI.  34.     1753. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  20  m.  high  or  higher,  with  a  trunk  up  to  1.5  m. 
thick,  the  branches  widely  spreading,  the  young  twigs  slender,  pubcrulent. 
Leaves  6-12  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaflets  10-18  pairs, 
thin,  reticulate-veined,  oblong,  12-25  mm.  long,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex, 
obliquely  obtuse  or  Pubtruncate  at  the  base;  racemes  few-several-flowered, 
mostly  terminal  and  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  slender,  6-10  mm.  long; 
calyx  8-10  mm.  long;  larger  petals  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals;  stamens  a 
little  longer  than  the  petals;  pod  5-15  cm.  long,  about  2  cm.  thick,  the  epicarp 
brown,  scaly,  the  flesh  acid,  the  brown  shining  seeds  about  1  cm.  broad. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation.  Andros.  New  Providence  and  Inagua  : — Prob- 
ably native  of  tropical  Africa  :  widely  naturalized  in  tropical  America.     T.vmarind. 

2.  CASSIA  [Tourn.]  L.  Sp.  PI.  376.     1753. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  and 
mainly  (in  all  our  species)  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  generally 
longer  than  the  tube.  Corolla  nearly  regular;  petals  5,  spreading,  nearly  equal, 
imbricated,  clawed.  Stamens  usually  10,  sometimes  5,  often  unequal  and  Pome 
of  them  imperfect;  anthers  all  alike,  or  those  of  the  lower  stamens  larger, 
opening  by  2  pores  at  the  summit.  Ovules  oo.  Pods  various.  Seeds  often 
rumerous.  [Ancient  name.]  About  200  species,  of  ^vide  distrilnition  in  warm 
and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Cassia  Fistula  L. 


166  CAESALPINIACEAE. 

Pods  not  jointed. 

Pods  terete  or  turgid. 
Pods   turgid,  straight. 

Suture  indistinct ;  seeds  in  a  single  row.  1.  C.  Sophera. 

Suture  indistinct :   seeds  in  a  double  row.  2.  C.  hicapstilaris. 

Pods  not  turgid,  strongly  curved,  narrow.  3.   C.   Tora. 

Pods  flat,  or  tlie  valves  lightly  convex  ;  suture  distinct. 
Petiolar  gland  situated  near  the  leaf  base. 

Gland  wart-like.  4.  0.  occidentalis. 

Gland  elongated,  pointed.  5.   C.   Ugustrina. 

Petiolar  gland  at  the  first  pair  of  leaflets. 

Gland  wart-lilse.  6.  0.  hahamensis. 

Gland  elongated.  7,  C.  hiflora. 

Pods  jointed. 

Joints  continuous.  8.  0.  uniflora. 

Joints  moniliform.  9.  G.  villosa 

1.  Cassia  Sophera  L.  Sp.  379.     1753. 

A  shrub,  1-2.3  m.  high,  nearly  glabrous  throughout,  with  slender  branches. 
Leaves  1-1.5  dm.  long;  petiole  1-3  cm.  long,  bearing  a  sessile  round  gland  near 
the  base;  leaflets  5-10  pairs,  ciliate,  at  least  when  young,  membranous,  lanceo- 
late to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  at 
the  base;  flowers  in  short  racemes  in  the  upper  axils;  pedicels  8-15  mm.  long; 
calyx  about  8  mm.  long;  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  pod  linear, 
straight,  turgid  or  subterete,  5-10  cm.  long,  7-9  mm.  thick,  pointed,  glabrous; 
seeds  dull,  brown,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Waste  grounds,  New  Providence,  near  Nassau,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island : — West 
Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Kasondi  Sexxa. 

2.  Cassia  bicapsularis  L.  Sp.  PL  376.     1753. 

A  shrub,  up  to  3.5  m.  high,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  throughout,  the  branches 
slender,  sometimes  vine-like.  Stipules  small,  early  deciduous;  leaves  5-9  cm. 
long,  slightly  fleshy,  bearing  an  oblong  gland  narrowed  toward  the  base,  between 
the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  1-4  cm.  long,  short-stalked, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  the  upper  pair  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  others 
oblong  to  suborbicular,  rounded  at  both  ends;  racemes  axillary,  few-flowered, 
as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  pedicels  3-8  mm.  long;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse, 
faintly  veined,  8-12  mm.  long;  petals  yellow,  veiny,  oblong-obovate,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  sepals;  pod  turgid,  subterete,  8-15  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  thick, 
longitudinally  dehiscent;  seeds  lenticular,  obliquely  oval,  brown,  shining,  about 
5  mm.  long,  horizontal. 

Scrub-lands  and  loose  rocky  soil,  North  Caicos,  Grand  Turk  Island : — Ber- 
muda (naturalized);  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Grenada;  Jamaica;  continental  trop- 
ical America.     CuRiSTiiAS-BUSH.     Wild  Raisix. 

3.  Cassia  Tora  L.  Sp.  PI.  376.     1753. 

Cassia  ohtusifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  377.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  4-6  dm.  high.  Stipules  linear-subulate,  deciduous ;  leaves 
petioled,  the  gland  borne  between  or  above  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets;  leaflets 
2-4  pairs,  thin,  obovate,  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  2-4  cm.  long; 
flowers  1-2.5  cm.  broad,  few,  in  short  axillary  racemes;  calyx-lobes  oblong, 
obtuse;  stamens  10,  the  anthers  of  the  upper  3  imperfect;  pod  linear,  very 
slender,  subterete,  strongly  curved,  1-1.5  dm.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide. 

Waste  grounds.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera : — Central  and  southern  United 
States ;  throughout  tropical  and  subtropical  America ;  Old  World  tropics.  Low 
Senxa. 

4.  Cassia  occidentalis  L.  Sp.  PI.  377.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  much  branched,  1.4-2  m.  high.  Stipules  caducous;  gland 
borne  near  the  base  of  the  petiole;  leaflets  8-12,  rounded  at  the  base,  2-5  cm. 


CAESALPINIACEAE.  167 

long,  8-18  mm.  wide;  flowers  14-18  mm.  broad,  in  short  axillary  racemes; 
stamens  10,  the  upper  3  imperfect;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  pod  linear,  gla- 
brous, 1-1.5  dm.  long,  about  6  mm.  wide,  nearly  flat,  somewhat  curved,  its 
margins  thickened. 

Waste    and    cultivated    ground,    North    Bimini.    Andros,    New    Providence,    Eleu 
thera,    Watling's,    Long,    Fortune,    and    Aclvlin's    Islands    and    Inagua  : — Bermuda ; 
soutliern  United  States  ;  throughout  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Coffee 
Senna. 

5    Cassia  ligustrina  L.  Sp,  PI.  378.     1753. 

Perennial,  shrubby,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  branched,  5-20  dm. 
high,  the  branches  nearly  terete.  Stipules  linear,  fugacious  or  wanting;  leaves 
petioled,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  bearing  a  linear-oblong  gland  on  the  petiole;  leaflets 
5-8  pairs,  short-petioluled,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  2.5-6  cm.  long;  racemes  few-several- 
flowered,  peduncled,  axillary  and  forming  a  terminal  corymb;  pedicels  slender; 
calyx  about  8  mm.  long;  petals  yellow,  fading  whitish,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  perfect  stamens  10;  pod  linear,  flat,  glabrous,  curved,  7-15  cm.  long, 
6-10  mm.  wide;  seeds  compressed,  parallel  with  the  valves. 

Waste  grounds,  pine  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New 
Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Ilispaniola  :  Guiana.  I'uivet 
Senna. 

6.  Cassia  bahamensis  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  9.     1768. 

Cassia  bahamensis  latifolia  Benth.  Trans,  Linn.  Soc.  27:   541.     1871. 

A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  the  stems  simple  or  branched,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
pubescent.  Leaves  7-15  cm.  long;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  rather  firm  in  texture, 
oblong  or  elliptic  to  ovate-elliptic,  acute  or  mucronate,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  the 
petiolar  gland  large,  sessile,  Avart-like,  orbicular  or  subglobose,  the  linear 
stipules  caducous;  flowers  corymbose-paniculate;  pedicels  slender,  8-20  mm. 
long;  calyx  6-8  mm.  long;  petals  obovate,  10-15  mm.  long;  pods  linear,  flat, 
slightly  curved,  7-10  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide,  the  seeds  transverse. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices,  thiclvets  and  pine-lands.  Berry  Islands,  Andros.  New 
Providence,  Exuma  Chain,  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island, 
Little  San  Salvador,  Watling's  Rum  Cay,  Crool<ed  Island.  Fortune  Island.  South 
Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Cays  of  northern  Cuba.  Specimens  from  Fortune  Island  and 
South  Caicos  have  broadly  ovate-elliptic  leaflets  (var.  latifolia  Benth.).  Bahama 
Senna.     Stinking  Pea. 

7.  Cassia  biflora  L.  Sp.  PL  378.     1753. 

Cassia  angiistisiUqua  Lam.  Encycl.  1:   649.     1783. 

Cassia  Mflora  angustisiliqua  Lam.;    Griseb.  Fl.  Brit.  W.  Ind.  208.     1860. 

A  shrub  or  rarely  a  small  tree  up  to  4  m.  high,  the  slender  twigs  glabrous 
or  pubescent,  the  subulate  stipules  deciduous.  Leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  bearing  a 
cylindric  sessile  gland,  3-6  mm.  long,  between  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets; 
leaflets  4-11  pairs,  oblong  to  obovate-oblong,  1-3  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparingly 
pubescent,  membranous  or  subchartaceous,  obtuse,  acutish,  or  slightly  emargi- 
nate  and  commonly  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base: 
flowers  in  small  corymbs;  pedicels  very  slender,  8-20  mm.  long:  calyx  5-7  mm. 
long;  petals  obovate,  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  pod  linear,  flat, 
membranous,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  5-10  cm.  long,  4-9  mm.  wide, 
somewhat  impressed  between  the  seeds. 

Scrub  and  open  lands.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island.  Groat  Exuma, 
Watling's,  Atwood  Cav.  Fortune  Island,  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — .Tamaicn  :  Cuba  ;  Ilis- 
paniola ;  Grenada ;  Florida  ;  continental  tropical  America.  Bushy  Senna.  Mos- 
quito Bush. 


168  CAESALPIXIACEAE. 

8.  Cassia  uniflora  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  5.     1768. 

Cassia  sericea  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  2:  724.     1800. 

Annual,  appressed-villous  with  brownish  long  hairs,  simple  or  branched, 
3-10  dm.  high.  Stipules  narrowly  linear,  5-20  mm.  long;  leaves  6-15  cm. 
long,  petioled,  bearing  long-stalked  glands  between  one  or  more  of  the  pairs  of 
leaflets;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  thin,  nearly  sessile,  oblong  to  obovate,  2-5  cm,  long, 
rounded  6r  aeutish  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
glabrate  above,  appressed-silky  beneath;  peduncles  axillary,  1-few-flowered,  as 
long  as  the  petioles  or  shorter;  sepals  rounded,  about  6  mm.  long;  petals  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  perfect  stamens  7;  pod  narrowly  linear,  2.5-5  cm. 
long,  about  4  mm.  wide,  compressed,  deeply  impressed  between  the  oblong  trun- 
cate seeds,  the  margins  continuous. 

Roadsides  and  waste  places,  New  Providence,  Long  Island  and  Inagua  : — Cuba ; 
Hispaniola ;   Jamaica  ;   Margarita  ;   Mexico  southward  to  Venezuela.      Silky    Senna. 

9.  Cassia  villosa  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  4.     1768. 

Shrubby,  densely  stellate-pubescent  all  over,  6  dm.  high  or  higher,  branched, 
the  branches  terete.  Leaves  petioled,  7-15  cm.  long;  stipules  wanting,  or  very 
early  fugacious;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  with  a  short-stalked  gland  between  the 
lowest  pair,  very  short-petioluled,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  inequilateral ;  flowers  few  or  several, 
in  peduncled  axillary  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  slender,  6-10 
mm.  long;  calyx  7-8  mm.  long;  petals  yellow^,  veiny,  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals ;  perfect  stamens  7 ;  pod  linear,  5-8  cm.  long,  compressed,  monilif orm, 
the  joints  1-seeded. 

Waste   places.    New   Providence.     Native   of   Mexico.     Mexican    Senna. 
Cassia  emarciinata  L.,  a  tree  of  tropical  America,   recorded  by  Schoepf  as  seen 
by  him  on  New  Providence  in  1784  is  not  otherwise  known  from  the  Bahamas. 

3.  CHAMAECRISTA  Moench,  Meth.  272.  1794. 
Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  often  sensitive  to  the 
touch,  mostly  persistent  strongly  nerved  stipules,  and  yellow  flowers  in  small 
axillary  clusters  or  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx-lobes  acuminate.  Corolla  some- 
what irregular,  three  of  the  Ave  petals  smaller  than  the  others.  Stamens  5-10,  all 
usually  with  perfect  anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  Pods  linear,  flat,  more 
or  less  elastically  dehiscent,  the  valves  twisting.  [Greek,  low  crest.]  About 
100  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  region.  Type  species: 
Chamaecrista  nictitans  (L.)  Moench. 

Herbs  :  leaves  membranous. 

Pubescence  appressed  :  pod  3  mm.  wide  or  less.  1.  C.  Chamaecrista. 

Pubescence  spreading ;  pod  3.5-4  mm.  wide.  2.  C.  riparia. 

Low  shrubs  :  leaves  coriaceous. 

Glands  short-stipitate  ;  leaflets  shining. 

Branches  densely  pubescent.  3.   C.  lucayana. 

Branches  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent. 

Leaflets  lanceolate  to  oblong,   acute  or  mucronate.        4.   C.  caribaea. 
Leaflets  narrowly  obovate  to   obovate-oblong,   obtuse.    5.   C.  inaguensis. 
Glands  strictly  sessile  ;"  leaflets  dull.  6.  C.  lincata. 

1.  Chamaecrista  Chamaecrista   (L.)   Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  44:   12.     1917. 

Cassia  Chamaecrista  L.  Sp.  PI.  379.     1753. 

Low,  slightly  woody,  diffusely  branched,  the  branches  slender,  ascending, 
spreading  or  prostrate,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  sometimes  2-3  dm.  long.  Stipules 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly  few-veined,  3-6  mm.  long;  petioles  about  as  long 


CAESALPINIACEAE.  169 

as  the  stipules,  bearing  a  solitary  small,  slender-stalked  gland;  leaflets  5-16 
pairs,  linear,  5-12  mm,  long,  inequilateral,  thin,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  often 
ciliate,  mucronate;  peduncles  1-flowered,  not  longer  than  the  petioles;  sepals 
thin,  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long;  petals  obovate,  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals; 
stamens  5-7;  pod  linear,  loosely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  3  mm. 
wide  or  less. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  New  Providence,  South  Caicos : — Cuba  to  St.  .Tan,  St. 
Kitts  and  Grenada;   Margarita;   Bonaire;   Curagao;  Jamaica. 

2.  Chamaecrista  riparia   (H.B.K.)   Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  44:   11.     1917. 

Cassia  riparia  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  6:  369.     1824. 

Erect,  slightly  woody,  2-5  dm.  high,  the  stem,  the  ascending  branches  and 
leaf-rachis  villous  with  long,  spreading,  brownish  hairs.  Stipules  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  striate-veined,  4-10  mm.  long;  petioles  villous,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  stipules,  bearing  a  solitary,  rather  stout-stalked  gland ;  leaflets  6-25 
pairs,  linear,  6-12  mm.  long,  inequilateral,  aristate,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so; 
peduncles  1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  sepals  lanceolate,  loosely  villous, 
about  5  mm.  long;  larger  petals  7-8  mm.  long;  pod  linear,  loosely  villous,  1.5-3 
cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide. 

Pine  and  scrub-lands,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleutliera  : — firnnd  rayman. 
Referred  by  Dolley  to  Cassia  glandtdosa  L.  ;  by  Hitcticock  to  Cassia  nictitans  L. ; 
by  Mrs.  Norttirop  to  Cassia  mimosoides  L.,  and  by  Britton  (Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  3:443)   doubtfully  to  Cassia  aspera  Mulil. 

3.  Chamaecrista  lucayana  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  44:  8.     1917. 

Cassia  lucayana  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   138.     1906. 

A  much-branched  shrub,  1.5  m.  high  or  less,  the  twigs  densely  pubescent, 
very  leafy.  Petiole  6-12  mm.  long,  somewhat  pubescent,  bearing  a  stout  flat- 
topped  gland  below  the  lowest  leaflets;  rachis  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous; 
leaflets  4-9  j^airs,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  minutely  papillate,  inequilateral,  ovate 
to  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  obliquely  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  obtuse  to 
acutish  and  distinctly  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  1-2  cm.  long,  4-12  mm.  wide, 
finely  many-veined,  the  veins  parallel,  somewhat  anastomosing;  stipules  lance- 
olate-subulate, 3-4  mm.  long;  peduncles  1  or  2  in  the  axils,  3-4  cm.  long, 
pubescent ;  legume  linear,  flat,  narrowed  at  the  base,  abruptly  short-tipped, 
nearly  glabrous  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs  when  mature,  4-5  cm.  long,  5-7 
mm.  wide,  imperfectly  septate  between  the  seeds;  seeds  obliquely  quadrate, 
compressed,  dull,  4-5  mm.  long,  about  2  mm.  broad. 

Rocky  scrub-lands,  Exuma  Chain  from  a  cay  north  of  wide  opening  to  Great 
Exuma,  Cat  Island,  Conception  Island  and  Rum  Cay.     Endemic. 

4.  Chamaecrista  caribaea   (Northrop)   Britton,  Bull.  Torr,  Club  44:   8.     1917. 

Cassia  caribaea  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:   39.  pi.  6.     1902. 

A  branched  shrub,  1  m.  high  or  less,  the  young  twigs  sparingly  appressed- 
pubescent  or  glabrate.  Petiole  2-7  mm.  long,  bearing  a  nearly  cylindric  gland 
or  glandless;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  shining,  inequilateral, 
oblong  to  narrowly  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  and  mucronate  at 
the  apex,  obliquely  rounded  at  the  base,  strongly  veined,  1.5-2,5  cm,  long; 
stipules  lanceolate-subulate,  about  4  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils, 
rarely  2,  peduncles  glabrous,  very  slender,  2-3  cm.  long;  calyx  about  1  cm. 
long ;  the  outer  sepals  pilose  on  the  back ;  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  obovate;  pod  linear,  3-5.5  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  sparingly  short- 
pubescent. 

Rocky  scrub  and  pine-hinds,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island,  En- 
demic. 

12 


170  CAESALPINIACEAE. 

5.  Chamaecrista  inaguensis  Britton,  Bull'  Torr.  Club  44:  8.     1917. 

Cassia  inaguensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  443.     1905. 

A  much-branclied  shrub,  6-12  dm.  high,  the  twigs  pubescent.  Leaflets  1  or 
2  pairs,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  rigid,  shining,  oblong  to  obovate,  strongly  and 
finely  many-veined,  emarginate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  but  not 
euneate  at  the  base,  more  or  less  inequilateral,  1.5-3  cm^  long,  5-13  mm.  wide; 
petiole  2-6  mm.  long,  sparingly  pubescent,  bearing  a  stipitate  gland  near  the 
top;  stipules  lanceolate-subulate,  2-4  mm.  long,  pubescent,  persistent;  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils,  numerous,  the  filiform  sparingly  pubescent  peduncles  2-3 
cm.  long;  sepals  pubescent,  at  least  at  the  base,  obliquely  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
1  cm.  long  or  less;  petals  golden  yellow,  about  1.5  cm.  long;  young  legume 
densely  pubescent. 

Open  scrub-land,  Grand  Turk  Island,  Caicos  and  Inagua.     Endemic. 

6.  Chamaecrista  lineata   (Sw.)   Greene,  Pitt.  4:   31.     1899. 

Cassia  lineata  Sw.   Prodr.   66.     1788. 

A  usually  much-branched  shrub,  3-10  dm.  high,  the  twigs  finely  pubescent 
or  glabrate.  Leaflets  3-8  pairs,  oblong,  linear-oblong,  oblanceolate  or  obovate, 
coriaceous,  6-20  mm.  long,  2-7  mm.  wide,  rounded  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex, 
dull,  rather  strongly  pinnately  veined,  glabrous  or  puberulent,  the  petiole  3-8 
mm.  long,  bearing  a  sessile  gland;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  as  long  as 
the  petioles  or  shorter;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  2-3  cm.  broad;  petals 
obovate;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  7-10  mm.  long;  legume  linear,  pubescent, 
2.5-6  cm.  long,  5-6  mm.  wide,  short-beaked. 

Scrub,  palmetto,  and  pine-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and 
Great  Bahama  to  Watling's,  North  Caicos,  Ambergris  Cay  and  Inagua : — Cuba ; 
Hispaniola :  Anegada ;  Jamaica.  Reported  by  Hitchcock  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as 
Cofifiia  poUiadena  DC.  and  also  referred  to  that  species  by  Bentham  ;  reported  by 
Dolley  as  Cassia  Chamaecrista  L. 

4.  PAEKINSONIA  L.   Sp.   PI.   375.     1753. 

Spiny  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  nearly  sessile,  bipinnate  leaves,  the 
common  petiole  very  short  and  spinulose-tipped,  the  1  or  2  pairs  of  pinnae 
elongated,  with  several-many,  small  leaflets,  the  showy,  yellow  flowers  in 
racemes.  Calyx-tube  short,  the  5  narrow  segments  nearly  equal.  Petals  5, 
spreading,  nearly  equal.  Stamens  10,  distinct;  filaments  villous  at  the  base; 
anthers  all  alike,  versatile,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  short- 
stipitate,  many-ovuled;  style  nearly  filiform;  stigma  small  and  terminal.  Pod 
linear,  coriaceous,  torulose,  striate-veined,  2-valved.  Seeds  oblong,  longitu- 
dinally placed,  hard;  endosperm  horny;  cotyledons  flat.  [Commemorates  John 
Parkinson,  an  English  botanist,  herbalist  to  James  I,  who  died  in  1750.] 
Three  known  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America  and  Africa,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Parkinsonia  aculeata  L.  Sp.  PI.  375.     1753. 

A  shrub,  or  a  tree  up  to  about  9  m.  high,  with  nearly  smooth  brown  bark, 
and  slender,  spreading  or  drooping  branches,  the  young  twigs  pubescent,  the 
stipular  spines  2  cm.  long  or  less.  Pinnae  1  or  2  pairs,  appearing  like  sessile 
pinnate  leaves,  2-4  dm.  long,  the  rachis  flat,  narrowly  winged,  bearing  10-25 
pairs  of  short-petioluled,  linear  to  obovate  leaflets  1.5-8  mm.  long,  or  some- 
times without  leaflets;  racemes  few-several-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or 


CAESALPIXIACEAE.  171 

shorter;  pedicels  very  slender,  0.5-2  cm.  long;  calyx  G-S  mm.  long;  petals 
nearly  orbicular,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  stamens  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  petals;  pods  drooping,  linear-cylindric,  5-15  cm.  long,  mut-h  con- 
stricted between  the  seeds,  which  are  oblong-cylindric,  about  1  cm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  Grand  Turk  : — southern  Tnited  States  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  fJorda  and 
Trinidad :    Jamaica  ;    continental    tropical    America  ;    introduced    into   the   Old    Worla 

tropics.       I'ARKIXSOMA.       HORSEBEAX. 

5.  HAEMATOXYLUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  384.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  yellow  wood,  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  ob- 
cordate,  the  spinescent  stipules  persistent  or  deciduous,  the  showy  yellow 
minutely  bracted  flowers  in  loose  axillary  racemes.  Calyx-tube  very  short,  its 
5  segments  imbricated,  somewhat  unequal.  Petals  5,  oblong,  spreading,  some- 
what unequal.  Stamens  10,  distinct;  filaments  pilose  at  the  base;  anthers  all 
alike.  Ovary  short-stipitate,  2-3-ovuled;  style  filiform;  stigma  terminal,  small. 
Pod  flat,  membranous,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  not  dehiscent  along  the  sutures, 
but  splitting  through  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Seeds  transverse,  oblong;  endo- 
sperm none;  cotyledons  2-lobed.  [Greek,  bloodwood.]  Two  known  species,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Haematoxylum  campechianum  L.  Sp.  PI.  384.     1753. 

A  glabrous  tree  up  to  about  8  m.  high,  or  sometimes  shrubby,  with  spread- 
ing branches,  the  trunk  ridged,  the  bark  smooth  and  light  gray,  the  twigs 
slender.  Stipular  spines  5-15  mm.  long;  leaves  petioled,  5-10  cm.  long; 
petioles  very  short ;  leaflets  2-4  pairs,  chartaceous,  cuneate-obovate,  1-3  cm. 
long,  finely  many-veined,  usually  rather  deeply  emarginate,  shining  above; 
racemes  several-many-flowered,  short-peduncled,  2-5  cm.  long;  pedicels  fili- 
form, spreading,  4-6  mm.  long;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  its  segments  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute,  unequal;  petals  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the 
petals;  pod  oblong,  delicately  veined,  2-5  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  very  thin, 
pointed  at  both  ends. 

Coastal  thickets,  hillsides  and  borders  of  salines.  Andros.  New  Trovidence, 
Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  Conception  Island.  Long  Island.  Crooked  Island  : — West 
Indies  and  Central   America.     Logwood.     Catesbj-,  2  :  pi.   66. 

6.  GUILANDINA  L.  Sp.  PI.  381.     1753. 

Woody  vices,  the  stems  and  branches  mostly  armed  with  stout  recurved 
prickles.  Leaves  large,  petioled,  bipinnate,  the  leaflets  often  punctate.  Flowers 
rather  large,  yelloAv,  racemose  or  paniculate,  the  narrow  bracts  deciduous. 
Calyx-lobes  5,  imbricated,  longer  than  the  tube.  Petals  5,  nearly  alike,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  10,  the  filaments  pubescent  below,  the  anthers  longitudinally  de- 
hiscent. Pods  oval  or  elliptic,  not  much  longer  than  wide,  subcoriaceous,  com- 
pressed, usually  prickly,  si^litting  along  the  sutures.  Seeds  hard,  globose  or 
ovoid,  yellow,  gray  or  black,  smooth,  scarcely  flattened.  [Commemorates  Mel- 
chior  Guilandinus,  a  German  traveller  and  botanist  who  died  in  1590.]  About 
12  species,  mostly  West  Indian.     Type  species:   GuiUnxVnn  Bonduc  L. 

Seeds  gray;  stipules  large.  1.  G.  Crista. 
Seeds  yellow  ;  stipules  small   or  wanting. 

Leaflets  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate.  2.   G.  Hondur. 

Leaflets  elliptic  to  suborbicular,  obtuse  or  emarginate.  H.  G.  ovalifolia. 


172  CAESALPINIACEAE. 

1.  Guilandina  Crista  (L.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  591.     1903. 

Caesalpinia  Crista  L.  Sp.  PL  380.     1753. 

Guilandina  honducella  L.  Sp.  PI.  eel.  2,  545.     1762. 

Caesalpinia  bonducella  Fleming,  Asiat.  Eesearehes  11 :  159.     1810. 

A  vine,  up  to  6  m.  long,  trailing  or  climbing,  the  twigs  and  leaves  armed 
witli  hooked  prickles,  the  twigs  also  more  or  less  densely  bristly.  Stipules 
usually  foliaceous,  thin,  usually  incised,  persistent,  sometimes  5  cm.  broad; 
leaves  3-8  dm.  long,  more  or  less  pubescent;  pinnae  4-8  pairs,  short-stalked; 
leaflets  4-8  pairs,  oblong  to  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic,  rather  thin,  2.5-7  cm.  long, 
obtuse,  retuse  or  short-acuminate  and  often  mucronate  at  the  apex,  nearly 
sessile,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  racemes  axillary,  pubescent,  some- 
times bristly,  many-flowered,  sometimes  3  dm.  long;  bracts  linear-acuminate, 
reflexed  or  spreading,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  deciduous;  pedicels  1  cm.  long  or  less; 
calyx  7-9  mm.  long;  petals  oblong-ovate,  about  1  cm.  long;  pod  5-10  cm.  long, 
6  cm.  wide  or  less,  usually  densely  prickly;  seeds  gray,  shining,  obovoid-oval, 
slightly  compressed,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  about  1.5  cm.  wide. 

Coastal  thickets,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama 
to  Mariguana,  Inagua,  Grand  Turk  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — ^Bermuda ;  Florida ; 
West  Indies  ;  coasts  of  continental  tropical  America  and  of  the  Old  World  tropics. 
Gray  Nickers.     Brier. 

2.  Guilandina  Bonduc  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  545.     1762. 

Caesalpinia  Bonduc  Eoxb.  Hort.  Beng.  32.     Hyponym.     1814. 
Guilandina  major  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  591,  1331.     1903. 

A  trailing  or  climbing  vine,  armed  with  hooked  prickles.  Stipules  none; 
leaves  often  6  dm.  long,  stout-petioled ;  pinnae  3-6  pairs;  leaflets  4-8  pairs, 
ovate  to  elliptic-ovate,  4-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  subcoriaceous,  somewhat  shining  above,  glabrous 
or  very  nearly  so  when  old;  racemes  3  dm.  long  or  less,  many-flowered;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  erect,  early  deciduous;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long;  calyx  about 
6  mm.,  long;  petals  1.5  cm.  long  or  less;  pod  6-12  cm.  long,  about  one-half 
longer  than  wide,  rather  loosely  prickly;  seeds  bright  yellow,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long. 

Coastal  thickets  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  and  Rum 
Cay  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;   East  Indies.     Large  Yellow  Nickers. 

3.  Guilandina  ovalifolia  (Urban)  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  118.     1905. 

Caesalpinia  ovalifolia  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:   273.     1900. 
Caesalpinia  lucida  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:  275.     1900. 

Climbing,  4  m.  long  or  longer,  the  young  branches  prickly,  puberulent. 
Leaves  2-3  dm.  long,  the  rachis  puberulent;  leaflets  5-8  pairs,  oval  or  elliptic, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  shining,  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded  to  narrowed  at  the 
base,  their  terminal  mucro  often  2  mm.  long;  racemes  densely  puberulent, 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  1.5-2  dm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  attenuate- 
acuminate,  8  mm.  long,  soon  spreading;  pedicels  1-1.5  cm.  long;  sepals  oblong, 
obtuse,  densely  tomentulose,  6-7  mm.  long,  1.5-2  mm.  wide,  soon  reflexed; 
petals  bright  yellow,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  oblong  to  oblong-spatulate, 
obtuse;  pod  olDliquely  obovate,  6-8  cm.  long,  4  cm.  wide,  2  cm.  thick,  shining, 
armed  with  numerous  rather  distant  yellow  stifi!  bristles  6  mm.  long  or  less,  its 
sharp  stout  beak  about  1  em.  long;  seeds  globular,  yellow-brown,  shining,  1.6  cm. 
in  diameter. 

Coastal  thickets,  Great  Sturrup  Cay,  New  Providence,  and  Hog  Island,  Rose 
Island,  Eleuthera.  Great  Guana  Cay,  Long  Island  and  Acklin"s  Island : — Florida. 
Small  Yellow  Nickers. 

We  are  unable  to  distinguish  a  difference  between  the  two  above  species  of 
Prof.  Urban  in  specimens  gathered,  after  thorough  search,  in  the  type  localities  he 
mentions  which  are  only  separated  by  the  narrow  harbor  of  Nassau. 


,  CAESALPINIACEAE.  173 

7.  CAESALPINIA   L.   Sp.   PI.   380.     1753. 

Unarmed  or  prickly  shrubs  or  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves  and  racemose 
yellow  bracted  flowers,  the  bracts  commonly  early  deciduous.  Calyx-tube 
short,  its  5  segments  imbricated.  Petals  5,  broad,  imbricated,  more  or  less 
unequal.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  declined,  short-exserted ;  anthers  all  alike,  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  style  mostly  fili- 
form; stigma  terminal.  Pod  linear  to  oblong,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  flat  or 
swollen.  Seeds  transverse;  endosperm  none.  [Commemorates  Andreas  Caes- 
alpini  1519-1603,  famous  Italian  physician  and  botanist.]  Thirty  species  or 
more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Type  species:  CaesaJpinia  hrasili- 
ensis  L. 

Leaflets  few  pairs,  obovate. 

Legume  indehiscent.  1.  C.  vcsicaria. 

Legume  dehiscent. 

Prickly  tlirougliout ;   leaflets  scarcely  reticulated.  2.  C.  hah  am  rn  sis. 

Unarmed    or   with    a    few    prickles    at   the   base ;    leaflets 

strongly  reticulated.  ■  .'^.   C.  reticulata. 

Leaflets  many  pairs,  linear-oblong.  4.   C.  coriaria. 

1.  Caesalpinia  vesicaria  L.  Sp.  PL  381.     1753. 

CaesaJpinia  hijuga  Sw.  Obs.  166.     1791. 

A  much-branched  shrub  or  tree  up  to  about  7  m.  high,  the  twigs  and  leaves 
glabrous,  armed  with  few  prickles  4-8  mm.  long,  or  unarmed.  Leaves  1-2.5 
dm.  long;  petioles  1-3  cm.  long;  pinnae  2  or  3  pairs,  stalked;  leaflets  1-3  pairs, 
obliquely  cuneate-obovate,  subcoriaeeous,  1-4  cm.  long,  subtruncate  or  emargi- 
nate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  shining  above, 
pale  and  rather  dull  beneath;  racemes  simple  or  compound,  mostly  as  long  as 
the  leaves  or  longer;  pedicels  slender,  jointed  near  the  top,  6-9  mm.  long;  calyx 
8-9  mm.  long;  petals  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  stamens  about  as  long  as 
the  petals,  the  filaments  densely  villous;  pod  oblong,  straight,  coriaceous,  inde- 
hiscent, 4-6  em.  long,  12-20  mm.  wide,  about  4  mm.  thick,  pubescent  when 
young,  becoming  glabrous;   seeds  few,  orbicular,  shining,  brown. 

Coastal  thickets  and  rocky  coppices,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Long  Island  and  Great 
Ragged    Island  : — Cuba  ;    .Jamaica  ;    Yucatan.     Brasiletto. 

2.  Caesalpinia  bahamensis  Lam.  Encycl.  1:  461.     1783. 

Caesalpinia  Crista  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  L  205.     1860.     Not  L.     1753. 
Caesalpinia  Eugeliana  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:  278.     1900. 

A  prickly  shrub,  1.5-2.5  m.  high,  or  rarely  a  small  tree  up  to  4  m.  high,  the 
young  twigs  and  leaves  brownish  tomentulose  or  glabrate,  becoming  glabrous, 
the  leaves  unarmed,  or  bearing  a  few  prickles.  Leaves  8-25  cm.  long:  jietioles 
1-3  cm.  long;  pinnae  2-4  pairs,  stalked,  15  cm.  long  or  less:  leaflets  3-6  pairs, 
short-petioluled,  obovate  to  elliptic,  1-4  cm.  long,  subcoriaeeous,  emarginate  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined,  shining 
above,  dull  beneath;  racemes  mostly  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  ])eili('els 
1-2.5  cm.  long,  jointed  above;  calyx  about  9  mm.  long;  petals  yellowish  green, 
shorter  than  the  calyx;  stamens  curved,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  pod 
flat,  broadly  linear,  5-7  cm.  long,  about  1.5  cm.  wide,  glal)rous,  short-stipitate, 
acuminate. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Elonthorn.  Great  Giinn.n 
Cav: — Cuba.  Recorded  by  Schoepf  as  C.  hrasiliaisis  L.  Baham.v  Caesalpinia, 
Catesby,  2:  pi.  51. 


174  CAESALPI^^IACEAE.  » 

3.  Caesalpinia  reticulata  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  118.     1905. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  4  m.  high  or  less,  similar  to  C.  haliamensis.  Stem 
and  branches  unarmed  in  all  specimens  observed ;  young  shoots  puberulent ; 
leaflets  2  to  4  pairs,  obliquely  oval  or  obliquely  obovate,  coriaceous,  glabrous 
when  mature,  strongly  finely  reticulate-nerved  and  shining  above,  dull  and  less 
prominently  nerved  beneath,  rounded,  truncate  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  3  cm.  wide  or  less,  very 
inequilateral;  petiolules  2-3  mm.  long;  racemes  solitary  or  2  or  3  together, 
2  dm.  long  or  less;  flowers  yellowish  white;  pedicels  ascending,  1-2  cm.  long, 
becoming  very  stout  in  fruit ;  calyx  stipitate,  the  tube  nearly  hemispheric ; 
stamens  long-exserted;  pod  flat,  smooth,  6-9  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  wide,  its  stipe 
somewhat  longer  than  or  equaling  the  persistent  calyx-tube. 

Scrub-lands.  Watling's.  Acklin's.  Crooked  Island  and  Inagua.  Endemic.  ?51ightly 
but  apparently  constantly  distinct  from  C.  haliamensis  and  of  difEerent  distribu- 
tion ;  perhaps  a  race  of  that  species.     Net-veined  Caesalpinia. 

4.  Caesalpinia  coriaria  (Jacq.)  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  2:  532.     1799. 

Poinciana  coriaria  Jacq.  Sel.  Amer.  123.     1763. 
Lihidihia  coriaria  Schl.  Linnaea  5:  193.     1830. 

A  widely  branched  unarmed  tree,  5-10  m.  high,  with  slender  twigs,  puberu- 
lent when  young,  soon  glabrous.  Leaves  1-2  dm.  long ;  petioles  and  rachis 
finely  tomentulose;  pinnae  4-10  pairs,  short-stalked;  leaflets  numerous  and 
small,  12-26  pairs,  4-6  mm.  long,  very  nearly  sessile,  oblong-linear,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  subcordate  or  truncate  at  base,  glabrous  and  dull  on  both  surfaces, 
usually  with  one  or  more  black  dots  beneath;  flowers  yellow,  in  small  panicles 
or  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  glabrous,  2-4  mm.  long;  calyx 
about  5  mm.  long,  its  segments  nearly  alike;  petals  spatulate,  about  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  pod  oblong,  compressed,  3-6 
cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  laterally  incurved. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence,  near  Nassau : — Santo  Do- 
mingo ;  .Jamaica  ;  St.  Thomas  to  Trinidad ;  Curagao ;  continental  tropical  America. 
Divi-Divi. 

8.  POINCIANA  L.  Sp.  PI.  380.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  sometimes  prickly,  with  evenly  bipinnate  leaves,  and 
orange  red  or  yellow,  showy  flowers  in  panicles  or  racemes,  the  bracts  early  de- 
ciduous or  none.  Calyx-tube  short,  the  5  lobes  imbricated,  unequal,  the  lowest 
one  the  largest.  Petals  5,  unequal.  Stamens  10,  distinct,  long-exserted; 
anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  several-ovuled ;  style  slender; 
stigma  small,  terminal.  Pod  linear  or  linear-oblong,  flat,  2-valved.  Seeds 
transverse;  endosperm  none.  [In  honor  of  Poinci,  a  governor  of  the  West 
Indies.]  A  few  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribution,  the  following 
typical. 

1.  Poinciana  pulcherrima  L.  Sp.  PI.  380.     1753. 

Caesalpinia  pulcherrima  Sw.  Obs.  166.     1791. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  about  5  m.  high,  the  branches  prickly. 
Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  less,  unarmed,  the  petiole  and  lower  part  of  the  rachis 
stout,  the  upper  part  of  the  rachis  very  slender;  pinnae  3-9  pairs,  short-stalked; 
leaflets  5-12  pairs,  thin,  very  short-stalked,  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  bright 
green  above,  pale  beneath,  1-2  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide,  rounded  or  subtrun- 
cate  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base;  racemes  large,  terminal. 


CAESALPIXIACEAE.  175 

and  axillary;  pedicels  slender,  5-8  cm.  long;  sepals  unequal,  the  larger  about 
1.0  cm.  long;  petals  orange  or  yellow,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  5?tamens  .5-6  em.  long; 
pod  flat,  broadly  linear,  12  em.  long  or  less,  14-18  mm.  wide,  somewhat  oblique, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  its  valves  subcoriaceous,  glabrous,  twisting  after  dehis- 
cence; seeds  compressed. 

Spontaneous  in  waste  places,  and  in  coppices,  Andres,  New  Providence  and 
Inagua  : — Cuba  to  St.  Tliomas  and  to  Trinidad  ;  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old 
World  tropics.     Baeb.xdoes  I'iude. 

9.  DELONIX   Kaf.   Fl.   Tell.   2:    92.     1836. 

Unarmed  trees,  with  evenly  bipinnate,  estipulate  leaves  of  numerous  small 
leaflets,  and  large,  showy,  orange  to  scarlet  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary 
corymbose  racemes.  Calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  the  nearly  equal  lobes  valvate. 
Petals  5,  long-clawed,  the  Dlade  nearly  orbicular.  Stamens  10,  declined;  fila- 
ments distinct;  anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  many-ovuled; 
style  slender  or  short;  stigma  truncate,  ciliolate.  Pod  broadly  linear,  flat, 
woody,  2-valved,  nearly  solid  between  the  oblong  transverse  seeds.  Endo- 
sperm present;  cotyledons  thick.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  long-clawed  petals.] 
About  3  species,  natives  of  Africa,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Delonix  regia  (Bojer)   Eaf.  Fl.  Tell.  2:   92.     1836. 

Poinciana  regia  Bojer;  Hook.  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  2884:.     1829. 

A  widely  branched  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  12  m.,  with 
a  trunk  up  to  9  dm.  in  diameter,  the  thin  bark  gray-brown,  the  twigs  somewhat 
pubescent.  Leaves  3-5  dm.  long;  petiole  stout,  reddish  or  yellow,  7-12  cm. 
long ;  pinnae  10-25  pairs,  short-stalked,  8-15  cm.  long,  the  rachis  pubescent ; 
leaflets  20-40  pairs,  oblong,  puberulent  on  both  sides,  4-10  mm.  long,  inequi- 
lateral, rounded  at  both  ends ;  pedicels  stout,  4-8  cm.  long ;  calyx  about  2  cm. 
long;  petals  spreading  and  reflexed,  5-7  cm.  long,  orange  to  scarlet  and 
mottled;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals;  pod  4-6  dm.  long,  5-7  cm.  wide, 
dark  brown. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation,  New  Trovidence.  near  Nassau  : — Widely  culti- 
vated and  spontaneous  after  cultivation  througliout  the  West  Indies  and  in  soutli- 
ern  Florida.     Native  of  Madagascar.     Royal  Poinciana.     Flamdoyant. 

10.  PELTOPHORUM  Yogel;  Walp.  Eep.  1:  811.     1S42. 

Unarmed  trees,  with  bipinnate  leaves  of  numerous  small  leaflets,  the  small 
stipules  caducous,  and  yellow  flowers  in  panicled  racemes.  Calyx-tube  short, 
its  5  segments  nearly  equal  or  the  lower  one  somewhat  larger  than  the  others. 
Petals  5,  orbicular,  spreading,  imbricated,  slightly  unequal.  Stamens  10,  dis- 
tinct, declined;  filaments  pilose  below;  anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  sessile,  few- 
many-ovuled;  style  filiform;  stigma  peltate.  Pod  oblong,  flat,  indehiscent, 
narrowed  at  both  ends.  Seeds  1-4,  flat,  transverse ;  endosperm  none.  [Greek, 
shield-bearing;  from  the  peltate  stigma.]  About  7  species,  of  tropical  dis- 
tribution.    Type  species:  Pcltophorum  Vogclianum  Walp. 

1.  Peltophorum  adnatum  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  206.     1860. 

A  tree,  in  the  Bahamas  up  to  about  12  m.  high,  in  the  Cuban  forests  reach- 
ing a  height  of  50  m.,  the  twigs,  petioles,  rachis,  inflorescence,  calyx,  and  lower 
leaf-surfaces    densely    brown-tomentose    or   villous.     Leaves    petioled,    1-3    dm. 


176  FABACEAE. 

long;  pinnae  6-12  pairs,  opposite,  very  nearly  sessile,  narrowly  lanceolate,  o-lO 
cm.  long;  leaflets  12-36  pairs,  opposite,  coriaceous,  linear-oblong,  5-10  mm. 
long,  revolute-margined,  glabrous  and  shining  above,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  trun- 
cate at  the  sessile  base;  panicles  terminal,  many-flowered,  often  3  dm.  long; 
pedicels  slender,  12-20  mm.  long;  calyx  subglobose  in  bud,  5-6  mm.  long,  its 
obovate  segments  imbricated,  nearly  equal;  petals  obovate,  7-10  mm.  long; 
stamens  shorter  than  the  petals;  pod  4-5  cm.  long,  12-15  mm.  wide  at  the 
middle. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Andros,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island  : — Cuba.     Horse- 
bush. 

Family  5.     FABACEAE  Rehb. 

Pea  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  trees,  with  alternate  mostly  compound  stipu- 
late leaves,  and  irregular  (papilionaceous)  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamo- 
dioecious  flowers,  mainly  in  spikes,  heads,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  4-5- 
toothed,  or  4-5-eleft,  sometimes  2-lipped.  Petals  more  or  less  united,  or 
separate,  perigynous  or  hypogymous,  usualty  consisting  of  a  broad  upper 
one  (standard,  banner),  two  lateral  ones  (wings),  and  two  front  ones 
more  or  less  united  (forming  the  keel)  ;  the  standard  enclosing  the  wings 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or  sometimes  separate, 
10  in  most  of  the  genera,  sometimes  9,  rarely  5.  Pistil  simple,  superior; 
ovary  mainly  1-celled,  sometimes  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  sutures. 
or  several-celled  by  cross-partitions;  style  simple;  ovules  1-many,  anatro- 
pous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  legume,  1-many-seeded,  dehiscent  into  2 
valves,  or  indehiscent,  in  one  tribe  a  loment.  Seeds  mostly  without  endo- 
sperm; cotyledons  thick.  About  325  genera  and  over  5000  species,  most 
abundant  in  temperate  and  warm  regions. 

Filaments   all   separate. 

Petal  only  1  ;  pod  flat,  short,  winged.  1.  Atelcia. 

Corolla  papilionaceous  :  pod  turgid,  elongated.  2.  Sophora. 

Filaments  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 
Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees. 
Fruit   2-valved. 

Leaves  mostly  trifoliolate. 

Leaflets  entire.  3.  Crotalaria. 

Leaflet3   serrulate.  4.   Trifolium. 

Leaves  pinnate. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 

Pods  4-angled  or  turgid.  .  5.  Indigofera. 

Pods  flat.  6.  Cracca. 

Leaves  equally  pinnate. 

Standard    broad,    longer    than    the   keel-petals ; 

calyx-lobes  acute  or  acuminate.  7.  Seshan. 

Standard  narrow,  shorter  than  the  keel-petals  ; 

calyx-lobes  low  and  broad.  8.  Agati. 

Fruit  a  loment. 

Stamens  all  united  into  a  tube.  9.  Stylosanthes. 

Vexillar  stamen  free  from  the  others. 

Joints  of  the  loment  flat.  10.  Meihomla. 

.Toints  of  the  loment  thick,  fleshy.  11.  Alysicarptis. 

Fruit  indehiscent. 

Leaves  1-foliolate ;  pod  suborblcular  ;  vine-like  shrubs.     12.  E cast ophy Hum. 
Leaves  pinnate  ;  pod  elongated.  4-winged  :  tree.  13.  Ichthyomethia. 

Vines,  our  species  herbaceous  (Phaseohis  latliyroides  an  erect 
herb:  Cajan  erect  and  half -shrubby). 
Keel  of  the  corolla  not  curved  nor  coiled  (somewhat  bent 
in  CanavaU). 
Leaves  equally  pinnate,  terminated  by  a  bristle.  14.  Abrus. 

Leaves  trifoliolate,  rarely  unifoliolate. 

Style  bearded  along  the  inner  side.  lo.  Clitoria. 

Style     glabrous     or     sparingly     pubescent     below 
(somewhat  bearded  in  Dolichos). 


10. 

Drddhuri/a 

17. 

Miicinic. 

IS. 
10. 

GdUictin. 
Cunuiull. 

20. 

Cajau. 

21. 

DolicJiolus 

oo 

Phasrolus. 

2.'?. 
24. 

Dnlichos. 
Vujna. 

FAB  ACE  AE.  177 

Standard  spurred  at  the  base. 
Standard  not  spurred  at  the  base. 
Pod  covered  with  stinging  hairs. 
Pod    without    stinging    hairs,    pubescent    or 
glabrous. 
Rachis    of    the    inflorescence    thickened 
at  the  nodes. 
Calvx-Iobes   unequal. 
Calyx  2-lipped. 
Rachis  of  the  inflorescence  not  thickened 
at  the  nodes. 
Erect ;  half-shrubby  ;  seeds  numerous. 
Herbaceous,  our  species  vines ;  seeds 
only  2  or  3. 
Keel  of  the  corolla  coiled  or  curved. 
Keel  spirally  coiled. 
Keel  not  spirally  coiled,  incurved. 
Stigma  terminal. 
Stigma  oblique  or  lateral. 

1.  ATELEIA  Moc.  &  Sesse;   Benth.  Ann.  Wien.  Mus.  2:    101.     1837. 

Unarmed  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  unevenly  pinnate  leaves,  and  small 
white  or  greenish  flowers,  in  narrow,  simple  or  branched,  axillary  racemes. 
Stipules  minute  or  none.  Bracts  minute.  Calyx  truncate  or  minutely  5-toothed. 
Wings  and  keel-petals  wanting;  standard  hooded,  clawed.  Stamens  10,  distinct; 
anthers  ovate,  all  alike.  Ovary  short-stipitate,  2-ovuled ;  stigma  inflexed,  nearly 
sessile.  Pod  irregularly  obovate-orbicular,  stipitate,  flat,  indehiscent,  the  upper 
suture  narrowly  winged.  Seed  flat,  reniform;  cotyledons  fleshy;  radicle  in- 
flexed.  [Greek,  defective.]  Three  known  species  of  Central  America  and  the 
West  Indies.     Type  species:  Fterocarpus  Ateleia  DC. 

1.  Ateleia  cubensis  Griseb.  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II.  8 :  ISO.     1S60. 

Swartzia  multijnga  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  10:   201.  pi.  42.     1845. 

Not  Vogel.     1837. 
Ateleia  multijuga  Hitch.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  80.     1893. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  5  m.  high,  the  slender  twigs  glabrous,  gray,  the 
inflorescence  and  young  foliage  densely  brown-pubescent.  Leaves  1-2  dm.  long, 
5-11-foliolate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  old;  leaflets  oblong  to  elliptic  or  ob- 
long-obovate,  densely  and  finely  reticulate-veined,  subcoriaceous,  entire,  3-6  cm. 
long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  sessile,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base;  racemes  spike-like,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  or  as  long;  pedicels  very 
short;  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  truncate,  2-3  mm.  long;  standard  about  3 
mm.  long  ;"^  pod  sleuder-stipitate,  glabrous,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide,  veiny, 
cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base. 

Thickets,  coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama.  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Eleathera,  Cat  Island  and  Caicos  Islands: — Cuba.     .Stinkin«;  tka  Root. 

2.  SOPHORA  L.  Sp.  PI.  373.     1753. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Flowers  white,  yellow  or  violet,  in  terminal  racemes  or 
panicles.  Calyx  generally  campanulate,  its  teeth  short.  Standard  obovate  or 
orbicular;  wings  obliquely  oblong;  keel  oblong,  nearly  straight.  Stamens  all 
distinct  or  very  nearly  so;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  short-stalked;  style  in- 
curved. Pod  stalked,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  terete,  constricted  between  the  seeds, 
mainly  indehiscent.  [Name  Arabic,  yellow.]  About  25  species,  natives  of 
warm  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Sophora  alopecuroides  L. 


178  FABACEAE. 

1.  Sophora  tomentosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  373.     1753. 

A  shrub  1-3  m,  tall,  with  silky-tomentose  foliage.  Leaves  1-2  dm.  long; 
leaflets  11-17,  the  blades  leathery,  oblong,  oblong-obovate  or  oval,  inequilateral, 
becoming  glalDrous  and  revolute-margined ;  racemes  elongating,  1-4  elm.  long; 
pedicels  5-10  mm.  long;  calyx  oblong  or  oblong-funnelform,  5-8  mm.  long^  con- 
stricted at  the  base,  undulate  or  indistinctly  5-lobed;  corolla  yellow;  standard 
with  an  ovate  blade  fully  1  cm.  broad,  and  over  1.5  cm.  long;  keel-petals  20  mm. 
long;  pods  5-10  cm.  long,  strongly  constricted  between  the  seeds,  long-stalked. 

Coastal  thickets,  coppices  and  white-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from 
Great  Bahama  through  Andros  and  Eleuthera  to  Taicos,  Grand  Turk.  Inagua  and 
Anguilla  Isles  : — Bermuda  :  Florida ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  St.  Vincent ; 
Jamaica  ;  Aruba  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Coast  Sophora. 

3.  CROTALARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  714.     1753. 

Herbs,  sometimes  slightly  woody,  with  simple,  or  in  many  tropical  species 
3-7-foliolate  leaves,  and  racemose  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  5-toothed,  slightly 
2-lipped;  standard  orbicular  or  ovate,  often  cordate;  wings  oblong  or  obovate; 
keel  curved.  Stamens  monadelphous,  their  sheath  deeply  cleft;  anthers  of  2 
forms,  alternating  with  each  other,  the  one  small,  versatile,  the  other  larger; 
style  more  or  less  curved;  pod  oblong  or  globose,  inflated,  many-seeded,  the 
seeds  loose  at  maturity.  [Greek,  a  rattle.]  About  250  species,  mainly  of  trop- 
ical regions.     Type  species:  Crotalaria  loti folia  L. 

Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  blue,  variegated.  1.  C.  verrucosa. 

Flowers   yellow.  2.   C.  retiisa. 

Leaves  3-foliolate. 

Flowers  ]    cm.  wide  or  less  ;  pod  about  1  cm.  long.  3.   C  pumila. 

Flowers  large,  1.5  cm.  wide  or  more  ;  pod  2-3.5  cm.  long. 

Herbaceous   annual  :   pods   pilose.  4.   C.  incano'. 

Somewhat  woody  perennial ;  pods  puberulent.  5.  C.  lotifolia. 

1.  Crotalaria  verrucosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  715.     1753. 

Annual,  3-8  dm.  high,  branched,  the  branches  zigzag,  angled,  finely  ap- 
pressed-pubescent.  Leaves  simple,  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse, 
rounded  or  acute  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-7  cm. 
long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  finely  appressed-pubescent  beneath,  short- 
petioled,  the  rounded  stipules  3-6  mm.  long;  racemes  several-flowered,  longer 
than  the  leaves,  the  peduncle  and  rachis  angled;  calyx  deeply  cleft,  its  upper 
lobes  ovate,  the  lower  lanceolate;  corolla  blue,  variegated,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  corolla;  pod  sessile,  oblong,  beaked,  appressed-pubescent 
with  long  hairs,  3-4  cm.  long,  9-12  mm.  thick. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground.  New  Providence,  Long  Island  and  Crooked 
Island  : — St.  Thomas  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Barbadoes  ;  .Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  continental 
tropical  America.     Native  of  the  East  Indies.     Purple  Rattlebox. 

2.  Crotalaria  retusa  L.  Sp.  PI.  715.     1753. 

Annual,  appressed-pubescent,  usually  branched,  4-10  dm.  high.  Stipules 
minute  or  wanting ;  leaves  simple,  oblanceolate,  spatulate  or  oblong,  short- 
petioled,  4-8  cm.  long,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
glabrous  above,  appressed-pubescent  beneath;  racemes  terminal,  peduncled, 
loosely  several-many-flowered,  2  dm.  long  or  less;  pedicels  6-10  mm.  long; 
calyx  2-lipped,  about  10  mm.  long;  petals  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
yellow,  the  standard  variegated;  pod  oblong,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long,  about  1  cm. 
thick,  short-beaked,  glabrous. 

Waste  and  cultivated  land.  New  Providence  and  Great  Exuma  : — Florida  ;  Ber- 
muda ;  West  Indies ;  coatirental  tropical  America.  Naturalized  from  the  Old 
World.     Large  Yellow  Rattlebox. 


FAB  ACE  AE.  179 

3.  Crotalaria  piimila  Ortega,  Hort.  Matr.  23.     1797. 

Perennial,  woody  below,  finely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  branched,  the  slender 
branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  1-9  dm.  long.  Stijiules  1-2  mm.  long, 
deciduous,  subulate;  petioles  very  slender,  0.5-2  cm.  long;  leaflets  3,  oblong, 
oblanceolate  or  obovate,  thin^  5-15  mm.  long,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  pubescent 
beneath;  racemes  few-flowered,  mostly  terminal,  much  longer  than  the  leaves; 
pedicels  slender,  2-5  mm.  long;  calyx  5-cleft  to  about  the  middle,  the  lobes 
acute  or  acuminate;  petals  yellow,  the  standard  7-9  mm.  long,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  the  keel  Avith  a  short  horizontal  beak;  pod  oblong,  sessile,  10-15  mm. 
long,  about  5  mm.  thick. 

Pine  and  palmetto-lands.  Ahaco.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Prnvidencp. 
Eleiithera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Great  Guana  Gay,  Exuma  and  Crooked 
Island: — Florida;  Cuba:  Ilispianola  ;  St.  Kitts  to  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica;  Mexico  to 
Venezuela.     Low  Rattlebox. 

4.  Crotalaria  incana  L.  Sp.  PI.  716.     1753. 

Annual  or  biennial,  herbaceous,  usually  branched,  1.3  m.  high  or  less,  the 
branches,  petioles  and  racemes  densely  pubescent.  Stipules  subulate,  5  mm. 
long  or  less,  deciduous,  or  wanting;  petioles  2-8  cm.  long;  leaflets  3,  obovate, 
oval  or  obovate-orbicular,  short-stalked,  1-5  cm.  long,  thin,  obtuse  and  often 
mucronulate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath, 
glabrate  above;  racemes  terminal,  long-peduncled,  several-flowered;  calyx- 
segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  7-9  mm.  long;  corolla  yellow  or  greenish- 
yellow,  10-13  mm.  long;  pods  oblong,  pendent,  pubescent,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  about 
1  cm.  thick. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  New  Providence  and  Ilog  Island  : — southern 
United  States;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America  north  to  Mexico; 
Old  World  tropics.     Velvety  Rattlebox. 

5.  Crotalaria  lotifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  715.     1753. 

Shrubby,  branched,  6  dm.-2  m.  high,  slender  and  sometimes  vine-like  and 
up  to  3  m.  long,  the  branches  and  petioles  appressed-pubescent.  Stipules 
minute,  deciduous;  petioles  slender,  2-6  cm.  long;  leaflets  3,  oblong  to  elliptic, 
thin,  1-4  cm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- 
stalked,  silky-pubescent  or  glabrate  beneath,  usually  glabrous  above;  racemes 
axillary,  short-peduncled,  few-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter;  calyx- 
segments  lanceolate,  acuminate,  5-7  mm.  long;  corolla  yellow,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  the  standard  reddish  veined;  pod  narrowly  oblong,  beaked, 
2-3  cm.  long,  about  6  mm.  thick,  finely  appressed-pubescent. 

Open  scrub-lands,  New  Providence  and  Elenthera  : — Cuba  to  Anogada  and 
Barbadoes ;    Jamaica.     Reported   from    tropical    Africa.     Bushy    Rattlebox. 

Dolley  reports  Crotalaria  stipnlaris  Desv.  from  the  Bahamas  ;  Mr.  Brace  has  not 
seen  the  species  nor  have  our  collectors  returned  it  from  the  archipelago. 

4.  TKIFOLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.   764.     1753. 

Herbs,  with  mostly  3-foliolate  (occasionally  4-11-foliolate)  denticulate 
leaves,  the  flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes.  Stipules  a<lnate  to  the  petiole. 
Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  commonly  persistent,  their  claws  adnate  to 
the  stamen-tube.  Stamens  diadelphous,  or  the  tenth  one  separate  for  only  a 
portion  of  its  length.  Ovary  few-ovuled.  Pod  often  included  in  the  calyx, 
membranous,  indehiscent  or  tardily  dehiscent  by  1  suture,  1-6-seeded.  [Latin, 
referring  to  the  3  leaflets.]  About  275  species,  most  abundant  in  the  north 
temperate  zone.     Type  species:   Trifolium  prafcnsc  L. 

Flowers  white  or  pinl^ish,  pedicelled.  1-    7|.   r. /)r;i.«. 

Flowers  red,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so.  -•   J-  nrnirusc. 


180  FAB  ACE  AE. 

1.  Trifolium  repens  L.  Sp.  PI.  767.     1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  -with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  the  branches  often 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  1-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  long-petioled ;  stipules  ovate- 
lanceolate,  membranous,  acute,  4-12  mm.  long;  leaflets  short-stalked,  obovate, 
emarginate  or  obcordate,  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  denticulate,  8-20  mm. 
long;  heads  long-peduncled;  floAvers  7-12  mm.  long;  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long, 
finally  reflexed;  corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  acuminate, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  tube;  pod  about  4-seeded. 

Wayside  ditches  and  dooryards,  New  Providence,  at  Nassau  : — Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ; 
Jamaica ;  naturalized  throughout  temperate  North  America.  Native  of  the  Old 
World.     White  Cloa-ee. 

2.  Trifolium  pratense  L.  Sp.  PI.  768.     1753. 

Perennial,  pubescent,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  long-petioled;  stipules  ovate, 
strongly  veined,  subulate-tipped,  12-20  mm.  long;  leaflets  short-stalked,  oval, 
oblong  or  obovate,  narrowed  at  base,  hardly  cuneate,  obtuse  and  sometimes 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  often  dark-spotted  near  the  middle,  finely  denticulate, 
1-3.5  em,  long;  heads  globose  or  ovoid,  rarely  slightly  peduncled,  about  2.5  cm. 
long;  flowers  I'ed  (rarely  white),  about  12  mm.  long,  remaining  erect  in  fruit; 
calyx  sparingly  hairy,  its  subulate  teeth  shorter  than  the  corolla. 

Dooryard,  New  Providence  at  Nassau  : — Bermuda  ;  Cuba.  Widely  naturalized 
in  temperate  North  America.     Native  of  the  Old  World.     Red  Clover. 

5.  INDIGOFERA  L.  Sp.  PI.  751.     1753. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  often  canescent  Avith  hairs  affixed  by  the  middle, 
with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  pink  or  purple,  spicate  or  racemose 
flowers.  Calyx-teeth  oblique,  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  longer;  standard 
ovate  or  orbicular,  sessile  or  clawed ;  wings  oblong ;  keel  erect,  somewhat 
gibbous,  or  spurred;  stamens  mainly  monadelphous;  ovary  l-oo-ovuled;  style 
slender;  pod  linear,  4-angled  or  subterete,  septate  between  the  seeds.  [Xame 
from  the  yield  of  indigo  by  some  species.]  About  275  species,  natives  of  warm 
and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Indigofera  tinctoria  L. 

1.  Indigofera  suffruticosa  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  2.     1768. 

Indigofera  Anil  L.  Mant.  2:   272.     1771. 

A  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  usually  much-branched,  the  branches  slender,  tough, 
whitish  appressed-pubescent  and  grooved  when  young.  Leaves  5-12  cm.  long; 
stipules  filiform-setaceous,  very  small;  petiole  1-2.5  cm.  long;  leaflets  9-17, 
oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  3  cm.  long  or  less,  obtuse  or  acutish  and  mucronate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  pale  green,  appressed-pubescent  on 
both  sides,  or  glabrous  above,  darkening  in  drying;  racemes  narrow,  several- 
many-flowered,  2-5  cm.  long;  pedicels  about  1  mm.  long,  about  equalling  the 
campanulate,  pubescent  calyx,  reflexed  in  fruit;  corolla  yellowish,  3.5-4.5  mm. 
long;  pod  falcate,  appressed-pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  when  old,  8-15 
mm.  long,  2  mm.  thick,  ridged  on  the  sutures,  4-8-seeded. 

Waste  and  cultivated  lands,  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Great  Guana,  Exuma,  Cat  Island,  Watling's.  Long  Island,  Acklin's  and  Inagua  : — 
Bermuda ;  southern  United  States ;  West  Indies ;  Mexico  to  continental  tropical 
South   America.     /.   argentea   of   Schoepf.     Wild   Indigo. 


FABACEAE.  181 

6.  CRACCA  L.  Sp.  PI.   752.     1753. 

[Tephrosia  Pers.  Syii.  2:  328.     1807.] 

Herbs,  sometimes  slightly  shrubby,  with  odd-pinnate  not  punctate  leaves, 
and  purple  red  or  T\-hite  flowers  in  racemes  or  short  clusters.  Stipules  small; 
leaflets  entire.  Calyx-teeth  usually  nearly  equal.  Petals  all  clawed;  standard 
orbicular  or  broadly  ovate;  wings  obliquely  obovate  or  oblong;  keel  curved; 
stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous ;  ovules  several  or  many.  Pod  linear,  flat, 
2-valved,  several-seeded.  [Latin,  vetch.]  About  120  species,  mainly  natives 
of  warm  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Cracca  villosa  L. 

Racemes  short-peduncled  ;   leaflets  blunt,  mucronate.  1.  C.  cinrrca. 

Racemes   long-peduncled  ;   leaflets   emarginate,   mucronulate.  2.  C.  cdthtirtica. 

1.  Cracca  cinerea  (L.)  Morong,  Ann.  X.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  7:   79.     1892. 

Galega  cinerea  L.  PI.  Jam.  Pug.  19.     1759. 
Tephrosia  cinerea 'Per^.  Syn.  2:  328.     1807. 

Eootstock  thick,  sometimes  long,  woody;  stems  slender,  usually  branched, 
ascending,  erect  or  diffuse,  5  dm.  long  or  less,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Leaves 
5-8  cm.  long;  petioles  1.5  cm.  long  or  less;  stipules  subulate;  leaflets  9-15, 
mostly  oblanceolate,  sometimes  narrowly  oblong,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  o])tuse  or 
acutish  at  the  apex,  often  mucronate,  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  ap- 
pressed-pubescent,  at  least  beneath;  racemes  few,  several-flowered,  peduncled, 
mostly  opposite  the  leaves;  calyx  about  5  mm.  long,  its  teeth  acuminate;  petals 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  purple  or  purplish,  the  standard  about  10  mm. 
broad;  pod  3-6  cm.  long,  2.5-4  mm.  wide,  finely  pubescent,  containing  10  seeds 
or  fewer. 

Shaded  white-lands,  Cave  Cay,  Great  Exuma,  Rum  Cay,  Long  Island,  Acklin's. 
Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — West  Indies  :  Mexico  to  South  America.  The  plant  re- 
ferred to  by  Hitchcock  proved  to  be  the  following  species.     Slender  GoATS-itri-:. 

2    Cracca  cathartica   (Moc.  &  Se?se)   Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Galega  cathartica  Moc.  &  Sesse,  Fl.  Mex.  ed.  2:  175.     1894. 
Cracca  Schottii  Vail,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  22:  25.     1895. 
Tephrosia  cathartica  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  4:   283.     1905. 

Eoot  deep,  elongated;  stem  often  much  branched,  8  dm.  high  or  less,  the 
branches  ascending  or  diffuse,  slender,  tough,  2-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  5-S  cm. 
long;  petioles  slender,  2  cm.  long  or  less;  stipules  linear-subulate;  leaflets  5-9, 
oblong-obovate,  1.5-4  cm.  long,  appressed-pubescent  on  both  sides  or  glabrate 
above,  mostly  retuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate-narrcwed  at  the  base;  racemes  term- 
inal and  opposite  the  leaves,  few-flowered,  short  or  elongated;  calyx  about  4 
mm.  long,  its  teeth  acuminate;  petals  purple  or  red-purple,  the  standard  about 
8  mm.  broad;  pod  3-4  cm.  long,  4-5  mm.  wide,  5-7-seeded. 

Coastal  whitp-lands.  Elbow  Cav.  Andrns  :  Eleuthera  : — Cuba:  Ilispnnioln  :  Porto 
Rico;  Virgin  Gorda  to  St.  Kitts  ;  Trinidad;  Cayman  Islands;  Island  of  Ruatan.  Carta- 
gena  ;  Colombia.     Bushy  Goats-eue. 

7.  SESBAN  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   327.     1763. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  Avith  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  numerous,  entire, 
not  stipellate,  or  the  stipels  minute.  Flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  the  slender 
pedicels  with  2  deciduous  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  Calyx  campanulate,  nearly 
equally  5-toothed.  Standard  broad,  ovate  or  orbicular;  wings  oblong,  falcate; 
keel  blunt.     Stamens  diadelphous    (9  and  1).     Ovary  mostly  stipitate,  many- 


182  FABACEAE. 

ovuled;  style  glabrous;  stigma  small.  Pod  elongated-linear,  wingless,  com- 
pressed, partitioned  between  the  oblong  seeds.  [Name  Arabic]  About  15 
species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Aeschynomene 
Sesban  L. 

Leaflets  apiculate,  glabrous  above,  silky  pubescent  beneath,  1.  S.  sericea. 

Leaflets  mucronate,  sparingly  pubescent  above,  glabrous  beneath.     2.  (S.   occidcntalis. 

1.  Sesban  sericea  (Willd.)  DC.  Prodr.  2:  266.     1825. 

Coronilla  sericea  Willd.  Enum.  773.     1809. 

Agati  sericea  Hitclic.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  75.     1893. 

Stem  slightly  woody,  1-2  m.  tall,  silky-pubescent,  at  least  above.  Leaves 
1-2.5  dm.  long,  the  rachis  pubescent;  leaflets  10-20  pairs,  linear-oblong,  1.5- 
2.5  cm.  long,  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  usually  densely  silky  pubescent 
beneath,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  sometimes  nearly  glabrous  on  both  sides; 
peduncles  few-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  very  slender, 
1  cm.  long  or  less;  calyx  about  4  mm.  long,  its  teeth  triangular,  very  acute; 
standard  10-12  mm.  long,  yellow,  black-spotted;  pod  10-16  cm.  long,  biconvex, 
3  mm.  wide,  short-beaked,  not  constricted  between  the  seeds. 

Waste  places,  usually  roadsides,  New  Providence  and  Rum  Cay  : — Haiti  to  St. 
Thomas  and  to  Martinique  ;  Jamaica.     Silky  Sesban. 

2.  Sesban  occidentalis  (Willd.)  Pers.  Syn.  2:  316.     1807. 

Coronilla  occidentalis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.   3:    1147.     1803. 

Shrubby,  3  m.  high  or  less,  branched,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent 
above  when  young.  Leaves  1-2  dm.  long;  leaflets  10-20  pairs,  linear-oblong, 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  mucronate  at  the  apex;  racemes  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  few-several-flowered;  pedicels  slender,  8-12  mm.  long;  calyx 
broadly  campanulate,  6-7  ram.  long,  its  triangular  teeth  very  acute ;  corolla 
about  2  cm.  long,  the  standard  yellow,  purple-dotted;  pod  1.5-2.5  dm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  wide,  biconvex,  slightly  constricted  between  the  seeds  when  young. 

Fields,  Inagua,  near  Mathew  Town: — Cuba  to  Porto  Rico:  Trinidad;  Jamaica. 
The  Inagua  specimen  is  in  fruit  only,  and  is  referred  to  this  species  with  some 
hesitation.     Smooth  Sesban. 

8.  AGATI  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:    326.     1763. 

Eapid-growing  and  short-lived  small  trees  or  shrubs,  with  equally  pinnate 
leaves  of  many  pairs  of  oblong,  entire  leaflets,  and  large,  variously  colored 
flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  large,  campanulate,  its  lobes  short  and 
broad.  Standard  ovate  to  oblong;  wings  narrow,  longer  than  the  standard; 
keel  petals  curved,  separate  at  base  and  apex.  Stamens  diadelphous  (1  and  9) ; 
anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  stipitate;  style  subulate,  curved,  the  small  terminal 
stigma  capitate;  pod  linear,  elongated,  flat,  septate  between  the  seeds.  [Mala- 
bar name.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Agati  grandiflora   (L.)  Desv.  Journ.  Bot.  1:  120.     1813. 

Bohinia  grandiflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  722.     1753. 
Aeschynomene  grandiflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2:  1060.     1763. 
Sesban  grandiflorus  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encye.  7:    127.     1806. 

A  tree,  up  to  12  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  3  dm.  thick,  glabrous,  or  very 
nearly  so  throughout,  or  the  young  foliage  finely  pubescent,  the  bark  rough. 


FAB  ACE  AE.  183 

Leaves  2-3.5  dm.  long,  ?hort-petioled ;  leaflets  10-30  pairs,  oblong,  2-4  liu. 
long,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  inequilaterally  narrowed  at  the  base ; 
racemes  2-5-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx  2-2.5  cm.  long,  its  broadly 
triangular  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla  red  to  white,  6-10  cm. 
long;  pod  2-4  dm.  long,  about  8  mm.  wide,  beaked  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base  into  a  long  stout  stipe. 

Was.to  places,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Fortune  and  Afkiin's  Islands  : — 
a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  spontaneous  after  cultivation  in  Florida,  the  West 
Indies  and  Yucatan.     Agati.     FLAMiNGO-niLi.. 

9.  STYLOSANTHES  Sw.  Prodr.  108.     1788. 

Perennial  herbs,  mainly  with  villous  or  viscid  pubescence,  3-foliolate  leaves, 
and  yellow  terminal  or  axillary  spicate  or  capitate  flowers.  Calyx-tube  cam- 
panulate,  its  teeth  membranous,  the  4  upper  ones  more  or  less  united.  Petals 
and  stamens  inserted  at  or  near  the  summit  of  the  tube;  standard  orbicular; 
wings  oblong ;  keel  curved,  beaked.  Stamens  monadelphous ;  anthers  alternately 
longer  and  shorter.  Ovary  nearly  sessile;  ovules  2  or  3;  style  filiform.  Pod 
sessile,  flattened,  1-2-jointed,  reticulate,  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  [Greek, 
column-flower,  alluding  to  the  column-like  calyx-tube.]  About  30  species,  of 
warm  and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Stylosanthes  procumbejis  Sw. 

Foliage  not  viscid  :   leaflets  oblong,  nearly  glabrous.  1.   .S'.   hamntti. 

Foliage  viscid  ;  leaflets  elliptic,  pubescent.  2.  H.   vistosa. 

1.  Stylosanthes  hamata  (L.)  Taubert,  Monogr.  Stylos.  '22.     1889. 

Hedysarum  hamatum  L.  Syst.  ed.  10:  1170.     1759. 
Stylosanthes  procumhens  Sw.  Prodr.  108.     1788. 

Somewhat  pubescent,  branched,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  0.5-5 
dm.  long.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles,  with  free  subulate  apices.  Leaflets 
oblong  or  narrowdy  oblong,  longer  than  the  petioles,  17  mm.  long  or  less,  nearly 
glabrous,  acute  at  both  ends,  strongly  pinnately  veined,  mucronate;  flowers 
about  6  mm.  wide,  in  short  dense  bracted  spikes;  loment  commonly  2-jointed, 
the  persistent  hooked  style-base  pubescent. 

Dry  and  moist  open  rocky  and  sandy  places.  Great  Bahama  and  Little  Harbor 
Cay,  and  throughout  the  islands  from  New  Providence  to  the  Caicos,  Grand  Turk 
and  Inagua : — Florida;  West  Indies;  the  Cayman  Islands;  Mexico  southward  t.> 
Colombia.     Common  Pencil-flower. 

2.  Stylosanthes  viscosa  Sw.  Prodr.  108.     1788. 

Viscid-pubescent,  usually  much-branched,  1.5-3  dm.  high  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles,  their  tips  free,  subu- 
late; leaflets  elliptic  or  oblong-elliptic,  pubescent  and  ciliate,  pinnately  veined, 
acute  and  mucronate;  flowers  few^,  in  short  dense  bracted  spikes,  the  bracts 
villous  and  ciliate;  loment  1-2-jointed,  tipped  by  the  hooked  style-base. 

Scrub-lands,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica.     Viscid  Pencil-flower. 

10.  MEIBOMIA  Heist.;  Fabr.  Enum.  PI.  Ilort.  Ilelmst.  168.     1759. 

Perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  with  stipellate  3-foliolate 
or  in  some  species  1-  or  5-foliolate  leaves,  and  usually  small  flowers  in  racemes 
or  panicles.  Calyx-tube  short,  its  teeth  more  or  less  united  into  2  lips,  the 
upper  one  2-toothed,  the  lower  teeth  acute  or  attenuate.  Standard  oblong,  ovate 
or  orbicular,  narrowed  or  rarely  clawed  at  the  base;   wings  obliquely  oblong; 


184  FABACEAE. 

keel  nearly  straight,  obtuse.  Stamens  monadel]3lious  or  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ; 
anthers  all  alike.  Ovules  2-oo.  Loment  flat,  2-several-jointed,  the  joints  mainly 
coriaceous  and  pubescent  or  muricate,  indehiscent  or  rarely  partially  dehiscent, 
readily  separable.  [Named  for  Dr.  Brandus  Meibom;  died  at  Helmstadt,  1740.] 
About  160  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species: 
Hedysarum  canadense  L. 

Upper  suture  of  the  loment  straight  or  nearly  so.  1.  M.  supina. 
Both  sutures  of  the  loment  undulate. 

Loment  several-jointed,   moniliform.  2.  M.  tortuosa. 

Loment  2-jointed  ;  upper  joint  much  larger  than  the  lower.           3.  M.  mollis. 

1.  Meibomia  supina  (Sw.)  Britton,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  7:  83.     1892. 

Hedysarum  supinnm  Sw.  Prodr.  106.  1788. 
Hedysarum  incanum  Sw.  Prodr.  107.  1788. 
Desmodium  incanum  DC.  Prodr.  2:  332.     1825. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending,  somewhat  woody,  3-9  dm.  high,  puberulent  or 
short-pubescent.  Stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  connate  below,  or  at  length 
distinct,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles;  leaflets  3  or  often  only  1,  various  in 
form,  mostly  elliptic,  but  also  lanceolate,  obovate,  nearly  linear,  or  orbicular, 
sometimes  several  forms  on  the  same  plant,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  dark 
green  above,  finely  pubescent  and  pale  beneath,  2-7.5  cm.  long;  stipels  subu- 
late; racemes  2-8  cm.  long;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  pubescent,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels,  deciduous;  pedicels  6-12  mm.  long;  calyx  small,  about  3  mm.  long,  its 
teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  purple  or  purplish,  2-3  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx;  loment  3-8-jointed,  3  cm.  long  or  less,  its  upper  suture  continuous, 
the  lower  margin  deeply  undulate,  the  oblong  joints  densely  pubescent. 

Dry  or  moist  places  in  scrub,  coppices,  pine-lands,  waste  or  cultivated  lands, 
throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros,  Watling's, 
Crooked  Island  and  East  Caicos  :— Florida  ;  West  Indies  :  continental  tropical  Amer- 
ica ;    tropical    Africa.     Recorded    by    Schoepf    as    Hedysarum    cancscens.     Common 

TiCK-TEEFOIL. 

2.  Meibomia  tortuosa    (Sw.)    Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.   198.     1891. 

Hedysarum  tortuosum  Sw.  Prodr.  107.     1788. 
Desmodium  tortuosum  DC.  Prodr.  2:  332.     1825. 

Erect,  branched,  1.5  m.  high  or  less,  the  stem  and  branches  finely  and 
rather  densely  pubescent,  striate.  Stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  half-cordate 
at  base,  6-15  mm.  long;  leaflets  3,  ovate  to  oblong  or  elliptic,  2-10  cm.  long, 
sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs,  or  glabrous  above,  mostly  obtuse  at 
the  apex  and  narrowed  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  longer;  stipels 
subulate;  racemes  simple,  or  sparingly  branched,  1.5-3  dm.  long;  pedicels 
filiform,  1-2  cm.  long;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  deciduous;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  its  teeth  subulate;  corolla  blue  to 
purple,  about  5  mm.  long;  loment  nearly  sessile,  at  first  much  twisted,  at  length 
flat,  3-6- jointed,  both  margins  deeply  undulate,  the  oval-orbicular  joints  4-5 
mm.  long. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides.  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — Florida  :  Texas  : 
.Jamaica ;    Cuba   to  Tortola   and   Grenada ;    continental    tropical   America.     Twisted 

TiCK-TEEFOIL. 

3.  Meibomia  mollis  (A^ahl)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  198.     1891. 

Hedysarum.  molle  Vahl,  Symb.  2:  83.  1791. 
Desmodium  molle  DC.  Prodr.  2:  332.     1825. 

Stem  erect,  rather  stout,  branched,  2  m.  high  or  less,  softly  pubescent. 
Stipules  triangular-subulate,  2-6  mm.  long;  leaflets  3,  rarely  only  1,  ovate,  2-10 


FABACEAE.  185 

cm.  long,  acute  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  baf^-e,  pubescent  on  both 
sides,  as  long  as  the  pubescent  petioles  or  shorter;  stipels  subulate;  racemes 
1-2  dm.  long,  commonly  branched;  pedicels  filiform,  3-8  mm.  long;  bracts 
ovate,  about  1  mm.  long,  deciduous;  calyx  2.5-3  mm.  long,  its  teeth  linear- 
lanceolate;  corolla  blue,  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  loment  nearly  sessile,  2- 
jointed,  the  louver  joint  small,  twisted,  the  upper  one  elliptic  or  subreniform, 
6-8  mm.  long,  finely  reticulate-veined,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate. 

Waste  places,  Andros,  Fortune  Island.  Acklin's  Island  : — Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda 
and  Martinique;  Curagao ;  continental  tropical  America.  Recorded  from  Jamaica. 
Velvety  Tick-trefoil. 

11.  ALYSICARPUS  Neck.;   DC.  Prodr.  2:    352.     1825. 

Herbs,  our  species  with  1-foliolate  leaves  and  small  purplish  or  blue  flowers 
in  short  terminal  racemes,  the  scarious  bracts  deciduous.  Calyx  narrow, 
deeply  cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  chartaceous,  striate,  the  two  upper 
ones  partly  united.  Standard  suborbicular,  clawed;  wings  obliquely  oblong, 
adnate  to  the  blunt  incurved  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Ovary 
nearly  sessile,  several-ovuled ;  style  filiform,  its  apex  incurved;  stigma  terminal, 
capitate.  Loment  nearly  terete,  several-jointed,  the  joints  indehiscent.  [Greek, 
chain-fruit.]  About  16  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics.  Type 
species:  Alijsicarpus  'bupleurifolius  (L.)  DC. 

1.  Alysicarpus  nummularifolius  (L.)  DC.  Prodr.  2:  353.     1825. 

Hedysarum  nummulari folium  L.  Sp.  PI.  746.     1753. 
Alysicarpus  vaginalis  DC.  Prodr.  2:  353.     1825. 

Perennial,  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  slender,  diffuse,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  spreading  or  ascending,  5  cm.-6  dm.  long.  Stipules  scarious,  striate, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-6  mm.  long;  petioles  very  slender,  1  cm,  long  or  less; 
leaves  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent,  the  lower  orbicular  to  oval,  5-12  mm. 
long,  the  upper  oblong  to  'lanceolate,  1-3.5  em.  long;  racemes  1-3  cm.  long; 
pedicels  very  short,  pubescent;  calyx  4-5  mm.  long;  corolla  little  longer  than 
the  calyx;  loment  1-2  cm.  long,  its  puberulent  or  glabrous  joints  truncati-. 
slightly  wrinkled. 

Waste  places,  New  Providence,  near  Nassau  : — West  Indies.  Native  of  soutliorn 
Asia.     False  Moneywort. 

12.  ECASTAPHYLLUM  [P.  Br.]  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   320.     1763. 

Woody  vines,  or  widely  branching  shrubs,  with  alternate,  1-foliolate  or  un- 
evenly pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  estipellate,  and  small  white  bracted  flowers 
mostly  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  subcampanulate,  its  2  upper  teeth  broad. 
Standard  broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular;  wings  oblong;  keel  blunt,  incurved,  its 
petals  connate  on  the  back  near  the  apex.  Stamens  all  united  into  a  cleft 
sheath,  or  the  upper  one  separate  or  wanting;  anthers  erect,  their  sacs  dehis- 
cent by  terminal  slits.  Ovary  2-ovuled,  stipitate;  st3'le  nearly  straight;  stigma 
terminal.  Pod  nearly  orbicular  to  short-elliptic,  nearly  flat,  1-seeded,  sub- 
ligneous,  indehiscent.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  unifoliolate  leaves  of  the  fol- 
lowing typical  species.]  Five  or  six  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical America. 

13 


186  FAB ACE AE 

1,  Ecastaphyllum  Ecastaphyllum  (L.)   Britton,  Mem.  Brooklyn  Bot.  Gard.  1: 
55.     1918. 

Hedysarum  Ecastaphyllum  L.  Syst.  eel.  10,  1169.     1759. 

Ecastaphyllum  Brownei  Pers.  Syn.  2:  277.     1807. 

Hecastophyllum  Broumei  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  202.     1860. 

Dalbergia  Ecastophyllum  Taubert  in  Engl.   &  Prantl.   Nat.   Pfl.   3^:    335. 

1894. 
Dalbergia  Brownei  Sehinz,  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  6:  731.     1898. 

A  widely  branched,  spreading  or  vine-like  shrub  2-4  m.  high,  rarely  tree- 
like and  described  as  sometimes  reaching  a  height  of  8  m.,  the  branches  elon- 
gated, the  young  twigs  finely  pubescent.  Stipules  lanceolate,  silky-pubescent, 
acuminate,  about  1  cm.  long ;  leaves  1-f oliolate ;  petioles  stout,  pubescent,  5-12 
mm.  long;  petiolule  2-3  mm.  long;  leaflet  ovate,  6-12  cm.  long,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above, 
finely  and  densely  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young;  panicles  axillary, 
pubescent,  usually  little  longer  than  the  petioles;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  calyx 
pubescent,  about  5  mm,  long;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long;  stamens  10,  diadelphous; 
pod  suborbicular  to  broadly  oval,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  finely  pubescent. 

Borders  of  coppices  and  coastal  thickets,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  North  Bimini, 
Andros,  New  Providence,  Watling's  and  Crooked  Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin 
Gorda  and  to  Trinidad ;  .Jamaica ;  continental  tropical  America ;  coast  of  tropical 
Africa.     Ti-ti.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  2li. 

13.  ICHTHYOMETHIA  P.  Br.  Hist.  Jam.  296.     1756. 

Trees,  with  unevenly  pinnate  leaves,  the  short-stalked  leaflets  large,  oppo- 
site, estipellate,  the  pink  to  purplish,  rather  large  flowers  in  lateral  panicles, 
often  appearing  before  the  leaves.  Calyx  obliquely  campanulate,  5-toothed,  the 
2  upper  teeth  connate.  Standard  suborbicular;  wings  oblong,  somewhat  falcate, 
adherent  -to  the  keel ;  keel  obtuse,  its  petals  coherent  on  the  back.  Stamens 
monadelphous,  but  the  upper  one  free  at  the  base;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary 
many-ovuled;  style  filiform,  incurved;  stigma  terminal,  small.  Pod  linear, 
flattened,  indehiscent,  with  4  broad  membranous  wings,  several-many-seeded. 
[Greek,  fish-killing.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Ichthyomethia  Piscipula   (L.)   Hitchcock,  Gard.  &  For.  4:   472.     1891. 

Erythrina  Piscipula  L.  Sp.  PI.  707.     1753. 
Piscidia  Erythrina  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1155.     1759. 

A  tree,  usually  low,  rarely  20  m.  high,  the  twigs  finely  puberulent.  Leaves 
2-3  dm.  long;  leaflets  5-9  (rarely  3),  elliptic,  oblong,  or  the  lower  pair  ovate, 
4-12  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  aeutish  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  glabrous 
above,  at  least  when  mature,  finely  pubescent  beneath;  panicles  many-flowered, 
as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter ;  ultimate  pedicels  short,  puberulent ;  calyx 
about  6  mm.  long,  its  teeth  triangular-ovate;  corolla  silky,  about  1.5  cm.  long; 
pod  5-15  cm.  long,  its  wings  7-12  mm.  wide,  lacerate,  transversely  veined; 
seeds  black. 

Coastal  thickets  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama.  Lignum  Vitae  Cav.  Andros, 
Mangrove  Cay,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island,  Watling's.  Acklin's  and  An- 
guilla  Isles  : — Florida  :  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America.  Fish-poison. 
Dogwood.  Consists  of  several  races  differing  mostly  in  pubescence  and  in  form 
of  the  leaflets. 


FABACEAE.  187 

14.  ABRUS  L.  Syst.  ed.   12,  2:   472.     1767. 

Slender,  somewhat  woody  vines,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  the  numerous 
small  estipellate  leaflets  entire,  the  rachis  terminating  in  a  small  bristle,  the 
small  rose  to  white  flowers  clustered  at  the  nodes  of  axillary  or  terminal 
racemes.  Calyx  subtruucate,  its  teeth  very  short.  Standard  ovate,  with  a  broad 
and  short  claw;  wings  oblong,  falcate;  keel  curved,  larger  than  the  wings. 
Stamens  9,  monadelphous.  Ovary  nearly  se?sile,  several-many-ovuled;  style 
short,  curved;  stigma  terminal.  Pod  flat,  2-valved,  partitioned  between  the  sub- 
globose,  shining  seeds.  [Greek,  graceful.]  Five  known  species,  of  tropical 
regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Abrus  Abrus  (L.)  W.  F.  Wight,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  9:  171.     19J5. 

Glycine  Ahrus  L.  Sp.  PI.  753.     1753. 

Ahrus  precatorius  L.  Syst.  ed.  12,  2:  472.     1767. 

Stems  woody  below,  nearly  herbaceous  above,  climbing  or  twining  to  a 
length  of  2-3  m.,  glabrous,  or  the  young  parts  sparingly  pubescent.  Stipules 
linear,  acute,  3-5  mm.  long;  petioles  short,  mostly  less  than  1  cm.  long;  leaves 
5-10  cm.  long,  the  very  slender  rachis  sparingly  pubescent;  leaflets  8-15  pairs, 
8-20  mm.  long,  oblong  or  the  upper  ones  obovate,  glabrous  above,  sparingly 
puberulent  beneath,  rounded  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  bas-e, 
very  short-stalked,  readily  detached  when  dry;  racemes  peduncled,  3-8  cm.  long; 
corolla  red  to  purple,  rarely  white,  8-10  mm.  long;  po<l  oblong,  beaked,  2-3.5 
cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  wide ;  seeds  scarlet  with  a  black  base. 

Scrub-lands  and  waste  places,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  ('at  Island 
and  Great  Exuraa  : — West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics. 
Crab's-eyes.     Black-eyed  Susax. 

15.     CLITORIA  L.  Sp.  PL   753.     1753. 

Woody  vines,  or  erect  or  climbing  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  or  some- 
times 5-9-foliolate  leaves,  persistent  stipules,  and  large  axillary  flowers.  Calyx 
tubular,  5-toothed,  the  upper  teeth  more  or  less  united;  standard  large,  erect, 
retus-e,  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  spurred;  wings  oblong,  curved;  keel  acute, 
shorter  than  the  wings;  stamens  more  or  less  monadelphous;  anthers  all  alike; 
ovary  stipitate;  style  elongated,  incurved,  hairy  along  the  inner  side;  pod 
stalked  in  the  calyx,  linear  or  linear-oblong,  flattened,  2-valved,  partly  septate 
between  the  seeds.  About  30  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
Type  species:  Clitoria  Ternatea  L. 

1.  Clitoria  Ternatea  L.  Sp.  PI.  753.     1753. 

Perennial,  herbaceous  or  slightly  woody  below,  slender,  twining  to  a  height 
of  2  m.  or  more,  or,  if  without  support,  prostrate,  pubescent,  at  least  on  the 
younger  parts.  Stipules  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  5-8  mm.  long;  petioles 
slender,  pubes-cent,  1-3  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-9  (usually  5),  ovate  or  oval,  short- 
stalked,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the 
base,  thin,  glabrous  above,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath;  pclundes  1-flowered, 
1-2  cm.  long;  bracts  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse,  5-7  mm.  long;  calyx  about  1.7  cm. 
long,  its  lanceolate  lobes  acuminate;  corolla  laige,  blue  and  white,  the  standard 
3-4"  cm.  long;  pod  nearly  sessile,  flat,  linear,  beaked,  pubescent,  13  cm.  long  or 
less,  about  1  cm.  wide;  seeds  compressed,  subreniform,  mottletl,  5-6  mm.  long. 

Fields  and  waste  places,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence  nnd 
Inagcua  : — a  native  of  tropical  Africa  :  sjiontaneous  after  cultivation  througliout  the 
West  Indies  and  tropical  America,  and  in  Florida.     Blue-pea. 


188  FAB  ACE  AE. 

16.  BRADBURYA  Eaf.   Fl.   Liulov.   104.     1817. 

Slender  vines,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves  (rarely  5-7-foliolate),  per- 
sistent stipules,  and  large  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  campaniilate,  its  teeth  or 
lobes  nearly  equal;  standard  orbicular,  nearly  flat,  spurred  on  the  back  near  its 
base,  clawed;  wings  obovate,  curved;  keel  curved;  stamens  more  or  less  dia- 
delphous  (9  and  1)  ;  style  incurved,  bearded  at  the  apex  around  the  stigma; 
pod  linear,  flattened,  nearly  sessile,  partially  septate  between  the  seeds,  2- 
valved,  the  valves  thick-edged,  longitudinally  finely  nerved  along  their  margins. 
[In  honor  of  John  Bradbury,  who  travelled  in  America  early  in  the  last  century.] 
About  30  species,  natives  of  America.     Type  species:  Bradburya  scandens  Eaf. 

Pods    4.5-5.5   mm,    wide, ;    seeds    cylindric,    7.5-8   mm.    long,    black    or   yellow   with 
black  blotches.  1.  B.  poridana. 

Pods  .3.5-4  mm.  wide ;  seeds  cuboid-cylindric,  3.5-4  mm.  long, 

red-brown  or  with  lighter  blotches.  2.  B.  rirginiana. 

1.  Bradburya  floridana  Britton,  Torreya  4:  142.     1904. 

Stems  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1  m.  long  or  more.  Stipules  long-acuminate; 
leaflets  lanceolate  to  oval,  glabrous,  reticulate- veined  on  both  sides,  8  cm.  long 
or  less,  obtuse  and  aristulate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  the  glabrous 
petioles  2-5  cm.  long;  peduncles  pubescent,  or  glabrous,  3-6  cm,  long;  bracts 
acute,  pubescent,  1  cm.  long  or  less;  corolla  nearly  white  or  violet  striped  with 
lavender  or  yellow,  2.5-4  cm.  long;  pod  8-12  cm.  long,  4,5-5.5  mm.  wide,  long- 
tipped,  glabrous;  seeds  black  or  yellow  with  black  markings. 

Scrub-lands  and  white-lands,  Abaco,  Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands.  Eleuthera.  Con- 
ception Island.  Exuma  Chain,  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Acklin's  and  Crooked 
Islands  : — Florida.     Florida  Butterfly-pea. 

2.  Bradburya  virginiana  (L.)  Kuntze,  'Rev.  Gen.  PI.  164.     1891. 

Clitoria  virginiana  L.  Sp.  PI,  753,     1753. 

Centroscma  virginianum  Benth,  Ann.  Mas.  "Wien.  2:   120,     1838, 

Centrosema  virginianum  an gvMi folium  Griseb,  Fl,  Br,  W,  I,  193,     1860, 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  finely  rough-pubescent,  6-12  dm,  long.  Stipules 
linear,  acute;  leaflets  ovate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  stipellate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  reticulate-veined,  2,5-5  cm,  long;  peduncles  about  equalling  the 
petioles,  1-4-flowered;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  finely  striate;  flowers  2.5-4  cm.  long; 
corolla  violet;  calyx-lobes  linear;  pod  10-13  cm.  long,  3.5-4  mm.  wide,  long- 
acuminate,  its  margins  much  thickened. 

Scrub,  rocky  and  grassy  lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and 
Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — New  .Tersey  to  Florida  and  Texas ; 
Mexico  to  Bolivia  and  Brazil  :  West  Indies.  A  species  composed  of  a  large  number 
of  insignificantly  differing  races  with  leaflets  varying  from  linear  to  broadly  ovate  ; 
widely  differing  plants  often  growing  close  together  in  the  same  colony.  Spurred 
Butterfly-pea.     Lady's  Slipper. 

17.  MUCUNA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  325.     1763. 

Herbaceous  or  woody  vines,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  large 
pedicelled  flowers  in  axillary,  long-peduncled  clusters.  Calyx  campanulate,  its 
two  upper  teeth  connate.  Standard  folded,  auricled  at  the  base;  wings  in- 
curved, longer  than  the  standard;  keel  as  long  as  the  wings  or  longer,  its  apex 
cartilaginous  or  acute.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  anthers  alternately 
longer  and  shorter.  Ovary  sessile,  villous;  ovules  few;  style  naked,  filiform; 
stigma  terminal  and  small.     Pod  thick,  coriaceous,  linear  or  oblong,  2-valved, 


FABACEAE.  189 

usually  covered  by  stinging  hairs,  at  least  uhcn  young.  Seeds  orbicular  or 
oblong,  few,  large.  [Brazilian  name.]  About  25  species,  mostly  tropical, 
the  following  typical. 

1.  Mucuna  pruriens   (L.)   DC.  Prodr.  2:  405,     1825. 

Dolichos  pruriens  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1162.     1759. 

Slender,  high-climbing,  pubescent.  Petioles  as  long  as  the  leaflets  or 
shorter;  leaflets  thin,  appressed-pubescent,  somewhat  silvery  beneath,  the 
terminal  one  rather  long-stalked,  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  the  lateral  ones 
short-stalked,  obliquely  ovate,  inequilateral;  racemes  sevcral-many-flowercd, 
elongated;  calyx  silvery-silky,  about  1  cm.  long.  4-cleft;  corolla  blue  or  purple; 
standard  ovate;  wings  and  keel  about  twice  as  long  as  the  standard,  2-3  cm. 
long;  pod  narrowly  oblong,  slightly  curved,  about  6  cm.  long  and  1  cm.  thick, 
densely  covered  with  brittle  stinging  hairs. 

Thickets  and  scrub-lands,  New  Providence  near  Nassau  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas 
and  Tobago :  Jamaica ;  continental  tropical  America ;  Old  World  tropics.  DoUey 
reports  Mucuna  urens  L.,  from  the  Bahamas  but  the  plant  has  not  been  returned  in 
any   of  the   collections   we   have   seen ;    the   record   probably   refers   to   M.   pruriens. 

COW-ITCH. 

18.  GALACTIA  P.  Br.;  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   322.     1763. 

Perennial  vines  (some  species  erect  and  shrubby),  mainly  with  pinnately 
3-foliolate  leaves,  small  and  deciduous  stipules,  and  small  or  large  axillary 
racemose  flowers.  Calyx  4-lobed,  bracteolate,  the  lobes  acute,  often  as  long  as 
the  tube.  Standard  orbicular  or  obovate.  AVings  narrow,  obovate,  adherent 
to  the  narrow,  nearly  straight  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  or  nearly  so  (9  and 
1).  Ovary  nearly  sessile;  ovules  oo  ;  style  filiform,  not  bearded.  Pod  linear, 
straight  or  slightly  curved,  usually  flattened,  2-valved,  several-seeded.  Fleshy 
few-seeded  pods  are  sometimes  produced  from  subterranean  apetalous  flowers. 
[Greek,  milk-yielding,  the  typical  species  described  as  having  milky  branches.] 
About  70  species  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in 
America.     Type  species:  Glycine  Galactia  L. 

Corolla  about  2  cm.  long:  standard  parallel  with  the  wings.  1.  G.  ruilolphioiilis. 
Corolla  1.5  cm.  long  or  less  ;  standard  erect  or  ascending. 

Leaflet  only  one.  2.   G.   mnnopln/lla. 

Leaflets  three. 

Leaflets  large,  ovate  to  elliptic,  4-8  cm.  long.  ?,.   G.  si)ivif<>nnis. 

Leaflets  small,  oblanceolate  to  obovate  or  oval,  1-4  cm. 
long. 
Inflorescence    longer    than    the    leaves ;    leaves   glab- 
rous or  nearly   so.  4.   G.   huhtnimtsia. 
Inflorescence     not     exceeding     the     leaves ;     leaves 

densely  appressed-pubescent.  3.   G.   ton  flora. 

1.  Galactia    rudolphioides    (Griseb.)    Benth.    &    ITook.;    Sauv.    Anales    Acad. 
Habana  5:   337.     1869. 
Dioclea  rudolphioides  Griseb.  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  TI.  8:   178.     1S60. 

Slender,  twining  or  trailing,  woody  below,  1-3  m.  long,  glabrous  or 
sparingly  appressed-pubescent.  Petioles  2-5  cm.  long;  stipules  triangular  or 
lanceolate,  about  2  mm.  long;  leaflets  3,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
oblong,  2-4  cm.  long,  obtuse,  acutish  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  roundel  or 
narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  rcvolute-margined.  the  short 
petiolules  villous;  racemes  slender-peduncled,  longer  than  the  leaves:  bracts 
linear-subulate,  1-2  mm.  long;   bractlets  ovate  or  lanceolate.  a.nt.>.  about    1.5 


190  FAB  ACE  AE. 

mm.  long;  pedicels  pubescent,  2-6  mm.  long;  calyx  about  1.3  cm.  long,  ap- 
pressed-pubescent ;  corolla  red  or  the  standard  violet,  nearly  2  em.  long; 
standard  obovate,  parallel  with  the  wings;  pod  3-5  cm.  long,  7-9  mm.  wide, 
densely  villous,  several-seeded. 

Scrub  and  pine-lands  and  in  coppices,  from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros, 
New  Providence.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  Watling's,  and  Exuma  Chain  to  Fortune 
and  Crooked  Islands  : — Cuba.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as  O.  pendula  Persoon.  Red 
Milk-pea.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  28. 

2.  Galactia  monophylla  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  75.     1866. 

Slender,  herbaceous,  appressed-pubescent  with  short  hairs,  8  dm.  long  or 
less,  twining  or  trailing.  Stipules  narrowly  lanceolate  or  subulate,  1-3  mm. 
long;  petioles  slender,  5-15  mm.  long;  leaflet  only  1,  oblong  to  ovate,  1-3  cm. 
long,  thin  in  texture,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  appressed-pubescent  beneath, 
the  petiolule  about  1  mm.  long;  inflorescence  1-few-flowered,  not  longer  than 
the  leaf;  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long;  calyx  sparingly  pilose,  about  6  mm.  long,  its 
lanceolate  teeth  longer  than  the  tube ;  corolla  purplish,  about  1  cm.  long,  the 
standard  obovate,  erect;  pod  3-5  cm.  long,  about  5  mm.  wade,  appressed-pilose. 

Pine-lands,  Great  Bahama  at  Barnett's  Point : — Cuba.     Slender  Milk -pea. 

3.  Galactia  spiciformis  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  288.     1838. 

Slender,  herbaceous,  twining,  densely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  2  m.  long  or 
less.  Petioles  1-7  cm.  long;  stipules  subulate,  2-4  mm.  long;  leaflets  3,  ovate 
to  elliptic  or  elliptic-obovate,  chartaceons  or  subcoriaceous,  4-7  cm.  long,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so  above,  appressed-pubescent  or  velvety  beneath,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base;  inflorescence  usually  as  long 
as  the  leaves  or  longer,  several-many-flowered,  sessile  or  peduneled ;  pedicels 
1-2  mm.  long;  calyx  pubescent,  about  6  mm.  long,  its  lanceolate  teeth  2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  purplish,  pink  or  nearly  white,  about  11  mm.  long, 
the  broadly  obovate  standard  erect;  pod  4-7  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide,  often 
somewhat  curved,  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Rocky  and  sandy  scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  islands  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Watling's.  and  the 
Exuma  Chain  to  Great  Ragged  Island  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — ^Florida ;  Cuba. 
Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  G.  cuhensis  H.B.K.  ;  recorded  by  Dolley  as  G.  fill- 
formis  Bth.  The  Tennniuis  uncinatus  referred  to  by  Hitchcock,  proves  to  be  this 
plant.     Spiciform  Milk-pea. 

4.  Galactia  bahamensis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:   331.     1900. 

Very  slender,  twining,  somewhat  woody,  glabrate  or  reddish  puberulent, 
5-8  dm.  long.  Stipules  linear-subulate,  1-2  mm.  long,  deciduous;  petioles  very 
slender,  0.5-2.5  cm.  long;  leaflets  3,  chartaceous,  nearly  equally  short-petioluled, 
oval  to  elliptic  or  obovate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  ap€X, 
narrowed,  rounded  or  the  terminal  one  cuneate  at  the  base,  glabrous  and 
reticulate-veined  on  both  sides,  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath;  inflorescence 
mostly  longer  than  the  lea  res,  several-flowered;  pedicels  2-7  cm.  long;  calyx 
pubescent,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  lanceolate  lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  about 
1  cm.  long,  rose-purple,  the  nearly  orbicular  standard  erect;  pod  3-5  cm.  long, 
7-10  mm.  wide,  appressed-pubescent. 

Scrub-lands  and  thickets,  Rum  Cay,  Conception  Island,  Watling's,  Crooked, 
Acklin's,  Fortune.  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Endemic.  Recorded  by  Hitchcock  as 
Galactia  galactioides   (Griseb.)   Hitchc.     Bahama  Milk-pea. 

5.  Galactia  uniflora  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:    325.     1900. 

•Slender,  twining,  somewhat  woody  below,  densely  whitish  pubescent,  some- 
times 1  m.  long.     Stipules  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  2  mm.  long; 


FABACEAE.  191 

petioles  slender,  pubescent,  5-17  mm.  long;  leaflets  3,  chartaceous,  1-4  cm.  long, 
narrowly  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  reticulate-veined,  roumled  or  emarginate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous  above,  densely 
appressed-pubescent  beneath,  the  terminal  one  with  a  petiolule  2-5  mm.  long, 
the  lateral  ones  nearly  sessile;  inflorescence  1-2-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  pedicels  2-4  mm.  long;  calyx  about  6  mm.  long,  its  teeth  longer  than 
the  tube;  corolla  pink;  standard  obovate,  9-10  mm.  long,  short-claweii ;  pod 
linear,  3-4  em.  long,  4-5  mm.  wide,  densely  pubescent. 

Scrub-lands,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera,  Caicos.  Grand  Turk  and  Inajjua  : — 
Endemic.  Recorded  by  Hitchcock  as  Galactia  anfjustifoIUi  Ktli.  and  as  Galactia 
ten  11  iff om   (Willd.)   W.  &  A.     Oxe-flowered  Milk-pEuV. 

19.  CANAVAIil  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   325.     1763. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  prostrate  or  twining  stems.  Leaves  pinnately  3- 
foliolate;  leaflets  chartaceous  or  thick.  Flowers  large,  in  axillary  peduncled 
racemes.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  truncate  or  2-lobed,  the  lower  one  entire 
or  3-lobed.  Standard  reflexed,  suborbieular;  wings  curved  or  twisted;  keel- 
petals  incurved,  broader  than  the  wings,  obtuse  or  with  an  inflexed  or  spiral 
beak.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  or  monadelphous  to  the  middle.  Style 
glabrous,  incurved.  Ovules  several.  Pod  flat  or  slightly  swollen,  oblong  or 
broadly  linear,  2-valved.  Seeds  white,  red  or  brown.  [Aboriginal  name  in  the 
South  Sea  Islands.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  tropical  regions.  Type 
species:  DoJiclws  ensiformis  L. 

Leaflets  fleshy,  obtuse.  1.  C.  lineata. 
Leaflets  chartaceous,  acute  or  acutish. 

Leaflets  ovate.  8-15  cm.  long.  2.  C.  f/ladiata. 

Leaflets  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  4-7  cm.  long.  3.  C.  huhamvnsis. 

1.  Canavali  lineata  (Thunb.)  DC.  Prodr.  2:  404.     1825. 

DoUchos  lineatus  Thunb.  Fl.  Jap.  280.     1784. 
Dolichos  ohtnsifolius  Lam.  Encyc.  2:  295.     1786. 
Canavalia  ohtusifolia  DC.  Prodr.  2:  404.     1825. 

Foliage  finely  strigillose.  Stems  prostrate  or  climbing,  1-5  m.  long,  branch- 
ing; leaflets  leathery,  suborbieular  to  oval  or  obovate,  4-10  cm.  long,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base ;  racemes  surpassing  the 
s-ubtending  leaves;  peduncles  often  longer  than  the  racemes;  pedicels  spur-like; 
calyx  helmet-like,  14-17  mm.  long,  constricted  at  the  base;  corolla  pink;  pods 
broadly  linear,  10-12  cm.  long;   seeds  oblong,  brown. 

Coastal    sands,    rocks    and    thickets,  throughout    the    islands    from    Abaco    and 

Great  Bahama  to  Watling's.   Inagua   and  the  Anguilla   Isles  : — Bermuda  :   Florida   to 

Texas,  Mexico  and  continental  tropical  South  America  ;  West  Indies ;  Old  World 
tropics.     Bay-bean.     HoRSErBEAN. 

2.  Canavali  gladiata   (Savi)   DC.  Prodr.  2:   404.     1825. 

Maloccliia  gladiata  Savi,  Nuov.  Giorn.  Pisa  8:   116.     1824. 

Climbing  or  trailing,  sometimes  10  m.  long  or  longer,  glabrous,  or  when 
young  finely  pubescent.  Leaflets  thin,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  5-12  cm.  long, 
acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base;  racemes  several- 
many-flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  short,  thick,  5  mm.  long 
or  less;  calyx  1-1.5  cm.  long;  corolla  white  to  purple,  longer  than  the  calyx; 
pod  broadly  linear,  flat,  1-2.5  dm.  long,  about  2  cm.  wide;  seeds  oblong. 

Waste  places  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  rrovidence,  and  Inagua  : — 
native  of  the  East  Indies,  spontaneous  after  cultivation  in  tropical  America.  -\ 
specimen  from  Nassau  referred  to  this  by  Hitchcock  proves  to  be  DoUchos  Lablub  L. 
Horse-bean. 


192  FABACEAE. 

3.  Canavali  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   119.     1905. 

A  long  vine.  Leaflets  thin,  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  5-8  cm.  long, 
firm,  glabrous,  faintly  veined,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base  but  not  cordate, 
the  apex  bluntly  acute;  racemes  stout-peduncled,  slightly  pubescent,  longer  than 
the  leaves,  nodose,  pendent,  5-8  cm.  long;  pedicels  curved,  erect,  2-4  mm.  long; 
bractlets  at  base  of  calyx  orbicular,  1  mm.  broad,  lacerate ;  calyx  very  oblique, 
6-8  mm.  long,  with  one  small  acute  tooth  opposite  the  keel-petals,  the  much 
larger  upper  lip  with  three  short  broad  teeth;  corolla  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  the  standard  purple,  the  wings  and  strongly  curved  keel  pink;  legume 
linear-oblong,  compressed,  about  12  cm.  long,  3  cm.  wide,  1-1.5  cm.  thick, 
short-pointed,  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  constricted,  the  stout  stipe  1-2  cm. 
long,  the  valves  rather  membranous;  seeds  oval,  1.5  cm.  long,  1  cm.  thick,  red- 
brown,  shining. 

Climbing  over  coastal  shrubs,  and  in  coppices,  Abaco,  Andros  and  Eleuthera  : — 
Endemic.     Bahama  Bax-beax. 

20.  CAJAN  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   326.     1763.  * 

A  perennial  stiff,  slightly  woody  herb,  finely  puberulent  or  pubescent,  with 
pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  showy  yellow  flowers  in  stalked  axillary 
racemes.  Calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  its  lobes  acute,  the  2  upper  ones  partly 
united.  Standard  nearly  orbicular,  reflexed;  wings  obliquely  obovate;  keel 
with  a  blunt  incurved  tip.  Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  thickened  above;  stigma 
oblique.  Pod  linear,  flattened,  acute  and  long-tipped,  its  valves  impressed  be- 
tween the  seeds.     [From  the  Malayan  name.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Cajan  Cajan  (L.)  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  53.     1900. 

Cytisus  Cajan  L.  Sp.  PI.  739.     1753. 
Cajanus  indicns  Spr.  Syst.  3:  248.     1826. 

Bushy,  branched,  2  m.  high  or  less.  Leaves  petioled;  leaflets  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  acute  at  both  ends  or  obtuse  at  the  base, 
velvety  on  both  sides,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath;  racemes  few-flowered,  as 
long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  pedicels,  rachis  and  calyx  brown-pubescent; 
flowers  12-16  mm.  broad;  pods  5-8  cm.  long,  10-12  mm.  wide,  4-7-seeded; 
seeds  whitish,  somewhat  flattened,  about  4  mm.  thick. 

Waste  and  cultivated  soils,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  throughout  the 
islands  from  Andros  and  New  Providence  to  Mariguana  : — Native  of  the  Old  World 
tropics  ;  widely  spontaneous  in  all  American  tropical  regions.     Pigeox  Pea. 

21.  DOIilCHOLUS  Medic.  Vorles.  Chur.  Phys.  Ges.  2:   354.     1787. 

[Rhtnchosia  Lour.] 

Perennial  twining  trailing  or  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  1-3-foliolate 
leaves,  and  yellow,  mostly  axillary  and  racemose  flowers.  Leaflets  generally 
punctate  with  resinous  dots,  not  stipellate.  Calyx  4-5-lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped; 
standard  obovate  or  orbicular,  spreading  or  reflexed;  wings  narrow;  keel  in- 
curved at  the  apex  or  falcate;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Ovary  nearly 
sessile ;  ovules  2,  rarely  1 ;  style  filiform.  Pod  flat,  oblong  or  obliquely  orbicular, 
2-valved,  1-2-seeded,  [Greek,  diminutive  of  Doliclios.]  About  200  species, 
natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Doliclios  minimus  L. 

Leaves  prominently  reticulate-A-eined  beneath  :   long  vine.  1.   D.  reticulafus. 
Leaves  not  prominently  reticulate-veined  ;  small  vines. 

Leaflets  acuminate;  pods  3-4  cm.  long;  seeds  red.  2.  D-  Su-art.~ii. 

Leaflets  obtuse  or  acutish  ;  pods  1-2  cm.  long ;  seeds  olive.  3.  D.  minimus. 


FABACEAE.  193 

1.  Dolicholus  reticulatus  (Sw.)  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  53.     1900. 

Glycine  reticulata  Sw.  Prodr.  105.     1788. 

Bhynchosia  reticulata  DC.  Prodr.  2:   385.     1825. 

A  pubescent  or  tomentose  twining  or  trailing  vine  often  5  m.  long.  Leaves 
petioled,  3-foliolate;  leaflets  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate-elliptic,  5-lU  cm. 
long,  reticulate-veined,  acuminate,  acute  or  obtvse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked,  the  lateral  ones  nearly  sessile; 
racemes  several-many-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  very  short; 
calyx  7-12  mm.  long,  deeply  4-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla 
yellow,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  pod  flat,  lunate,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  G-9 
mm.  wide ;  seeds  nearly  black. 

Scrub-lands,  Watling's  Island  between  Graham's  Harbor  and  Cockburn  Town  : — 
Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Grenada  ;  continental  tropical  America.  Net-veined 
Dolicholus. 

Leaflets  less  densely  reticulate-veined  than  in  plants  from  some  other  West  Indian 
islands,  the  apex  obtuse. 

2.  Dolicholus  Swartzii  Vail,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  26:    108.     1899. 

Bhynchosia  Gundlachii  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  374.     1908. 
Bhynchosia  caribaea  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  U.  S.  10-4.     1860.    Not  Glycine  caribaea 
Jacq.     1786. 

A  pubescent,  resinous-dotted,  somewhat  woody,  trailing  or  twining  vine 
0.5-1.5  m.  long,  the  stems  slender,  little  branched  except  at  the  base.  Stipules 
narrowly  lanceolate,  about  4  mm.  long,  deciduous;  petioles  1-3  cm.  long; 
leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate,  membranous,  acuminate  at  the  apex;  obtuse  or  sub- 
truncate  at  the  base,  pubescent  on  both  sides;  the  terminal  one  slender-stalked, 
4-6  cm.  long,  the  lateral  ones  short-stalked,  smaller,  inequilateral ;  racemes  few- 
flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles  or  little  longer;  pedicels  2-4  mm. 
long;  calyx  about  3  mm.  long,  its  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  yellow,  the 
standard  obovate,  about  8  mm.  long;  pod  falcate,  2-4  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide, 
acute,  pubescent;   seeds  red,  5-6  mm.  long. 

Coppices.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island.  Crooked  Island : — Flor- 
ida ;   Cuba.     Swaetz's  Dolicholus.     Boxaney-beax. 

3.  Dolicholus  minimus    (L.)    Medic.   Vorles.   Chur.  Phys.   Ges.   2:    354.     17S7. 

DoUchos  minimus  L.  Sp.  PI.  726.     1753. 

Bhynchosia  minima  DC.  Prodr.  2:  385.     1825. 

A  slender,  puberulent  or  pubescent,  resinous-dotted,  more  or  less  branched 
vine,  3-12  dm.  long,  trailing  or  twining.  Stipules  subulate,  about  2  mm.  long, 
caducous;  petioles  very  slender,  1-4  em.  long;  leaflets  3,  rhombic-ovate  or 
rhombic-orbicular,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  terminal 
one  slender-stalked,  1-3  em.  long,  the  lateral  ones  short-stalked,  smaller  or  as 
large,  inequilateral;  racemes  slender,  several-flowered,  mostly  as  long  as  the 
leaves  or  longer;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate- 
subulate;  corolla  yellow;  standard  orbicular-obovate,  retuse,  5-6  mm.  long; 
pods  falcate,  10-17  mm.  long,  about  4  mm.  wide,  puberulent;  seeds  brown, 
mottled. 

Waste  grounds  and  pine-lands.  Alnico.  Andros.  New  Providciico.  KitMitlifra.  ("at 
Island,  Acklin's  Island.  Fortune  Island.  North  Caicos  and  Inngua  : — South  Carolina 
to  Florida  and  Texas:  throughout  tiie  West  Indies  and  tropical  and  warm  tem- 
perate continental   America  ;    Old   World   tropics.     S.mall  Dolicholus. 

22.  PHASEOLUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  723.     1753. 
Vines,  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,   and   axillary 
racemose  flowers.     Calyx  5-tootlied  or  5-lobed,  or  the  2  upper  teeth  more  or  less 
united.     Standard  orbicular,  recurved,  spreading  or  somewhat  contorted ;  wings 


194  FABACEAE. 

mainly  obovate ;  keel  spirally  coiled,  linear  or  obovoid.  Stamens  diadelphous 
(9  and  1).  Style  longitudinally  bearded;  stigma  oblique  or  lateral;  ovary 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  ovules  oo.  Pod  various,  2-valved,  several-seeded,  tipped  with 
tlie  persistent  style.  Seeds  mostly  with  rounded  ends.  Rachis  thickened  at  the 
bases  of  the  pedicels.  [Ancient  name  of  the  Kidney  bean.]  About  170 
species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Phaseolus  vulgaris  L. 

Erect ;  herbaceous  ;  flowers  red  or  purple.  1.  P.  lathi/roides. 

Climbing  vine  ;  flowers  white.  2.  P.  lunatus. 

1.  Phaseolus  lathyroides  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1018.     1763. 

Fhaseolus  semierectus  L.  Mant.  1:   100.     1767. 

Herbaceous,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  silky  pubescent  or  gla- 
brate,  3-6  dm.  high.  Stipules  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1.5  cm.  long 
or  less;  petioles  slender;  leaflets  various,  membranous,  ovate  to  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  2-6  cm.  long,  acute,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  acute 
or  obtuse  at  the  base;  racemes  elongated,  several-many-flowered,  1-3  dm.  long 
in  fruit ;  pedicels  very  short ;  calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  its  upper  teeth  ovate,  the 
lower  lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  red  or  purple;  standard  12-15  mm.  long; 
pods  narrowly  linear,  straight  or  a  little  curved,  reflexed-spreading,  7-12  cm. 
long,  about  3  mm.  thick. 

Waste  places  and  moist  soils  in  open  places.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Acklin's, 
East  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World 
tropics.     Wild  Bush  Beax. 

2.  Phaseolus  lunatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  724.     1753. 

A  usually  annual,  herbaceous,  sparingly  pubescent  vine  up  to  3  m.  long  or 
longer,  twining  or  trailing.  Leaves  3-foliolate,  petioled ;  leaflets  ovate,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  rhombic-ovate,  thin  in  texture,  4-7  cm.  long,  aciite  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  the  terminal  one  long-stalked,  equilateral, 
the  others  short-stalked,  inequilateral;  racemes  peduncled,  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves,  sometimes  longer,  several-many-flowerc  d ;  pedicels  slender,  mostly  less 
than  1  cm.  long;  calyx  about  3  mm.  long,  its  teeth  short,  ovate;  bractlets  ob- 
long, about  one-half  as  long  as  the  calyx;  corolla  greenish  white,  the  standard 
about  7  mm.  broad;  pod  flat,  subfalcate,  3-7  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm.  wide  (larger 
in  cultivated  races)  ;  seeds  oblong  or  subquadrate,  flattened. 

In  a  coppice  near  Staniard  Creek,  Andros,  spontaneous  after  cultivation : — 
West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Lima  Bean. 

23.     DOLICHOS  L.  Sp.  PL  725.     1753. 

Climbing  or  trailing  vines,  with  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and  white  to 
purple  flowers  variously  clustered  or  sometimes  solitary,  their  bracts  small  or 
caducous.  Calyx  campanulate,  its  two  upper  teeth  united.  Standard  suborbic- 
ular;  wings  obovate,  curved,  adnate  to  the  incurved  keel.  Stamens  9  and  1, 
their  anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  several-many-ovuled ;  style  bearded  or  penicil- 
late  below  the  terminal  stigma.  Pod  flat,  mostly  somewhat  curved,  beaked. 
Seeds  subglobose  or  flattened.  [Greek  name  of  some  bean,  referring  to  its 
long  pods.]  About  30  species,  of  tropical  distribution.  Type  species:  BoUchos 
Lablab  L. 

Pods    serrulate    on    the    margins ;    seeds    somewhat    compressed ;    style    not   penicil- 

late.  1.   />.  Lahhih. 

Pods  entire  on  the  margins  ;  seeds  globular ;  style  penicillate.  2.  D.  insiihiris. 


FABACEAE.  195 

1.  Dolichos  Lablab  L.  Sp.  PL  725.     1753. 

Sparingly  pubescent,  climbing  or  trailing,  5  m.  long  or  less.  Leaves  long- 
petioled.  Leaflets  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  4-10  cm.  long,  the  terminal  one 
equilateral  and  long-stalked,  the  others  inequilateral  and  short-stalked ;  racemes 
axillary,  several-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves;   flowers  short-pedicelled,  1.5- 

2  cm.  broad,  white  to  purple;  pods  about  7.5  cm.  long,  nearly  2.5  cm.  wide,  the 
upper  edge  nearly  straight,  the  lower  curved  and  glandular-serrulate;  seeds 
somewhat  compressed,  black  with  a  white  linear  strophiole,  about  1  cm.  long. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  I'rovidence  and  Eleutliera.  Native  of  the 
Old  World  tropics.  Widely  planted  and  spontaneous  in  tropical  America.  Black 
BEA^^ 

2.  Dolichos  insularis  Britton  sp.  no  v. 

Nearly  glabrous,  climbing  or  trailing,  up  to  7  m.  long  or  longer.  Leaflets 
ovate,  thin,  4-7  cm.  long,  acate,  obtuse  or  acuminate,  sparingly  pubescent  near 
the  base  beneath,  the  terminal  one  equilateral,  rather  long-stalked,  the  lateral 
ones  inequilateral,  short-stalked;  racemes  axillary,  thyrsoiil,  many-flowered, 
stout-peduncled,  longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  pubescent,  4-6  mm.  long; 
bractlets  obtuse,  2  mm.  long;  calyx  unequally  5-lobed,  about  7  mm.  long,  the 
lobes  rounded;  corolla  purplish;  standard  wider  than  long,  about  1  cm.  long, 
nearly  sessile,  emarginate ;  wings  ovate,  obtuse,  stalked,  about  11  mm.  long,  keel 
obliquely  curved,  stalked,  acuminate,  about  9  mm.  long;  ovary  puberulent;  style 
penicillate;   pods  elliptic-obovate,  2-3-seeded,  compressed,  5-7  cm.  long,  about 

3  cm.  wide,  rather  stout-beaked,  the  valves  yellowish  puberulent,  entire-margined; 
seed  globular,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter,  black,  with  a  white  linear  strophiole. 

Old  field,  Great  Cistern,  Abaco  : — Cuba  :  Mexico.  Type  from  Cayo  Ballenato 
Grande,  Cuba   {SJiafer  1026) .     Island  Beax. 

24.  VIGNA  Savi,  Mem.  Phas.  3:    7.     1826. 

Herbaceous  vines,  or  sometimes  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate 
stipulate  leaves,  the  leaflets  broad.  Flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  long 
axillary  peduncles,  yellowish  or  purplish,  the  rachis  of  the  head  or  raceme 
knotty,  the  bracts  and  bractlets  early  deciduous.  Calyx  5-toothed,  or  the  2 
upper  teeth  united.  Standard  nearly  orbicular,  auricled  at  the  base;  wings 
shorter  than  the  standard;  keel  about  equalling  the  standard,  slightly  incurved. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).  Ovary  sessile;  ovules  numerous;  style  bearded 
along  the  inner  side;  stigma  oblique.  Pod  linear,  nearly  terete,  2-valved.  [In 
honor  of  Domenico  A^igna,  a  commentator  on  Theophrastus.]  About  30  species, 
natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:   Dolichos  Juieohis  Jacq. 

1.  Vigna  repens  (L.)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  '212.     1891. 

DolicJios  repens  L.  Syst.  ed.  10:  1163.     1759. 

Dolichos  luteolus  Jacq.  Hort.  Yind.  1:  39.     1770. 

Vigna  luteola  Benth.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  15i :  194.     1859. 

Foliage  usually  pubescent  with  appressed  hairs.  Stems  trailing  or  climb- 
ing, branching,  when  pubescent  the  hairs  reflexed ;  leaflets  3,  ovate  to  lanceolate 
or  linear,  2-8  cm.  long,  acute,  more  or  less  distinctly  reticulated,  short-stalked; 
petioles  usually  longer  than  the  leaflets;  peduncles  surpassing  the  leaves, 
retrorsely  pubescent  at  the  lop;  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long,  corymbose;  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  oblique,  its  lobes  triangular  to  lanceolate ;  corolla  yellowish  brown ; 
standard  nearly  reniform,  notched,  less  than  2  cm.  long;  pods  linear,  4-5  mm. 
long,  nearly  terete,  pubescent. 

Moist  roadsides.  Abaco  and  Andros  : — Bermuda  :  Florida  to  Texas  :  Mexico  to 
Panama  and  throughout  South  America  to  Argentina ;  West  Indies ;  Old  World 
tropics.     Yellow  Vigxa. 


196  FABACEAE. 

Brya  Ehcnus  (L.)  DC.  referred  to  by  Dolley  has  not  been  returned  from  the 
islands  by  any  of  our  expeditions.  It  is  native  of  Jamaica  and  Cuba.  The  record 
probably  applies  to  Peru  hiimellaefolia,  locally  called  Black  Ebony. 

Erythrina  corallodendron  L.  Recorded  for  the  Bahamas  by  Catesby,  by 
Dollev  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  is  known  to  us  only  as  planted  on  New  Providence. 
Catesby,  2:  pi.  49. 

Erythrina  velutina  Wilkl.  was  observed  planted  at  West  End,  Great  Bahama. 

Foliage  of  a  species  of  Lonchocarpus  was  collected  from  a  tree  growing 
near  an  old  house  at  Deep  Creek,  Andros. 

Order  13.     GERANIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  with  petals,  and  these  separate  (wanting 
in  most  Enphorbiaceae,  and  in  some  species  of  Zanthoxylum  in  Rutaceae)  ; 
sepals  mostly  distinct ;  stamens  few,  rarely  more  than  tAvice  as  many  as 
the  sepals,  opposite  them  when  as  many ;  ovary  superior,  mostly  compound ; 
ovules  pendulous,  the  rai3he  toward  the  axis  of  the  ovary. 

Petals  present,  usually  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Flowers  regular  or  very  nearly  so. 

Tissues  of  the  plant  devoid  of  secreting  cells  or  glands. 
Filaments  united  below  or  at  the  base. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 
Petals     unappendaged ;     leaves    com 

pound. 
Petals    appendaged :    leaves    simple. 
Stamens   as   many  as  the  sepals. 
Filaments  separate. 

Styles  united  :  leaves  mostly  compound. 
Styles  separate  ;  leaves  simple. 
Tissues    of   the   plant   with   secreting   cells    or 
glands. 
Leaves  punctate. 
Leaves  not  punctate. 
Carpels   separate. 
Carpels  united. 

Filaments  separate. 

Trees   or  shrubs  with   bitter,   oil- 
bearing  bark. 
Resiniferous  trees  and  shrubs. 
Filaments  united. 
Flowers     very     irregular ;      petals      3 ;      stamens 
mostly  8. 
Flowers   often    apetalous,    monoecious ;    carpels   most- 
ly 3. 

Family  1.     OXALIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Wood-sorrel  Family. 

Leafy-stemmed  or  acaulescent  herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  often  with  root- 
stocks,  or  scaly  bulbs,  the  sap  sour.  Leaves  mostly  palmately  3-foliolate, 
in  some  tropical  species  pinnate,  or  entire  and  peltate;  stipules  commonly 
present  as  scarious  expansions  of  the  petiole-bases;  leaflets  mostly  obeor- 
date.  Flowers  perfect,  in  umbel-like  or  forking  cymes,  or  sometimes 
solitary ;  peduncles  mostly  long.  Sepals  5,  often  unequal.  Petals  5,  white, 
pink,  purple  or  yellow.  Stamens  10-15,  sometimes  unequal.  Ovaiy  5- 
celled,  5-lobed;  styles  coherent  or  distinct;  ovules  2-many  in  each  cavity; 
fruit  a  loeulieidal  globose  or  columnar  capsule,  rarely  baccate.     Embryo 


Fam. 
Fam. 
Fam. 

1. 

o 

3. 

OXALIDACEAE. 
ERYTH  ROXYLACE  AE. 
LiXACEAE, 

Fam. 
Fam. 

4. 
5. 

Zygophyllaceab. 
Malpighiaceae. 

Fam. 

6. 

Rutaceae. 

Fam. 

7. 

Suriaxaceae. 

Fam. 
Fam. 
Fam. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

Simaroubaceae. 

Burseraceae. 

Meliaceae. 

Fam. 

11. 

POLYGALACEAE. 

Fam. 

12. 

Euphorbiaceae, 

i 


OXALIDACEAE.  197 

straight,   in   fleslu'  eiulosperm.     About  15   g-enera   and   over  300   species, 
chiefly  of  tropical  distribution. 

Plants  acaulescent,  with  coated  l)iilbs  ;  flowers  not  yellow.  1.  lonoxdiis. 

Plants  caulescent,  with   rootstocks  ;   flowers  mostly   yellow.  i'.  Aantltoxuris. 

1.  lONOXAIiIS  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  665.     1903. 

Low,  perennial  acaulescent  herbs  the  leaves  and  scapes  arising  from 
coated  scaly  bulbs,  the  petioles  long,  the  blades  palmately  3-several-foliolate, 
the  violet,  blue  or  white  flowers  in  umbel-like  cymes.  Sepals  5,  bearing  apical 
tubercles  in  pairs.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  the  filaments  united  at  the  base. 
Ovary  elongated;  styles  distinct.  Capsules  narrow,  erect.  [Greek,  purple 
Oxalis.l  Over  100  species  natives  of  America.  Type  species:  Oxalis 
violaeca  L. 

1.  lonoxalis  intermedia   (A.  Rich.)    Small,  X.  A.  Fl.  25:   43.     1907. 

OxcUis  intermedia  A.  Eich.  Ess.  Fl.  Cub.  315.     1845. 

Scape  1-3  dm.  high,  sparingly  pubescent,  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or 
longer.  Petioles  sparingly  pubescent;  leaflets  3,  obdeltoid,  2-6  cm.  wide,  bright 
green  and  glabrous  above,  paler  and  somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  2-lobed,  the 
lobes  ovate ;  cymes  4-13-flowered ;  pedicels  glabrous,  1-2  cm.  long ;  sepals  4—5 
mm.  long,  bearing  1  pair  of  apical  tubercles;  petals  violet,  11-14  mm.  long; 
shorter  filaments  slightly  pubescent,  the  longer  ones  copiously  pubescent. 

\Yaste  and  cultivated  lands,  New  Providence,  at  Nassau  : — Cuba  ;  Virgin  Islands  ; 
Guadaloupe  ;  Martinique.     Cuban  Purple  Wood-sokkel. 

2.  XANTHOXALIS  Small,  FL  SE.  U.  S.  666.     1903. 

Caulescent,  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate,  long- 
petioled,  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  leaflets  sessile,  notched  or  obcordate,  the  yellow 
flowers  in  peduncled  cymes.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  the  filaments 
united  into  a  tube  at  the  base.  Ovary  oblong  to  linear;  styles  filiform  or  sub- 
ulate. Capsule  oblong  or  columnar,  usually  narrowed  to  the  summit,  erect. 
Seeds  transversely  ridged  or  tubercled.  [Greek,  yellow  Oxolis.'\  About  50 
species,  Avidely  distributed.     Type  species:   Oxalis  corniciilata  L. 

1.  Xanthoxalis  corniculata  (L.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  667.     1903. 

Oxalis  corniculata  L.  Sp.  PL  435.     1753. 

Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  annual  or  perennial,  deep-green,  freely 
branching  from  the  base;  stem  2.5-15  cm.  long,  the  branches  diffuse,  mainly 
procumbent  and  often  creeping.  Leaflets  S-12  mm.  wide;  petioles  dilated  at 
the  base  into  oblong  rounded  or  truncate  stipules;  peduncles  1-3-flowered: 
flowers  5-10  mm.  wide;  pedicels  strigillose,  more  or  less  reflcxeil ;  capsule 
oblong,  1-1.8  cm.  long,  appressed-pubescent;  seeds  compressed,  transversely 
ridged. 

Waste  and  cultivated  lands.  New  Providence  at  Nassau  and  (Grant's  Town  : — 
widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  Ixnh  hemispheres  Re- 
ferred by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  Oxalis  corniculata   rcpcns  Zucc.     Yellow   Procumbent 

WOOD-SORREL. 


198  ERYTHEOXYLACEAE. 

Family  2.     ERYTHEOXYLACEAE  A.  Rich. 
Coca  Family. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  alternate  simple  stipulate  en- 
lire-margined,  petioled  leaves  and  small,  often  heterostylous,  pedieelled 
flowers  solitary  or  fascicled  in  the  axils,  the  pedicels  bracted  at  the  base. 
Calyx  persistent,  mostly  5-cleft.  Petals  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes,  ap- 
pendaged  by  a  2-lobed  ligule  within.  Stamens  10,  in  2  series,  their  fila- 
ments united  below  into  a  tube.  Ovary  3-celled,  rarely  4-celled;  ovules  1, 
rarely  2,  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  styles  3,  rarely  4;  stigmas  capitellate. 
Fruit  a  drupe,  usually  1-celled  and  1-seeded.  Seed-coat  thin;  endosperm 
farinaceous;  embryo  straight.  Only  the  following  genus  and  the  African 
Aneulophiis. 

1.  ERYTHROXYLON  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1035.     1759. 

Leaves  alternate.  Petals  short-clawed.  [Greek  red-wood.]  About  200 
species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribution.  Type  species:  Erythroxylon 
areolatum  L. 

Leaves  0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  pale  beneath.  1.  E.  rotimdifolium. 

Leaves  3  cm.  long,  or  longer. 

Leaves  conspicuously  areolate  beneath. 

Flowering  pedicels  as  long  as  the  petioles,  or  shorter  ; 

leaves  .5-13  cm.  long.  2.  E.  arcoJatum. 

Flowering  pedicels,  or  some  of  them,  much  longer  than 

the  petioles  ;  leaves  3-4  cm.  long.  3.  E.  reticulatum. 

Leaves  not  areolate  beneath,  or  only  very  faintly  areolate. 

obovate,  3-7  cm.  long.  '  4.   E.  confusum. 

1.  Erythroxylon  rotundifolium  Lunan,  Hort.  Jam.  2:  116.     1814. 

Erythroxylon  ohovatum  Macf.  Fl.  Jam.  1:   143.     1837. 

Erythroxylon  suave  O.  E.  Schulz,  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:   197.     1907. 

Erythroxylon  suave  aneurum  O.  E.  Schulz,  loc!^  eit.  199.     1907. 

A  shrub  or  a  small  tree  up  to  7  m.  high,  with  slender  flexible  branches,  the 
bark  smooth.  Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-obovate  or  elliptic,  firm  in  texture, 
0.5-3  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  incon- 
spicuously reticulate-veined,  the  petioles  2.5-5  mm.  long;  stipules  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  flowers  1-4  in  the  axils; 
pedicels  mostly  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  longer;  calyx  cleft  to  about  the 
middle,  about  1  mm.  long,  its  lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute ;  petals  white,  ob- 
long, 1.5-2.5  mm.  long,  obtuse,  the  ligule  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  blade, 
its  lobes  irregularly  toothed;  drupes  oblong,  red,  obtuse,  4-6  mm.  long. 

Rocky  plains,  pine-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros.  North  Caicos,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  to 
Porto  Rico:  .Tamaica.  Consists  of  several  races  diffei'ing  in  size,  shnne  and  thick- 
ness of  the  leaves.  Referred  by  Hitchcock,  Coker,  Dolley,  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop 
to  E.   hrevipes   DC.  ;   formerly   referred  by  O.   E.    Schulz   to  E.   spinescens   A.   Rich. 

ROUXD-LEAVED     ErYTHROXV.ON.       RaT-WOOD. 

2.  Erjrthroxylon  areolatum  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1035.     1759. 

A  shrub  or  a  small  tree  up  to  6  m.  high.  Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  rather 
thin,  5-13  cm.  long,  3-5.5  cm.  wide,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  dark  dull-green  above,  pale  beneath  and  areolate  by  two  lines 
parallel  with  the  prominent  midvein,  the  petioles  4-6  mm.  long;  stipules  tri- 
angular, acute,  about  2  mm.  long;  pedicels  fascicled,  as  long  as  the  petioles  or 
shorter;  flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  of  the  season,  or  before  them,  fra- 


LIXACEAE.  199 

grant;  calyx  cleft  to  about  the  middle,  nearly  2  mm.  long,  its  triangular-ovate 
lobes  acute;  petals  uhite  or  yellowish  white,  oblong,  obtuse,  2-3  mm.  long,  the 
ligule  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  blade;  drupes  red,  oblong,  6-9  mm.  long. 

Coppices,  thickets  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  Mangrove  Cay,  Eleuthera  Cat 
Island,  Watling's  and  Long  Islands  : — Cuba  to  Torto  Rico ;  Jamaica ;  Colombia. 
Thin-leaved  Ervthkoxylon. 

3.  Erythroxylon  reticulatum  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  43,  pJ.  8.     1902. 

A  tall  shrub,  with  slender,  reddish  brown  branches.  Leaves  oblong-oblance- 
olate  to  obovate,  rather  firm  in  texture,  3-4  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the 
ai3ex  with  the  midvein  slightly  excurrent,  cuntate-narrowed  at  the  l^ase,  finely 
and  distinctly  reticulate- veined,  dark-green  above,  pale  and  prominently  areo- 
late  beneath,  the  petioles  2-3  mm.  long;  stipules  triangular,  acuminate,  2  mm. 
long;  flowers  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils;  pedicels  slender,  5-8  mm. 
long,  thickened  above;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  its  ovate-lanceolate  lobes  acute; 
petals  oblong,  white,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  the  ligule-lobes  contorted;  young  drupes 
oblong,  purplish  black,  pointed,  5  mm.  long. 

White-lands  and  coppices,  Andros  at  Deep  Creek  and  near  Conch  Sound : — 
Endemic.     Bahajia  EiiYTHROXYLOx. 

4.  Erythroxylon  confusum  Britton. 

Wrythroxylon  affine  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  10:    106.     1845.     Not 

St.  Hil.     1829. 
Erythroxylon  ohovatum  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  113.    1859.    Nat  Macf.    1S37. 

A  tree,  4-8  m.  high,  with  a  trunk-diameter  of  1  dm.  or  more,  the  pale  bark 
fissured.  Leaves  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  rather  firm  in  texture,  3-7  cm. 
long,  3  cm.  wide  or  less,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
cuneate  at  the  base,  dull-green  above,  pale-green  beneath,  not  areolate,  or  but 
faintly  so,  not  prominently  reticulate-veined,  the  petioles  4-9  mm.  long; 
stipules  lanceolate,  2-4  mm.  long;  pedicels  fascicled  in  the  axils,  or  some  of 
them  solitary,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  cleft  to  about 
the  middle,  the  ovate-lanceolate  lobes  acute;  petals  oblong,  obtuse,  about  3  mm. 
long,  the  ligule  about  one-third  as-  long  as  the  blade,  its  lobes  acute;  drupes 
Dblong,  red,  somewhat  longer  than  the  pedicels. 

Rocky  coppices,  scrub-lands  and  palmetto-lands,  Andros,  Mangrove  Cay,  New 
Providence  and   Great   Exuraa  : — Cuba  ;    .Jamaica.      Orovate-lkaved   Erythroxylon. 

Family  3.     LINACEAE  Dumort. 

Flax  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  perfect  regular  nearly  symmetrical  flowers. 
Stipules  mostly  small  or  none.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  imbricated,  persistent. 
Petals  of  the  same  number  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  imbricated,  gen- 
erally contorted.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  alternate  with  the  petals; 
filaments  monaclelphous  at  the  base;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled.  Ovary 
2-5-celled,  or  by  false  septa  4-10-celled.  Ovules  anatropous.  Styles  2-^. 
Fruit  mainly  capsular.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  oily:  endosperm  little 
or  none;  embryo  straig-ht ;  cotyledons  fiat.  About  14  genera  and  ab^ut  160 
species  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  CATHARTOLINUM  Echb.   Handb.   307.     1837. 

Annual  or  perennial,  branched  herbs.  Leaves  alternate  or  occasionally 
opposite,  without  stipules  but  sometimes  with  stipular  glands,  entire  or  serru- 


200  LINACEAE. 

late,  sometimes  eiliate  or  glandular-margined.  Sepals  5,  all,  or  only  the  inner 
ones,  with  gland-tipped  teeth.  Petals  5,  yellow  or  white,  unappendaged  but 
sometimes  pubescent  within.  Stamens  5 ;  filaments  united  at  the  base,  the  free 
portions  dilated  at  the  base,  without  staminodia,  or  with  a  short  staminodium  in 
each  sinus.  Gynoecium  5-carpellary,  or  rarely  2-earpellary ;  styles  filiform, 
distinct  or  united;  stigmas  distinct,  capitate.  Capsule  5-celled,  or  rarely 
2-celled  and  with  firm  septa,  or  completely  or  incompletely  10-celled  by  false 
septa,  the  carpels  not  ribbed  on  the  back.  Seeds  flattened,  often  lunate. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  medicinal  qualities  of  some  of  the  species.]  About 
70  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type  species:  Linum  catharti- 
cum  L. 

Staminodia  wanting.  1.   C-  Curtissii. 

Staminodia  present. 

Androecium   pubescent   or  eiliate. 

Stem  and  leaves  pubescent ;  annual.  2.  C.  coralUcola. 

Stem  and  leaves  glabrous. 

Staminodia  lanceolate;   capsules   ovoid:  perennial.  3.  C.  hahamense. 

Staminodia  deltoid  ;  capsules  spheroidal ;  annual.  4.  C  Bracei. 

Androecium  glabrous  ;  leaves  eiliate  ;  perennial.  5.  C.  Ugnosum. 

1.  Cathartolinum  Curtissii  Small,  X.  A.  Fl.  25:  72.     1907. 

Linum  Curtissii  Small,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  424.     1905. 

Annual ;  glabrous ;  stems  solitary,  5  dm.  high  or  less,  simple  or  corymbosely 
branched  above.  Leaves  thickish,  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  opposite  or 
alternate,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  1.5  cm.  long  or  less,  the  upper  all  alternate, 
linear,  acute  or  acuminate ;  bracts  entire ;  outer  sepals  ovate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, 2.5-3  mm.  long,  usually  with  a  few  glandular  teeth;  inner  sepals  ovate, 
rather  broader  than  the  outer,  copiously  glandular-toothed ;  petals  yellow ;  stami- 
nodia none;  capsules  subglobose,  about  2.5  mm.  thick. 

Borders  of  brackish  marshes  and  in  palmetto-lands,  New  Providence  : — Florida. 
Curtis s'  Flax. 

2.  Cathartolinum  corallicola  Small,  N.  A.  Fl.  25:  74.     1907. 

Annual;  stem  sparingly  branched  above,  minutely  hirsute,  2-4  dm.  high. 
Leaves  oblong  to  linear,  6-12  mm.  long,  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite,  distant, 
rather  thin,  acute  or  acuminate,  finely  pubescent,  glandular-ciliate ;  bracts 
lanceolate  to  subulate,  closely  glandular-ciliate ;  outer  sepals  oblong-ovate,  5 
mm.  long,  glandular-toothed,  pubescent,  the  inner  similar,  slightly  broader  and 
shorter;  filaments  pubescent  below  the  middle;  staminodia  deltoid,  eiliate; 
petals  yellow;  styles  distinct;  capsules  ovoid,  about  2  mm.  long,  much  shorter 
than  the  sepals. 

Rocky  pine-barrens,  Andros,  at  Mastic  Point.     Endemic.     Rock  Flax. 

3.  Cathartolinum  bahamense  (Northrop)  Small,  N.  A.  Fl.  25:  75.     1907. 

Linum  hahamense  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:   42.     1902. 

Perennial,  glabrous  and  glaucous;  stems  ridged,  corymbosely  branched 
above,  6  dm.  high  or  less,  the  branches  ascending.  Leaves  approximate,  erect 
or  ascending,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  thick,  5-12  mm.  long,  acute,  pale  green 
on  both  sides;  bracts  lanceolate  to  subulate,  glandular-toothed;  outer  sepals 
ovate,  3-3.5  mm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  glandular-toothed,  the  inner  similar, 
acuminate,  slightly  shorter;  petals  yellow;  filaments  pubescent  below  the 
middle;  staminodia  lanceolate,  eiliate;  styles  distinct;  capsules  ovoid,  about 
2  mm.  long. 

White-lands,  pine-lands  and  borders  of  marshes,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence and  Eleuthera.  Endemic.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Linum  virginicum  L.  Ba- 
hama Flax. 


ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.  201 

4.  Cathartolinum  Bracei  Small,  N.  A.  Fl.  25:  75.     1907. 

Annual,  pale  green  or  glaucescent,  glabrous;  stem  corymbosely  branched 
above,  1.5-3.5  dm.  high,  somewhat  striate,  the  very  sleAder  branches  ascending. 
Leaves  few  and  distant,  ascending,  rather  thin,  spatulate  to  linear-oblong,  6-14 
mm.  long,  acute,  entire,  ciliate,  only  the  lower  opposite;  bracts  lanceolate, 
glandular-toothed;  outer  sepals  oval  to  ovate-oblong,  acute,  3.5-4  mm.  long, 
glandular-toothed,  the  inner  similar,  slightly  shorter;  petals  yellow;  filaments 
pubescent  below  the  middle;  staminodia  deltoid,  glabrous;  siyles  distinct; 
capsule  depressed,  about  2  mm.  long. 

White-lands  and  moist  situations,  Abaco  and  Great  Baliama.  Endemic. 
Brace's  Flax. 

5.  Cathartolinum  llgnosum  Small,  N.  A.  Fl.  25:   75.     1907. 

Apparently  perennial;  stem  woody,  branched,  with  long,  prominently 
striate  branches,  3  dm.  high.  Leaves  numerous,  but  not  crowded,  linear  or  nearly 
so,  4-11  mm.  long,  sessile,  acuminate,  glandular-ciliate ;  outer  sepals  ovate, 
3-3.5  mm.  long,  glandular-toothed,  acuminate,  the  inner  broader  than  the  outer; 
petals  yellow;  filaments  and  staminodia  glabrous;  styles  distinct. 

Scrub-lands  under  low  buslies  in  partial  openings,  Great  Bahama  at  Eight 
Mile  Rocks.     Endemic.     ^yooDY  Flax. 

A  species  of  Limim,  perhaps  L.  Leicisii  Pursh,  was  collected  bv  Mr.  Brace  in 
foliage  only  on  New   Providence   in   1916. 

Family  4.     ZYGOPHYLLACEAE  Lindl. 

Caltrop  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  the  branches  often  jointed 
to  the  nodes.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  stipulate,  pinnate,  or  2-3-foliolate, 
the  leaflets  entire.  Stipules  persistent.  Flowers  perfect,  axillaiy,  pe- 
duncled.  Sepals  usually  5,  distinct,  or  united  by  their  bases.  Petals  the 
same  number  as  the  sepals,  or  none.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  or 
2-3  times  as  many,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  receptacle,  the  alternate  ones 
sometimes  longer;  anthers  versatile,  longitudinally  dehiscent;  filaments 
usually  with  a  small  scale  at  the  base  or  near  the  middle.  Ovaiy  4^12- 
celled;  style  terminal;  stigma  usually  simple;  ovules  1-numerous  in  each 
cavity,  pendulous  or  ascending.  Fruits  various,  dry  or  quite  fleshy. 
About  20  genera  and  160  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical 
regions. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  flowers  blue  or  purple.  1.  Guuiaciim. 
Herbs  ;  flowers  yellow. 

Carpels  spinose.  2.   TrihuUts. 

Carpels  tuberculate.  3.  KaUstrocmia. 

1.  GUAIACUM  L.  Sp.  PL  381.     1753. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  hard  resinous  wood,  the  branches  stout, 
the  nodes  often  swollen.  Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  abruptly  pinnate,  the 
leaflets  2-several  pairs,  entire,  inequilateral,  reticulate-veined,  the  stipules 
minute.  Flowers  clustered,  peduncled,  the  peduncles  subtended  by  minute 
deciduous  bracts.  Sepals  4  or  5,  somewhat  united  at  the  base.  Petals  4  or  5, 
blue  or  purple.  Stamens  8  or  10;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  cordate  or  sagit- 
tate. Ovary  stalked,  2-5-lobed,  2-5-celled;  style  subulate;  ovules  8-10  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous.     Fruit  coriaceous,  with  l-o  wing-like  angles.     Seeds  ovoid 

14 


202  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 

or  ellipsoid;  embryo  nearly  straight.  [From  the  aboriginal  name.]  About  8 
species,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Guaiacum 
officinale  L. 

Petals  tomentulose;  fruit  broadly  obcordate  ;  leaflets  mostly  4.  1.   G.  officinale. 

Petals  glabrous  ;  fruit  broadly  obovoid  ;  leaflets  mostly  6-10.  2,  G-  sanctum. 

1.  Guaiacum  officinale  L.  Sp.  PI.  381.     1753. 

A  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  the  bark  smooth  and  gray,  the  branches  flexuous. 
Leaves  3-9  cm.  long;  leaflets  4  or  6,  mostly  4,  oval  to  obovate,  glabrous,  1-5 
cm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  coriaceous  at  maturity; 
stipules  1  mm.  long,  pubescent,  caducous;  flowers  few  or  many,  terminal,  the 
slender  peduncles  pubescent;  sepals  ovate  to  orbicular,  5-7  mm.  long,  tomentu- 
lose on  both  sides;  petals  blue,  narrowly  obovate,  about  12  mm.  long,  tomentu- 
lose at  the  apex,  rounded  or  mucronate;  fruit  usually  2-carpellary,  broadly 
obcordate,  yellowish,  17-20  mm.  long;  seedS' ellipsoid,  the  aril  cream-colored. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  South  Calcos  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  to  Trinidad ; 
Jamaica ;  Panama  to  northern  South  America.     Lignum  Vitae. 

2.  Guaiacum  sanctum  L.  Sp.  PI.  382.     1753. 

A  tree,  sometimes  10  m.  high,  the  bark  pale,  the  branches  spreading  or 
pendulous.  Leaves  4-10  cm.  long;  leaflets  4-10,  oblong  to  obovate  or  oblanceo- 
late,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  sessile,  glabrous,  coriaceous  at  maturity,  usually  apiculate 
or  mucronate;  stipules  about  3  mm.  long,  pubescent,  usually  caducous;  flowers 
solitary  or  several,  on  pubescent  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  sepals 
obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  5-7  mm.  long,  pubescent;  petals  blue  or  purple, 
broadly  obovate,  7-11  mm.  long,  glabrous,  rounded  at  the  apex;  fruit  broadly 
obovoid,  yellow  to  orange,  14-17  mm.  long;  seeds  ellipsoid,  the  aril  scarlet. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  islands  from  Abaco  and  Great  Ba- 
hama to  Watling's,  Inagua,  Anguilla  Isles  and  North  Caicos : — Florida ;  Cuba 
to  Porto  Rico ;  Yucatan.     Lignum  Vitae. 

2.  TEIBULUS  L.  Sp.  PL  386.     1753. 

Herbs,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves  and  peduncled  axillary  yellow  flowers. 
Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  the  alternate  ones 
somewhat  longer.  Ovary  sessile,  5-lobed,  5-celled,  hairy,  the  hairs  erect;  style 
short;  stigma  5-ridged;  ovules  3-10  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  5-angled, 
spiny,  splitting  into  5,  3-5-seeded  segments.  [Greek,  three-pronged.  Caltrop, 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  that  implement.]  About  12  species,  of 
warm  and  tropical  regions.    Type  species:  Tribulus  terrestris  L. 

1.  Tribulus  cistoides  L.  Sp.  PL  387.     1753. 

Tribulus  terrestris  cistoides  Oliver,  Fl.  Trop.  Afr.  1:   284.     1868. 

Perennial;  roots  thick,  woody;  stems  diffuse,  procumbent,  3-10  dm.  long, 
pubescent,  becoming  glabrate.  Leaves  1-5  cm.  long;  leaflets  6-8  pairs, 
obliquely  oblong  or  elliptic,  acutish  or  obtuse  and  mucronulate,  4-15  mm.  long, 
silky-pubescent  beneath;  stipules  subulate,  5-8  mm.  long;  peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  sepals  lanceolate,  half  as  long  as  the  petals; 
petals  yellow,  about  2  cm.  long;  carpels  tubercled,  each  with  2  stout  divergent 
spines  and  several  scattered  smaller  ones. 

Sandy  waste  places,  Fortune  Island,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua : — Georgia  and 
Florida :  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda ;  Guadeloupe  and  Martinique ;  Jamaica ;  Panama 
north  to  the  islands  off  the  California  coast.     Large  Yellow  Caltrop.     Buttercup. 


MALPIGHIACEAE.  203 

3.  KALLSTROEMIA    Scop.    Int.    212.     1777. 

Mostly  annual  pubescent  herbs,  with  opposite  stipulate,  evenly  pinnate 
leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  peduncled  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  usually  5.  Petals 
the  same  number,  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  deciduous.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals.  Ovary  sessile,  10-12-eelled;  ovule  1  in  each  cavity,  pendulous; 
style  long,  or  short,  10-12-grooved,  persistent;  stigma  mostly  10-12-ridge<l. 
Fruit  10-12-lobed,  not  spiny,  often  tubercled,  splitting  into  10-12  1-seeded 
segments.  [In  honor  of  Kallstroem.]  About  20  species,  widely  distributed  in 
warm  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:   Tribulus  maximus  L. 

1.  Kallstroemia  maxima  (L.)  T.  &  G.  Fl.  N.  A.  1:  213.     1838. 

Tribulus  maximus  L.  Sp.  PI.  386.     1753, 

Branches  slender,  prostrate,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long.  Leaves  short-petioled; 
stipules  subulate;  leaflets  3-5  pairs,  oval  or  oblong,  inequilateral,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  8-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  1.2-5  cm.  long  in 
fruit;  flowers  2.5  cm.  broad,  or  less;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  very  pubescent, 
persistent,  shorter  than  the  petals;  fruit  ovoid-conic,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter, 
about  as  long  as  the  stout  persistent  style,  the  segments  tubercled. 

A  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated  soils,  New  Providence  and  Fortune  Island  : — 
Georgia  and  Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to  Colombia.     Greater  Caltrop. 

Family  5.     MALPIGHIACEAE  Vent. 

Malpighia  Family. 

Shrubs,  trees  or  woody  vines,  mostly  Avilli  opposite  leaves,  and  perfect 
clustered,  or  sometimes  solitary,  nearly  regular  flowers.  Calyx  of  5,  usu- 
ally g-landular  sepals.  Corolla  of  5,  usually  clawed  petals.  Stamens  5  or 
10;  filaments  united  below,  or  distinct.  Ovary  sessile,  mostly  3-carpellary ; 
styles  distinct  or  united;  stigmas  minute.  Fruit  various.  About  60  gen- 
era, including  over  700  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 

Fruit  nut-like,  winged,  laterally  attached  to  the  pyramidal  receptacle. 
Mature    carpels    winged    all    around,    the    wings    lobed,    the 

body  crestless.  1.  Tnoptcris. 

Mature  carpels  winged  dorsally,  the  wings  entire,  the  body 

crested.  2.  Stigmaphyllon. 

Fruit   fleshy,   wingless,   basally   attached   to   the   flat   or   hollow 
receptacle. 
Styles  distinct. 

Inflorescence  congested;  stigmas  thick.  3.  MaJvUjhia. 

Inflorescence  elongated;  stigmas  subulate.  4.  Bi/rsoniiud. 

Styles  united.  5.  Bunchosia. 

1.  TRIOPTERIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  428.     1753. 

Vines,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  twining  or  reclining,  with  opposite  coriaceous, 
mostly  shining,  short-petioled  leaves,  and  small  clustered  flowers.  Keceptacle 
py/amidal.  Calyx  8-glandular,  the  broad  sepals  persistent.  Petals  5,  the 
blacv'es  usually  undulate.  Stamens  10,  all  antheriferous;  filaments  subulate; 
anthers  very  short.  Ovary  3-lobed;  styles  3,  distinct,  nearly  equal.  Samaras 
3  togother,  each  3-winged,  Y-shaped,  the  two  upper  wings  longer  than  the 
lower  one.  [Greek,  three  wings.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  the  West 
Indies.     Type  species:  Triopteris  jamaicensis  L. 


204  MALPIGHIACEAE. 

1.  Triopteris  jamaicensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  428.     1753. 

Banisteria  microphylla  Jacq.  Obs.  Bot.  3:   7.  pi.  56.     1768. 
Triopteris  rigida  Sw.  Prodr.  75.     1788. 

Triopteris  lucida  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  5:  167.  pi.  451.     1822. 
Triopteris  havanensis  H.B.K.  Xov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  5:   168.     1822. 
Triopteris  parvifolia  A.  Juss.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  13:  266.     1840. 

A  slender  vine,  sometimes  10  m.  long.  Leaves  various,  linear  to  cuneate  or 
obovate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  striate-veined,  emarginate  or  mucronate  at  the  apex, 
mostly  obtuse  at  the  base;  flowers  racemose  or  paniculate;  sepals  ovate,  2-2,5 
m.m.  long;  petals  violet,  the  larger  ones  4-5  mm.  long,  the  suborbicular  or 
ovate-orbicular  blades  undulate;  samaras  12-26  mm.  long,  the  upper  wings 
oblong,  the  lower  one  ovate. 

Scrub-lands  and  pine-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera. 
Cat  Island,  Cave  Cay,  Watling's  Island,  Rum  Cay,  Acklin's  Island,  Fortune  Island, 
Crooked  Island: — Cuba;  Hispaniola  ;  (?)  Jamaica.  Apparently  recorded  by  Sclioepf 
as  Banisteria  angulosa  L.     Triopteris. 

2.  STIGMAPHYLLON  A.  Juss.  in  A.  St.  Hil.  Fl.  Bras.  Merid.  3:  48.     1833. 

Woody  vines,  with  opposite,  coriaceous  or  membranous,  petioled  leaves,  and 
bright  yellow  flowers,  in  axillary  peduncled  umbel-like  corymbs.  Eeceptacle 
pyramidal.  Calyx  8-glandular;  sepals  persistent.  Petals  5,  their  blades  erose 
or  fimbriate.  Stamens  10,  only  6  of  them  antherif erous ;  filaments  unequal, 
united  at  the  base  or  up  to  the  middle;  anthers  short.  Ovary  3-lobed;  styles  3, 
distinct,  unequal,  sometimes  foliaceous  above.  .  Samaras  2  or  3  together  or 
solitary,  with  a  flat  dorsal  wing.  [Greek,  leafy  stigma.]  About  50  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Banisteria  auriculata  Cav. 

1    Stigmaphyllon  Sagraeanum  A.  Juss.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  13:  290.     1840. 

Stigmapliyllon  reticiilatum  A.  Juss.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  13:  290.     1840. 
Stigmaphyllon  Faustinum  C.  Wright;  Sauv.  Anales  Acad.  Habana  5:  244. 
1868. 

A  rather  stout  vine  up  to  12  m.  long,  usually  shorter.  Leaves  various, 
oblong  to  linear,  ovate,  or  obovate,  coriaceous,  2-10  cm.  long,  usually  mucro- 
nate, glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  old,  strongly  reticulate-veined  beneath,  rounded 
or  cordate  at  the  base,  short-petioled;  peduncles  and  pedicels  sparingly  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous;  pedicels  jointed  at  the  base;  sepals  ovate,  about  4  mm.  long; 
larger  petals  10-12,5  mm.  long;  samaras  1.5-2,2  cm.  long,  the  ventral  edge  of 
the  wing  auricled  at  the  base,  the  body  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  wing. 

Pine-lands    and    scrub-lands,    Andros,    Long    Island : — Cuba.     Sacra's    Stigma- 

PHrLLO>\ 

3.  MAIiPIGHIA  L,  Sp.  PI.  425.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite  leaves  usually  bearing  stinging  hairs 
beneath,  the  white  pink  or  red  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  corymbs.  Calyx 
6-10-glandular,  persistent.  Petals  5j  the  blades  undulate  or  fimbriate.  Stamens 
10,  all  antherif  erous;  filaments  united  to  the  middle  or  below;  anthers  short, 
often  didymous,  Ch^ary  glabrous,  3-lobed;  styles  distinct;  stigmas  small. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe,  usually  depressed-globose.  [In  honor  of  Marcello 
Malpighi,  1628-1693,  Italian  botanist,]  Over  30  species,  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical America.     Type  species:  Malpighia  glabra  L. 


MALPIGHIACEAE.  205 

1.  Malpighia  polytricha  A.  Jii?s.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  IT.  13:  33G.     1S40. 

A  shrub,  up  to  3  m.  high,  usually  much  branched.  Leaves  oblong,  oval  or 
obovate,  subcoriaceous,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  rounded,  truncate  or  retuse  and  usually 
mucronulate  at  the  apex,  cuneate  to  subcordate  at  base,  sinuate-«lentatc  or 
entire,  reticulate-veined,  glabrous  above  "vvhen  mature,  mostly  pubej^cent  with 
stinging  hairs  beneath  and  on  the  margins,  short-petioled ;  cymes  s-essile  or 
nearly  so,  several-floAvered ;  calyx  10-glandular ;  sepals  oblcng  to  ovate,  about 
3  mm,  long;  corolla  pink  to  scarlet,  the  larger  petals  S-10  mm.  long;  styles 
unequal,  hooked  at  the  apex;  drupe  red,  subglobose  or  globose-ovoid,  7-10  mm. 
in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices  and  pine-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Ahaco 
and  Andros  to  Caicos  and  Inagna.  Endomic.  Consists  of  many  races,  the  Iciif- 
forms  various  and  the  stinging  hairs  abundant,  few  or  none.  Recorded  !iy  Dolley 
and  Hitchcock  as  M.  scfosa  Spreng.  :  also  as  such  by  Mrs.  Northrop:  and  l)y  Hitch- 
cock as  -1/.  punivifoJla  L.     Bahama  Malpk^hia.     Toucii-me-xot.     Wild-ciiekuy. 

4.  BYRSONIMA  Eich, ;   A.  Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  18:   481.     ISll. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  petioled  or  sessile  leaves,  the  flowers  in 
terminal  panicles  or  racemes.  Calyx  10-glandular,  or  glandless,  of  5  broad 
persistent  sepals.  Petals  5,  the  blades  suborbicular  to  reniform.  Stamens  10, 
all  antheriferous;  filaments  short,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-lobed; 
styles  3,  slender;  stigmas  subulate.  Drupes  ovoid  to  globose.  [Greek,  tanning.] 
About  100  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Mal- 
pigliia  spicata  Cav. 

1.  Byrsonima  cuneata  (Turcz.)  P.  Wilson,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  8:  304.     1917. 

Malpighia  liicida  Sw.  Prodr.  74.     1788.     Not  Miller.     1768. 

Biirsonima  lucida  DC.  Prodr.  1:   580.     1824. 

MalpJiigJiia  cuneata  Turcz.  Bull.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Mosc.  31^:  390.     1858. 

Usually  a  shrub,  2.5  m.  high  or  less,  sometimes  a  small  tree  up  to  S  m.  high, 
the  twigs  slender,  mostly  short.  Leaves  spatulate  to  obovate,  rather  thin  in 
texture,  flat,  1.5-5.5  cm.  long,  glabrous,  rounded  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined  and  shining  above,  dull 
beneath,  the  petioles  2-5  mm.  long;  pedicels  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous j^ 
sepals  ovate  or  oblong,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  white  to  red,  the  larger  5-7 
mm.  long;  drupes  globose,  brown,  9-12  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coastal  coppices,  borders  of  swamps  and  in  wet  places  in  pine-lands.  Abnco, 
Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Ele'uthera,  Cat  Island.  Crooked  Island, 
Fortune  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Inagua  : — Florida :  Cuba  to  Anegada  and  Bar- 
badoes.     Locust-berry.     Guax.v-berry.     Candle-berry. 

5.  BUNCHOSIA  Eich.;  A.  Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  18:  481.     isll. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite,  usually  coriaceous,  petioled  or  nearly  sessile 
leaves,  and  yellow  or  Avhite  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx  S-10-gIandular, 
the  5  sepala  persistent.  Petals  5,  their  broad  blades  undulate  or  toothed. 
Stamens  10,  all  antheriferous;  filaments  partly  united,  glabrous;  anthers  short. 
Ovary  2-3-lobed;  styles  united;  stigma  3-lobed  or  capitate.  Drupe  ovoid, 
globose  or  reniform.  [Said  to  be  derived  from  an  Arabic  name  for  coflfee.] 
Thirty  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species: 
Malpighia  odorata  Jacq. 


206  EUTACEAE. 

1.  Bunchosia  glandulosa  (Cav.)  DC.  Prodr.  1:  581.     1824. 

Malpighia  glandulosa  Cav.  Diss.  8:  411.  pi.  239.  f.  2.     1789. 

A  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree  up  to  8  m.  higli.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblanceo- 
late  or  elliptic-obovate,  glabrous,  3-11  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  acute  at  the  base,  bright-green,  somewhat  paler  beneath  than  above, 
the  petioles  5-12  m.  long;  panicles  often  many,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter; 
pedicels  finely  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrous;  sepals  oblong  or 
ovate-oblong,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  yellow,  the  larger  6-7.5  mm.  long,  with 
suborbicular,  erose  or  denticulate  blades;  ovary  and  style  glabrous;  clrupes 
ovoid,  red  or  orange,  2-lobed,  9-15  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera.  Great  Exuma,  Watling's 
Island  : — Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  St.  Thomas  to  Martinique  ;  Yucatan.     Bunchosia. 

Family  6.     RUTACEAE  Juss. 

Rue  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  heavy-scented  and  glandular-punc- 
tate foliage,  mainly  compound  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamo- 
dioecious  flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5,  or  none.  Petals  4  or  5,  hypogy^nous 
or  perigynous.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  or  twice  as  many,  distinct, 
inserted  on  the  receptacle ;  anthers  2-celled,  mostly  versatile.  Disk  annular. 
Pistils  1-5,  distinct,  or  1  and  composed  of  2-5  carpels,  inserted  on  the 
receptacle.  Fruit  various,  a  capsule,  berry  or  samara.  Seeds  oblong  or 
reniforra;  endosperm  generally  fleshy,  sometimes  none.  About  110  genera 
and  950  species,  most  abundant  in  South  Africa  and  Australia. 

Fruit  dry,  capsular  or  samaroid  ;  stamens  3-5. 

Fruit  dehiscent,  not  winged  ;  flowers  whitish  or  greenish.  L.  Zanthoxylum. 

Fruit  indehiscent.  winged  ;  flowers  red  or  pinkish.  2.  Spathelia. 

Fruit  pulpy,  drupaceous  ;  stamens  8  or  10.  3.  Ampris. 

1.  ZANTHOXYLUM   [Catesby]   L.  Sp.  PL  270.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  the  twigs  and  petioles 
commonly  prickly.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  cymose,  whitish  or  greenish, 
mostly  small.  Sepals  4  or  5,  or  none.  Petals  imbricated.  Staminate  flowers 
with  4  or  5  hypogynous  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  with  1-5  distinct  pistils, 
rarely  with  some  stamens.  Carpels  2-ovuled.  Pods  2-valved,  1-2-seeded.  Seeds 
oblong,  black  and  shining.  [Greek,  yellow-wood.]  About  150  species,  of  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Zanthoxylum  Clava-HercuUs  L. 

Petiole  and  rachis  winged  ;  inflorescence  lateral  or  axillary,  short- 

spicate.  ^  1.  Z.  Fagara. 

Petiole  and  rachis  wingless  :  inflorescence  mostly  terminal,  panicu- 
late or  corymbose-paniculate. 
Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  3  ;  leaflets  obovate. 

Ovary   3-carpellary.  2.  Z.  coriaceum. 

Ovary  1-carpellary.  3.  Z.  cuhense. 

Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  5,  rarely  4  ;  leaflets  lanceolate  to 

ovate.  4.  Z.  flavum. 

1.  Zanthoxylum  Fagara  (L.)  Sarg.  Gard.  &  For.  3:  186.     1890. 

Schimis  Fagara  L.  Sp.  PL  389.     1753. 

Fagara  Pterota  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  897.     1759. 

Fagara  lentiscifolia  H.  &  B. ;  Willd.  Enum.  Hort.  BeroL,  165.     1809. 

Zanthoxylum  Pterota  H.  B.  K.  Xov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  6:  3.     1823. 

Fagara  Fagara  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  675.     1903. 


RUTACEAE.  207 

TJsiTally  a  shrub,  sometimes  a  small  tree  up  to  10  m.  in  height,  intricately 
branched,  the  branches  armed  "with  hooked  prickles,  or  occasionally  unarmed, 
the  young  twigs  puberulent.  Leaves  2.5-10  cm.  long,  odd-pinnate;  leallets 
5-13,  obovate  to  elliptic  or  suborbicular,  7-25  mm.  long,  rounded  or  omarginate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  crenulate^  bright-green  an(l 
shining  above,  the  petiole  and  rachis  grooved  and  winged;  inflorescence  lateral, 
axillary,  short-spicate ;  sepals  4,  not  more  than  0.5  mm.  long ;  petals  4,  yellowish- 
green,  2-3  mm,  long;  staminate  flowers  with  4  stamens,  longer  than  the  petals; 
pistillate  flowers  with  a  sessile  ovary  and  slender  styles;  follicles*  globose,  3-4 
mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  black,  shining. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Elbow  Cay,  Great  Bahama,  Berry  Islands,  North  Cat 
Cay,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  to  Watling's,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Great 
Exuma,  Long  Island,  Acklln's  and  North  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Texas  ;  Mexico  ;  Central 
and  South  America  ;  West  Indies.     Wild  Lime.     Satin-wood. 

2.  Zanthoxylum  coriaceum  A.  Eich.  Ess.  Fl.  Cub.  326.     1845. 

Fagara  coriacea  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  21:  591.     1896. 

A  prickly  aromatic  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  7  m.  high,  the  old  wood 
bearing  many  corky  conic  cushions.  Leaves  2  dm.  long  or  less,  glabrous, 
mostly  evenly  pinnate;  leaflets  4-13,  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  2-6.5  cm.  long, 
obtuse,  emarginate  or  bluntly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the 
base,  dark-green  and  shining  above,  pale-green  and  often  prickly  beneath ;  cyme*; 
terminal,  rarely  axillary ;  flowers  yellowish-white ;  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  3 ; 
ovary  3-carpellary ;  petals  of  the  pistillate  flowers  about  4  mm.  long,  a  little 
larger  than  those  of  the  staminate;  follicles  subglobose  to  ellipsoid,  5-6  mm. 
long,  apiculate,  brown,  rough;  seeds  1  in  each  follicle,  subglobose,  black,  shining, 
3-4  mm.  long. 

Coppices  or  sometimes  in  the  white-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from 
Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  North  Bimini,  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ; 
Grand  Cayman  and  Hispaniola.  Referred  by  Dolley  and  Hitchcock  to  Zanthoxylum 
emurginatum  Sw.     Hercules'  Club.     Doctor's  Clud. 

3.  Zanthoxylum  cubense  P.  Wilson,  Torreya  9:   32.     1909. 

Zanthoxylum    juglandifolnim    A.    Eich.    Ess.    Fl.    Cub.    332.     1845.     Xot 
Willd.     1806. 

A  prickly  glabrous  shrub  or  tree  up  to  13  m.  high.  Leaves  odd-pinnate; 
leaflets  3-9,  obovate,  5-8  cm.  long,  obtuse,  short-acuminate,  or  emarginate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  shining  above,  rather  dull  beneath;  inflorescence 
terminal,  paniculate;  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  3;  petals  about  1.6  mm.  long, 
4-5  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  ovary  1-carpellary ;  follicles  solitary,  sessile, 
globose,  apiculate,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices    and    pine-lands,    near   Deep    Creek,    Andros : — Cuba.     Cuban    Yellow- 

wooc. 

4.  Zanthoxylum  fla-VTim  Vahl,  Eclog.  3:  48.     1807. 

Xanthoxylon  cribrosum  Spreng.  Syst.  1:  946.     1825. 
Fagara  flava  Krug.  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  21:  571.     1896. 

An  unarmed  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  ]2  m.  with  a  trunk 
about  5  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  smaller,  sometimes  shrubby,  the  light  grey 
bark  nearly  smooth,  the  twigs  finely  stellate-pubescent  when  young,  soon  gla- 
brous. Leaves  1-2.5  dm.  long,  odd-pinnate,  finely  stellate-canescent  when 
young;  leaflets  3-11,  mostly  5  or  7,  subcoriaceous,  ovate  or  lanceolate  to  elliptic, 
very  nearly  sessile,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  at  the  base, 
crenate  or  nearly  entire,  pellucid-punctate;  panicles  terminal,  many-flowcreil, 
5-15  cm.  long;  pedicels  and  rachis  stellate-canescent;  calyx  about  1.5  mm. 
broad;  petals  2.5-4  mm.  long;  staminate  flowers  with  5,  rarely  4  stamens  about 


208  RUTACEAE. 

as  long  as  the  ]3etals;   pistillate  flowers  with  a  glandular-punctate  ovary  and 
short  styles ;  f ollicdes  obovoid,  5-9  mm.  long ;  seeds  black,  shining,  4-5  mm.  long. 

White-lands  and  low  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Grand  Turk  and  Ambergris  Cay,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Ber- 
muda :  Florida  :  Cuban  Cays ;  Jamaica,  Santo  Domingo  to  St.  Lucia.  Referred  by 
Dolley  to  ZanthoxyUim  fraxincum  Willd.     Yellow-wood.     Satin-wood. 

The  occurrence  of  Zantkoxylum  Clava-Herculis  L.  in  the  Bahamas  as 
recorded  by  Dolley  is  extremely  doubtful;  both  Z.  coriaeeum  and  Caesalpinia 
hahamensis  are  locally  known  through  the  archipelago  as  ''Hercules'  Club." 

2.  SPATHELTA  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.   2,  386.     1762. 

Trees,  with  slender  unbranched  trunks,  the  leaf-scars  long-persistent,  the 
pinnate  leaves  tufted  at  the  summit,  the  polygamous  flowers  in  large  terminal 
erect  panicles.  Leaflets  pellucid-punctate.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  imbricated. 
Stamens  5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-angled;  stigma  3- 
lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  dry,  3-celled,  3-winged,  each  cavity  con- 
taining one  seed.  Endosperm  fleshy;  radicle  straight.  [Greek,  staff -like.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies.  The  trees  die  after  once  flowering 
and  fruiting.     Type  species :  Spathelia  simplex  L. 

1.  Spathelia  vernicosa  Planch,  in  Hook.  Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  5:   581.     1846. 

Trunk  3-5  m.  high,  5-8  cm.  in  diameter.  Leaves  several,  1.5-4.5  dm.  long, 
the  rachis  narrowly  wing-margined;  leaflets  25-35,  oblong  or  oblong-elliptic,  1-5 
cm.  long,  subsessile,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base, 
glabrous,  dark-green  above,  paler  beneath,  shining  on  both  sides,  coarsely 
crenulate  with  gland-tipped  teeth;  panicle  9  dm.  long  or  less;  pedicels  3-8  mm. 
long;  flowers  red;  sepals  oblong,  4-5  mm.  long;  petals  oblong-obovate,  5-6  mm. 
long;  filaments  with  wing-like  appendages  at  the  base;  fruit  10-13  mm.  long, 
7-10  mm.  wide,  the  triangular  body  narrowly  winged;  seeds  angled. 

Rocky  scrub-lands,  Cat  Island  : — Cuba.       Low  Spathelia. 

3.  AMYRIS  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  996,  1000.     1759. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  compound  (sometimes  unifoliolate),  petioled  leaves, 
and  small  white  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  corymbiform  panicles, 
the  pedicels  2-bracteolate.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4  or  5.  Sta- 
mens twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  borne  on  the  disk;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled;  ovules  2,  pendulous;  style  short  or 
none;  stigma  capitate  or  flat.  Fruit  a  small  drupe.  Seed-coat  membranous; 
cotyledons  thick,  fleshy.  [Greek,  much  balsam.]  About  15  species,  natives  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  America.     Type  species:  Amyris  halsamifera  L. 

1.  Amyris  eleimfera  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1000.     1759. 
Amyris  maritima  Jacq.  Enum,  19.     1760. 

A  shrub  or  tree,  sometimes  17  m.  high,  glabrous  or  the  young  twigs  and 
inflorescence  hispidulous.  Leaves  opposite,  or  mostly  so;  leaflets  3  or  5,  cori- 
aceous, lanceolate  to  ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  2-7  cm.  long,  acute,  acuminate  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  rounded  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  crenulate  or 
entire,  short-stalked;  panicles  several-many-flowered;   calyx-lobes  ovate;  petals 


SIMAEOUBACEAE.  209 

obovate  or  oval,  2-3.5  mm.  long;  ovary  glabrous;  stigma  sessile;  drupe  globose 
to  ellipsoid,  black,  5-8  mm.  long,  glaucous. 

Coastal  thickets  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and 
Great  Bahama  to  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 
Referred  by  Dolley  to  Aniyris  sylvatica  .Tacq.  Torch  wood.  White  Torch. 
Cutesby,  2  :  pi.  S3. 

Ami/ris  hijuga  of  Schoepf  is  listed  by  him  as  a  name  only  and  not  identified; 
his  record  of  A.  sylvatica  has  not  been  substantiated. 

The  Glycosmis  pentaphylla  recorded  by  Dolley,  is  Amyris  elemifcra  L. 
according  to  the  specimen  collected  by  Brace. 

Family  7.     SURIANACEAE  Lindl. 
Bay  Cedar  Family. 
The  family  consists  only  of  the  following  genus. 

1.  SURIANA  L.  Sp.  PI.  284.     1753. 

A  branching  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  simple  alternate  entire  leaves,  the 
perfect  flowers  in  terminal  clusters  or  solitary.  Calyx  of  5  persistent  sepals. 
Corolla  of  5  imbricated  petals.  Stamens  10 ;  filaments  nearly  distinct,  those 
oj)posite  the  petals  shorter  than  the  others.  Disk  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
calyx,  or  obsolete.  Carpels  5,  distinct;  ovules  2,  collateral,  ascending;  styles 
5,  lateral,  filiform;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruits  achene-like.  Embryo  thick,  horse- 
shoe-shaped. [Named  for  Joseph  Donat  Surian,  of  Marseilles.]  A  monotypic 
genus. 

1.  Suriana  maritima  L.  Sp.  PL  284.     1753. 

Usually  a  shrub  2  m.  high  or  less,  sometimes  a  small  tree  up  to  S  m.  high, 
the  twigs  densely  leafy,  and  densely  pubescent.  Leaves  linear-spatulate,  1— i 
cm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  rather  fleshy,  sessile,  densely  pubescent,  obtuse; 
flowers  few,  in  short  clusters;  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate,  6-10  mm.  long,  acumi- 
nate; petals  obovate,  yellow,  7-9  mm.  long,  erose  near  the  apex;  fruiting  car- 
pels 4-5  mm.  long,  finely  pubescent. 

Maritime  sands  and  rocks,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Sand  Cav  (Grand  Turk),  Inagua,  the  Anguilla  Isles  and  Cay  Sal: — 
Bermuda;  Florida:  the  West  Indies;  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean 
Sea  ;  Old  World  tropical  coasts.     Bay  Cedar,     Tassel  Plakt. 

Family  8.     SIMAROUBACEAE  DC. 

Quassia  Family. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  the  bark  usually  bitter  and  containing  oil-sacs,  with 
pinnate  (rarely  simple),  mostly  alternate  leaves  and  small,  dioecious  or 
polygamous,  panicled  racemose,  or  sometimes  solitary,  axillary  flowers. 
Calyx  of  3-7  sepals.  Corolla  of  as  many  petals,  or  wanting.  Stamens  as 
many  or  t\viee  as  many  as  the  petals,  rarely  more  numerous.  Carpels  2-5, 
distinct  or  united;  styles  distinct,  united  or  none;  ovules  mostly  1  or  2  in 
each  cavity.  Fruit  various,  usually  1-seeded.  About  30  genera,  compris- 
ing some  150  species,  mostly  tropical,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 


210  SIMAEOUBACEAE. 

Fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate ;  petals  usually  present. 

Leaves  5-9-foliolate  ;  carpels  2-ovuled,  ].  Picramnia. 

Leaves  9— 21-foliolate  ;  carpels  1-ovuled.  2.  Simaroiiha. 

Fruit  samaroid  ;  leaves  19-51-foliolate  ;  petals  none.  3.  Alvaradoa. 

1.  PICRAMNIA  Sw.  El.  Ind.  Occ.   1:    217.     1797. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  dioe 
cious  flowers  in  narrow  panicles.  Sepals  3-5,  slightly  united  at  the  base 
Petals  3-5,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3-5,  in  the  pistillate  flowers  repre 
sented  by  small  staminodia;  filaments  slender,  unappendaged;  anthers  broad 
Ovary  2-3-celled,  sessile;  sligmas  2  or  3,  spreading;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity 
pendulous.  Fruit  baccate,  globose  to  oblong  or  obovoid,  the  pulp  juicy, 
[Greek,  bitter  shrub.]  Some  thirty  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
America.     Type  species :  Picramnia  Antidesma  Sw. 

1.  Picramnia  pentandra  Sw.  El.  Ind.  Occ.  1:  220.     1797. 

A  shrub,  or  a  small  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  and  leaves 
finely  appressed-pubescent.  Leaflets  5-9,  chartaceous,  oblong  to  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  3-12  cm.  long,  acute,  acuminate,  or  obtu?e  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  shining  above,  becoming  glabrous  on  both  sides,  the  petiolules 
short;  panicles  slender,  loosely  branched,  7-15  cm.  long;  sepals  5,  ovate,  acute, 
about  2  mm.  long;  petals  linear-lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  stamens 
5;  berries  globose  to  oblong  or  obovoid,  red  or  scarlet,  9-15  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera.  Tat  Island,  Wntling's.  xVtwood  Cay,  Acklin's.  Long  Island,  Mariguana 
and  North  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Trinidad.     Bitteii  Bush.     Snake-eoot. 

2.  SZMAROUBA  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  2:  859.     1775. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  usually  with  bitter  bark,  the  leaves  alternate,  pinnate,  the 
leaflets  entire,  the  small,  terminal  or  axillary  panicled  flowers  monoecious  or 
dioecious.  Sepals  4-6,  partly  united.  Petals  4—6,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  8-12,  often  represented  by  dilated  staminodia  in  the  pistillate  flowers; 
filaments  subulate,  appendaged  at  the  base;  anthers  narrow.  Ovary  sessile, 
usually  5-celled;  carpels  distinct.  Eruit  drupaceous.  [Guiana  name.]  About 
5  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Simarouba  amara 
Aubl. 

1.  Simarouba  glauca  DC.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  17:  424.     1811. 

Quassia  Simaruba  W.  Wright,  Trans.  Eov.  Soc.  Edin.  2:  73.     1790.     Not  L. 

f.     1781. 
Simaruba  amara  Hayne,  Arzneipfl.  9.  pi.  15.     1825.     Not  Aubl.     1775. 
Simdruba  officinalis  M^cf.  El,  Jam.  1:   198.     1837.     Not  DC.     1811. 
Simarouba  medicindlis  Endl.  Medic.  Pfl.  528.     1842. 
Simaruba  officinalis  forma  glabra  Krug  &  Urban,  in  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  15: 

305.     1893. 

A  tree,  up  to  16  m.  high,  or  shrubby,  the  rather  stout  nearly  terete  twigs 
glabrous,  the  bark  red-brown.  Leaves  2-4  dm,  long,  unequally  pinnate ;  leaflets 
7-21,  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  5-11  cm.  long,  rounded,  retuse  or  abruptly 
pointed  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  glabrous,  or  with  short  spreading 
hairs  beneath,  bright  green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  glaucous  beneath,  the 
petiolules  very  short;  panicle  1-4  dm.  long,  widely  branched,  the  staminate 
flowers  more  numerous  than  the  pistillate;  flowers  short-pedicelled;  sepals  ovate 


J 


BURSERACEAE.  211 

to    triangular-ovate,  ciliolate;  petals  oblong  to  ovate,  4-6  mm.  long;  <lrupe  oval, 
14-20  mm.  long,  scarlet  to  dark-purple. 

Coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ; 
Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico  to  Panama.     Paradise-xi{EE. 

3.  ALVARADOA  Liebm.  Kjob.  Vidensk.  Meddel.  1853:  100.       1854. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  -^vith  alternate,  unequally  pinnate  leaves  clustered 
near  the  ends  of  the  slender  branches,  the  leaflets  small  and  numerous,  the 
small  dioecious  flowers  in  narrow,  spreading  or  drooping  racemes.  Sepals  5, 
short,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5,  exserted;  filaments 
filiform,  pubescent;  anthers  short.  Ovary  sessile,  2-3-celled;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity;  styles  2  or  3,  recurved;  stigmas  very  small.  Fruit  a  2-3-winged 
samara.  [Commemorates  Petro  de  Alvarado,  a  Mexican  explorer.]  Five  or 
six  species,  of  Florida,  the  West  Indies,  Central  and  South  America,  the  fol- 
lowing typical. 

1.  Alvaradoa  amorphoides  Liebm.  Kjob.  Aldensk.  Meddel.  1853:    100.     1854. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  the  twigs  pubcrulent.  Leaves  1-2 
dm.  long,  the  rachis  very  slender  and  flexible;  leaflets  19-51,  thin,  0.5-2.5  cm. 
long,  the  lower  orbicular  to  obovate,  the  upper  ovate  to  oblong,  all  rounded  or 
retuse  at  the  apex,  dark-green  and  glabrous  above,  finely  appressed-pubescent 
beneath,  the  petiolules  short;  sepals  ovate  to  ovate-orbicular,  1.5-2  mm.  long, 
obtuse  or  acutish;  samaras  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  nar- 
rowed to  the  apex. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices  and  pine-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma 
and   Cat   Island  :— Florida  ;   Cuba  ;   Mexico.     Alvaeadoa. 

Family  9.     BURSERACEAE  Kunth. 
Gumbo-limbo  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  resiniferoiis  or  aromatic,  with  alternate,  mostly 
pinnate,  deciduous  leaves,  and  small  regular  perfect  or  polygamo-dioe- 
cious  flowers,  usually  panicled.  Sepals  3-5,  somewhat  united  below.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternating  with  them.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals;  filaments  distinct,  short;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  superior, 
mostly  3-5-celled;  ovules  normally  2  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  style 
usually  very  short;  stigma  broad.  Fruit  drupaceous.  Seed-coat  mem- 
branous; endosperm  none.  About  20  genera  and  over  300  species,  mostly 
of  tropical  distribution. 

1.  ELAPHRIUM  Jacq.  Enum.  3.     1760. 

[Terebixthus  p.  Br.  Hist.  Jam.  345.     1756.     Not  Miller  1754.] 

Leaves  various,  compound  or  simple.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Flowers 
polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  4-5-lobed,  .the  lobes  spreading.  Petals  4  or  5,  ovate 
to  oblong,  much  larger  than  the  calyx-lobes,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  disk.  Stamens  8  or  10,  distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Disk 
an  entire  ring.     Ovary  sessile,  3-celled.     Fruit  a  globose  or  3-angled  drupe,  the 


212  MELIACEAE. 

epicarp  splitting  into  2  or  3  coriaceous  valves,  the  bony  stone  enclosed  in  fleshy 
pulp.  [Greek,  light,  the  wood  is  light  in  weight.]  About  80  species,  of  trop- 
ical and  subtropical  America.     Type  species:  ElapJirium  tomentosum  Jacq. 

I^eaflets  narrow,  oblong  to  oblanceolate  ;  angles  of  seed  4,  keeled.        1.  E.  inagucnse. 
Leaflets  broad,  oval  to  obovate,  acute  ;  angels  of  seed  1-3,  acute.        2.  E.  Simaruha. 

1.  Elaphrium  inaguense  (Britton)  Eose,  N.  A   Fl.  25:  245.     1911. 

Bursera  inaguensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  443.     1905. 
Terehinthus  inaguensis  Britton,  Bull.  Ton.  Club  35:  342.     1908. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  3.3  m.  high  or  less,  the  twigs  gray,  the  foliage 
glabrous.  Petiole  slender,  terete,  2-5  cm.  long;  leaflets  3-7,  thin  but  firm,  light 
green  on  both  sides,  not  strongly  veined,  oblong  to  oblanceolate  or  obovate, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  mucronate  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  6  cm. 
long  or  less,  1-2  cm.  wide,  the  upper  surface  faintly  shining,  the  under  side 
dull;  lateral  leaflets  sessile  or  with  petiolules  1-2  mm.  long,  the  terminal  one 
with  a  petiolule  3-8  mm.  long;  panicles  several,  axillary,  as  long  as  the  leaves 
or  shorter,  the  slender  peduncles  1-6  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-3  mm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  broadly  triangular,  acute;  petals  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  2.5  mm.  long; 
fruit  6-8  mm.  long,  only  one  cavity  seed-bearing;  seed  4-6  mm.  long,  acute, 
short-stipitate. 

Scrub-lands,  Eleuthera,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Am- 
bergris Cay,  Inagua  and  Little  Inagua  :■ — nortliern  Cuban  Cays.  Referred  by  Hitch- 
cock to  Bursera  angustata   C.   Wright.      Bahama  Elapheium. 

2.  Elaphrium  Simaruba  (L.)  Eose,  N.  A.  Fl.  25:  246.     1911. 

Pistacia  Simaruba  L.  Sp.  PL  1026.     1753. 
Bursera  gummifera  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  471.     1762. 
Bursera  gummifera  glabrata  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  173.     1859. 
Bursera  gummifera  pubescens  Engler,  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  4:  40.     1883. 
Bursera  Simaruba  Sarg.  Gard.  &  For.  3:  260.     1890. 

Terebuithus  Simaruba  W.  F.  Wight;   Eose,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  10: 
122.     1906. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  20  m.  with  a  trunk  up  to  1  m. 
in  diameter,  usually  much  smaller,  the  branches  spreading,  the  thick  red-brown, 
smooth  and  shining  bark  peeling  off  in  thin  layers.  Leaves  glabrous  or  some- 
times pubescent,  petioled,  1-2  dm.  long;  leaflets  3-7,  ovate  to  obovate,  firm  in 
texture,  3-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate;  racemes  glabrous  or  pubescent,  5-10 
cm.  long;  pedicels  4-8  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  about  1  mm.  long;  petals  green- 
ish, 2-2.5  mm.  long,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate;  drupes  oblong,  3-angled,  5-10 
mm.  long,  splitting  into  3  valves;   seed  white. 

Coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Turk's 
Islands,  Anguilla  Isles  and  Cay  Sal  : — Florida  :  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  and  tropical 
continental  America.  Gumbo-limbo,  West  Ixdiax  Birch,  Gum-elemi.  Catesby,  1  : 
pi.  30. 

Eediuigia  balsamifera  Sw.,  reported  by  Dolley,  has  not  be^n  found  in  the 
Bahamas  by  any  of  our  collectors;   the  record  is  probably  erroneous. 

Family  10.     MELIACEAE  Vent. 
Mahogaxy  Family. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  sometimes  shrubby  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  without 
stipules,    pinnately    compound,    sometimes    thrice    pinnate.     Inflorescence 


MELIACEAE.  213 

paniculate.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioeeious,  regular.  Calyx  of 
3-5,  distinct  or  partly  united  valvate  sepals.  Corolla  of  3-5  distinct  or  some- 
what united  petals  which  are  sometimes  adnate  to  the  stamen-tube. 
Stamens  S-10,  or  rarely  fewer  or  more,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk; 
filaments  united  into  a  tube;  anthers  sessile  or  stalked.  Carpels  3-5, 
united;  ovary  3-5-celled,  free;  styles  united.  Ovules  2-many  in  each  cavity, 
anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry,  capsule  or  drupe.  Seeds  sometimes  winged; 
endosperm  wanting  or  fleshy;  embryo  with  leafy  cotyledons.  About  50 
genera,  including  some  700  species,  mostly  tropical. 

Leaflets  membranous,  serrate  to  incised  ;  fruit  a  drupe  ;  seeds  wing- 
less. 1.   Mdia. 
Leaflets  chartaceous,  entire;  fruit  a  woody  capsule;  seeds  winged.           '2.  Sni,  totid. 

1.  MELIA   L.   Sp.   PI.   384.     1753. 

Trees,  with  alternate,  pinnate  or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets 
stalked  and  serrate,  the  showy  white  to  purple  flowers  numerous,  in  large 
axillary  panicles.  Calyx  5-6-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Petals  as  many  as 
the  calyx-lobes,  narrowly  spatulate,  spreading.  Stamen-tube  nearly  cylindric, 
dilated  and  cleft  above,  bearing  10  or  12  erect  anthers.  Disk  annular.  Ovary 
3-6-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stigma  2-6-lobed  or  capitate. 
Fruit  a  small  drupe,  its  stone  1-5-celled,  with  1  seed  in  each  cell.  [A  Greek 
name  of  the  Ash.]     About  25  Asiatic  species,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Melia  Azedarach  L.  Sp.  PI.  384.     1753. 

Melia  sempervirens  Sw.  Prodr.  67.     1788. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  2  m.  in  diameter,  usually 
much  smaller,  the  bark  furrowed,  the  branches  spreading.  Leaves  bipinnate, 
l^etioled,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  2-4  dm.  long,  deciduous;  leaflets  numerous, 
ovate  to  elliptic,  thin,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
3-7  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate  and  sometimes  lobed;  panicles  peduncled  2-3  dm. 
long;  pedicels  slender,  4-10  mm.  long;  sepals  acute,  about  2  mm.  long;  petals 
purplish,  oblong,  obtuse,  about  10  mm.  long;  drupes  yellow,  globose,  smooth, 
1.5-2  cm.  in  diameter. 

Waste  and  scrub-lands,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island 
and  Inagua  : — southeastern  Ignited  States  ;  Bermuda  :  West  Indies  :  Mexico  and  trop- 
ical America  generally  ;  native  of  southeastern  Asia.     I'i{ide-of-I.\dia. 

2.  SWIETENIA  Jacq.  Enum.   4,  2(1     17()0. 

Large  evergreen  trees,  with  hard  reddish  brown  wood,  and  jtinnate  leaves 
with  opposite  acuminate  leaflets,  the  small  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary 
panicles.  Calyx  5-cleft,  its  lobes  imbricated.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Filaments 
united  into  an  urn-shaped,  10-toothed  tube;  anthers  10.  Disk  annular.  Ovary 
ovoid,  5-celled;  s/tigma  discoid,  5-rayed ;  ovules  many,  pendulous  on  the  axis. 
Capsule  large,  woody,  5-celled,  septicidally  5-valved.  Seeds  many,  inibricatetl  in 
2  series.  [Named  for  Gerard  von  Swieten,  1700-1772.]  Three  known  species, 
two  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  one  African,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Swietenia  Mahagoni  Jacq.  Enum.  20.     1700. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  25  m.  high  with  a  trunk  4  m.  in  diameter,  buttressed 
at  the  base,  the  reddish  bark  scaly,  the  branches  spreading,  the  angular  twigs 


214  POLYGALACEAE. 

smooth.  Leaves  evenly  pinnate,  1-2  dm.  long,  the  slender  petiole  enlarged  at  the 
base;  leaflets  4-8,  coriaceous,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  inequilateral,  3-8  cm. 
long,  dark-green,  glabrous  and  shining  above,  paler  green  and  glabrous  or 
sparingly  pubescent  beneath;  panicles  axillary,  6-15  em.  long;  calyx-lobes 
rounded;  petals  white,  spreading,  about  4  mm.  long;  stamen-tube  glabrous; 
ovary  ovoid;  style  erect;  stigma  5-rayed;  capsule  ovoid,  woody,  6-12  cm.  long, 
splitting  from  the  base  into  5  thick  valves,  the  5-winged  axis  persistent;  seeds 
about  18  mm.  long,  the  wing  obtuse. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Lignum  Vitae  Cay,  Andros,  New 
Providence.  Great  Guana  Cay,  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Eleuthera  to  Watling's,  Acklin's, 
Crooked  Island,  Mariguana,  the  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  Mexico 
to  Peru.     Mahogany,     Madeira.     Catesby,  2  :  i)l.  81. 

Cedrela  odorata  L.,  recorded  by  Dolley  from  the  Bahamas,  is  unknown  by 
us  from  any  island  or  cay  in  the  archipelago.    It  may  have  been  planted. 

Family  11.     POLYGALACEAE  Rclib. 

Milkwort  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  or  small  trees  in  tropical  regions.  Stipules  none. 
Pedicels  generally  2-bracted  at  the  base.  Flow^ers  perfect,  irregailar. 
Sepals  5,  the  t^vo  lateral  inner  ones  (wings)  large,  colored,  the  others 
smaller.  Petals  3  (or  5),  hypogynous,  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube, 
the  lower  one  often  crested.  Stamens  generally  8,  united  in  1  or  2  sets. 
Ovary  2-celled;  style  simple;  stigma  curved,  dilated  or  lobed;  ovules  1  in 
each  cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit  mainly  capsular.  Seeds  generally  ca- 
runeled;  embrj'o  straight.  About  10  genera  and  1000  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed. 

Wings   much    larger   than   the   other    sepals   and   petaloid ;    lateral    petals    partially 
adnate  to  the  androecium  ;  the  Bahama  species  herbs.  1.  Folygala. 

Wings   somewhat   lai'ger  than   the   other   sepals,   not   petaloid ;    lateral 

petals  coherent  to  the  androecium  at  the  base ;  shrubs  or  trees.  2.  Badiera. 

1.  POLYGALA  L.  Sp.  PI.  701.     1753. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Flowers  racemose,  spicate  or  capitate,  rarely  solitary  and 
axillary,  sometimes  also  cleistogamous  and  subterranean.  Sepals  very  unequal, 
the  two  lateral  ones  (wings)  large  and  petaloid.  Petals  3,  united  into  a  tube 
which  is  split  on  the  back,  and  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  stamens.  Stamens  8 
or  6,  monadelphous  below,  or  diadelphous;  capsule  membranous,  compressed, 
dehiscent  along  the  margin.  Seeds  1  in  each  cavity,  generally  hairy.  [Greek, 
much  milk.]  A  genus  of  about  450  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species: 
Poly  gala  vulgaris  L,  The  following  descriptions  were  contributed  by  Dr.  J.  K. 
Small. 

The  two  lower  sepals  wholly  or  partly  united. 

Sepals  with  marginal  stipitate  glands.  1.  P.  hahamensis. 

Sepals  glandless.  2.  P.  Krugii. 

Sepals  distinct. 

Racemes  sessile  or  nearly  so,  permanently  short ;  sepals  with 

marginal  glands  ;  bracts  persistent.  3.  P.  spathulata. 

Racemes  long-peduncled,  elongate  or  elongating;  sepals  with- 
out marginal  glands  ;  bracts  deciduous. 
Racemes  slender,  interrupted  in  anthesis  ;  stems  slender, 

wiry  ;  capsules  suborbicular  ;  seeds  oblong-ovoid.  4.  P.  Wightiana. 

Racemes  stout,  not  interrupted  ;  stems  stout,  fleshy  ;  cap- 
sules oblong-obovoid ;   seeds  broadly   clavate.  5.  P.  Wilsoni. 


POLYGALACEAE.  215 

1.  Polygala  bahamensis  Blake,  Coiitr.  Gray  Herb.  II.  47:  6-i.     1916. 

Plant  annual  ^Yith  slender  roots.  Stems  erect,  1-4  dm.  tall,  branched  above, 
and  sometimes  branched  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  glalirous  or  nearly 
so;  leaves  glabrous  at  maturity,  the  blades  various,  those  of  the  lower  leaves 
narrowly  obovate  to  oblong-obovate,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  oblong  to  linear, 
1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  lower  ones,  obtuse  or  acute,  all  short-petioled, 
the  midrib  prominent  beneath;  racemes  loosely  flowered;  sepals  about  1.5-2 
mm.  long,  the  upper  one  ovate,  ciliate,  and  with  gland-tipped  hairs;  wings  3-4 
mm.  long,  the  blades  orbicular-flabellate,  several-veined,  short-clawed,  greenish 
and  purple-tinged;  keel  about  3  mm.  long  or  rarely  larger;  petals  2.5-3  mm. 
long,  the  blades  orbicular-obovate;  capsules  oval  or  oval-orbicular,  3-3.5  mm. 
long,  glabrous;  seed-body  with  spreading  or  reflexed-spreading  hairs. 

Pine-land,  borders  of  marshes,  .and  roadsides,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence, 
Andros.  Endemic.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  P.  hrizoiihn  St.  Mil.,  and  by 
Small  (Fl.  Miami  102)  to  P.  coralHcola  Small,  of  B'lorida.  Perhaps  not  distinct 
from   the  next  following  species. 

2.  Polygala  Krugli  Chodat,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Hist.  Nat.  Geneve  31=:  63.     1893 

Plant  annual  with  slender  root.  Stems  erect,  3-6  dm.  tall,  sparingly 
branched,  especially  above,  the  branches  glabrous;  leaves  glabrous,  the  blades 
various,  those  of  the  lower  leaves  oblong-obovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  those  of 
the  upper  ones  narrowly  oblong,  oblong-elliptic  to  almosl;  linear,  or  rarely 
somewhat  broadened  upward,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long,  longer  than  the  lower  ones,  all 
obtuse  or  acutish,  short-petioled,  the  midrib  and  lateral  veins  prominent  beneath 
when  dry;  racemes  very  loosely  flowered;  sepals  about  1.5  mm.  long,  the  upper 
one  ovate,  ciliate  especially  near  the  apex  and  glandless;  wings  3.5-4  mm. 
long,  the  blades  depressed-orbicular,  rounded,  few-veined,  purple-tinged,  short- 
clawed;  keel  4.5-5  mm.  long;  petals  about  3  mm.  long,  the  blades  flabellate; 
capsules  oval  or  nearly  so,  about  3.5  mm.  long,  glabrous;  seed-body  about  1.5 
mm.  long,  with  spreading  hairs. 

Scrub-lands,  pine-lands,  and  savannas,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Andros. 
Endemic.     Krug's  Polygala. 

3.  Polygala  spathulata  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  13.     1866. 

Plant  perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  deep-green,  glabrous.  Stems  slender, 
usually  several  or  many  from  a  woody  base,  spreading,  0.3-2.8  dm.  long;  leaves 
numerous,  whorled  in  4's,  the  blades  cuneate  to  obovate  or  somewhat  spatulate, 
sometimes  nearly  as  wide  as  long,  7-9  mm.  long  or  rarely  longer,  abruptly 
i^ointed,  entire  or  obscurely  toothed,  obscurely  punctate,  glabrous,  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  racemes  few-flowered,  rather  slender,  permanently  short,  the  bracts 
persistent,  ovate,  about  0.5  mm.  long;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  bracts, 
deciduous;  flowers  spreading;  sepals  bright-green,  the  upper  one  ovate  or  oval- 
ovate,  the  lower  ones  ovate,  glandular-ciliate,  all  about  1  mm.  long;  wings  fully 
2.5  mm.  long,  the  blade  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  acute  or  acutish,  whitish 
with  green  veins,  short-clawed;  corolla  about  2  mm.  long,  the  petals  broad, 
united  to  above  the  middle,  often  erose;  capsules  oblong,  fully  2  mm.  long, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  wings  or  shorter;  seeds  narrowly  oblong-ovoid,  less  than 
2  mm.  long,  with  spreading  or  reflexed  hairs,  the  aril-lobes  much  more  than  ^  as 
long  as  the  seed-body. 

Rocks,  pine-lands,  palm-lands,  and  borders  of  coppices,  Great  Bahama,  New  Provi- 
dence, Andros,  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba.     SpATULATE-LEA^'ED  Polygala. 

4.  Polygala  Wightiana  Blake,  Contr.  Gray  Herb.  II.  47:  87.     1916. 

Plant  annual,  not  fleshy,  slender,  glabrous,  dark-green.  Stems  solitary  or 
several  together  arising  from  a  slender  root,  simple  above  or  sparingly  branched, 
the  branches  very  slender;   leaves  few,  whorled  at  the  principal  nodes,  occa- 


216  POLYGALACEAE. 

sionally  opposite  or  alternate,  the  blades  oblanceolate  to  spathulate,  acute,  or 
those  of  the  upper  leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  longer  than  those 
of  the  lower  leaves,  acute;  racemes  slender,  spike-like,  elongate  in  age,  acute 
at  the  apex,  the  bracts  caducous,  and  the  pedicels  deciduous  at  maturity; 
pedicels  about  0.5  mm.  long;  flowers  spreading  or  ascending;  sepals  pale-green 
and  scarious-margined,  the  upper  one  broadly  ovate,  the  lower  ones  narrowly 
ovate,  all  1  mm.  long  or  less;  wings  about  1.5  mm.  long,  the  blade  oval,  short- 
clawed,  the  center  greenish,  the  margins  whitish;  corolla  about  1.5  mm.  long, 
the  petals  very  broad,  united  at  the  base,  obtuse;  capsules  suborbicular,  1.5-2 
mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  wings  or  slightly  longer;  seeds  oblong-ovoid,  about  1.5 
mm.  long,  covered  with  short  spreading  hairs,  the  caruncle  less  than  ^  the 
length  of  the  body. 

Swampy  grounds,  marly  shores,  and  limestone  rocks,  New  Providence,  Andres, 
Acklin's  Island,  Crooked  Island  and  Mariguana.     Endemic.     Wight's  Polygala. 

5.  Polygala  Wilsoni  Small,  sp.  nov. 

Plant  annual,  fleshy,  stout,  glabrous,  bright-green.  Stems  usually  several 
or  many  together  arising  from  the  top  of  the  stout  root,  simple  or  occasionally 
branched,  usually  near  the  base  or  near  the  inflorescence ;  leaves  numerous, 
whorled  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  alternate  above,  the  blades  of  the  lower 
leaves  cuneate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  apiculate,  those  of  the  upper 
leaves  spatulate,  oblong  or  linear,  mostly  1-2  cm.  long,  longer  than  those  of 
the  lower  leaves,  minutely  spine-tipped ;  racemes  stout,  greatly  elongate  in  age, 
acute  at  the  apex,  the  bracts  fugacious  and  the  mature  pedicels  deciduous 
from  the  rachis;  pedicels  about  1  mm.  long;  flowers  not  drooping;  sepals  bright 
green,  the  upper  one  ovate,  the  lower  ones  lanceolate,  all  less  than  2  mm.  long; 
wings  about  3  mm.  long,  the  blade  oval  or  obovate,  short-clawed,  the  center 
greenish-yellow,  the  margins  white;  corolla  about  2.5  mm.  long,  the  petals  very 
broad,  united  to  near  the  apex,  rounded ;  capsules  oblong-ovoid,  4-5  mm.  long, 
much  surpassing  the  wings;  seeds  broadly  clavate,  about  3  mm.  long,  covered 
with  spreading  hairs,  the  caruncle  less  than  one  half  the  length  of  the  body. 

Type  collected  on  the  Anguilla  Isles,  Salt  Key  Bank.  Bahamas,  May,  1909, 
Wilson  S030.  Related  to  Polygala  praetervisa  Chodat ;  differing  in  the  very  fleshy 
foliage,  the  relatively  larger  parts  throughout,  the  narrower  upper  sepal,  and  the 
capsule,  which  is  long-exserted  beyond  the  wings.     Wilson's  Polygala. 

2.  BADIERA  DC.  Prodr.  1:   334.     1824. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  entire  subcoriaceous  leaves,  and 
small  or  minute  greenish  or  white  flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes.  Sepals  dis- 
tinct, nealy  equal,  the  two  inner  (wings)  somewhat  larger  than  the  others,  but 
not  petal-like.  Petals  3,  the  upper  ones  about  twice  as  long  as  the  wings, 
adnate  to  the  stamen-tube  at  the  base.  Stamens  8,  the  filaments  united  into  a 
tube.  Ovary  2-celled,  often  pubescent.  Capsule  2-celled,  but  one  of  the  cells 
often  abortive,  coriaceous,  margined,  compressed.  Seeds  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous.  [Dedicated  to  Badier,  an  early  French  botanical  collector.]  About 
10  species,  of  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:  Polygala  diversifolia  L. 

1.  Badiera  oblongata  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5:  314.     1907. 

Polygala  oblongata  Blake,  Contr.  Gray  Herb.  II.  47:  13.     1916. 

A  shrub,  1.5  m.  high,  or  less,  with  long  slender  appfessed-puberulent 
branches.  Leaves  coriaceous,  dull,  1.7-3  cm.  long,  0.8-1.8  cm.  wide,  oblong  or 
obovate-oblong,  somewhat  revolute-margined  in  drying,  the  midvein  rather 
prominent,  the  lateral  veins  few  and  inc^onspicuous,  sparingly  pubescent  with 


POLYGALACEAE. 


short  appressed  hairs  on  both  sides  when  young,  becoming  glabrous  or  nearly 
so  when  old,  rather  bright-green  above,  pale-green  beneath,  acute  at  the  base, 
obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  the  pubescent  petioles  about  2  mm.  long; 
flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  puberulent,  on  pedicels  2  mm.  long  or  less;  ex- 
terior sepals  about  0.7  mm.  long,  suborbicular,  green;  corolla  white,  about  2.5 
mm.  long;  carina  unguiculate,  obtuse;  capsule  nearly  triangular,  shallowly 
emarginate,  about  8  mm.  long  and  wide,  subacute  at  the  base. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence  ;  Cat  Island  ;  Acklln's  Island  ; 
Crooked  Island ;  Watling's  Island ;  North  Caicos ;  Providenciales : — Cuba.  Re- 
corded by  Dolley  as  Badicra  do7ni)iijcjisis  Jacq.     Obloxg-leavkd  Bauiera. 


Family   12.     EUPHORBIACEAE    J.    St.    Hil. 
Spurge  Family. 


Monoecious  or  dioecious  herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  acrid  often  milky 
sap.  Leaves  opposite,  alternate  or  verticillate.  Flowers  sometimes  much 
reduced  and  subtended  by  an  involucre  which  resembles  a  calyx  {Euphor- 
biae),  the  number  of  parts  in  the  floral  whorls  often  differing  in  the  stam- 
inate  and  pistillate  flowers.  Ovary  usually  3-celled;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cavity,  pendulous;  styles  mostly  3,  simple,  divided,  or  manj^-cleft.  Fruit 
mostly  a  3-lobed  capsule,  separating,  often  elastically,  into  3.  2-valved 
carpels  from  a  persistent  axis.  Seeds  anatropous;  embiyo  in  fleshy  or 
oily  endosperm,  the  broad  cotyledons  almost  filling  the  seed-coats.  About 
250  genera  and  over  4000  species,  of  w'ide  distribution. 


A.   Ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity  ;  plants  not  milky 


Fowers  petaliferous. 
Flowers  apetalous. 


Fruit  capsular  or  baccate ;  styles  slender. 

*  Staminate    flowers    with    a    rudimentary    ovary ; 

spiny  shrub  or  tree. 
**  Staminate  flowers  without  a  rudimentary  ovary. 
Trees,  shrubs  or  woody  vines. 

Leaves   normal ;   branches  not   flattened   into 
phyllodia. 
Flowers    in    leafy-bracted   panicles ;    fruit 

indehiscent.  baccate. 
Flowers  axillary  ;  fruit  dehiscent. 
Leaves  obsolete  ;  branches  flattened  into  phyl- 
lodia. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs. 
b.  Fruit  drupaceous  ;  styles  dilated. 
Ovule  1  in  each  ovary-cavity. 
1.  Flowers  not  in  an  involucre,  or  involucre  closed.    ( See  Pcra. ) 

a.  Filaments  inflexed  at  the  top. 

b.  Filaments  straight. 

*  Flowers  in  forked  cymes. 

Petals  coherent;    tree    or    shrub    with    cordate 

leaves. 
Petals  distinct :  shrubs  or  herbs. 
**  Flowers  not  in  forked  cymes. 

t  Lobes  of  the  staminate  calyx  valvate. 
Staminate  flowers  with  petals. 
Flowers  of  both  kinds  apetalous. 

Stamens  few  or  many,  distinct  or  united. 
Flowers  not  in  a  closed  involucre. 
Anther-sacs  globose  to  oblong. 

Shrubs     or    trees ;     anther-sacs 
oblong. 
Pubescence  of  simple   hairs. 
I'ubescence  stellate. 
Herbs  ;  anther-sacs  glol>ose. 
Anther-sacs    elongated,    often    flex- 
uous. 
Flowers  in  a  globose  closed  involucre 
when  young. 

15 


1.   Savio. 


J.  Sccurinc(ja. 


3.  Cicca. 

4.  Margaritaria. 

7i.  Xnlophiilld. 

r>.  rh!iUonthii.'<. 

7.  Drifixtis. 


S.   Croton. 


D.    Ctirrna. 
10.   Adcnoroiiiiiiii. 


11.   A  riii/tJuniniin. 


12.  Adrlin. 

13.  Liiginrrotnn. 

14.  MvrruriaUs. 

ir>.  Acni i/phd. 

1().  I'vra. 


218 


EUPHOEBIACEAE. 


Stamens  very  numerous,  the  filaments  re- 
peatedly forked.  17.  Ricinus. 
ft  Lobes   of  the  staminate  calyx  imbricated,   or 
calyx  wanting. 
Flowers  in   branched  racemes.                                 18,  Manihot. 
Flowers  spicate  or  in  simple  racemes. 
Bracts   small ;   shrubs   or   trees. 

Calyx   of   the   staminate   flowers   cleft 
or  lobed. 
Filaments  distinct.  19.  Bonania. 

Filaments  connate. 

Anthers  2  ;   ovary  6-9-celIed.        20.  Hippomane. 
Anthers  3;   ovary  3-celled.  21.  Grimmeodendron. 

Calyx   of  the   staminate   flowers   none 

or  rudimentary.  22.   Gymnanthes. 

Bracts  large,  membranous,  at  first  enclos- 
ing the  inflorescence ;  large  tree,  23,  Hura. 
2.  Flowers  in  a  calciform  or  cyathiform  involucre. 

Involucre  calciform,  the  glands  internal.  24,  Pedilanthus. 

Involucre  regular,  the  glands  external. 

Glands   of   the   involucre   inframarginal ;   shrubs    or 

trees.  25.  Adenorima. 

Glands  of  the  involucre  marginal. 

Plants  leafless  or  leaves  small  and  rudimentary. 

Plants  fleshy,  cactus-like  ;  bractlets  foliaceous.    26.   Euphorbia. 
Plants    woody,    jointed ;    bractlets   not    folia- 

ceous.  27.  Arthrothamnus. 

Plants  normally  leafy ;   herbs,   rarely   shrubs   or 
trees.  > 

Inflorescence  terminal. 

Stem  topped  by  an  umbel;  stipules  none.    28.   Tithymaliis. 
Stem   not   topped   by   an   umbel ;   stipules 

gland-like.  29.  Poinsettia. 

Inflorescence  axillary  or  axillary  and  terminal. 
Leaves  equilateral,  ternate  or  verticillate  ; 

shrubs  or  trees.  30.  Aklema. 

Leaves     inequilateral,     opposite ;     mostly 

herbs.  31.  Chaniaesyce. 


1.  SAVIA  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:   771.     1806. 

Trees  or  shrubS;  "with  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  the  inflorescence  racemose 
or  sliort-cymo?e.  Flowers  petaliferons,  dioecious  or  monoecious.  Male  flowers: 
sepals  5,  siibequal,  imbricated;  petals  small;  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the 
petals ;  filaments  separate  above  their  insertion ;  anthers  erect ;  rudimentary- 
ovary  slightly  3-fid.  Calyx  of  the  female  flowers  as  in  the  male.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  the  cocci  2-valved;  seeds  exarillate;  endosperm  fleshy;  cotyledons  plane. 
[Commemorates  Gattano  Savi,  professor  at  Pisa,  died  1844.]  About  6  West 
Indian  species.     Type  species:   Croton  sessiliflorum  Sw. 

1,  Savia  bahamensis  Britton,  Torreya  4:  104.     1904. 

A  shrub  or  tree  up  to  5  m,  high  with  ascending  branches.  Leaves  oblong- 
obovate,  thick,  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  7  cm. 
long  or  less,  1.5-3  cm.  wide,  dark  green,  shining  and  strongly  reticulated  above, 
pale  green  and  inconspicuously  reticulated  beneath;  petioles  stout,  about  4  mm. 
long,  about  as  long  as  the  dense  clusters  of  male  flowers;  fruit  glabrous, 
depressed-globose,  slightly  and  obtusely  3 -lobed,  about  8  mm.  in  diameter. 

In  thickets,  from  Abaco  southward  to  Inagua  : — Florida :  Cuba  ;  Jamaica.  Re- 
corded by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  fif.  erythroxyloidcs  Griseb.,  of  Cuba,  which  it  resembles. 
Maidex-bush. 

2.  SECURINEGA   Coram.;    Gmel,   Syst.   1008.     1791. 

Shrubs,  the  leaves  alternate,  entire,  often  small,  the  flowers  clustered  or 
solitary    in    the    axils,    monoecious    or    dioecious,    apetalous.     Male    flowers: 


EUPHOEBIACEAE.  219 

sepals  5,  imbricate;  lobes  of  the  disk,  or  glands,  5,  alternate  ^vith  the  stamens; 
stamens  5  or  rarely  fewer,  filaments  free,  opposite  the  sepals;  anthers  erect, 
their  cells  distinct,  longitudinally  dehiscent;  rudimentary  ovary  more  or  less 
evident,  slightly  or  markedly  2-3-fid.  Female  calyx  like  the  male,  the  disk  sub- 
entire;  ovary  3-celled;  styles  distinct,  recurved,  2-fid;  ovules  2  in  each  cell. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  hard  wood  of  the  typical  species.]  About  8  species  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  distribution.  Type  species:  Securincga  durissima 
Gmel. 

1.  Securinega  Acidoton   (L.)  Fawcett,  Journ.  Bot.  57:  68.     1919. 

Adelia  Acidoton  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1298.     1759. 

Securinega  Acidothamnus  Muell.  Arg.  in  DC.  Prodr.  15:   451.     1866. 
Flueggia  Acidothamnus    Griseb.    Nachr.    Gesell,    Wiss.    Goett.    1865:    164. 
1865. 

An  intricately  much-branched  shrub  3  m,  high  or  less.  Branches  strongly 
flexuous,  delicately  and  sharj)ly  spinous;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  minute, 
caducous;  leaves  petiolate,  broadly  obovate,  obtusely  rotund,  rigid,  densely  and 
prominently  reticulate-veiny,  pale  beneath,  6-8  mm.  long,  2-6  mm.  broad; 
male  flowers  glomerate-fasciculate;  female  flowers  solitary;  styles  connate 
below,  bifid,  the  branches  broadly  2-3-lobed;  fruit  at  first  fleshy,  obtusely 
trigonal;  seeds  smooth,  pallid. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island.  Great  Exuma 
and  Long  Island  : — Cuba  to   St.   Jan   and   St.   Croix ;   Jamaica.     Securinega. 

3.  CICCA  L.  Mant.  1:   17,  124.     1767. 

A  tree  with  distichous  entire  leaves  and  small  monoecious  flowers  in  leafy- 
bracted  lateral  panicles.  Calyx  4-parted,  the  segments  unequal,  imbricated. 
Petals  none.  Male  flowers  with  4  distinct  stamens,  the  anthers  extrorse.  Fe- 
male flowers  with  a  several-celled  ovary,  the  styles  2-cleft;  ovules  2  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  baccate,  indehiscent.  Seeds  angular,  pendulous.  [Greek,  wonderful 
tree.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Cicca  disticha  L.  Mant.  1:  124.     1767. 

PhijUanthus  disticlius  Muell.  Arg.  in  DC.  Prodr.  1&:    413.     1866. 

A  tree,  up  to  12  m.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  5-7.5  cm.  long.  Flowers 
panicled,  the  panicles  many-flowered,  lateral,  arranged  along  aphyllous 
branches,  the  male  and  female  mixed  in  the  same  fascicles;  filaments  alternating 
with  exterior  glands;  ovary  4 (3) -celled;  fruit  depressed-globose,  angled,  the 
angles  as  many  as  there  are  seeds;  seeds  smooth. 

Adventitious  after  cultivation  at  Fresh  Creek,  Andros : — Spontaneous  after 
cultivation   in    Florida   and  tlie   West   Indies;   native   of  southern   Asia.      (.)rAiiKiTE 

GOOSEBERKY.       GOOSEBERRY-TREE. 

4.  MARGARITARIA  L.  f.  Suppl.  66,  428.  1781. 
Trees,  shrubs  or  woody  vines,  with  glabrous  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 
small  dioecious  flowers,  solitary  or  few  together  in  the  axils.  Calyx  usually 
4-parted.  Disk  urceolate.  Staminate  flowers  usually  with  4  distinct  stamens. 
Pistillate  flowers  Avith  a  3-5-celled  ovary  and  3-5  distinct  styles;  ovules  2  in 
each  cavity.  Fruit  capsular,  3-5-lobed.  [Greek,  pearl-like.]  Four  known 
species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Margariiaria 
nohilis  L.  f. 


220  EUPHOEBIACEAE. 

1.  Margaritaria  bahamensis  (Urban)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Phyllanthus  bahamensis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  289.     1902. 

A  small  tree  about  7  m.  high.  Leaves  obovate-elliptiCj  oblong  or  lance- 
olate, 2,5-8  cm.  long,  8-25  mm.  broad,  obtuse  or  acute,  shining  above,  pallid 
beneath;  flowers  produced  from  between  the  stipules  on  short,  few-leaved 
branchlets;  outer  sepals  ovate,  inner  orbicular,  margin  membranous;  disk 
beyond  the  stamens  plane,  the  margin  free  and  undulate-crenate ;  anthers 
orbicular-ovate;  styles  3,  spreading,  each  2-lobed;  fruit  solitary,  short- 
peduncled,  depressed-globose,  3-lobed,  about  8  mm.  broad. 

Coppices,  scrub-lands  and  pine-lands,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleu- 
thera.  Endemic.  Reported  by  Coker  as  Phyllanthus  virens  Muell.  Arg.  Bahama 
Margaritakia. 

5.  XYLOPHYLLA   L.   Mant.   2:    147,   221.     1771. 

Aphyllous  tree-like  shrubs,  with  flat  leaf-like  coriaceous  branches  (phyl- 
lodia).  Male  and  female  flowers  mingled  in  glomerate  or  fasciculate  clusters 
in  the  serratures  of  the  phyllodia;  calyx  5-6-parted;  staminal  column  entire  or 
divided,  surrounded  by  as  many  glands  as  stamens;  anthers  transversely  de- 
hiscent; ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity;  styles  3,  depressed,  laciniate  or  2-cleft. 
Fruit  capsular.  Seedlings,  and  sometimes  shoots  from  stumps,  bear  small 
normal  leaves.  [Greek,  woody-leaf.]  About  10  species  of  the  West  Indies 
and  Brazil,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Xylophylla  Epiphyllanthus  (L.)  Britton;  Small,  Fl.  Florida  Keys  76.    1913. 

Xylophylla  latifolia  L.  loc.  cit.     1771. 
Phyllanthus  falcatus  Sw.  Fl.  Ind  Occ.  1115.     1800. 

A  shrub,  .75-2  m.  high.  Phyllodia  subcompressed,  scattered  or  distichous, 
lanceolate  to  rhomboid,  serrate  above,  5-13  cm.  long,  0.8-2  cm.  broad ; 
sepals  red ;  staminal  column  entire  or  trifid,  anthers  subsessile,  spreading,  the 
cells  distinct,  ovoid-globose;  styles  slender,  recurved  above,  2-4-fid;  capsule 
sessile,  subglobose,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Rocky  places  near  the  coast,  Andros  and  the  Biminis  southward  to  Grand  Turk 
Island  : — West  Indies.  Referred  by  Dolley  to  Phyllanthus  angustifolius  Sw.  of  .Ta- 
maica.  Abraham-bush.  Hardhead.  Scino-BUSH.  Sword-bush.  Races  differ 
widely  in  size  and  shape  of  the  phyllodia.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.   26. 

6.  PHYLLANTHUS  L.   Sp.  PI.  981.     1753. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs.  L^eaves  alternate,  entire,  often  so  arranged  as  to 
appear  like  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf.  Flowers  monoecious,  apetalous, 
a  siaminate  and  a  pistillate  one  often  together  in  the  axils.  Calyx  mostly  5-6- 
parted,  the  lobes  or  sepals  imbricated.  Stamens  usually  3.  Ovules  2  in  each 
cavity;  styles  3,  each  usually  2-cleft.  [Greek,  leaf-flower.]  Over  50  species, 
of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:   FhyUanthiis  Niruri  L. 

Stem  and  branches  straight. 

Seeds  longer  than  broad,  evenly  ridged.  1.  P.  Niruri. 

Seeds  as  broad  as  long,  unevenly  papillate-lined.  2.  P.  pruinosus. 

Stem  and  branches  zigzag.  3.  P.  pentaphyUus. 

1.  Phyllanthus  Niruri  L.  Sp.  PI.  981.     1753. 

Annual;  herbaceous.  Leaves  distichous,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  subsessile,  obovate- 
oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex  or  mucronate,  glabrous,  pale  beneath;  stipules 
setaceous,  persistent;   pedicels  axillary,  from  1-6  times  exceeded  by  the  leaf; 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  221 

calyx-segments  5,  ovate;  anthers  sessile  on  the  top  of  the  column,  globose, 
contiguous;  styles  short,  included;  capsule  depressed-globose,  2  mm.  broad; 
seeds  evenly  striated  on  the  back. 

Sandy  nlaces  and  cultivated  grounds  from  Andros  to  Turks  Islands  : — Bermuda  ; 
Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America  ;   Old  World  tropics      Gale- 

OF-WIXD. 

2.  Phyllanthus  pruinosus  Poepp.;  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra.  Hist.  Cub.  11:  216.     1850, 

Phyllanthus  saxicola  Small,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  428.     1905. 

Annual  or  perennial^  glabrous;  stem  0.5-4  dm.  tall,  simple  or  irregularly 
branched.  Leaves  relatively  numerous,  erect  or  nearly  so,  leathery,  oblong, 
oblong-obovate  or  cuneate,  4-12  mm.  long,  obtuse,  entire,  bright-green,  ?hort- 
petiolcd;  flo^vers  very  short-pedicelled ;  calyx  of  the  female  flowers  less  than 
3  mm.  wide  at  maturity  its  lobes  obovate;  disk  rather  angular;  capsule 
spheroidal,  barely  2  mm.  wide;  seeds  less  than  1  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  wide, 
UEevenly  papillate-lined. 

From  Great  Bahama  soutliward  to  Acklin's  Island  : — Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba. 
Recorded  as  P.  radicans  in  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2  :  l.iil.     Rock  Phyllanthus. 

3.  Phyllanthus  pentaphyllus  C.  Wright;  Griseb.  Nachr.  Ges.  Wiss.  Goett.  1865: 

167.     1865. 

Annual;  stems  terete,  wiry,  slender,  nearly  prostrate,  divaricately  branched, 
zig-zag.  Leaves  obovate,  8-12  mm.  long,  the  base  acute,  the  apex  rounded  or 
obtuse,  the  margin  entire  and  slightly  revolute ;  petiole  about  1  mm.  long; 
male  flowers  glomerate,  the  clusters  about  8-12-florous,  short-pedicelled ;  sepals 
ovate,  obtuse,  white;  anthers  2;  female  flowers  solitary,  pedicellate,  the  pedicels 
bisetaceous  at  the  base;  sepals  not  white-margined;  styles  very  short,  2-lobed, 
recurved;  capsule  small,  depressed,  about  as  long  as  the  fruiting  pedicel;  seed 
minutely  striate,  the  faint  lines  more  scaly  than  papillate. 

Low  sandy  meadows,  Eleuthera  and  Mariguana  : — Florida ;  Cuba.  Tufted 
Phyllaxthus. 

7.  DRYPETES  Vahl,   Eclog.   3:    49.     1807. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous;  stipules  deciduous;  flowers 
axillary,  fasciculate,  dioecious.  Calyx  4-6-partite,  its  lobes  imbricated.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  4-6(8-2),  distinct;  anthers  ovoid,  introrse.  Ovary  2-1-celled 
its  cells  2-ovuled.  Fruit  drupaceous,  usually  monospermous  by  abortion. 
[Greek,  a  drupe.]  About  10  species,  of  Florida,  the  West  Indies  and  Brazil. 
Type  species:  Drypetes  glauca  Vahl. 

Sepals  4,  ovary  2-celled  :  fruit  6-11  mm.  in  diameter.  1.  D.  lateriflora. 
Sepals  8,  ovary  1-celled  ;  fruit  about  2  cm.  in  diameter. 

Leaves  ovate,  mostly  blunt.  -.  D.  dircrsii folia. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  aristo-mucronate.  3.  D.  mucronata. 

1.  Drypetes  lateriflora  (Sw.)  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  15:   357.     1892. 

Schaefferia  lateriflora  Sw.  Prodr.  38.     1788. 

Shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree  9.5  m.  high.  Leaves  pctiolate,  oblong  or 
elliptic,  5-11.5  cm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  base  and  apex,  entire, 
shining,  delicately  reticulate-veined  beneath;  flowers  in  dense  axillary  clusters; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  petioles;  calyx  campanulate;  sepal?  oblong  to  ovate, 
obtuse,  pubescent  without;  stamens  4;  drupe  subglobose,  6-11  mm.  in  dia- 
meter, dark  brown,  tomentulose. 

Coppices,  Great  Harbor  Cay,  Andros.  New  Providence.  Hog  Isl.md,  and  Caj 
north  of  Wide  Opening: — Florida;   Cuba;    llispaniola  ;   .Tamaica.     Guiana    Plum. 


222  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

2.  Drypetes  diversifolia  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  15:   353.     1892. 

Drypetes  l-eyensis  Krug  &  Urban,  loc.  cit.  354.     1892. 

Tree  up  to  6  m.  liigh;  branches  terete,  grayish,  secreting  drops  of  resin 
in  the  axils.  Leaves  of  two  forms:  the  lower  long-petiolecl,  margin  spinose- 
dentate  and  spinous-acuminate,  base  rounded ;  the  upper  longer-petioled, 
margin  entire,  obtuse  or  subacuminate,  the  base  rounded  or  obtuse  and  slightly 
protracted  down  the  petiole;  all  ovate,  7-9  cm.  long,  3.2-3.8  cm.  broad. 
Inflorescence  few-flowered,  the  pistillate  flowers  sometimes  solitary;  calyx 
yellowish;  sepals  oblong  or  oval,  sometimes  slightly  rhomboid,  obtuse,  pubes- 
cent without ;  stamens  8 ;  stigmas  slightly  oblique ;  drupe  broadly  oblong  or 
ovoid,  1.9-2.5  cm.  long,  tomentulose. 

Coppices,  Great  Bahama,  through  the  larger  Berry  Islands  to  Andros  and  Cay 
Sal  Bank  :  New  Providence ;  Little  San  Salvador  to  Watling's  Island  ;  Great  Exuma 
through  the  Crooked  Island  Group  to  Inagua  : — Florida  Keys.     Whitewood. 

3.  Drypetes  mucronata  C.  Wright;  Griseb.  Xachr.  Ges.  Wiss.  Goett.  1865:  165. 

1865. 

Shrub  4-5  m.  high;  branches  terete,  lenticillate.  Leaves  petioled,  bicol- 
orate,  3,8-7  cm.  long,  2.5-3.2  cm.  wide,  both  surfaces  strongly  reticulate- 
veined,  the  base  obtuse  or  slightly  decurrent  on  the  petiole,  rarely  slightly 
inequilateral,  the  apex  mucro-spinescent;  female  flowers  subsolitary;  male 
glomerate  or  fasciculate;  calyx  of  both  sexes  about  2  mm.  long,  pubescent 
within;  stamens  longer  than  the  calyx;  filaments  and  anthers  pubescent;  ovary 
reddish-hairy;  fruit  globose^  about  2  cm.  long,  obscurely  golden-tomentose. 

Rocky  coppices  of  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  : — Cuba.     Sharp-leaved  Drypetes. 

8.  CROTON  L.  Sp.  PI.  1004,     1753. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  strong-scented,  often  stellate-pubescent.  Leaves 
mostly  alternate,  sometimes  with  two  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Flowers 
spicate  or  racemose.  Staminate  flowers  uppermost:  calyx  4-6-parted  (usually 
5-parted) ;  petals  usually  present  but  small  or  rudimentary,  alternating  with 
glands;  stamens  5  or  more.  Pistillate  flowers:  calyx  5-10-parted;  petals 
usually  wanting;  ovary  mostly  3-celled;  ovule  1  in  each  cavity;  styles  once, 
twice  or  many  times  cleft.  Fruit  capsular.  Seeds  carunculate.  [Greek  name 
of  the  Castor-oil  plant.]  Over  600  species,  widely  distributed.  Type  species: 
Croton  Tiglium  L. 

A.  Leaves  entire  or  dentate ;  shrubs. 
Leaves  discolor. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  not  over  2  cm.  long.  1.  C.  rosmarinoides. 

Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  3.5-12  cm.  long.  2.  C.  linearis. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate. 

Leaves  stellate  beneath.  3.  C.  ffocculosiis. 

Leaves  silvery  lepidote.  4.  C.  Eluteria. 
Leaves  unicolor. 

Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  glabrous.  5.  C.  lucidus. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  stipitate-glandular.  6.  C.  hahamensis. 

B.  Leaves  deeply  lobed ;  herbaceous.  7.  C.  lohatns. 

1.  Croton  rosmarinoides  Millsp. 

Croton  rosmarinifolius  Griseb.  Xachr.  Ges.  Wiss.  Goett.  1865:   174.     1865. 
Not  Salisb.     1796. 

A  densely  branching  shrub  1.25-2  m.  high.  Leaves  subsessile,  sublinear, 
rigid,  8-12  mm.  long,  obtuse,  the  margin  entire  and  strongly  incurved,  densely 
lepidote  beneath;  stipules  obsolete;  inflorescence  terminal  on  very  short  branch- 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  223 

lets.  Female  flotvers:  sepals  spatliulate-lanceolat€,  obtuse;  ovary  densely  Icpi- 
dote;  styles  4-fid  to  the  middle.  Male  flowers:  petals  obovate;  stamens  6; 
filaments  villous  below.  Capsule  ellipsoid-globose,)  densely  lepidote;  seeds 
smooth  and  shining. 

Scrub-lands,  Cat  Island,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island  and  Atwood  Cay  : — Cuba. 
Rosemary  Ckoxox. 

2.  Croton  linearis  Jacq.  Enum.  32.     1760. 

Croton  Cascarilla  L.  iSp.  PI.  ed.  2:  1424.     1763.* 

Croton  Cascarilla  linearis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  532.     1805. 

Croton  Cascarilla  Benn.  Jour.  Linn.  Soe.  4:  30.     As  to  specimen  and  descr. 

1860. 
Croton  Fergusonii  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  695.     1903. 

A  shrub  1-2  m.  high,  with  yellowish,  densely  stellate  twigs.  Leaves  short- 
petiolate,  narrowly  linear  (on  young  shoots  often  oblong)  3.8-7  cm.  long,  2-6 
ram.  wide,  obtuse,  dark  and  smooth  above,  silvery  or  golden  with  stellate 
tomentum  beneath,  narrowing  to  the  biglandular  base.  Inflorescence  racemose, 
the  male  4-8  mm.  or  more  long,  the  female  shorter.  Male  flowers:  sepals  5-6, 
triangular ;  petals  spatulate,  obtuse,  eiliate,  longer  than  the  sepals ;  stamens 
about  15.  Female  flowers:  sepals  narrow,  acuminate;  petals  obsolete  or  rudi- 
mentary. Capsule  subglobose,  yellowish-floccose;  seeds  broadly  oblong,  dark 
greenish  brown,  minutely  and  very  shallowly  puncticulate,  3  mm.  long,  2.8  mm. 
broad. 

Coastal  rocks  and  plains  throughout  the  archipelago  to  Caicos  and  Turks 
Islands  : — ^Florida ;  .Jamaica :  Hispaniola.  Referred  to  in  Field  Mns.  Bot.  2 : 
152  and  by  Coker  as  C.  discolor  Willd.  Lineae-leaa-ed  Ckotox.  Bay  Wormwood. 
Granny-bush. 

3.  Croton  flocculosus  Geisl.  Crot.  Monog.  14.     1807. 

A  low  shrub  with  yellowish-tomentose  branchlets.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3.8-10  cm.  long,  2-3.5  cm.  wide,  stellate-scabrous 
above,  stellate-downy  beneath,  entire,  acuminate,  the  base  obtuse,  biglandular; 
glands  globose-s'cutelliform,  sessile;  inflorescence  terminal,  racemose,  3.5  cm. 
long;  seeds  ovoid-lenticular,  dark  grayish  green,  scattered  shallow-poculate, 
2  mm.  long,  1  mm.  broad. 

Waste  places  near  Nassau.  New  Providence: — Hispaniola:  Guadeloupe;  Mar- 
tinique; Barbados.  Referred  by  Dolley  to  C.  Havens  L.,  which  it  resembles.  Rock 
Balsam. 

4.  Croton  Eluteria  (L.)  Sw.  Prodr.  100.     1788. 

Clutia  Eluteria  L.  Sp.  PI.  1042    (ante).     1753. 

Clutia  Cascarilla  L.  loc.  cit.   (post).     1753. 

Croton  Cascarilla  Benn.  loc.  cit.  30,  as  to  references.*     1860. 

A  silvery-shining  shrub  or  small  tree,  2-4  m.  high,  with  a  rich  spicy  odor; 
branchlets  rusty-lepidote.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  repand,  blunt- 
pointed,  long-petioled,  3.2-7.6  cm.  long,  12-16  mm.  broad  near  the  rounded 
base,  dark  and  glabrous  above,  minutely  silvery -lepidoie  beneath,  minutely 
pellucid-punctate;  stipules  early  deciduous.  Inflorescence  in  terminal  racemes 
3.7-5  cm.  long.  Female  flowers:  petals  white,  villous  on  the  margin;  styles 
bipartite,  the  branches  2-fid.  Male  flowers:  stamens  10-12.  Seeds  oval-oblong, 
biconvex,  opaque,  blotched,  8  mm.  long,  6  mm.  broad. 

Coppices,  becoming  scarce,  Great  Harbor  Cay  of  the  Berry  Group  southward  to 
Mariguana.  Endemic.  Cascarilla  Bark.  Swee.twood  Bark.  Electhera  Bark, 
Catesby,  2  :  pi.  1,6. 

*  For  a  detailed  consideration  of  Croton  Cascarilla  see  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2  :  .S(»(>-S. 


224  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

5.  Croton  lucidus  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1275.     1759. 

Croton  Hjahnarsonii  Griseb.  Fl.  Br,  W.  I.  40.     1859. 

Croton  lucidus  pubigerus  Griseb.  loc.  cit.     1859. 

A  broad  shrub  1.5-2  m.  high;  branehlets  glabrous  or  glabrescent.  Leaves 
elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  2-4  cm.  wide,  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent, minutely  pellucid-punctate,  entire,  narrowing  to  a  roundish  base  and  apex; 
petiole  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  blade;  stipules  ephemeral.  Inflores- 
cence in  terminal  racemes.  Male  flowers :  sepals  ovate,  imbricative,  much 
smaller  than  those  of  the  female,  ciliate  on  the  margin;  female  flowers:  calyx- 
lobes  oblong,  blunt,  margin  reduplicate,  somewhat  persistent  at  the  base; 
styles  4-partite,  the  branches  bifid  to  near  the  base.  Seeds  ovoid-oblong,  shin- 
ing, flattish  on  the  ventrum,  the  dorsum  convex. 

Rocky  thickets  and  openings,  througtiout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Sturrup 
Cay  south  to  Grand  Turk  Island  : — Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ;  Jamaica  and  the  Caymans. 
Croton  glahellnm  of  Schoepf.     Fiee-bush. 

An  examination  of  the  type,  and  many  specimens,  indicates  that  C.  Hjahnarsonii 
is  but  a  race  of  this  species  which  develops  many  interspersing  races,  differing  in 
the  size  of  the  leaves  and  in  pubescence,  both  in  Jamaica  and  in  the  Bahamas. 

6.  Croton  bahamensis  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  308.     1909. 

A  shrub  1-2  m.  high  with  a  peppery  odor;  branehlets  white  stellate- 
tomentose.  Leaves  lanceolate,  3-7  cm.  long,  7-17  mm.  broad,  acuminate, 
mucronate,  base  slightly  oblique  and  rounded,  with  2  patellate  glands,  green 
above  and  equidistantly  stellate-pubescent,  densely  stellate-pubescent  beneath, 
the  margin  subentire  or  crenate-dentate  with  stipitate  glands  in  the  sinuses; 
stipules  fimbriate  and  stipitate-glandular.  Inflorescence  in  dense  terminal 
racemes.  Female  flowers:  calyx-segments  oblong,  stellate-pilose;  styles  4-fid 
to  the  base  and  villous  with  moniliform  hairs.  Male  flowers:  calyx  non- 
glandulif erous ;  petals  white,  cymbiform,  the  apex  minutely  fimbriate;  stamens 
35-50.  Capsule  globose,  deeply  sulcate.  glabrous  below  but  long-pilose  in  the 
sulci  and  at  the  apex;   seeds  brownish  black,  the  rugae  rib-like. 

Open  pastures  and  in  thickets  bordering  openings,  Eleuthera  and  Long  Island 
to  Mariguana.  Endemic.  Referred  to  in  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2  :  153,  and  by  Hitchcock 
as  C.  humUis  L.  ;  by  Grisebach  and  by  Dolley  as  C.  humilis  origanifoUiis.  Bahama 
Ceotox.     Peppee-bush. 

7.  Croton  lobatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1005.     1753. 

A  low  herb,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  and  branehlets  pilose,  the  longer 
hairs  simple.  Leaves  membranous,  3-5-lobed,  glabrous,  papillate,  the  segments 
elliptic  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate;  petioles  nearly  as  long  as  the 
blades.  Female  flowers:  calyx-lobes  spathulate-lanceolate,  glandulif erous  and 
with  a  few  long  acicular  hairs;  styles  free  or  nearly  so,  3-8-fid  at  the  apex. 
Male  flowers:  sepals  glabrous;  petals  lanceolate.  Capsule  globose-ellipsoid,  the 
cocci  with  a  number  of  scattered  acicular  hairs;  seeds  ochre-color,  quadrangular- 
cylindric,  5  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad,  the  dorsum  apiculate  at  the  caruncle,  all  the 
facets  marked  by  incomplete  and  more  or  less  transverse  ridges. 

Adventitious  in  waste  places,  New  Providence,  near  Nassau  : — West  Indies  ;  con- 
tinental tropical  America.     Lobed  Ceotox. 

Schoepfs  record  of  Croton  argentcum  L.,  as  Bahamian,  is,  presumably,  erro- 
neous. 

9.  CtJRCAS  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  356.  1763. 
Glabrous  or  nearly  glabrous  trees  or  shrubs  with  petioled,  lobed  or  entire 
leaves,  and  monoecious  flowers  in  compound  or  simple  cymes.  Calyx  5-lobed  or 
5-parted.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  petals  united  to  or  above  the  middle. 
I^tamens  about  10,  in  2  series.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  splitting  into  2  or  3  valves.  [Malabar  name.]  Perhaps  10 
species,  natives  of  tropical  regions,  the  following  typical. 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  225 

1.  Curcas  Curcas  (L.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Jatroplia  Curcas  L.  Sp.  PL  1006.     1753. 

Curcas  indica  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:   208.     1850. 

A  small  tree  or  sometimes  shrubby,  2-5  m.  high.  Leaves  subcordate, 
roundish,  angular  or  obsoletely  3-5-lobed,  glabrous  or  glabrate,  the  petiole 
about  as  long  as  the  blade;  stipules  deciduous;  infloresoenco  in  contracted 
cymes;  calyx  5-partite;  corolla  yellow,  5-partJte,  villous  within,  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  stamens  10-15;  styles  bifid,  cohering  below;  capsule  oval, 
slightly  fleshy,  3-4  cm.  long;  seeds  oblong,  nearly  2  em.  long. 

Waste  grounds,  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical 
America  ;  Old  World  tropics. 

10.  ADENOROPIUM  Pohl,  PI.  Bras.  1:    12.     1827. 

Monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  entire 
lobed  or  divided  leaves,  the  flowers  in  cymes.  Staminate  flowers  on  the  upper 
parts  of  the  cymes,  with  a  corolla-like  5-lobed  calyx,  5  distinct  petals,  the 
stamens  usually  several  or  numerous.  Pistillate  flowers  in  the  lower  forks  of 
the  cymes;  capsule  ovoid  or  subglobose,  easily  separating  into  2-valved  carpels. 
[Greek,  glandular  bush.]  Eighty  species  or  more  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
distribution.     Type  species:  Adenoroyium  elUpticum  Pohl. 

1.  Adenoropium  gossypifolium   (L.)    Pohl,  PI.  Bras.  1:   16.     1827. 

Jatroplia  gossypifolia  L.  Sp.  PL  1006.     1753. 

Herbaceous;  stem  6-10  dm.  high,  branched.  Leaves  ciliate  or  glan<lu- 
liferous  on  the  margin,  3-5-partite  or  3-5-lobed,  pubescent,  glabrescent  beneath 
or  glabrous,  the  segments  ovate,  pointed,  denticulate  or  entire;  petiolar  and 
stipular  glands  branched;  inflorescence  in  contracted  cymes;  calyx  5-parted; 
corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  petals  obovate,  deep  purple,  spreading; 
stamens  8-12 ;  stigmas  2-branched ;  capsule  truncate  at  both  ends,  3-sulcate, 
about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Waste  grounds,  New  Trovidence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical 
America. 

11.  ARGYTHAMNIA  Sw.  Prodr.  39.     1788. 

Low  shrubs  containing  purple  pigment.  Leaves  simple,  entire  or  dentate, 
stipulate.  Inflorescence  in  few-flowered,  axillary  subsessile  racemes;  flowers 
short-pedicellate,  the  1-3  inferior  pistillate.  Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  4-5- 
parted,  valvate.  Petals  of  staminate  flowers  4  or  5 ;  stamens  4  or  5  cohering  at 
the  very  base  and  surrounding  a  central  rudiment,  anthers  subglobose,  introrse; 
discal  glands  4  or  5.  Styles  cut  into  3-8  branches.  Capsule  3-coccous.  [Greek, 
silvery  bush.]  Some  35  species,  all  American.  Type  species:  Argythamnia 
candicans  Sw. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate  or  obovate. 

Leaves  entire,  subsessile.  yellow-sericeous;  styles  3-4-fid.  1.  A.  ftcricra. 

Leaves  denticulate,  petiolate,  silvery-sericeous;  styles  2-tid.  2.  A.  arpcutva. 

Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate.  3.  .1.  luvatjana. 

1.  Argythamnia  sericea  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  T.  44.     1859. 

A  low  leafy  shrub  entirely  covered  with  silky  down.  Leaves  obovate. 
mucronate,  entire,  subsessile,  sericeous,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  10-17  mm.  broad,  the 


226  EUPHOEBIACEAE. 

principal  veins  3  or  4  on  each  side,  straight] sh,  prominulous,  parallel  to  the 
cuneate  leaf -base;  stipules  lanceolate,  setaceous,  persistent,  1  cm.  long;  inflo- 
rescence in  contracted  scorpioid  racemes.  Male  flowers  3  or  4,  one  above  the 
other,  2-3-bracteolate,  short-pedicellate,  2  mm.  long;  calyx  5-parted,  the  seg- 
ments lanceolate;  petals  reddish,  lanceolate,  cut  at  the  obtuse  apex;  glands  of 
the  disk  alternate  with  the  petals;  stamens  5,  as  long  as  and  opposite  the 
petals,  the  filaments  slightly  cohering  at  the  base.  Female  flowers  subsolitary, 
inferior,  short-pedicellate;  calyx  as  in  the  male;  petals  none;  styles  3-4-fid 
with  linear,  unequal  branches.  Capsule  depressed,  carpels  subglobose;  seeds 
punctate-scabrous,  1  mm.  in  diameter. 

Open  white-lands  and  dunes.  Fortune  Island  and  Inagua.  Endemic.  Silky 
Abgythamxia. 

2.  Argythamnia  argentea  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   154.     1906. 

Argiiliamnia  lanceolata   Pax  &  K.   Hoffm.  Pflanzenreich  147:    79.     1912. 

A  small  shrub,  branching  from  the  base;  branches  canescent,  densely  leafy. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  short-petioled,  1.5-3.5  X  -6-1  cm., 
margin  sparingly  and  slightly  dentate  above,  silvery-sericeous;  stipules  broad, 
cuspidate.  Inflorescence  in  axillary  racemes.  Male  flowers  3 ;  sepals  4,  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  petals  4,  thick ;  sepals  similar,  shorter ;  bract  1,  scaphoid.  Female 
flowers  3 ;  sepals  elongate-lanceolate ;  petals  minute,  ligulate,  alternate  with  the 
glands  of  the  disk;  styles  3,  bifurcate  nearly  to  the  base,  the  apex  bilobed; 
ovary  canescent.     Capsule  and  seeds  unknown. 

Scrub-lands,  Inagua,  Castle  Island,  Grand  Turk  and  South  Caicos  : — Hispaniola. 
Silvery  Akgythamxia. 

3.  Argythamnia  lucayana  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  154.     1906. 

A  small  branching  ascending  or  prostrate  shrub,  the  branches  minutely 
sericeous,  sparsely  leaved,  3-5  dm.  long.  Leaves  sessile,  elliptic-  or  obovate- 
lanceolate.  bluish  green,  2,5-3.5  X  1-1-5  cm.,  the  apex  acute  or  short-acuminate, 
the  margin  entire  or  very  minutely  and  remotely  glandular-denticulate,  sparsely 
and  minutely  strigose-pilose  when  young,  glabrous  when  mature;  racemes  6-10 
mm.  long,  4-6-flowered.  Male  flowers:  sepals  deltoid-lanceolate  equaling  the 
spatulate,  pilose  petals;  stamens  4,  glabrous.  Female  flowers:  lobes  lance- 
olate, acuminate;  petals  minute,  narrowly-lanceolate,  obtuse,  paleaceous,  many 
times  shorter  than  the  sepals;  ovary  villous;  styles  villous,  2-3-dichotomous, 
the  terminal  divisions  short.  Seeds  globose,  dark  brown,  apiculate,  1.5  mm. 
diam.,  anastomose-reticulate,  the  surface  coated  with  a  hydnum-like  porous 
integument. 

Rocky  and  sandy  coppices.  Berry  Islands  and  Andros  to  Eleuthera.  Long  Island, 
Caicos  and  Inagua.  Bahama  specimens  previously  referred  to  A.  candicans  Sw.,  to 
which  the  species  is  related,  belong  here.     Endemic.     Bahama  Argythamnia. 

12.  ADELIA  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1298.     1759. 

[Berxardia  p.  Br.  Hist.  Jam.  361.     Hyponym.     1756.] 

Shrubs  with  serrate  stipulate  leaves  pubescent  with  simple  hairs  and  dioe- 
cious flowers.  Male  flowers  in  axillary  amentaceous  spikes,  each  flower  sessile 
in  the  axil  of  a  bract;  calyx  3-5-parted;  stamens  15-20,  distinct,  the  interior 
central  and  mixed  with  some  glands;  anthers  cruciate-globose,  4-celled,  2  cells 
anterior.  Female  flowers  few  or  solitary,  subterminal,  3-bracteate;  calyx  5-6- 
parted,  biseriat^;  styles  3,  short,  laeerate-crenate.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
inconspicuous  flowers.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  America,  the  following 
typical. 


EUPHOKBIACEAE.  227 

1.  Adelia  Bernardia  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1298.     1759. 

Bernardia  carpinifolia  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  45.     1859. 
Bernardia  dichotoma  Miill.  Arg.  Linnaea  34:  172.     1865. 
Bernardia  Bernardia  ^Jillsp.  Fiell  Mus.  Bot.  2:  58.     1900. 

A  tomentose  shrub  .75-3  m.  high.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate-oblong,  4-8  cm. 
long,  rounded  at  the  biglandular  base,  tapering  from  the  middle  to  a  bluntish 
point,  obtusely  perrate,  tomentose  beneath,  primary  veins  distant,  prominulous 
beneath;  stipules  setaceous,  2  mm.  long.  Male  spikes  sessile,  6-12  mm.  long, 
tomentose;  bracts  oval,  acute;  calyx-lobes  3-5,  ovate,  acute,  nearly  equalling  the 
stamens;  central  disk  minute;  anthers  yellow.  Capsule  densely  appressed- 
pubescent;  seed  ovate,  acute,  5X4  mm.,  nearly  smooth,  brown  with  darker 
brown  markings,  the  dorsum  strongly  keeled,  ventral  surface  flattened,  a  small 
rounded  prominence  on  each  side  of  the  hilum  above  and  a  minute  dark  raised 
point  at  the  extremity  of  the  keel. 

Coppices  and  thickets,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Rum  Cay,  For- 
tune and  Acklin's  Islands  : — Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  Hitchcock 
to  Bernardia  mexicana   (H.  &  A.)   Muell-Arg.     Auelia. 

13.  LASIOCROTON  Griseb.  Fl.   Br.  W.   I.  46.     1859. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  broad  ste]late-tomento?e  leaves.  Inflorescence  monoe- 
cious, in  axillary  spikes,  the  female  flowers  few  and  inferior.  Male  calyi 
4-partite;  stamens  7-14,  inserted  upon  a  minute  disk;  anthers  oblong,  adnate, 
the  cells  curved,  introrse.  Ovary  globose,  markedly  3-carpellate.  Seeds  globose, 
ecarunculate.  [Greek,  velvety  Croton.]  A  few  West  Indian  species.  Type 
species:  Lasiocroton  macrophylhis  Griseb. 

1.  Lasiocroton  bahamensis  Pax  &  K.  Hoffm.  Pflanzenreich,  63:  61.     1914. 

Lasiocroton  micrantlnus  Pax  &  K.  Hoffm.  loc.  cit.     1914. 

A  high  leafy  tomentose  shrub,  or  a  tree  up  to  about  8  m.  high.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  roundish  or  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  5  X  2.3-10  X  7  c^-,  trun- 
cate to  cordate  at  the  base,  bluntish,  entire  or  repand  on  the  thickish  subrevolute 
margin,  pale  green  above,  golden-tomentose  beneath ;  secondary  veins  trans- 
verse, strongly  reticulate;  petioles  articulated  at  the  estipulate  base.  Inflores- 
cence densely  many-spicate  near  and  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets;  spikes 
short-pedunculate ;  bracts  including  a  glomerule  of  3-5  male  flowers.  Male 
flowers  densely  tomentose ;  calyx  valvate ;  sepals  3-angular ;  stamens  distinct, 
included;  filaments  purple,  as  long  as  the  anthers.  Female  flowers  sparse, 
scattered  near  the  base  of  the  spike,  densely  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  5,  unequal, 
reflexed,  ovate,  blunt;  disk  large,  flat,  5-crenate;  styles  2-3,  thick,  entire, 
spreading.     Capsule  tomentose;   seeds  smooth,  ashen;   raphe  distinct,  delicat-e. 

Rocky  plains,  Andres,  Eleuthera,  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Cuba.  Referred  by 
Mrs.  Northrop  to  L.  ma-crophyllus  (Sw.)  Griseb.,  of  Jamaica.  \Yild  Oak.  Light- 
wood.     Bitters. 

14.  MERCUHIALIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1035.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  the  leaves  opposite,  often  dentate. 
Inflorescence  mostly  dioecious,  the  male  in  more  or  less  elongate  spikes  or 
racemes.  Flowers  apetalous.  Male  flowers:  calyx  membranous,  sepals  3, 
valvate;  stamens  8-20;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  subglobose,  opening  length- 
wise. Female  flowers:  sepals  3;  ovary  2-celled;  styles  2,  distinct  or  nearly  so; 
stigmas  entire.  Capsule  generally  2-carpelled;  seeds  solitary  in  each  carpel; 
testa  smooth  or  tuberculate.  [The  herb  of  Mercury.]  About  7  species,  natives 
of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 


228  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

1.  Mercurialis  annua  L.  Sp.  PI.  1035.     1753, 

A  weak  glabrous  annual  2-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
3-6  X  1.5-2.5  cm.,  narrowed  at  the  base^  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
crenate  or  serrate  with  rounded  teeth;  petioles  somewhat  less  than  half  the 
length  of  the  blade;  male  flowers  in  interrupted  spikes  longer  than  the  leaves; 
female  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils.  Capsule  2-carpelled,  4-5  mm.  broad, 
hispid;   seeds  ovoid,  2.5X2  mm.,  grayish  green,  densely  shallow-pitted. 

Adventitious  in  waste  grounds  near  Nassau,  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  Dela- 
ware to  Texas.     Native  of  Europe.     Herb  Mercury. 

15.  ACALYPHA   L.    Sp.   PI.    1003.     1753. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Stems  mostly  erect.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate.  Flow- 
ers in  spikes  or  spike-like  racem.es ;  staminate  cluster  often  peduncled,  each  flower 
in  the  axil  of  a  minute  bractlet,  with  a  4-parted  calyx  and  8-16  stamens  united 
at  their  bases.  Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract,  which  often 
equals  or  overtops  the  staminate,  the  calyx  3-5-parted;  petals  wanting  in  both 
kinds  of  flowers;  capsule  usually  of  3,  2-valved  carpels,  each  1-seeded.  [Greek, 
nettle.]  About  250  species,  mostly  tropical  and  subtropical.  Type  species: 
Acalypha  virginica  L. 

Inflorescence  densely  cylindric.  1.  A.  alopecuroidea. 

Inflorescence  loosely  spicate. 

Female  bracts  cleft  to  about  the  middle. 

Plants  perennial,  prostrate.  2.  A.  cliamaedrifolia. 

Plants  annual,  erect.  .3.  A.  ostryaefoUa. 

Female  bracts  cleft  to  the  base.  4.  A.  setosa. 

1.  Acalypha  alopecuroidea  Jacq.  Ic.  Ear.  3:  19.     1793. 

Herbaceous,  annual,  1-3  dm.  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  5-7  X  3-4.5  cm., 
appressed-pubescent,  membranous^  flaccid,  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  5-nerved,  cuspidate-acuminate,  serrate,  the  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade  or 
longer;  spikes  terminal,  closely  flowered,  5  cm.  long;  female  bracts  l-flowered, 
membranous,  ovate-triangular,  7-9  mm.  long,  3-5-lacerate  to  the  base;  calyx- 
lobes  ovate,  acute;  ovary  hirsute  above;  styles  elongated,  delicate,  attenuate, 
entire  or  shortly  bifid ;  carpels  slightly  keeled ;  seeds  ovoid,  apiculate,  1  X  -^ 
mm.,  reddish-brown;  testa  densely  and  minutely  pitted-cellular ;  caruncle  waxen, 
longitudinal,  linear. 

Adventitious  in  waste  places,  Abaco  and  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ; 
Jamaica ;  Mexico ;  Central  America ;  Caribbean  coast  of  South  America.  Referred 
by  DoUey  to  Acalypha  polystachya  Jacq.     Spicate  Acalypha. 

2.  Acalypha  chamaedrifolia  (Lam.)  Muell.  Arg.  in  DC.  Prodr.  15=^:  879.     1866. 

Croton  cJiamaedrifolius  Lam.  Encycl.  2:    215.     1786. 
Accdypha  reptans  Sw.  Prodr.  99.     1788. 

A  prostrate  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent  perennial,  pubescent  or  glabrate, 
with  branches  1-3  dm.  long.  Leaves  ovate,  .8  X  .5-3.5  X  1-5  cm.,  base  blunt  or 
rounded,  apex  acute,  margin  crenate-dentate;  petioles  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  blades;  inflorescence  in  cylindric  terminal  subsessile  androgynous 
racemes,  male  above  and  few-flowered  female  below,  sometimes  with  similar 
superaxillary  racemes  or  female  clusters,  the  flowers  sessile;  bracts  roundish, 
dentate  or  crenate,  the  teeth  ovate,  seeds  ovate-globose,  apiculate,  brown, 
3x1  mm.;  testa  very  minutely  pitted-cellular;  caruncle  longitudinal,  waxen, 
wrinkled. 

Red-lands  and  rocky  coppices,  Eleuthera  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  to  Tortola 
and  Guadeloupe ;   Jamaica.     Prostrate  Acalypha. 


EUPHOEBIACEAE.  229 

3.  Acalypha  ostryaefolia  Ridd.  Syn.  Fl.  W.  States  33.     1835. 

Acalypha  caroliniana  FAl.Bot  S.  C.  &  Ga..  2:  640.    1824.    Not  Walt.     1788 
Acalypha  persimilis  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  34:   25,     1865. 

An  erect,  rather  stout  annual^  dark  green,  minutely  pubescent,  2-8  dm. 
tall.  Leaves  thin  or  membranous,  ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  base  obtuse  or  cordate, 
apex  short-acuminate,  margin  closely  and  sharply  serrate;  petiole  often  as  long 
as  the  blade;  inflorescence  spiciform,  the  male  and  female  separate;  male 
bracts  minute,  the  female  conspicuous,  lobed;  capsule  strongly  depressed, 
short,  thick,  2-6-laciniate  above;  seeds  reddish-brown,  ovoid-globose,  apieuiate, 
the  testa  warty-wrinkled;   caruncle  flat,  papyraceous,  fusiform. 

Waste  grounds  near  Nassau,  New  Providence  : — New  .Jersey  to  Kansas  ;  South- 
eastern United  States  to  Mexico;  Cuba;  I'orto  Kico.     IIokm-jcam  Acaiai-iia. 

4.  Acalypha  setosa  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cuba  11:  204.     1850. 

An  erect  annual  3-6  dm.  tall,  the  younger  parts  hirtulo-pubescent.  Leaves 
ovate,  thin,  3-5-nerved,  4-7  X  2.5-5  cm.,  base  obtuse  or  slightly  cordate,  apex 
short-acuminate,  margin  finely-serrate;  inflorescence  monoecious,  in  cylindric 
spikes,  the  male  axillary,  lax-flowered,  the  female  terminal,  dense-flowered, 
3-5  cm.  long;  female  bracts  2-flowered,  ovate,  5-6  mm.  long,  7-13-partite,  the 
divisions  laciniate,  papillo-scabrous;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate ;  styles 
short,  thick,  2-6-laeiniate  above;  seeds  reddish-brown,  ovoid-globose,  apieuiate, 
1.4  X  1  ni"^- ;  testa  densely  papillo-punctate ;  caruncle  a  single  straight  mem- 
branous line. 

Waste  grounds  near  Nassau,  New  Providence: — Cuba;  Ilispaniola  ;  I'ortd  Kico; 
Mexico  to  Costa  Rica.     Setose  Acalypha. 

16.  PERA  Mutis,  Vet.  Akad.  Stockh.  5:   299.     1784. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  trees,  the  leaves  alternate,  short-petioled,  entire, 
coriaceous,  penninerved.  Inflorescence  dioecious  or  rarely  monoecious,  pisiform, 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  at  old  nodes,  short-pedicelled  or  subsessile,  2-3- 
bracteate.  Flowers  sessile  in  small  involucres,  very  small,  apetalous;  involucres 
globose,  gaping  or  valvate  in  anthesis ;  disk  none.  Male  ilowers :  calyx  minute, 
valvate,  2-3-fid,  or  rudimentary  or  wanting;  stamens  2-6;  filaments  connate 
at  or  near  the  base;  anthers  dorsally  fixed  at  or  near  the  base,  the  cells  longi- 
tudinally contiguous  and  dehiscent.  Female  flowers:  calyx  none  or  reiUiced  to 
scales;  ovary  3-celled;  styles  short;  stigmas  thick,  peltate,  disciform,  or  3- 
lobed;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell.  Capsule  globose  or  pyrif orm ;  pericarp 
firm,  dehiscent  into  3,  2-cleft  valves;  seeds  ovoid  or  obovate,  compres-sed ;  testa 
crustaceous,  black  and  shining;  endosperm  thick,  fleshy;  cotyledons  plane, 
broad.  [Greek,  a  pouch.]  About  25  species,  of  tropical  America.  Type 
species:   Pera  arhoi'ea  Mutis. 

1.  Pera  bumeliaefolia  Griseb.  Xachr.  Ges.  Wiss.  Goctt.  1865:  ISO.     1865. 

A  small  tree  up  to  12  m.  high,  or  shrubby,  with  slender  branches,  the 
petioles  and  involucres  densely  ferruginoous-lepidote.  Leaves  olive-green, 
7-9  X  2-3  em.,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtusely  acuminate,  narrowed  to  the  petiole, 
shining  above,  dull  and  sparsely  lepidote-punctato  beneath;  petioles  about  1.5 
cm.  long,  slender;  male  calyx  globose-ellipsoid,  4-5-lacerate-dentate  (as  many 
toothed  as  there  are  anthers)  ;  capsule  oliviform,  the  pericarp  transversely 
sharp-wrinkled  when  dry;  seeds  flattene<l-pyrifon(^,  guping  open  at  the  aj>ex, 
black  and  shining,  minutely  shallow-punctate,  5  X  ^-^  n^'"- 

Coppices    of   Andros   and    New    I'rovidonoo  : — Cul)a.      Peha.      lii.ACK    Khony. 


230  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

17.  RICINUS  L.  Sp.  PL  1007.     1753. 

A  tall  stout  monoecious  lierb,  glabrous  and  glaucous,  with  alternate  large 
peltate  palmately  lobed  leaves,  and  numerous  small  apetalous  greenish  flowers 
in  terminal  racemes,  the  pistillate  above  the  staminate.  Staminate  flowers  with 
a  3-5-parted  calyx,  the  segments  valvate,  and  numerous  crowded  stamens; 
filaments  repeatedly  branched.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  caducous  calyx.  Cap- 
sule subglobose,  or  oval,  separating  into  3,  2-valved  carpels.  Endosperm  fleshy 
and  oily.     [Latin  name  of  the  plant.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Ricinus  communis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1007.     1753. 

Stem  erect,  1-5  m.  tall,  more  or  less  branched,  becoming  tree-like  in  warm 
regions.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  1-6  dm.  broad,  6-11-palmately 
lobed  and  peltate,  the  lobes  toothed,  acute  or  acuminate;  capsule  12-16  mm.  in 
diameter,  usually  spiny;  seeds  shining,  smooth,  black,  variegated  with  white, 
or  mottled  with  gray  and  brown  markings. 

Adventitious  in  waste  places  on  New  Providence  and  Cat  Islands: — Bermuda; 
North  Carolina  to  Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico ;  West  Indies ;  continental  tropical 
America.     Native   of  the  Old  World   tropics.     Castor-oil  Plant. 

18.  MANIHOT  Adans.  Fam.  PL  2:  356.     1763. 

Monoecious  herbs  or  shrubs  of  vigorous  growth,  generally  with  glaucous 
glabrous  leaves.  Leaves  alternate,  the  blades  entire  or  palmately  3-7-lobed, 
the  segments  membranous  or  leathery,  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  apetalous,  in 
branched  racemes,  the  staminate  with  a  calyx  of  5  partially  united  sepals; 
stamens  10,  in  2  series;  filaments  slender,  those  of  the  inner  series  attached  to 
the  lobes  of  the  disk;  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a 
calyx  similar  to  that  of  the  staminate  but  the  tube  often  shorter;  ovary  3- 
celled;  styles  3,  slightly  united  at  the  base;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cell.  Cap- 
sule 3-celled;  seeds  solitary  in  each  carpel.  [Name  Brazilian.]  About  80 
species  of  South  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Manihot  Manihot  (L.)  Cockerell,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  19:  95.     1892. 

JatropJia  Maniliot  L.  Sp.  PL  1007.     1753. 

Herbaceous;  stems  0.8-1.5  m.  high,  more  or  less  branched.  Leaves  3-7- 
parted,  the  segments  linear  to  elliptic  or  slightly  broadest  ahove  the  middle, 
acute  or  acuminate,  entire;  petiole  about  as  long  as  the  blade  or  longer; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  lobes 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  calyx  of  the  pistillate  flowers  with 
a  shorter  tube  than  that  of  the  staminate. 

Reappearing  after  cultivation,  Andros  and  Eleuthera  : — Widely  cultivated  and 
more  or  less  persistent  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Native  of  South  Amer- 
ica.    Cassava. 

19.  BONANIA  A.   Eich.  in  Sagra,   Hist.   Cuba  11:    201.     1850. 

Low  glabrous  shrubs  with  alternate  coriaceous  leaves  and  axillary  spicate 
monoecious  flowers.  Leaves  short-petioled,  small,  entire  or  glandular-dentate 
or  serrate.  Disk  none.  Male  flowers  3  from  each  bract,  subsessile; 
calyx  membranous,  the  margin  truncate  or  broadly  and  slightly  2-3-lobed. 
Stamens   2    (rarely    3);    filaments    free,    short;    anthers    small^    the    cells    dis- 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  231 

tinct,  ovoid,  parallel-contiguous;  rudimentary  ovary  none.  Female  flowers 
solitary  at  the  base  of  the  spike,  sessile  or  pedicelled;  calyx  3-fid;  ovary 
3-celled;  styles  3,  distinct  or  slightly  connate  at  the  base,  slender,  recurved- 
spreading,  entire;  ovule  1  in  each  cell.  Capsule  globose;  cocci  2-valved; 
seeds  globose,  estrophiolate.  [Commemorates  Sebastian  Bonani.]  About  G 
species  of  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas.     Type  species:  Bonania  cuhana  A.  Rich. 

1.  Bonania  cubana  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:  201,  ph  68.     1850. 

Excoecaria  cuhana  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  32:  122.     1863. 

A  much  branched  shrub  about  2  m.  high  with  shining  leathery  glabrous 
leaves.  Leaves  12-18  X  6-11  mm.,  ovate,  obtuse,  sometimes  slightly  emargi- 
nate,  distinctly  nerved,  glandular-crenate;  petioles  short;  stipules  ovate;  male 
spikes  12-16  mm.  long,  slender;  bracts  1-3-flowered;  calyx  sessile,  about  1  mm. 
long,  urceolate,  its  lobes  short,  entire;  anthers  subincluded;  capsule  flattened- 
globose,  smooth,  slightly  3-sulcate;  seed  globular,  grayish,  3  mm.  in  diameter, 
smooth,  flecked  with  a  few  minute,  scarcely  perceptible,  yellowish  markings. 

Thickets,  coppices  and  rocky  plains,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat 
Island,  Great  Exuma  and  Long  Island  : — Cuba.     Boxania. 

20.  HIPPOMANE   L.   Sp.   PI.    1191.     1753. 

Trees  with  glabrous  leaves  and  acrid  poisonous  milky  juice.  Leaves 
alternate,  coriaceous,  with  rather  long  petioles.  Flowers  in  terminal  monoe- 
cious amentaceous  spikes,  the  rachis  stout,  the  male  above  the  female  in 
clusters  of  8-15,  subtended  by  2-glandular  bracts;  calyx  membranous,  2-3- 
lobed;  stamens  2-3,  exserted;  filaments  more  or  less  united;  anthers  erect, 
extrorse.  Female  flowers:  calyx  ovoid,  3-parted,  closely  surrounding  the  ovary 
and  furnished  with  several  glands;  ovary  6-8-celled,  sessile;  styles  6-8,  re- 
curved, stigmatic  on  the  inner  surface;  ovules  1  in  each  cell,  pendulous, 
anatropous.  Drupe  slightly  6-8-ridged,  variegated,  the  pulp  milky,  the  endo- 
carp  bony,  6-8-celled;  seeds  elongated,  flattened.  [Greek,  horse-poison. J  A 
monotypic  genus. 

1.  Hippomane  Mancinella  L.  Sp.  PI.  1191.     1753. 

An  evergreen  tree  4-20  m.  high.  Leaves  shining,  glabrous,  thii-kish.  ovate 
or  oval,  4-10  cm.  long,  blunt  or  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  undulate  or  slightly  shallow-serrate;  principal  veins  at  nearly 
right  angles  to  the  midrib;  veinlets  delicately  reticulate;  petioles  slender, 
somewhat  shorter,  or  at  times  longer,  than  the  blades;  stipules  4-S  mm.  long; 
bracts  broader  than  long,  crenulate ;  male  calyx  with  3  unequal  acute  lobes; 
female  calyx  of  ovate  or  orbicular  sepals;  drupe  spheroidal  when  fresh,  2.5-3.5 
cm.  in  diameter,  yellowish;  nut  depressed,  often  bearing  numerous  grouped 
thorn-like  projections. 

Rocky  coppices  and  white-lands,  Abaco,  Andros,  Great  Guana  Cny.  Atwood  Cay. 
Fortune  Island,  Inagua,  Providenciales  and  Anguilla  Islands: — Florida:  Wost  Indies; 
Mexico  and  continental  tropical  America.     Manchionicei..     Catesby,  2:  pi.  95. 

21.  GRIMMEODENDRON    Urban,    Symb.    Ant.    5:    397.     1908. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  crenate-serrate. 
Inflorescence  in  terminal  monoecious  spikes;  flowers  apetalous;  disk  none. 
Male  flowers:  calyx  3-lobed  or  3-fid,  membranous,  the  lobes  valvate;  stamens  3; 


232  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

filaments  coalescent  near  the  apex  of  the  column;  anthers  exserted  beyond  the 
calyx,  their  sacs  ovoid,  longitudinally  contiguous  and  dehiscent;  rudimentary 
ovary  absent.  Female  flowers:  calyx  3-fid;  ovary  3-celled;  styles  coalescent 
below,  patent  above^  thick,  undivided  at  the  apex.  Capsule  spherical  or  de- 
pressed, ses-sile,  3-sulcate.  Seeds  ovate-globose.  [Greek,  Grimm's  tree.]  Two 
known  species,  the  following  typical,  the  other  endemic  in  Jamaica. 

1.  Grimmeodendron    eglandulosum    (A.    Eich.)    Urban,    Symb.    Ant.    5:    398. 
1908. 

Stillingia  eglandulosa  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:   202.     1850. 
Excaecaria  Sagraei  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  32:    121.     1863. 
Excaecaria  eglandulosa  Muell.  Arg.;  DC.  Prodr.  15:    1209.     1866. 

A  shrub  or  a  tree  up  to  8  m.  high.  Leaves  shining,  oblong  to  oblong-lance- 
olate, 3-8  X  1-2.5  cm.,  base  obtuse  or  narrowed  to  the  mostly  2-glandular 
petiole,  apex  bluntly  pointed,  "margin  subserrulate  with  hooked-spinous  teeth; 
male  flowers  2  or  3 ;  capsule  5-7  X  8-9  mm. ;  seeds  ovoid-globose,  4  X  3.2  mm., 
cinnamon-brown,  marked  with  dark  brown  blotches  and  points. 

Low  coppices.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma  and  Watling's  Island  : — 
Cuba.     Poison  Bush. 

22.  GYMNANTHES   Sw.   Prodr.   95.     1788. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  glabrous  leaves  and  milky  juice,  the  leaves 
alternate.  Flowers  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious,  the  male  in  slender  axillary 
bracteolate  racemes,  the  female  solitary,  long-peduncled,  arising  from  the  axils 
with  the  male ;  perianth  rudimentary  or  lacking.  Stamens  2  or  3 ;  filaments 
distinct  or  united  at  the  base,  subtended  by  the  rudimentary  perianth  of  3, 
scale-like  parts.  Styles  3,  recurved.  Capsule  3-carpelled;  seeds  pendulous,  the 
testa  membrano-crustaceous.  [Greek,  naked  flower.]  About  12  species,  of 
tropical  America.     Type  species:    Gymnanthes  elliptica  Sw. 

1.  Gymnanthes  lucida  Sw\  Prodr.  96.     1788. 

Excoecaria  lucida  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  2:    1122.     1800. 

An  evergreen  shrub  or  tree  often  10  m.  high.  Leaves  petioled,  glabrous, 
coriaceous,  oblong  or  lanceolate-spatulate,  5-11  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
shining  above,  the  margin  undulate  and  generally  obscurely  toothed  near  the 
apex;  racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  continuous;  bracts  reniform;  stamens 
2  or  3,  subtended  by  bractlets;  female  flowers  solitary  on  curved  peduncles 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  racemes;  ovary  stipitate;  capsule  depressed,  about 
1  cm.  broad ;  carpels  rounded ;  seeds  ovoid,  5x4  mm.,  gray,  striped  longi- 
tudinally with  fine  golden-brown  lines  of  irregular  width  and  form. 

Coppices,  from  Allen's  Cay  throughout  the  archipelago  to  Inagua  and  Atwood 
Cay  : — Florida  and  the  West  Indies.     Cbab-wood. 

23.  HURA  L.   Sp.  PI.   1008.     1753. 

Large  glabrous  trees  with  milky  juice,  and  large  many-carpelled,  flattened- 
globose  fruits,  the  broad  cordate  leaves  shining,  biglandular  above  the  base  of 
the  blade.  Inflorescence  monoecious^  in  terminal,  oval  or  oblong,  long-peduncled 
spikes;  male  flowers  densely  imbricated  above,  the  female  at  the  base  or  in  the 
inferior  axils.  Calyx  cupulif orm,  irregularly  toothed ;  staminate  column  cen- 
tral, bearing  below  its  vertieillate  projections  an  indefinite  number  of  sessile 


EUPIIORBIACEAE.  233 

extrorse  anthers.  Style  simple,  infundibuliform  at  the  apex;  stigma  mauy- 
lobed,  with  hanging  s-ubulate  branches.  Capsule  deeply  sulcate  into  many 
cocci;  seeds  rounded,  compressed.  [Aboriginal  name.]  Two  or  three  fcpecies 
of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Hura  crepitans  L.  Sp.  PI.  1008.     1753. 

A  high,  umbrageous  tree,  the  trunk  and  branches  often  prickly.  Leaves 
variable  in  shape,  roundish,  about  5-7  cm.  in  diameter,  cordate  at  the  base, 
abruptly  acuminate,  serrate  or  subentire,  the  blade  often  shorter  than  the 
petiole;  stipules  linear-lanceolate,  pubescent;  ajithers  usually  1-3-seriate; 
stigma  large,  violet-red;  capsule  concave  at  both  ends,  splitting  noisily  when 
ripe  and  dry,  7-8  cm.  broad,  3-4  cm.  high. 

Planted  in  Nassau,  New  Providence,  and  perhaps  spontaneous  after  cultivation  : — 
^Yest  Indies  and  Mexico  to  tropic  America.     .Sandhox-timci;. 

24.  PEDILANTHUS  Poit.   Ann.   Mus.   Paris   19:    390.     ISI'2. 

Shrubs  with  fleshy  branches  and  milky  juice,  alte'rnate  leaves  with  the 
midrib  thickened  beneath  (rarely  leafless),  glandular  stipules  (if  present),  op- 
posite floral  leaves,  and  cymose  terminal  or  axillary  involucres.  Involucres 
oblique,  shoe-shaped,  the  tube  more  or  less  fissured  superiorly  and  notched 
inferiorly  at  the  bilabiate  apex  or  throat,  with  2  lateral  and  1  median  accessory 
lobes  more  or  less  closing  the  fissure,  the  tube  bearing  an  appendix  on  the 
superior  side  of  its  posterior  extremity.  Appendix  gibbous  and  interiorly 
glandular,  its  lip  notched  or  2-3-lobed  and  extending  anteriorly  above  the 
posterior  end  of  the  fissure  of  the  tube.  Flowers  pedicellate,  the  male  numerous, 
ecalyculate,  sometimes  with  linear  bracteoles  at  the  base;  female  single  with  the 
long  style  finally  protruding  and  generally  declinate  from  the  throat  of  the 
tube;  stigmas  3,  connate,  often  separate  at  the  apex  and  frequently  2-lobcd. 
Seeds  ecarunculate.  [Greek,  slipper-flower. J  About  30  species.  Type  species: 
Eiiphorhia  tithymaloides  L. 

Leafy;  appendix  4-gIandular.  1.   P.  iithinnaloiiles. 

Leafless;  appendix  2-glandular.  -.   1'.  hdhamcnsis. 

1.  Pedilanthus  tithymaloides  (L.)  Poit.  Ann.  Mus.  Pari?  19:  390.     1S12. 

Euphorbia  tithymaloides  L.  Sp.  PI.  453.     1753. 

Branched,  1.2-1.8  m.  high;  leaves  glabrous,  subsessile,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
ovate  or  oblong,  3.5-7.5  cm.  long,  apex  acute  often  recurved,  margin  subundu- 
late,  the  mid-vein  prominently  undulate-carinate  beneath.  Cymes  terminal, 
dense;  floral  leaves  ovate,  long-acuminate,  slightly  longer  than  the  peduncles, 
early  deciduous;  involucres  purple,  1.1-1.3  cm.  long;  tube  thin,  smooth; 
appendix  4-glandular  the  lobe  linear  short;  male  pedicels  hairy,  the  female 
glabrous;  style  shortly  bifid;  capsule  7.5  mm.  long,  9  mm.  broad,  truncate  at 
base  and  apex;  cocci  keeled;  seeds  ovate,  5  mm.  long. 

Waste  places  and  in  coppices,  Andros  and  Cat  Island: — Florida;  West  Indies; 
Mexico;  Central  and  Caribbean   South  America.      Si.h'1m:u-1'L.\.nt.      Fidplk-klowkii. 

2.  Pedilanthus  bahamensis  Mills-p.  Field  Mus.  Dot.  2:  359.     1913. 

Glabrous,  1-1.5  m.  high,  leafless,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  gray, 
roughened  with  trans\^ers€  ridges.  Inflorescence  terminal ;  bracts  cucullate,  one 
third  to  one  quarter  the  length  of  the  peduncles;  involucres  about  9  mm.  long, 

16 


234  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

puberulent;  madder-lake  in  color ;  inferior  cleft  of  the  tube  shallow,  the  superior 
fissure  open  half  the  length  of  the  tube;  main  lobes  blunt,  finely  erose-lacerate, 
the  two  lateral  lobes  minute,  free  only  at  the  apex,  the  fifth  lobe  flabelliform, 
free  half  its  length;  anthers  glabrous;  female  pedicel  puberulent;  style  very 
slightly  trifid;  appendix  narrow,  about  one  half  the  length  of  the  tube,  sarcous, 
usually  sigmoid^  the  lobe  blunt,  slightly  notched,  strongly  gibbous  at  the  base; 
glands  2,  stipitate;  capsule  flattened-globose ;  seeds  trigonal,  olivaceous,  the 
dorsal  angle  quite  prominent,  apiculate  and  with  a  minute  raised  pimple  at  the 
apex,  3  X  2.5  mm. 

Stony  floor  of  scrub-lands,  Deep  Creek,  Andros,  Atwood  Cay,  Acklin's  Island, 
Inagua,  South  Caicos  and  Grand  Turk  to  Salt  Cay.  Endemic.  Bahama  Fiddle- 
flower.      MONKEV-FIDDLB. 

25.  ADENORIMA  Raf.  Fl.  Tellur.  4:  112.     1838. 

Trees  with  thick  branches-  and  profuse  thick  milky  juice.  Leaves  clustered 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  entire.  Cymes  corymbose,  terminal  and  super- 
axillary.  Involucres  large;  glands  4,  on  the  outer  wall  of  the  involucre  below 
its  lip.  Styles  more  or  less  connate  below,  bifid  into  long  branches,  the  apices 
rarely  thickened.  Capsule  3-coccus;  seeds  smooth,  ecarunculate.  [Greek, 
gland-pit.]  Fifteen  species,  or  more,  of  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico.  Type 
species:  Euphorbia  punicea  Sw. 

1.  Adenorima  gymnonota  (Urban)  Millsp. 

Euphorbia  gymnonota  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  396.     1908. 
Euphorbiodendron  gymnonotum  Millsp.  Field.  Mus.  Bot.  2:   305.     1909. 

A  tree,  6-6.5  m.  high,  the  branches  fleshy,  dichotomous.  Leaves  alternate, 
linear-oblanceolate,  4-8  X  .8-1. .4  cm.,  entire,  membranous,  narrowed  to  the 
sessile  base,  the  apex  rounded-mucronate  or  aeute-mucronate;  inflorescence  5-7- 
flowered,  terminal;  bracts  crimson,  ovate;  involucre  urceolate,  the  margin  entire 
or  sparingly  crenate-dentate;  glands  4,  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  vertically  placed 
at  or  just  above  the  middle  of  the  tube,  exappendiculate,  fleshy,  concave;  style 
short,  3-fid;  capsule  3-angled,  smooth;  seed  globose,  gray,  4  mm.  in  diameter, 
the  outer  gray  coat  broken  through  in  places  revealing  the  inner  dark,  irregular 
markings. 

Margins  of  thickets,  Watling's  Island,  Crooked,  Fortune  and  Acklin's  Islands ; 
Little  and  Great  Inagua  ;  South  Caicos  ;  Ambergris  Cay.  Endemic.  Referred  to  in 
various  Bahama  publications  as  Eupliorhia  punicea   Sw.     Bahama  Adexorima. 

26.  EUPHORBIA  Linn.  Sp.  PI.  450.     1753. 

Cactus-like  shrubs  with  thick  fleshy,  generally  angular  stems,  and  few 
reduced  true  leaves  or  none.  Leaves  and  stipules  generally  represented  by  spines 
but  often  by  small  or  minute  caducous  bracts.  Cymes  lateral  or  terminal,  sub- 
sessile,  often  few-flowered  or  even  single-flowered;  involucres  subtended  by 
dilated  bractlets;  glands  of  the  involucre  entire,  exappendiculate.  Capsules 
thick,  often  ligneous;  seeds  ecarunculate.  [Commemorates  Euphorbus,  King 
Juba's  physician.]  About  30  species,  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species: 
Euphorbia  antiquorum  L. 

1.  Euphorbia  lactea  Haw.  Syn.  PI.  Succ.  127.     1812. 

A  tall,  dark-green,  many-branched,  spinous  milky-juiced  shrub,  2-5  m. 
high,  the  branches  3-angled,  the  faces  3-8  cm.  broadj  plano-convex,  the  angles 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  235 

repand-dentate,  compressed  on  the  margin ;   spines  short,  thick,  divergent,  4—6 
mm.  long. 

Widely  established  in  many  places,  often  forming  dense  thickets,  New  I'lvni- 
dence,  Cat  Island,  Watling's,  Long  Island  and  Inagua  : — Florida;  West  Indies; 
Mexico.  Natnralized  from  India  and  the  Moluccas.  Referred  by  Hitchcock  and 
Mrs.  Northrop  to  Euphoihia  antiquoiuiu  L.     Mottled  SruKca;. 

27.  AETHROTHAMNUS  Kl.  &  Gke.  Monats.  Akad.  Berlin  1859:   251.     1S.j9. 

Leafless,  shrubby  f)lauts  Avith  jointed  branches.  Involucres  not  suVjtended 
by  dilated  bractlets.  Leaves  reduced  to  opposite  sessile  scales  glandular  on 
both  surfaces;  stipules  none.  Involucres  minutej  terminal,  campanulate,  dioe- 
cious, minutely  bibracteate  at  the  base.  Glands  transverse,  thick,  orbicular  or 
semiorbicular,  spreading,  plane,  entire.  Bracteoles  plumose.  Styles  3,  bifid, 
revolute.  Seeds  ovate-tetragonal,  scrobiculate.  [Greek,  jointed  bush.]  About 
10  species,  of  tropical  America  and  southern  Africa.  Type  species:  Euphorbia 
Tirncalli  L. 

1.  Arthrothamnus  cassythoides  (Boiss.)  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  30G.     1909. 

Eupliorbia  cassythoides  Boiss.  Cent.  Euph.  20.     1860. 

Plant  1-2  m.  high,  the  branches  white-barked,  verticillate  below,  dichotomous 
above;  branches  Avith  internodes  8-15  cm.  long  and  6-7-angle(l,  the  nodes 
gummy.  Cymes  terminal,  dichotomous;  involucres  produced  between  small 
thick  triangular  braotlets ;  tube  short-campanulate,  glabrous  within ;  lobes 
triangular-ovate,  4-5-dentatej  hairy;  glands  fleshy;  styles  short,  hairy,  bilobate 
at  the  apex;  capsule  ovoid;  cocci  subcarinate;  seeds  white,  each  facet  2-3- 
foveolate. 

Sandy  soil  near  Deep  and  Fresh  Creeks,  Andros : — Cuba.  Leafless  Ctban 
Spurge. 

28.  TITHYMALUS    [Tourn.]    Adans.   Fam.   2:    355.     1763. 

Annual  or  perennial  milky  herbs  or  shrubby  plants  with  simple  or  branched 
stems  topped  by  several-rayed  cyme-like  umbels.  Leaves  below  the  umbel 
scattered  or  alternate,  estipulate,  often  broadened  upward;  bracts  of  the  lunbel 
quite  different  from  the  stem-leaves,  entire  or  toothed.  Involucres  sessile  or 
peduncled,  the  lobes  often  toothed ;  glands  4,  transversely  oblong  and  appearing 
reniform  by  the  cornuate  extremities  or  appendages.  Capsule  Fmooth  or 
tuberculate;  cocci  rounded  or  more  or  less  carinate.  Seeds  variously  pitted, 
often  carunculate.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  milky  juice.]  About  250  species, 
of  wide  geograjDhic  distribution.     Type  species:  Euphorbia  dcndroidcs  L. 

1.  Tithymalus  trichdtomus  (H.B.K.)  Kl.  &  Gke.  :\ronats.  Aka.l.  Berlin  1860: 
81.     1860. 

Euphorbia  tricliotoma  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:   60.     1817. 

Perennial,  glabrous.  Stem  commonly  branched  and  more  or  less  woo.ly  at 
the  base,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  1-4  dm.  tall,  widely  forking  above. 
Leaves  numerous,  rather  approximate,  small,  thickish,  cuneate  to  oblong,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  5-12  mm.  long,  minutely  erosc  when  mature;  inflorescence  trioh- 
otomous;  involucres  campanulate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  2  mm.  long;  glands 
reniform,  1  mm.  long,  yellow;  capsule  tricoccous,  the  cocci  rounded;  Feeds 
white,  globose,  2  mm.  in  diameter,  smooth;   caruncle  thin,  circular. 

Coastal  sands.  Allen's  Cay,  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  : — Florida  ;  Cul>a  :  the 
Cayman  Islands.     Forking  Spurge. 


236  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

29.  POINSETTIA  E.  Graham,  Edin.  N.  Phil.  Jour.  20:    412.     1836. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  the  inflorescence  clustered  at  the  tips  of  the  branches, 
often  subtended  by  highly  colored  leaves,  the  leaves  alternate  below,  opposite 
above,  the  blades  similar  throughout  or  very  various  in  form.  Involucral  lobes 
fimbriate;  glands  sarcous,  concave,  saucer-,  cup-  or  goblet-shaped,  solitary  or 
rarely  3  or  4,  marginal,  exappendiculate.  Capsule  exserted,  its  cocci  rounded; 
seed  narrowed  upward,  generally  tuberculate,  ecarunculate  or  with  a  mere  in- 
dication of  a  caruncular  body.  [In  honor  of  Joel  Roberts  Poinsette  of  South 
Carolina.]  About  12  species,  mostly  American.  Type  species:  Eupliorbia 
pidcherrima  Willd. 

1.  Poinsettia  heterophylla   (L.)    Kl.  &  Gke.  Monats.  Akad.  Berlin  1859:   253. 
1859. 

Euphorbia  heterophylla  L.  Sp.  PI.  453.     1753. 

Euphorbia  havanensis  Willd. ;    Boiss.  in  DC.  Prodr.   15 :    73,  as  synonym. 

1862. 

Euphorbia  gramini folia  Michx.   Fl.   Bor.  Am.   2:    210.     1803. 

Annual  or  perennial,  bright  green,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  mostly 
erect,  3-10  dm.  tall,  woody  below;  branches  ascending  or  the  lower  often 
spreading,  leafy  at  the  ends.  Leaves  various  even  on  the  same  stem,  from 
linear  through  all  shapes  to  orbicular,  entire,  dentate,  sinuate  or  even  panduri- 
f orm ;  involucre-lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  laciniate ;  gland  1,  sessile,  exappendicu- 
late; seeds  ovoid-oblong,' pointed,  grayish,  2.8  X  ~  mm,,  minutely  and  irregularly 
tuberculate  in  more  or  less  transverse  lines. 

Good  soil  of  grassy  places  and  cultivated  fields,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  south- 
ward to  Grand  Turk  : — Bermuda  ;  Illinois  to  Montana  and  southward  through  the 
American  tropics ;    ^Yest   Indies.     Jacob's   Ladder.     Governor   Grant's   Livery. 

30.  AKLEMA  Raf.  Fl.   Tellur.  4:    114.     1838. 

Shrubby  or  rarely  herbaceous,  the  branches  jointed.  Leaves  equilateral, 
entire,  penninerved,  euneate  at  the  base,  ternate  or  verticillate  (sometimes 
opposite),  long-petioled ;  stipules  glanduliform.  Cymes  axillary  and  terminal, 
corymbose  or  paniculate  (rarely  reduced  to  a  single  involucre),  the  terminal 
involucres  generally  hermaphrodite,  often  many-flowered;  glands  of  the  invo- 
lucre appendiculate ;  bracteoles  between  the  male  flowers  numerous,  plumose. 
Capsule  depressed,  deeply  trisulcate;  seeds  irregularly  scrobiculate,  ecaruncu- 
late. [Greek,  not  explained.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  America.  Type 
species:    Euphorbia  nudiflora  Jacq. 

1.  Aklema  petiolare  (Sims)  Millsp.  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  2:  43.     1915. 

Euphorbia  petiolaris  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  883.     1805. 

Alectoroctonum  petiolare   Kl.    &   Gke.   Monats.   Akad.   Berlin   1859:    248. 
1859. 

Shrubby  or  tree-like  and  7  m.  high,  the  branches  glabrous,  swollen  at  the 
nodes.  Leaves  ternate,  ovate  or  orbicular,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  truncate  or  abnost 
peltate  at  the  base,  obtuse  or  slightly  emarginate,  entire,  the  petiole  slender, 
twice  or  more  the  length  of  the  blade ;  inflorescence  subtrifloral,  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  involucres  long-pedicelled  (6-10  mm.),  hemispheric,  smooth;  lobes 
ovate,  short-fimbriate ;  glands  transverse,  ovate,  stipitate;  styles  divaricate, 
bifid,    not   thickened   at   the   apex;    capsule    smooth;    cocci    obtusely    carinate; 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  2M 

seeds    ovoid-globose,    3  X  ---^    mm.,    painted,    v>hite,    foveolate    ^vith    numerous 
large  S'hallow  irregular  pits. 

In  a  sisal  field  on  South  ("aicos  Island: — Ilispanidla  ;  Mona  :  I'(irt<>  Ulco; 
Culebra  ;  Vieques;  St.  Thomas:  St.  Jan;  St.  Martin;  Ane^ada  ;  Tortijla  ;  Martinitiue 
and  Tobago.     Broad-leaved  Spurge. 

31.  CHAMAESYCE  S.  F.  Gray,  Nat.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  2:   200.     1,S21. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  the  stems  often  diffuse  at  the  base; 
the  branches  prostrate  or  ascending,  forking.  Leaves  opposite,  inequilateral, 
more  or  less  oblique  at  the  base,  entire  or  toothed ;  stipules  minute,  entire  or 
lacerate.  Inflorescence  solitary  or  capitulate,  axillary  and  terminal ;  involucre 
toothed,  glandular  on  the  margin;  glands  4,  naked  or  appendaged  (the  5th 
gland  represented  by  a  s'ulcus  in  the  margin  of  the  involucral  tube).  Capsule 
more  or  less  globose,  3-coccous,  the  cocci  sharply  angled  or  rounded;  seeds 
minute,  ovoid  or  elongated-ovoid,  more  or  less  quadrangular,  the  facets  smooth 
or  transversely  ridged.  [Greek,  ground  fig.]  About  225  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed.    Type   species:    Chamaesyce   maritima  S.   F.   Gray. 

Suffrutescent  ;  leaves  thick,  mostly  entire. 
Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  or  oblong. 

Inflorescence  terminal-axillary  ;  plants  glabrous.  1.   C.  huxifalia. 

Inflorescence  throughout  the  upper  axils. 
Leaves  glabrous. 
Leaves  entire. 

Stipules  deltoid,  acicular-bristled.  2.  C.  WHsoni. 

Stipules  not  bristled.  3.   C.  Icchcoides. 

Leaves  dentate. 

Stipules  broad,   fimbriate-ciliate.  4.   C.  insulac-aalis. 

Stipules  narrow,   entire,   aristate.  5.  C.  cxumcn.tis. 

Leaves  densely  tomentose.  G.   C.  catfcnsis. 

Leaves  canescent.  entire.  7.   C.  Bracci. 

Leaves  linear  or  narrowly  oblong. 

Leaves   2-4  cm.  long,  involucres  peduncled.  S.   C.  artirulata. 

Leaves  8-12  mm.  long,  involucres  sessile.  9.   C.  vayinulata. 

Herbaceous  ;  leaves  thin,  mostly  serrate. 
Leaves  glabrous. 

Inflorescence  clustered ;    leaves    oblong,    acute,    sharply 
serrate. 
Leaves  broadly  falcate;   seeds  red.  10.   C.  hi/pcririfoliti. 

Leaves  narrowly  falcate:  seeds  black.  11.   C.  bratiilittisi!^. 

Inflorescence   solitary  ;   leaves  ovate,   blunt,   dentate   or 
entire. 
Capsule  glabrous.  12.  C.  Dlodfjvttii. 

Capsule  hairy  on  the  angles.  13.  C.  prostrata. 

Leaves  hairy. 

Inflorescence  clustered. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  sharp-serrate,  acute.  14.  C.  hirtn. 

Leaves  ovate,  crenate-dontate,  obtuse.  1").   C.  licrtvriana. 

Inflorescence   solitarv  :   leaves   orbicular  to   elliptic,   en- 
tire or  apically  denticulate.  !»'••   C.  lirittonit. 

1.  Chamaesyce  buxifolia  (Lam.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  TIL     1903. 

Euphorbia  huxifoUa  Lam.  Encyc.  2:   421.     1788. 

Low,  generally  erect,  glabrous,  shrubby,  fleshy,  2-5  dm.  high;  branches 
usually  many.  Leaves  glabrous,  thick,  wrinkling  in  drying,  ovate  or  broadly 
oblong,  8-12^nm.  long,  obliquely  siibcordate  at  the  base,  acutish,  margin  entire, 
involute;  petioles  about  1  mm.;  involucres  campanulate,  about  1.5  mm.,  a^  long 
as  the  peduncles  or  shorter;  glands  transver.soly  oblong;  api)endagos  a  mere 
whitish  bordering  line;  capsule  broad,  glabrous;  seeds-  white,  ovoi.l-quadrang- 
ular,  somewhat  apiculate,  1.2x1  mm-i  the  angles  very  blunt;  facets  very 
shallowly  broad-pitted  by  indistinct  and  irregularly  anastomosing  transverse 
ridges. 

Maritime  sands  throughout  the  archipelago  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  coasts  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea.     Coast  SrritGE. 


238  EUPHORBIACEAE. 

2.  Chamaesyce  Wilsonii  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  301.     1909. 

Prostrate,  spreading,  matted,  purplish-cinereous;  branches  densely  num- 
erous, wiry,  divaricate.  Leaves  small,  fleshy,  ovate,  2-4  X  1-5-2.5  mm.,  ob- 
liquely aurieulate-cordate  at  the  base,  obtuse,  the  margin  entire;  petioles  very 
short;  stipules  deltoid,  stiff-ciliate ;  involucres  solitary  in  the  upper  fork- 
ings,  cylindric-campanulate,  short-pedicellate,  the  tube  glabrous  without, 
densely  crisped-pilose  within;  lobes  aristate;  glands  4,  orbicular,  convex,  the 
fifth  represented  by  a  large,  triangular  lobe;  appendages  rudimentary;  styles 
short;  stigmas  bilobed;  capsule  ovoid;  cocci  slightly  carinate;  seeds  white, 
ovoid-quadrangular,  1  X  •''^  mm.,  angles  comparatively  sharp,  facets  indistinctly 
marked  by  low  irregular  transverse  ridges. 

White-lands  of  Castle  Island  and  Grand  Turk.     Endemic.     Wilson's  Spurge. 

3.  Chamaesyce  lecheoides  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   301.     1909. 

Euphorbia  lecheoides  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   163.     1906. 

Erect,  shrubby,  slender,,  profusely  branching,  grayish  farinose,  perennial, 
2-3  dm.  high;  branches  diffuse,  dichotomous,  the  inferior  internodes  about  1 
cm.  long,  the  upj)er  branchlets  virgate,  wiry.  Leaves  short-petioled,  deltoid- 
ovate,  triangular-ovate  or  elliptic,  2.5-o  X  1-2.5  mm.,  abruptly  attenuate  at  the 
apex,  the  margin  thickened  and  revolute;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  stiff- 
ciliate;  involucres  siolitary,  turbinate,  short-pedicellate,  the  tube  glabrous 
without,  barbellate  at  the  throat  within;  lobes  triangular,  acute,  ciliate; 
glands  dark,  flattened,  orbicular,  the  face  pock-marked;  appendages  minute, 
fleshy,  or  obsolete;  stigmas  bifurcate  to  the  middle;  filaments  barbellate; 
capsule  glabrous;  seeds  reddish-brown,  ovoid-quadrangular  (the  ventral  angle 
indistinct),  apiculate,  .8  X -5  mm.,  the  facets  indistinctly  transversely  rugose. 

Scrub-lands  of  the  southwest  extremity  of  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Inagua, 
South  Caicos  and  Griind  Turk  to  Salt  Cay.     Endemic.     Pix-weed  Spurge. 

4.  Chamaesyce  insulae-salis  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   395.     1914. 

Perennial,  erect,  7-10  cm.  high,  from  a  densely  nodular  rootstock; 
branches  densely  tufted,  wiry,  glabrous,  the  internodes  1.5-2  cm.  long.  Inflo- 
rescence solitary,  terminal  and  terminal-axillary ;  leaves  opposite,  sarcous, 
glabrous,  2-4  X  1.5-3  mm.,  marked  only  by  the  thickish  midrib,  subcordate, 
acute,  entire  or  in  the  lowermost  indistinctly  denticulate,  petioles  about  1  mm. 
often  with  a  tuft  of  ciliae  between  the  base  and  the  stipule;  stipules  of  many 
forms  from  deltoid  and  entire  through  lanceolate,  bifid,  and  lance-aristate  to 
a  mere  tuft  of  ciliae ;  involucres  campanulate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  outer 
surface  smooth,  the  inner  densely  woolly;  lobes  triangular-aristate,  densely 
woolly  on  the  inner  recurved  surface ;  glands  transversely  oval ;  appendages 
greenish  white,  entire  or  nearly  po,  about  the  width  of  the  glands;  styles  bifid 
to  half  their  length;  capsule  glabrous,  strongly  tricoccous;  seed  ovoid-quad- 
rangular, 1  X  •''^  mm.,  white,  acute,  the  angles  sharp  (except  the  ventral), 
facets  smooth  or  with  a  few  irregular  indistinct  ridges. 

Sands  of  Salt  Cay  (Cay  Sal  Bank),     Endemic.     Cay  Sal  Spurge,. 

5.  Chamaesyce  exumensis  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  301.     1909. 

Perennial,  3  dm.-1.5  m.  high,  purplish-  or  greenish-cinereous;  stem  erect 
or  reclinate-prostrate ;  branches  strict,  denuded  below,  the  nodes  somewhat 
swollen ;  branchlets  subtenuous,  divaricate.  Leaves  thick,  ovate,  .8-1.1  X  •^"•S 
mm.,  short-petioled,  obliquely  cordate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire  or  slightly  and 
remotely  dentate  near  the  apex;  stipules  aristate;  involucres  terminal  and  in 
the  upper  forkings,  turbinate,  short-pedicellate,  glabrous  without,  densely 
barbellate  within;  lobes  triangular,  setaceous  at  the  apex;  glands  4  (the  fifth 
represented   by    a   larger   involucral   lobe),    ovate,    plane;    appendages    white. 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  239 

entire;  stamens  5;  filaments  eristate-barbellate  at  the  base;  styles  short, 
deeply  bifid;  capsule  ovoid;  cocci  acutely  carinate;  seeds  ovoid-quadran^ular, 
the  ventral  angle  obtu?e,  pinkish  gray,  1.1  X  -8  mm.,  facets  slightly  and  indis- 
tinctly anastomose  and  transversely  ridged. 

Coastal  sands,  white-lands  and  sand-pockets  in  coastal  rocks,  Eleuthera,  the 
Exumas,  southward  to  Fortune  Island.  Endemic.  Referred  bv  Mueller  to  Eu- 
phorbia BalbisU  Boiss  ;  by  Coker  to  Euphorbia  caijcnsis  Millsp. ;  and  in  Field  Mus. 
Bot.  2  :  IGl  to  Euphorbia  ficxuosa  Kth.     Exuma  Spuu(;e. 

6.  Chamaesyce  cayensis  Millsp.  Field.  Mus.  Bot.  2:    301.     1909. 

Eiipliorhia  cayensis  Millsp.  Torreya  4:   172.     190-4. 

Low,  densely  white-canescent;  stems  stout,  ligneous,  multinodal,  branch- 
ing below,  2-3  dm.  high^  spreading  above.  Leaves  thick,  oval,  4-6  X-^— *  """•> 
obliquely  cordate  at  the  base,  entire,  canescent  alike  on  both  surfaces; 
petioles  1-1.5  mm.;  involucres  campanulate.  short-peduncled,  1.5  mm.,  canes- 
cent,  bearded  in  the  throat;  glands  green,  transversely  oblong,  thick,  tumid,  .7 
mm.  broad  (fifth  gland  represented  by  a  large,  deltoid  tooth  on  the  involucral 
margin);  appendages  lineal,  hardly  distinguishable;  capsule  canoscent ;  cooci 
bluntly  keeled;  seeds  pinkish  ashen,  ovoid-quadrangular,  the  ventral  angle 
slight;  1  X  -8  mm.,  facets  distinctly  transversely  anastomose-ridged. 

Coastal  white-lands,  Man-o'-War  Cay  (Abaco),  the  Berry  Islands  and  .Toulter's 
Cays,  Anguilla  and  Water  Cays  (Cay  Sal  Bank).     Endemic.     Bahama  Spukge. 

7.  Chamaesyce  Bracei  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  302.     1909. 

EupJiorhia  Bracei  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  159.     1906. 

Nearly  prostrate,  branching  from  the  base;  branches  ligneous,  canescent. 
Leaves  thickish,  oblong  to  ovate,  5-8  X  3-5  mm.,  very  short-canescent  and 
dotted  with  amber-like  resin  globules  on  both  surfaces,  the  base  narrowing  to 
the  petiole,  the  apex  obtuse,  the  margin  entire,  revolute;  petiole  one-fifth  the 
length  of  the  blade;  stipules  triangular,  2-toothed  or  more.,  the  teeth  tipped 
with  a  stalked  dark  globular  gland;  involucres  upper-axillary,  cup-shaped, 
the  pedicels  equalling  the  tube,  canescent  without,  ciliate  within,  the  inner 
wall  with  5  alate  columns  from  the  base  to  the  glands;  lobes  triangular,  acute; 
glands  4  (the  fifth  represented  by  a  broader,  longer  involucral  tooth),  minute, 
transversely-ovate;  appendages  very  narrow,  crenate,  or  wanting;  stigmas 
bifurcate  to  the  base;  capsule  acicular-hairy ;  seeds  ovoid-quadrangular,  .9  X  •" 
mm.,  very  slightly  anastomosely  transverse-ridged. 

White-lands  of  Abaco  and  Man-o'-War  Cay.     Endemic.     Brace's  Spi-rce. 

8.  Chamaesyce  articulata    (Aubl.)    Britton,  Mem.   X.   Y.   Bot.   Gard.  6:    574. 

1916. 

Euphorbia  articulata  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  1:  4S0.     1775. 
Euphorbia  linearis  Eetz.  Obs.  3:    32.     1783. 

Shrubby,  glabrous,  3-6  m.  hi^h,  the  branches  divaricate.  Leaves  glaltrous 
or  slightly  canescent,  ligulate  to  oblong-linear  or  narrowly  oblong,  2-6  cm.  X 
4-6  mm.,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  oblique  base,  acute  or  blunt,  miu'ronulate, 
entire,  glaucous  beneath;  petioles  short;  stipules  interpetiolar,  broadly  deltoid, 
ciliate;  involucres  single,  terminal-axillary;  peduncles  more  or  less  winged; 
tube  thick,  glabrous  without,  minutely  appreJ^ed-silky  within;  involucral  lobes 
wanting,  the  margin  of  the  tulie  thickened;  glands  4,  cup-shapod,  with  a  nipple- 
like projection  at  the  inner  edge  (resembling  the  tip  of  an  elephant 's  pro- 
boscis) ;  bracteolcs  very  numerous,  ligulate  below,  ])rush-like  above;  stigma 
3-furcate  above  the  middle;  capsule  glabrous,  strongly  3-coccous;  seed  pink- 
ashen,  ovoid-quadrangular,  1.5  X  1  T^^-t  facets  transversely  anastomose-rugose. 

Low  scrub-lands  near  .Jacksonville,  East  Caicos  :— Borto  Rico  to  Anegada  and 
St.  Vincent.     BusiiY  Spurge. 


240  ELTPHORBIACEAE. 

9.  Chamaesyce  vaginulata    (Griseb.)    Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.   2:    302.     1909. 

Eupliorlia  vagimaaia  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  52.     1859. 

A  low,  densely  branched  shrub,  2  dm.  to  2  m.  high,  the  branchlets  closely 
ringed  with  the  old  persistent  stipular  sheaths,  giving  the  whole  shrub  an 
ashen  hue.  Leaves  small,  3-15  X  1  mm.,  fleshy,  linear  (in  some  specimens 
globular),  glabrous,  entire,  obtuse,  very  short-petioled,  springing  from  a 
broad  scaphoid  sheath-like  stipule  with  a  ciliate  margin ;  involucres  solitary, 
terminal  on  the  branchlets,  turbinate,  short-pedicelled;  tube  thick-walled, 
glabrous  without  and  within ;  lobes  triangular,  ciliate ;  glands  4,  large,  orbicu- 
lar, sarcous,  dark  purple,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  larger  involucral  lobe; 
bracteoles  ligulate,  glabrous ;  capsule  glabrous,  strongly  3-coccous,  the  cocci 
mottled  with  fine  dark  confluent  punctae;  seeds  ovoid-quadrangular,  bluish 
white,   1.2  X  -8  mm.,  blunt-pointed,   smooth,   the   testa  minutely  punctate. 

Rocky  white-lands  of  Watling's  Island,  Castle  Island,  the  Inaguas  and  through- 
out the  Caicos  and  Turk's  Islands.     Endemic.     Sheathed  Spukgb. 

10.  Chamaesyce  hypericifolia   (L.)   Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   302.     1909. 

Euphorhia  hypericifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  454.     1753. 

Annual,  erect  or  ascending,  2-8  dm.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
often  falcate,  1.5-3  cm.  X  5-10  mm.,  obliquely  truncate  at  the  base,  blunt, 
more  or  less  sharp-serrate  on  the  upper  third,  short-petioled,  glabrous  or  some- 
what hairy;  stipules  ovate,  acute,  thin,  dentate  and  ciliate  on  the  margin; 
inflorescence  densely  cymose  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  and  terminal  leaves,  the 
floral  bracts  linear  and  often  white-margined ;  involucres  turbinate,  thin, 
glabrous  without,  hirtellous  at  the  throat  within;  lobes  lanceolate-triangular, 
lacerate  into  3-5  teeth;  glands  small,  roundish,  stalked,  the  fifth  gland  repre- 
sented by  a  deep  sinus  flanked  by  a  larger,  more  triangular  lobe;  appendages 
white,  orbicular  or  ovate;  styles  short,  deeply  bifid;  capsule  glabrous,  strongly 
3-coccous,  the  cocci  carinate ;  seeds  ovoid-quadrangular,  red,  .8  X -^  mm.,  the 
angles  prominent,  the  facets  marked  with  many  transverse  broken  ridges. 

Open  grassy  places  throughout  the  archipelago : — Bermuda ;  Gulf  of  Mexico 
region  of  the  United  States ;  Mexico :  Central  and  South  America  ;  West  Indies. 
Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  Euijhorbia  nutans  Lag.     Hypekicum-leaved  Spurge. 

11.  Chamaesyce  brasiliensis   (Lam.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  712.     1903. 

Euphorhia  hrasiliensis  Lam.  Encyc.  2:    423.     1788. 

Annual,  erect  or  ascending,  similar  in  habit  to  the  last,  but  with  more 
filiform  branchlets,  smaller  and  more  falcate  leaves,  fewer-flowered  cymes, 
and  black  seeds.  Stipules  broadly  deltoid,  bifurcate  into  lacerate  lobes; 
involucres  glabrous  without  and  within,  very  short-pedicelled;  lobes  triangular, 
mostly  entire;  glands  minute,  long-stalked,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  very 
shallow  sinus  flanked  by  two  larger  involucral  lobes ;  capsule  glabrous,  strongly 
3-coccous;  seeds  ovoid-quadrangular,  black,  1.2  X  -9  mm.,  the  strong,  but 
rounded,  angles  white-edged,  dorsal  facets  marked  by  3  complete  transverse 
ridges,  ventral  2-ridged. 

Open  places  and  grassy  coverts,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — Florida  to 
Arizona;  Bermuda;  Central  America  to  Brazil;  West  Indies.     Brazilian  Spurge. 

12.  Chamaesyce  Blodgettii  (Engelm.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  712.     1903. 

Euphorhia  Blodgettii  Engelm.;  Hitch.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   126.     1893. 

Annual,  glabrous,  prostrate  or  ascending,  branching  at  the  base,  the 
branches  1-4  dm.  long,  forking.  Leaves  oblong  or  nearly  so,  3-8  mm.  long, 
minutely  serrate  toward  the  apex,  oblique  at  the  base,  obtuse,  petiolate; 
stipules  broadly  triangular,  acute,  eiliate-margined ;   involucres  solitary  in  the 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  241 

ui>per  axils,  campaiuilate,  le^s  than  1  mm.  loncj,  short-pedunculate,  glabrous 
without,  ciliate  at  the  throat  within;  lobes  triangular;  glands  4,  slightly 
stalked,  orbicular  to  ovate,  the  fifth  represented  by  a  sinus  with  a  rounded 
fundus  and  flanked  by  two  larger,  nearly  quadrilateral  lobes;  appendages 
nearly  as  broad  as  the  glands,  entire  or  2-3-crenate;  capsule  bluntly  tricoccous, 
glabrous;  seeds  ovoid-quadrangular,  pinkish  or  brownish,  1  X -8  mm.,  angles 
prominent,  facets  slightly  transversely  ridged. 

On  rocks,  in  sjind  and  in  pot-holes,  from  the  southern  coast  of  (Ireat  I'.ahnma  to 
Ambergris  (\-iy  : — Florida  :  Bermuda  :  Cul)a  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cavmans.  IJcfei-red  hy  Mrs. 
Northrop  and  l)y  Dolley  to  Euithni}>'ui  scrpcus  Kth.,  and  by  Dolicy  again  to  Eu- 
phorbia maculatd  L.     Blodgett's  SrrRCK. 

13.  Chamaesyce  prostrata  (Aiton)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  713.     1903. 

Euphorbia  prostrata  Aiton,  Hort.  Kew.  2:    139.     17S9. 

Annual,  prostrate,  more  or  less  pubescent,  or  glabrate ;  stems  branched 
at  the  base;  branches  slender,  .5-15  dm.  long,  forking.  Leaves  thin,  oblong  or 
ovate,  strongly  oblique  at  the  base,  4-7  mm.  long,  obtuse,  more  or  less  serrulate 
toward  the  apex,  minutely  pubescent  on  both  sides,  petiolate;  stipules  thin, 
papyraceous,  broadly  deltoid,  ciliate  at  the  acute  apex;  involucres  glabrous, 
axillary,  minute;  lobes  elongate-triangular,  ciliate  on  the  margin;  glands  4, 
transversely  oval,  the  fifth  replaced  by  a  small  extra  glabrous  tooth  on  the 
involucral  margin;  appendages  about  the  width  of  the  glands,  finely  many- 
crenate ;  capsule  strongly  tricoccous,  glabrous  except  on  the  keels-  of  the  cocci 
which  bear  a  fringe  of  long  hairs;  seeds  pink,  elongated-ovoid-quadrangular, 
pointed,  1  X  -^  mm.,  strongly  and  sharply  sculptured  by  numerous,  strictly 
transverse,  ridges  which  include  the  angles. 

Grassy  places  on  New  Providence  and  Grand  Turk  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  North 
Carolina  to  Missouri  and  southward  to  Brasil  and  I*eru  ;  West  Indies.  Prostr-vte 
Spurge. 

14.  Chamaesyce  hirta   (L.)  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   303.     1909. 

Euphorhia  hirta  L.  Sp.  PI.  454    (ante).     1753. 
Euphorbia  piliilifera  L.  loc.  cit.  (post).     1753. 

Annual,  prostrate  or  ascending,  pubescent  with  amber-colored,  multi- 
cellular hairs ;  stems  branching  from  the  base,  1-4  dm.  long,  forking  or  simple. 
Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  more  or  less  falcate,  1-3  cm.  long;  some- 
times blotched  with  deep-red,  strongly  oblique  at  the  base,  acute,  sharply 
serrate  above  the  middle,  petiolate;  stipules  long  cylindro-aristate,  hairy; 
involucres  densely  capitulate  in  peduncled  clusters,  turbinate;  lobes  large, 
triangular,  densely  long-ciliate ;  glands  4,  stipitate,  the  fifth  replaced  by  a 
shallow,  rounded  sulcus  in  the  involucral  margin;  appendages  none;  capsule 
strongly  3-coccous,  with  short  crispeil  multicellular  hairs;  speeds  salmon-j-iink. 
elongated-ovoid-quadrangular,  .8  X  -5  mm.,  the  angles  sharp,  facets  strongly 
marked  with  numerous,  mostly  incomplete,  transverse  ridges. 

Rocks,  path-sides  and  cultivated  grounds.  Andros  and  New  Providence  to 
Inagua  : — Bermuda;  Florida;  Mexico:  West  Indies;  Central  America;  American 
and  Old  World  tropics.     Hairy   Spurge, 

15.  Chamaesyce  Berteriana   (Balbis)    Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2;   30:?.     1909. 

Euphorbia  Berteriana  Balbis;  Spreng.  Syst.  3:   794.     1826. 

A  low,  prostrate  or  ascending,  densely  pubescent  annual,  with  a  clustered 
terminal  inflorescence.  Leaves  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  1-L5  x  •4-.6  mm., 
strongly  inequilateral  and  oblique  at  the  base^  obtusely  or  crenately  denticu- 
late; stipules  cylindro-aristate  with  a  broadeneil  base,  glabrous;  inflorescence 
corymbose  at  the  apices  of  the  smaller  branchlets;  involucres  minute,  oblong- 
turbinate,  glabrous  below,  long-ciliate-hairy  at  the  throat  without  and  within; 


242  BUXACEAE. 

lobes  triangular,  ciliate;  glands  4^  minute,  orbicular,  stipitate,  with  or  witliGut 
narrow  white,  entire  or  bi-crenate,  appendages;  styles  thick,  bifurcate  to 
the  middle,  the  branches  somewhat  swollen  at  the  tips ;  capsule  crisped-hairy ; 
cocci  distinct;  seed  white  or  pinkish,  elongated-ovoid-quadrangular,  angles 
sharp  and  prominent,  facets  with  a  few  prominent  broad,  mostly  incomplete, 
transverse  ridges. 

Red-lands  of  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana  and  Castle 
Island  : — Hispaniola  to  Martinique.     Beetero's  Spukgb. 

16.  Chamaesyce  Bmtonii  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   303.     1909. 

Euphorbia  Brittonii  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   159.     1906. 

A  low,  slender,  erect  herb  branching  from  the  base,  5-7  cm.  high ;  branches 
wiry,  ascending.  Leaves  thick,  short-petioled,  rotund  or  oblong-elliptie,  4x3 
mm.,  slightly  oblique-cordate,  entire  or  subdentate,  revolute,  midrib  prominent 
beneath,'  under  surface  glaucous,  pilose;  stipules  triangular,  more  or  less 
equally  fimbriate;  involucres  solitary  in  the  axils,  campanulate,  pedicellate, 
glabrous  without,  densely  tomentose  at  the  throat  within;  glands  ovate,  green- 
ish; appendages  large,  orbicular,  white;  stamens  pilose;  stigmas  bifurcate 
above;  capsule  smooth;  seeds  roseate-cinereous,  ovoid-quadrangular,  the  ventral 
angle  flattened,  facets  slightly  transA^erse-rugose. 

White-lands  near  Nassau,  New  Providence.     Endemic.     Brittox's   Spurge. 
[Sapium  lattrifoliuni  Griseb.,  reported  by  Dolley  as  Bahamian,  has  not  been  seen 
on  the  islands  by  any  of  our  investigators  ;  his  record  is  presumably  erroneous.] 

Order  14.     SAPINDALES. 

Mostly  trees  or  shrubs.  Petals  usually  present  and  separate.  Sepals 
mostly  distinct.  Stamens  rarely  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
when  as  many  or  fewer,  opposite  them.  Ovary  superior,  compound. 
Ovules  pendulous,  w^itli  the  raphe  away  from  the  axis  of  the  ovary,  or 
erect  or  ascending. 

Petals  wanting.  Fam.  1.  Bt:xaceae. 

Petals  present. 

Ovary  mostly  1-celled  ;  plants  with  resin-bearing  tissues.      Fam.  2.  Anacardiaceae. 
Ovary  2-several-celled. 

Leaves  simple,  pinnately  veined. 

Ovule  1  in  each  ovary-cavity.  Fam.  3.  Ilicaceae. 

Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  ovary-cavity. 

Flowers  with  a  disk  and  petals.  Fam.  4.  Celastraceae. 

Disk  obsolete  ;  corolla  wanting.  Fam.  5.  Dodoxaeaceae. 

Leaves  compound  ;  fruit  various.  Fam.  6.  Sapindaceae. 

Family  1.     BUXACEAE  Dumort. 
Box  Family. 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  trees,  shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  simple 
mostly  evergreen  leaves,  the  sap  not  milky.  Flowers  re^ilar,  bracted. 
Petals  none.  Staminate  flowers  with  4-7  distinct  stamens,  the  anthers 
2-celled;  sometimes  with  a  rudimentary  pistil.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a 
2-4-celled  (mostly  3-celled)  ovary,  with  2  or  1  anatropous  ovules  in  each 
cavity;  styles  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities,  simple.  Fruit  a  capsule  or 
drupe,  its  carpels  1-2-seeded.  Embrj^o  straight;  endosperm  fleshy,  or 
almost  wanting".  About  6  genera  and  40  species  of  both  the  Old  World 
and  the  New. 


AXACARDTACEAE.  243 

1.  TRICERA  Sw.;   Schreb.  Gen.  630.     1791. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite  entire  coriaceous  5-hort- 
petioled  leaves,  and  small  monoecious  flowers  in  small,  axillary  or  terminal, 
sessile  or  short-stalked  clusters,  the  bracts  small,  herbaceous  or  coriaceous. 
Terminal  flowers  of  the  clusters  usually  pistillate,  the  lower  staminate.  Pistil- 
late flowers  usually  with  6  imbricated  sepals^  the  ovary  3-celleil,  the  3  styles 
separate,  or  connate  below;  ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity,  pendulous.  Stami- 
nate flowers  with  4  sepals,  4  stamens  with  oblong  anthers  and  a  rudimentary 
ovary.  Capsule  2-3-horned.  [Greek,  three-horned.]  About  23  species,  natives 
of  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:  Crantzia  laevigata  Sw. 

• 
1.  Tricera  bahamensis  (Baker)  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   139.     1906. 

Bnxus  bahamensis  Baker,  in  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  19:  pi.  1806.     18S9. 

A  much-branched  shrub^  1-2  m.  high,  rarely  a  small  tree  about  3  m.  high, 
glabrous  throughout,  the  angulate  twigs  rather  densely  leafy.  Leaves  oblong 
to  elliptic,  rigid,  2-4  cm.  long,  2-3  times  as  long  as  wide,  sharply  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral  venation 
very  obscure,  the  petioles  1-3  mm.  long;  inflorescence  axillary,  nearly  sessile, 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  1-2  mm.  long;  pistillate 
flowers  1  or  few;  staminate  flowers  usually  several,  pedicelled,  about  2  mm. 
long;    stamens  longer  than  the  sepals;   capsule  6-7  mm.  long;   style  distin<?t. 

Scrub-lands,  pine-lands  and  coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Exuma  Chain, 
Cat  Island  to  Caicos,  Grand  Turls  and  Inagua  : — Cuban  Cays  and  Jamaica,  Bahama 
Tricera. 

Family  2.     ANACARDIACEAE  Lindl. 

Sumac  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  resinous  or  milky  sap,  alternate  or  rarely 
opposite  leaves,  and  polygamo-dioecious  or  perfect,  mainly  regular  flowers. 
Calyx  3-7-cleft.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or 
rarely  none.  Disk  generally  annular.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  rarely  fewer,  or  more,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk;  fila- 
ments mostly  separate;  anthers  commonly  versatile.  Ovai-y  in  the  stami- 
nate flowers  1-celled.  Ovaiy  in  the  pistillate  flowers  1-  or  sometimes  4-5- 
celled;  styles  1-3;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  generally  a  small  drupe. 
Seed-coat  bony  or  eiaistaceous;  endosperm  little  or  none;  cotyledons  fleshy. 
About  60  genera  and  500  species,  most  abundant  in  warm  or  tropical 
regions,  a  few  extending  into  the  temperate  zones. 


Leaves  pinnate  or  trifoliate ;  drupes  small. 

Stone  of  the  subglobose  drupe  hard,  ribbed  ;  our  species  a  vino.  . .    i .... .. .,.., ,. 

Stone  of  the  oblong  drupe  parchmcnt-lilve  ;  tree.  _-.   M<  toi>ium. 

Leaves  simple ;  drupes  large.  •■5-  Manuifcra. 


1.    ToTiiotUndron. 


1.  TOXICODENDRON  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Abr.  Ed.  4.     1754. 

Shrubs,  small  trees,  or  vines  climbing  by  aerial  rootlets,  with  3-foliolate 
or  pinnate  leaves  poisonous  to  the  touch,  and  axillary  panicles  of  small, 
greenish  or  white  polygamous  flowers.  Calyx  5-(deft ;  petals  and  stamens  5 ; 
ovary  1-ovuled;  style  terminal.  Drupes  small,  glabrous,  or  sjiaringly  pubes- 
cent when  young,  the  stone  striate.  [Greek,  poison-tree.]  About  20  species, 
natives  of  Xorth  America  and  Asia.     Type  species:   Fhus  Toxicodcndroti  L. 


244  AXACARDIACEAE. 

1.  Toxicodendron  radicans  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  153.     1891. 

Bhus  radicans  L.  Sp.  PI.  266.     1753. 

Shus  Blodgettii  Kearney,  Bull.   Torr.   Club   21:    486.     1894. 

Toxicodendron  Blodgettii   Greene,   Leaflets   1:    126.     1905. 

A  woody  vine,  climbing  by  numerous  aerial  rootlets,  or  bushy  and  erect, 
the  stem  sometimes  7-10  cm.  in  diameter.  Leaves  petioled;  leaflets  ovate  or 
rhombic,  2,5-15  cm,  long^  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  or  sinuate,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate,  the  lateral  sessile  or  short-stalked,  inequilateral,  the  terminal  one 
stalked;  flowers  green,  3  mm.  broad,  in  loose  axillary  panicles  2-8  cm,  long; 
drupes  sub  globose,  3-5  mm,  in  diameter,  grayish- white. 

Moist  depressions  in  pine-  and  scrub-lands,  and  in  savannas,  Andros,  Abaco, 
Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay  and  New  Providence : — continental  North  America, 
south  to  Mexico.     Recorded  by  Dolley,as  Rhus   Toxicodendron  L.     Poison   Ivy, 

2.  METOPIUM  P.   Br.;    Engler,  in  DC.   Mon.  Phan.  4:    367.     1883. 

Poisonous  trees,  with  alternate  petioled  pinnate  leaves,  the  several  leaflets 
entire,  subcoriaceous,  the  small  greenish  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  panicles. 
Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  imbricated,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Disk 
annular.  Stamens  5,  the  filaments  short,  subulate,  the  anthers  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled;  style  short;  stigma  3-lobed;  ovule  one.  Drupe 
oblong,  glabrous,  pointed,  containing  a  parchment-like  stone.  [Greek,  fore- 
head, significance  not  explained.]  Three  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indian 
region.     Type  species:  Bhus  Metopium  L. 

1.  Metopium  toxifemm    (L.)    Krug  &  Urban;    Urban,  Bot.   Jahrb.   21:    612. 
1896. 

Ainyris  toxifera  L.  Sy?t.  ed.   10,  1000.     1759. 

A  poisonous  tree,  up  to  14  m.  high  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2  dm.  in  diam- 
eter, the  thin  bark  reddish-brown  without,  orange  within,  splitting  into  large 
scales,  the  branches  widely  spreading.  Leaves  3  dm.  long  or  less,  glabrous; 
leaflets  3-7,  ovate  to  suborbicular  or  obovate,  chartaceous,  2.5-10  cm.  long, 
acute,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  cordate  at  the  base, 
bright  green  and  shining  above,  dull  beneath^  the  petiolules  1-3  cm.  long; 
panicles  many-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  pedicels  rather  stout, 
2-4  mm.  long;  sepals  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  ovate  obtuse  yellowish- 
green  petals ;  druj^es  oblong,  orange-yellow^  1-1.5  cm.  long,  in  spreading  or 
drooping  panicles. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  to  Caicos,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles : — Florida ;  Cuba ; 
Haiti :  Porto  Rico.  Referred  by  Hitchcock  and  by  Dolley  to  Rhus  Metopium  L.  ;  by 
Mrs,  Northrop  to  Metopium  Metopium  (L.)   Small.     Poison-tree.     Catesby,  1  :  pi.  kO. 

3.  MANGIFERA  L,  Sp.  PI.  200.     1753. 

Trees,  mostly  large,  with  alternate  petioled  entire  coriaceous  leaves,  and 
small  polygamous  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  deciduous, 
the  lobes  imbricated.  Petals  4  or  5,  narrow,  imbricated.  Stamens  l(-5, 
unequal,  all  polleniferous  or  some  sterile,  the  filaments  sometimes  connate 
below.  Ovary  sessile,  superior,  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  style  lateral,  curved;  stigma 
simple.  Drupe  ovoid,  oblique,  large,  fleshy,  the  stone  fibrous.  Seed  flattened, 
its  testa  thin,  the  cotyledons  plano-convex,  usually  lobed,  the  radicle  ascending. 
[Latin,  mango-bearing.]  About  14  species,  natives  of  tropical  Asia,  the  fol- 
lowing typical. 


ILICACEAE.  2i5 

1.  Mangifera  indica  L.  Sp,  PI,  200.     1753. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  20  m.  high  or  more,  with  a  trunk  up  to  2.5  m.  in 
diameter,  the  branches  spreading,  the  stout  twigs  glabrous.  Loaves  coriaceous, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  15-25  em.  long,  acute,  acuminate  or  sometimes 
blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  the 
petioles  about  2.5  cm,  long;  panicles  large,  terminal,  puVjescent,  the  flowers 
very  numerous,  green,  about  4  mm.  wide;  fruit  pendulous,  usually  8-12  cm. 
long,  smooth,  greenish  or  yellowish,  the  flesh  soft  and  juicy, 

Wood-lands,  New  rrovidence.  Naturalized.  Native  of  tropical  Asia.  Widely 
naturalized     in     the     West     Indies     and     tropical     continental     America.        Man.;.".. 

COMOCLADIA  iNTEGitiFOLiA  L.,  recorded  by  Dolley,  lias  not  been  found  1)V  us  on 
any  of  the  cays  or  islands  of  the  archipelago;  it  is  only  known  to  inhabit  Jamaica 
and  Hispaniola. 

AxACARDiuM  occidentAle  L.  and  Spondias  li'tea  T>.,  recorded  as  Bahamian  by 
Dolley,  have  not  been  found  by  us  in  a  wild  state  within  the  archipelago. 

Family  3.     ILICACEAE  Lowe. 

Holly  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  watery  sap,  and  alternate  petioled  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  axillary,  small,  white,  mainly  polygamo-dioeeioiis,  regular.  Stip- 
ules minute  and  deciduous,  or  none.  Calyx  3-6-parted,  generally  per- 
sistent. Petals  4-6  (rarely  more),  separate,  or  slightly  united  at  the  base, 
hypogynous,  deciduous,  imbricated.  Stamens  hypogynous,  as  many  as 
the  petals,  or  sometimes  more;  anthers  oblong,  cordate.  Disk  none.  Ovary 
1,  superior,  3-several-celled ;  stigma  discoid  or  capitate;  style  short  or 
none;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  small  berry-like  drupe,  enclos- 
ing several  nutlets.  Seed  pendulous;  endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  straight. 
Three  genera  and  about  300  species,  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

1.  ILEX  L.  Sp,  PI,  125.     1753, 

Leaves  minutely  stipulate.  Flowers  cymose  or  solitary,  perfect  or  polyg- 
amous. Calyx  small,  4-5-cleft  or  toothed.  Petals  4-9,  somewhat  united  at  the 
base,  oblong,  obtuse.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
corolla.  Berry-like  drupe  globose,  with  4-8  bony  or  crustaceous  nutlets.  [An- 
cient name  of  the  Holly  Oak,]  About  280  species,  mostly  natives  of  America. 
Type  species:  Ilex  Aquifolium  L. 

Leaves  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath.  1.  I.Cassinc. 
Leaves  dark   green  above  and   beneath. 

Leaves   obovate.  obtuse  or  emarginate.  2.   /.  nitamUi. 

Leaves  ovate-elliptic  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  W.   I.  Krugiana. 

1.  Ilex  Cassine  L.  Sp.  PL  125.     1753. 

A  shrub,  or  small  tree.  Twigs  pubescent;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong- 
obovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  1.25-2.5  cm.  wide,  acute  at  the  base,  glabrous  and  dark 
green  above,  pale  and  usually  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  (i-S  mm.  long; 
staminate  cymes  several-  or  many-flowered;  peduncles  and  jiedicels  pubescent; 
fertile  cymes  commonly  3-flowered;  calyx-lobes  ciliate;  drupes  re.l,  globose, 
4-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

I'almetto-lands,  and  coppices,  Great  Bahama,  at  Barnett's  Toint :  Andros.  near 
Staniard  Creek  : — Virginia  to  Florida  and  Louisiana  ;  Cuba.     Dahoon  IIollv. 


246  CEDASTRACEAE. 

2.  Ilex  repanda  Griseb.  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II.  8:  172.     1860. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  8  m.  tall,  the  leaves  and  twigs  glabrous. 
Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic-obovate,  4-7  cm.  long,  2-4  cm,  wide,  rounded,  obtuse 
or  emargiuate  at  the  apex^  acute  at  the  base,  dark-green  and  shining  above,  dull 
beneath,  sparingly  repand-dentate  or  entire,  the  petioles  3-5  mm.  long;  cymes 
several-flowered;  pedicels  3-5  mm.  long,  gla.brous;  calyx  obtusely  4-lobed; 
drupes  subglobose  or  obovoid,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  and 
Eleuthera  : — Cuba.     Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Ilex  montana  Griseb.     Cubax  Holly. 

3.  Ilex  Krugiana  Loes.  Bot.  Jahrb.  15:  317.     1892. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  height  of  15  m.  and  a  trunk-diameter  of  3  dm.,  usually 
smaller,  and  sometimes  shrubby,  the  slender  twigs  gray,  becoming  nearly  white, 
the  bark  thin^  smooth,  nearly  white.  Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate-lanceolate,  char- 
taceous,  5-10  em.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire,  revolute-margined,  glabrous,  shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  slender 
petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  few  or  several  in  axillary  clusters;  peduncles 
about  1  cm.  long;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute;  corolla 
about  2.5  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  ovate;  drupes  purplish,  usually  containing  4 
nutlets,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New 
Providence  : — Florida  ;  Hispaniola.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Ilex  Macoucoua  Pers. 
Krug's  Holly. 

Schoepf  records  a  New  Providence  plant  as  Ilex  cuneata,  giving  the  name  only 
without  description   or   reference,   therefore   not   identified. 

Family  4.     CELASTRACEAE  L. 

Staff-tree  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  some  species  climbing.  Leaves  simple.  Stipules,  when 
present,  small  and  caducous.  Flowers  regular,  generally  perfect,  small. 
Pedicels  commonly  jointed.  Calyx  4-5-lobed  or  -parted,  persistent,  the 
lobes  imbricated.  Petals  4  or  5,  spreading.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  disk. 
Disk  flat  or  lobed.  Ovary  sessile,  mostly  3-5-celled;  style  short,  thick; 
stigma  entire  or  3-5-lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit 
drupaceous  or  capsular.  Seeds  with  or  without  an  aril;  embi-yo  large; 
cotyledons  foliaceous.    About  45  genera,  and  375  species,  widely  distributed. 

Fruit  a  dehiscent  capsule  ;  seeds  arillate.  1.  Maytenus. 

Fruit  indehiscent ;  seeds  not  arillate. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  1-ovuled. 

Sepals  connate  near  the  base.  2.  Rhacoma. 

Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  opposite  ;  ovule  pendulous.  3.   Gyminda. 

Leaves  alternate  :  ovule  erect.  -i.  Sehacfferia. 

Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.  5.  Elaeodendrum. 

1.  MAYTENUS  Molina,  Sagg.  Chile  177.     1782. 

Unarmed,  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  petioled  coriaceous 
serrate  leaves,  and  small  polygamous  axillary  flowers,  solitary  or  in  clusters. 
Calyx  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  the  filaments  subulate.  Disk  orbicular,  undulate. 
Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  2-4-celled;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  erect; 
style  slender  or  none;  stigma  2-4-lobed.  Fruit  a  small  coriaceous  capsule, 
1-^3-celled,  loculicidally  2-3-valved.  Seeds  erect,  the  testa  crustaceous;  the  aril 
fleshy;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  [From  the  Chilean  name.]  Type  species: 
Maytenns  Boaria  Molina. 

Leaves  suborbicular  to  broadly  elliptic,  cordate  at  base.  1.  21.  lucayana. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblong-spathulate,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  base.  2.  21.  btixifoUa. 


CELASTRACEAE.  2  4  7 

1.  Maytenus  lucayana  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   140.     1906. 

A  white-barked  shrubj  the  tAvigs  angular.  Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  1.5-3  cm. 
long,  1.5-2.7  cm.  wide,  coriaceous--,  rounded  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base, 
shining  above,  dull  beneath,  bright-green,  the  niidvein  slender  and  impressed  in 
both  surfaces,  the  few  lateral  veins  more  slender  and  similarly  impressed,  the 
stout  petiole  only  1-1.5  mm.  long;  pedicels  solitary  or  few  together  at  defoliated 
axils,  about  2  mm.  long;  petals  not  seen;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  nearly  1  mm. 
long;  young  fruit  ovoid,  pointed,  tipped  by  a  style  0.5  mm.  long;  stigmas-  2. 

Rocky  margins  of  ponds,  Great  Bahama  at  West  End.  Endemic.  Bahama 
Maytexus. 

2.  Maytenus  buxifolia   (A.  Rich.)   Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  53.     1866. 

Monteverdia  tuxifolia  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  10:  142,  2^?.  36.     1S45. 

A  shrub  or  a  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  the  trunk  up  to  2.5  dm.  in  diameter,  the 
twigs  gray,  glabrous,  becoming  nearly  terete.  Leaves  oblong  to  obovate  or 
oblong-spatulatC;  1-4  cm.  long,  4-20  mm.  wide,  coriaceous,  obtuse  or  subtruncate 
at  the  apex,  obtuse,  narrowed,  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  faintly 
shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  midvein  impressed  on  both  sides,  the  lateral 
venation  obsolete;  flowers  few  in  the  clusters;  pedicels  1-4  mm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  semiorbicular,  0.5  mm.  long;  petals  greenish  yellow,  nearly  2  mm.  long, 
ovate,  obtuse;   fruit  globose-obovoid,  red  or  orange,  5-9  mm.  long. 

Thickets  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola.     Box-leaved  Maytenus. 

2.  RHACOMA  L.  Syst.  ed.   10,  896.     1759. 

Shrubs  or  low  trees,  with  coriaceous  small  evergreen  leaves,  and  small 
perfect  greenish  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  4-5-lobed.  Disk  depressed,  4-5- 
lobed.  Petals  4  or  5,  inserted  under  the  disk.  Stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary  4- 
celled;  stigmas  4;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  erect.  Drupe  with  a 
somewhat  fleshy,  thin  exocarp  and  a  bony  stone.  [Name  used  by  Pliny  for 
some  Old  World  plant.]  About  12  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  America. 
Type  species:  Ehacoma  Crossopetalum  L. 

Leaves  entire  or  crenulate. 

Inflorescence  nearly  sessile;  leaves  entire.  1.  R.  coriacca. 

Inflorescence   slender-peduncled ;   leaves   crenulate   at   least 

toward  the  apex.  2.   Ji.  Crossopttalum. 

Leaves  spinulose-serrulate. 

Leaves  long  spinulose-toothed  :  fruit  nearly  sessile.  '^.  A*,  aquifolia. 

Leaves  short  spinulose-toothed;  fruit  slender-pedlcelled.  4.  R.ilicifolia. 

1.  Ehacoma  coriacea   (Northrop)   Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:    71.     1004. 

Crossopetaliim  coriaceum  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  48.     1902. 

A  low  shrub,  6  dm.  high  or  less,  the  quadrangular  twigs  densely  leafy, 
glabrous.  Leaves  opposite,  coriaceous,  gla.brous,  obovate  or  oblong-obovate, 
1-3  cm.  long,  7-12  mm.  wide,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  entire,  dull  green  on  both  sides;  inflorescence  1-5-nowered,  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  calyx-lobes  4,  half -orbicular;  petals  4,  ovate  to  orbicular,  reddish, 
1  mm.  long;  disk  4-lobed;  stamens  4;  drupe  obovoid,  red,  about  4  mm.  long. 

Low  coppices,  sand-dunes  and  savannas.  Andros,  Now  rrovldonco,  Eleuthera, 
Great  Guana.     Endemic.     Bahama  Rhacoma. 


248  CELASTEACEAE. 

2.  Rhacoma  Crossopetalum  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  896.     1759. 

Myginda  Bliacoma  Sw.  Prodr.  39.     1788. 

Myginda  pollens  J,  E.  Smith  in  Kees  Cycl.  25:  no.  4.     1813. 
Crossopetalum  pallens  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  116.     1891. 
Crossopetalum  Bhacoma  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  70.     1893. 
Bhacoma  pallens  Maza,  Anal.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.  19:  239.     1900. 

A  shrub  or  tree  up  to  8  m.  high,  with  smooth  grey  bark  and  angular  twigs. 
Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  linear  to  oblong  or  obovate,  short-petioled,  1-4  cm. 
long,  somewhat  crenate,  glabrous,  acutish  or  blunt  at  the  apex^  narrowed  at  the 
base,  paler  green  beneath  than  above ;  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  the  clusters 
slender-peduncled;  calyx  urceolate,  with  4  obtuse  lobes;  petals  4;  disk  4-lobed; 
stamens  4,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  disk;  ovary  4-celled;  drupe  about 
6  mm.  long,  slightly  oblique,  red. 

Coppices,  thickets  and  scrub-lands,  througtiout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and 
Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ; 
West  Indies  ;  Colombia.  Species  composed  of  a  large  number  of  races,  the  leaf-form 
from  linear-spathulate  to  suborbicular.     Poisox  Cherry.     Wild  Cherry. 

3.  Rhacoma  aquifolia  (Griseb.)  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:   77.     1904. 

Myginda  aquifolia  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  55.     1866. 

Crossopetalum  aquifolium  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   70.     1893. 

A  shrub,  3  dm.  high  or  less,  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  prostrate 
or  nearly  so,  1-3  dm.  long,  the  young  twigs  densely  pilose.  Leaves  coriaceous, 
sessile  or  very  short-petioled,  opposite,  ovate  in  outline,  1-3  cm.  long,  spinulose- 
dentate  with  long  rigid  teeth,  densely  puberulent  on  both  sides  or  becoming 
glabrous  above,  strongly  pinnately  veined ;  inflorescence  glomerate,  few-flowered, 
nearly  sessile  in  the  axils;  sepals  semiorbicular ;  petals  greenish,  about  1  mm. 
long;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  red,  4-7  mm.  long. 

Mangrove  swamps  and  pine-lands,  Andros  and  Eleuthera  : — Cuba.  Spiny-leaved 
Rhacoma. 

4.  Rhacoma  ilicifolia  (Poir.)  Trelease  in  A.  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1^:  399.     1897. 

Myginda  ilicifoUa  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  4:  396.     1796. 
Crossopetalum  ilicifolium  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  116.     1891. 
Crossopetalum  floridanum  Gardner;  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  736.     1903. 

A  low,  nearly  glabrous  shrub,  3  dm.  high  or  less,  branched  from  the  base, 
the  branches  ascending  or  nearly  prostrate,  2-4  dm.  long,  the  young  twigs 
puberulent.  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  mostly  opposite,  very  short-petioled,  ovate 
to  elliptic,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base, 
pinnately  veined,  sharply  dentate  with  spinulose-tipped  teeth;  cymes  axillary, 
short-peduncled,  few-several-flowered;  sepals  half -orbicular ;  petals  red,  ovate 
to  suborbicular,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  fruit  obovoid,  oblique,  3.5-5  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  pine-lands,  Great  Bahama  : — Florida  ;  Hispaniola.  Holly-leaved 
Rhacoma. 

3.  GYMINDA  Sargent,  Gard.  &  For.  4:   4.     1891. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  short-petioled  leaves,  and  small  greenish 
dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  cymose  clusters.  Calyx  deeply  4-lobed.  Petals  4, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Staminate  flowers  with  4  stamens  about  as  long  as  the 
petals,  and  a  minute  abortive  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  2-celled  ovary, 
each  cavity  with  a  single  pendulous  ovule ;  style  none ;  stigma  peltate.  Fruit 
a  small  drupe.  Seeds  usually  solitary,  with  copious  endosperm.  [Anagra'm  of 
Myginda.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  typical  one,  the  other  Costa 
Eiean. 


CELASTRACEAE.  249 

1.  Gyminda  latifolia  (Sw.)  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  80.     1904. 
Myginda  latifolia  Sw.  Prodr.  39.     1788. 
Gijminda  Grisebacliii  Sargent,  Gard.  &  For.  4:   4.     1891. 

A  shrub,  or  a  tree  with  maximum  height  of  about  9  m,,  the  thin  lark 
reddish  brown,  the  trunk  seldom  over  1.5  dm.  in  diameter,  the  young  twigs 
4-angle(l,  olabrous.  Leaves  oblong-  or  ol>long-obovate,  subcoriaeeous,  glabrous, 
2-6  em.  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
petioles  very  short;  peduncles  slender,  6-15  mm.  long;  petals  about  2  mm.  long; 
drupe  ellipsoid,  obtuse,  4-8  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Andros,  Caicos,  Grand  Turlt  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas 
and  to  St.  Vincent;  Jamaica;  Mexico.     Gyminda.     Falsk  Boxwo(ju.     Wai.la-ukukv. 

4.  SCHAEFFERIA    Jacq.    Enum.    10,    33.     1760. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  Avith  alternate  or  fascicled,  entire,  chartaceous  or  sub- 
coriaceous  leaves  (in  one  species  reduced  to  small  scales),  and  small,  moi^tly 
dioecious,  white  or  greenish  flowers,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils,  the 
peduncles  short.  Calyx  4-parted,  the  lobes  rounded,  imbricated.  Petals  4, 
obtuse.  Stamens  4.  Disc  inconspicuous.  Ovary  sessile,  ovoid,  2-celled;  ovules 
1  in  each  cavity,  erect;  style  short;  stigma  2-parted,  large.  Fruit  coriaceous, 
indehiscent.  Seeds  erect,  exarillate,  with  little  endosperm  and  flat  cotyledons. 
[Commemorates  J.  C.  Schaeffer,  a  German  naturalist.]  Five  known  species,  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Schaefferia  fnitescens  Jacq.  Enum.  33.     1760. 

A  tree,  up  to  14  m.  high,  with  a  maximum  trunk  diameter  of  aliout  3  dm., 
usually  much  smaller,  commonly  a  shrub,  the  thin  bark  gray,  the  slender  twigs 
glabrous.  Leaves  obovate,  spatulate  or  oblong,  chartaceous,  glabrous,  veiny, 
2.5-6  cm.  long,  acute,  obtuse  or  rarely  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowe»l  at  the 
base,  the  petioles  3-8'  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish,  about  3  mm.  wide;  peduncles 
slender,  mostly  somewhat  longer  than  the  petioles;  fruit  globose  or  oval, 
orange-red,  grooved,  apiculate,  5-6  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Elouthera  to  Mari- 
guana  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Grenada ;  Jamaica. 
Common   Schaeffekia. 

5.  ELAEODENDRUM  Jacq.   f.;    Murray,  Syst.   241.     1784. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  coriaceous  leaves,  the 
very  small  stipules  caducous,  and  small,  often  dioecious,  greenish  or  white 
flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  under  the  disk;  filaments  short;  antliers  globose.  Ovary 
adnate  to  the  disk,  2-.5-celled;  style  short;  stigma  2-5-lobed.  ovules  2  in  each 
ovary-cavity.  Fruit  a  rather  large  drupe.  [Greek,  olive-wood;  the  fruit  re- 
sembles an  olive  in  form. J  About  35  species,  natives  of  tropical  regions.  Type 
species:  Elaeodendron  orientale  Jacq. 

1.  Elaeodendriim  attenuatum  A.  Rich.  Ess.  Y\.  Cuh.  2:    343.     1845. 

Cassine  attenuaia  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  114.     1S91. 

Elaeodendron  xylocarpum  hahamense  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  S*^.     1904. 

A  tree,  with  maximum  height  of  about  16  m.,  usually  nuich  smaller  and 
often  shrubby,  the  bark  gray,  the  twigs  and  leaves  glabrous.     Leaves  pale  green, 

17 


250  SAPINDACEAE. 

obovate  to  elliptic,  3-S  cm.  long,  remotely  low-dentate  or  entire,  rounded  or 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  revolute-margined,  the  stout  petioles 
2-10  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish  yellow;  sepals  about  1  mm.  long;  petals  about 
2  mm.  long,  those  of  staminate  flowers  a  little  longer  than  those  of  pistillate; 
drupe  ovoid  or  subglobose,  yellow,  pointed  or  rounded,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  the 
stone  very  hard. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices.  Abaco,  New  Providence,  Watling's  Island,  Crooked 
Island,  Fortune  Island,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Cuba.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Nor- 
throp to  E.  xijlocarinim  DC.     Olive-wood. 

Family  5.     DODONAEACEAE  H.B.K. 

DoDONAEA  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  commonly  sticky  with  a  resinous  excretion.  Leaves 
alternate,  without  stipules.  Flowers  clustered,  polygamous  or  polygamo- 
dioeeious.  Sepals  3-5,  nearly  equal.  Corolla  and  disk  wanting.  Andro- 
ecium  of  5-8  regularly  inserted  stamens;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  4- 
angled.  Gynoecium  of  3  or  4  united  carpels,  wholly  superior.  Ovary 
3-4-celled;  styles  united.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  half-anatropous,  often 
superposed,  the  upper  one  ascending  and  the  lower  one  pendulous.  Cap- 
sule membranous  or  leathery,  reticulated,  2-6-angled,  the  angles  obtuse,  or 
winged,  opening  septicidally  by  2-6  valves.  Seed  subglobose  or  flattened, 
without  an  aril;  endosperm  none;  embryo  spiral.  Only  the  following 
genus. 

1.  DODONAEA   Jacq.    Enum.    19.     1760. 

Characters  of  the  family,  as  given  above.  [In  honor  of  Eembert  Dodoens, 
1518-1585,  Dutch  herbalist.]  About  50  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions.     Type  species:  Bodonuea  viscosa  Jacq. 

1.  Dodonaea  Ehrenbergii  Schl.  Linnaea  18:  36.     1844. 

Dodonaea  viscosa  ohovata  Hitehc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard,  4:   73.     1893. 

A  nearly  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree  sometimes  5  m.  high,  the  foliage 
slightly  viscid,  the  twigs  slender.  Leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  1.5-6  cm. 
long,  obtuse,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  petioles  1  cm.  long  or  less;  panicles  terminal,  rather  densely  many-flowered, 
puberulent,  not  longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  short;  flowers  yellowis'h  green, 
about  5  mm.  broad;  anthers  oblong;  capsule-wings  finely  veined,  obtuse,  5-8 
mm.  wide,  papery,  shining. 

"White-lands  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  to  Grand 
Turk,  Ambergris  Cay  and  luagua  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Mona  ;  Anegada  ;  Desirade. 
Dogwood. 

Family  6.     SAPINDACEAE. 

Soapberry  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  wdth  watery  sap,  rarely  vines.  Leaves  alternate  (op- 
posite in  one  Chilian  genus),  mostly  pinnate  or  palmate,  mthout  stipules. 
Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  regular  or  slightly  irregiilar.  Sepals  or 
calyx-lobes  4  or  5,  mostly  imbricated.  Petals  3-5.  Disk  fleshy.  Stamens 
5-iO  (rarely  fewer  or  more),  generally  inserted  on  the  disk.  Ovary  1,  2-4- 
lobed  or  entire,  2-4-celled ;  *ovules  1  or  more  in  each  cavity.     Fruit  various. 


SAPINDACEAE.  251 

Seeds  globose  or  compressed;  embryo  mainly  convolute;  endosperm  none. 
About  125  g-enera,  including  over  1,000  species,  ^\^dely  distributed  in 
tropical  and  warm  regions. 

Vines  ;  mostly  climbing  by  tendrils. 

Frnlt  3-winffed.  1.  Scrjania. 

Fruit  bladdery.  2.   Cardiosnuniunt. 

Shrubs  and  trees. 

Fruit  samaroid.  3.   Thjinna. 

Fruit  drupaceous. 

Inflorescence  spicate-paniculate  or  racemose-paniculate. 

Leaves  1-3-foliolate  ;  flowers  irregular.  4.  MlopJiylus. 

Leaves  evenly  pinnate;  flowers  regular.  ~).  Mclirocca. 

Inflorescence  corymbose-paniculate. 

Ovary  2-celled  ;  leaves  evenly  pinnate.  0.   Exothca. 

Ovary  3-celled  ;   leaves   trifoliolate.  7.   Ili/prhttr. 

1.  SERJANIA  Plum.;   Schum.  Skr.  Xatur.  Selsk.  Kjocb.  3-':    12."5.     1794. 

Woody  vines,  with  alternate  petioled,  mostly  biternately  compound  leaves, 
and  small  polygamous  white  or  yellowish  flowers,  in  axillary  racemes  or 
panicles,  which  often  bear  tendrils.  Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  4,  with  small 
scales  between.  Disk  undulate  or  sometimes  glanduliferous.  Stamens  8,  the 
filaments  sometimes  united  at  the  base.  Ovaiy  3-celled;  styles  partly  united; 
stigmas  3,  small ;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  of  3  samaras  attached  by  their 
backs,  each  bearing  a  seed  rear  the  apex.  [Commemorates  Paul  Sergeant.  1 
About  175  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Serjania 
simiata  (L.)  Schum. 

Leaflets  strongly  reticulate-veined,  few-toothed  or  entire  ;  seed  not 

enclosed  in  the  wing.  1.    S.  ■'^uhdcntata. 

Leaflets  not   stronglv   reticulate-veined,   dentate ;   seed  enclose(.   in 

the  wing.  2.   S.  dirrrsifoUa. 

1.  Serjania  subdentata  Juss. ;  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  5:  102.     1S04. 

Climbing  on  trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  7  m.  long,  usually  shorter;  young 
twigs  sulcate,  glabrous,  or  sparingly  pubescent.  Leaflets  elliptic  to  oliloii^- 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  coriaceous,  3-8  cm.  long,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  dentate  with  few  or  several 
teeth,  shining  above;  panicles  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves,  pubcrulent ; 
pedicels  2-5  mm.  long;  petals  obovate,  about  4  mm.  long;  fruit  1.2-2  cm.  long, 
the  seeds  not  enclosed  in  the  ends  of  the  samara-wings. 

Rocky  coppices,  scrub-lands  and  thickets.  Andros,  Mangrove  Cay.  New  Provi- 
dence, Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Rum  Cay.  Great  Guana  Cay  and  Great  E.xuma  ■.—Cuba. 
Referred  by  Hitchcock  to  8.  panicidala  H.B.K.     Fowl-i-oot. 

2.  Serjania  diversifolia  (Jacq.)  Eadlk.  Mon.  Scrj.  136.     1875. 

Paullinia  diversifolia  Jacq.  Enum.  36.     1760. 

Slender,  often  high-climbing  on  trees,  sometimes  10  m.  long,  the  young 
twigs  puberulent.  Leaflets  ovate  to  obovate,  3-8  cm.  long,  coriaceous,  acute  or 
obtuse,  few-toothed  near  the  apex  or  entire,  shining  above,  dull  beneath;  panicles 
puberulent,  commonly  longer  than  the  subtending  leaves;  pedicels  5-S  nim. 
long;  petals  oblong-obovate,  about  5  mm.  long;  fruit  rather  broadly  ovate.  1.5-2 
cm.  long,  the  seeds  enclosed  in  the  upper  part  of  the  samara-wings. 

Thickets  and  scrub-lands,  Green  Turtle  Cay,  Andros.  New  Provldonce.  EIpu- 
thera.  Cat  Island,  Watling's  and  Long  Island  :— Cuba  :  IIispanloI:i.  Rrfprrod  by 
Hitchcock  to  S.  liicida  Schum.  and  recorded  by  Schoepf  ns  I'auViuui  Srnmia  L. 
Fowl-foot. 


252  SAPIXDACEAE. 

2.  CARDIOSPEE.MUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  366.     1753. 

Vine?,  with  alternate  bipinnate  or  decompound  leaves,  and  small  axillary 
tendril-bearing  corymbs  of  slightly  irregular  polygamo-dioecious  flowers.  Ten- 
drils 2  to  each  corymb,  opposite.  Pedicels  jointed.  Sepals  4,  the  2  exterior 
smaller.  Petals  4,  appendaged  at  the  base,  2  larger  and  2  smaller.  Disk  1-sided, 
undulate.  Stamens  8;  filaments  unequal.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  short,  3-cleft; 
ovules  1  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  inflated,  3-lobed  or  3-angled.  Seeds  globose 
with  a  large  hilum;  cotyledons  conduplicate.  [Greek,  heart-seed.]  About  15 
species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Cardiospennum'  Hali- 
cacabum  L. 

Capsules  longer  than  broad,  3-3.5  cm.  long.  1.   C.  Halicacahum. 

Capsules  broader  than  long,  about  1  cm.  broad.  2.   C.  microcarpum. 

1.  Cardiospermum  Halicacabum  L.  Sp.  PL  366.     1753. 

Annual  or  biennial,  slender,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  0.6-5  m.  long. 
Leaves  petioled,  5-10  em.  long;  segments  stalked,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate;  peduncles  commonly  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers 
white,  6-8  mm.  broad ;  petals  obovate ;  filaments  pubescent ;  capsule  about  3  cm. 
long,  globose-pyriform,  pubescent,  seeds  globose,  nearly  black,  about  5  mm. 
thick,  the  large  white  hilum  cordate. 

Scrub-lands  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — New 
Jersey  to  Missouri,  Florida,  and  Texas ;  West  Indies ;  Mexico  to  tropical  South 
America.     Balloon-vine, 

2.  Cardiospermum  microcarpum  H.B.K.  Xov.  Gen.  5:    104.     1821. 

Climbing  to  a  length  of  1.5-3  m.,  branched,  finely  pubescent,  slender,  the 
stem  grooved.  Leaves  thin,  biternately  compound,  slender-petioled,  7-15  cm. 
long  and  about  as  broad  as  long,  the  ultimate  segments  ovate  to  lanceolate  in 
outline,  coarsely  lobed,  cleft  or  incised ;  peduncles  slender,  about  as  long  as 
the  leaves;  corymbs  several-flowered;  flowers  white,  about  4  mm.  broad,  the 
upper  petals  3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals;  capsule  subglobose,  3-lobed,  pubes- 
cent, veiny,  depressed  at  the  top,  about  1  cm.  thick;  seeds  similar  to  those  of 
the  preceding  species  but  smaller. 

Waste-lands,  Abaco  and  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies  ; 
continental  tropical  America.     Small  Balloox-vine. 

3.  THYANA  Hamilt.  Prodr.  36.  1825. 
[Thouixia  Poit.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  3:  70.  1804.  Not  L.  f.  1781.] 
Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  3-foliolate  or  1-foliolate  leaves  and  small, 
mostly  white,  regular  clustered  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers.  Calyx  4-5- 
parted.  Petals  4  or  5  or  wanting.  Disc  annular,  lobed.  Stamens  8-10,  dis- 
tinct, the  filaments  pilose.  Ovary  3-lobed,  3-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity; 
style  slender,  3-cleft  or  entire.  Fruit  samaroid,  the  samaras  usually  3,  coria- 
ceous, at  length  separating  from  the  axis.  Seeds  exarillate.  [From  the  Greek 
name  of  an  odoriferous  tree.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  tropical  America. 
Type  species:   Tliyana  simplicifoUa  (Poit.)  Hamilt. 

1.  Thyana  discolor  (Griseb.)  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  72.     1893. 

Ihouinia  discolor  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  127.     1859. 

A  shrub,  up  to  2.5  m.  high,  or  a  small  tree,  sometimes  5  m.  high,  the  rather 
slender  twigs  and  the  inflorescence  whitish-tomentose.     Petioles  2.5  cm.  long  or 


SAPIXDACEAE.  253 

less,  tomentose;  leaflets  3,  nearly  sessile,  thin,  narrowly  elliptic  to  obovate 
entire,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  2-8  cm! 
long,  glabrous  and  green  a})ove,  Avhite-tonientose  beneath,  or  becoming  green 
when  old,  the  niidvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral  veins  few  an<l  slender; 
racemes  many-flowered,  peduncled,  2-6  cm.  long;  pedicels  filiform,  4-5  mm'. 
long,  single  or  fascicled;  calyx  and  petals  about  1  mm.  long;  samaras  glabrous, 
shining,  veiny,  obtuse,  8-10  mm.  long. 

Rocky  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  on  the  larger  Islands  throughout  the  archi- 
pelago from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Mariguana.  Inagua  and  North  Caicos. 
Endemic.     Quicksilver-bush.     Xaked-wood.     II.MtD-HAHK. 

4.  AliLOPHYLUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  348.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  estipulate  1-3-foliolate  leaves,  the 
leaflets  broad,  usually  punctate  or  lineate,  the  small  subglobose,  somewhat 
irregular,  polygamous  or  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary,  simple  or  compound 
racemes.  Sepals  4,  in  2  pairs,  imbricated,  hooded,  the  outer  smaller  than  the 
inner.  Petals  4,  small,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Disk  unilateral,  lobe<l  or 
4-glandular.  Stamens  short.  Ovary  excentric,  compressed,  2-celled  or  rarely 
3-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity;  style  stout,  2-3-lobed,  or  styles  2  or  3.  Fruit 
small,  dry,  leathery  or  fleshy.  Seed  with  a  short  fleshy  aril;  cotyledons  2-plicate. 
[Greek,  exotic]  Eighty  species  or  more,  mostly  of  tropical  America.  Type 
species:  AUophylus  zeyJanicus  L. 

1.  Allophylus  Cominia   (L.)   Sw.  Prodr.  62.     1788. 
Bhus  Cominia  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  964.     1759. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  or  sometimes  up  to  about  15  m.  high,  the  twigs, 
petioles,  lower  leaf -surfaces  and  inflorescence  brownish-tomentose.  Petioles 
rather  slender,  2-7  cm.  long;  leaflets  3,  short-stalked,  elliptic  to  ovate-elliptic, 
low-serrate  4-15  em.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded 
at  the  oblique  base,  the  lateral  ones  inequilateral;  racemes  very  slciKhM-,  long- 
peduncled.  densely  many-flowered,  simple  or  few-branched,  5— S  cm.  Inii^^  the 
flowers  fascicled;  pedicels  1-1.5  mm.  long;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  about  1  mm. 
long;  fruits  subglobose,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter,  red  or  orange. 

Coppices,    Abaco    and    Xew    Providence: — Cuba;    Ilispanlola  ;    .Jamaica.      Ai.i.o- 

PHYLUS. 

5.  MELICOCCA  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  495.     1762. 

Trees,  with  alternate  estipulate  equally  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  polyg- 
amous or  dioecious,  regular  flowers  in  compound  or  simple  racemes  at  tin-  ends 
of  the  branches.  Calyx  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  nearly  orbicular,  thin,  imliricated. 
Petals  4  or  5,  obovate  or  orbicular.  Disk  flattened,  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  8; 
filaments  filiform,  distinct,  glabrous;  anthers  small.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  ovules 
1  or  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short;  stigma  2-3-lobed.  Fruit  a  somewhat  fleshy 
drupe.  Seed  erect,  the  testa  coriaceous,  the  aril  large,  puljty;  cotyIe<lons  thick. 
[Greek,  honey-berry.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  tyi>ical,  the  other 
South  American. 

1.  Melicocca  bijuga  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  495.     1762. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  becoming  25  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  u|>  to  1.7  m. 
in  diameter,  the  branches  spreading,  the  slender  twigs,  the  leaves  and  the 
inflorescence  glabrous.     Leaves  petioled ;   rachis  winged  or  wintde-s:   Ic.Ttlrts  2 


254  SAPINDACEAE. 

pairs,  opposite,  elliptic  or  ovate-elliptic,  thin,  4-10  cm.  long,  mostly  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  obliquely  narrowed  at  the  base,  sessile,  pinnatelj  veined ; 
racemes  narrow,  many-flowered,  6-10  cm.  long,  often  numerous  in  terminal 
panicles;  pedicels  spreading,  4-6  mm.  long;  flowers  very  fragrant;  calyx- 
segments  about  2  mm.  long;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  greenish  white,  ciliate,  3-4 
mm.  long;  drupe  green,  edible,  pleasantly  acid,  subglobose,  2-4  cm.  in  diameter. 

New  Providence,  apparently  spontaneous  after  cultivation  : — West  Indies  ;  Cen- 
tral America  and  northern  South  America.     Gemp. 

6.  EXOTHEA  Macf.  Fl,  Jam.  1:  232.     1837. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  and  small 
white  somewhat  irregular,  dioecious  or  polygamous,  panicled  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
partly  united,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  short-clawed,  unappendaged.  Stamens  7 
or  8,  those  of  staminate  flowers  about  as  long  as  the  petals,  those  of  pistillate 
flowers  shorter.  Ovary  2-celled,  sessile;  ovules  2  or  3  in  each  cavity;  style  very 
short,  simple,  the  stigmas  glabrous.  Fruit  a  small,  globose  berry-like  drupe, 
the  exocarp  slightly  fleshy.  Seed  exarillate.  [Greek,  to  expel,  the  genus  having 
been  taken  from  Melicocca.]  The  genus  is  probably  monotypic.  Type  species: 
Exothea  otlongi folia  Macf. 

1.  Exothea  paniculata  (Juss.)  Eadlk.;  Durand  Index  Gen.  Phan.  SI.     1888. 

Melicocca  paniculata  Juss.  Mem.  Mus.  Paris  3:  187.     1817. 
Hypelate  paniculata  Camb.  Mem.  Mus.  Paris  18:    32.     1829. 
Exothea  ohlongifolia  Macf.  Fl.  Jam.  1:  232.     1837. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  20  m.,  with  a  trunk  up  to  5 
dm.  thick,  the  thin,  reddish  brown  bark  scaly.     Leaves  short-petioled;  leaflets 

2,  4,  or  6  (rarely  1  or  3),  oblong  to  elliptic-obovate,  5-13  cm.  long,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  entire,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale  green  beneath,  acute, 
obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  nearly  sessile  base;  panicles 
terminal  and  axillary,  pubescent;  sepals  ovate,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  oblong- 
ovate,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  ovary  pubescent;  drupes  10-13  mm.  in 
diameter,  purple,  the  juicy  pulp  orange. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Goat  Cay,  Andros,  Eleuthera, 
Cat  Island  and  Watling's  Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto 
Rico.     Butter  Bough. 

7.  HYPELATE  P.  Br.;  Sw.  Prodr.  61.     1788. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  with  alternate  3-foliolate  petioled  leaves,  and  small, 
white  or  greenish  white,  panicled,  monoecious  or  polygamo-dioecious  flowers. 
Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  unappendaged,  sessile.  Stamens  8-10  in  the 
staminate  flowers,  wanting  or  imperfect  in  the  pistillate;  filaments  glabrous. 
Pistillate  flowers  with  a  3-celled,  sessile  ovary,  the  style  short,  the  stigmas 
capitate;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  superimposed.  Fruit  a  small  drupe,  with 
thin  flesh.     [Greek  name  for  Euscus,  the  Butcher's  Broom.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Hypelate  trifollata  Sw.  Prodr.  61.     1788. 

A  tree,  sometimes  13  m.  high  with  a  trunk  up  to  5  dm.  in  diameter,  usually 
smaller,  sometimes  shrubby,  the  thin  gray  bark  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Petioles 
1-5  cm.  long;  leaflets  obovate  or  spatulate,  firm  in  texture,  2-5  cm.  long,  entire, 
glabrous,   shining  above,  rather  dull  beneath,  finely  veined,  the  apex  obtuse. 


RHAMNACEAE.  255 

emarginate  or  acutish;   sepals  ovate,  ciliate;  petals  suborbieular,  about  2  mm. 
long,  ciliate,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  drupes  ovoid,  black,  5-7  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's  Island,  Great  Exunia.  Long  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune 
Island  and  Inagua  : — Florida;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico;  St.  Martin  and  Anguilla  ;  Ja- 
maica.    Wpiite  Ikonwood.     Ebony. 

Order  15.     RHAMNALES. 

Shrubs,  vines,  or  small  trees,  with  nearly  always  alternate  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  regular.  Sepals  mostly  more  or  less  united.  Petals  dis- 
tinct or  Avanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  calyx-lobes  and  alter- 
nate with  them,  opposite  the  petals  when  these  are  present.  Ovary  com- 
pound, superior;  ovules  erect. 

Shrubs,  small  trees,  or  vines  ;  petals  4  or  5,  or  none  ;  fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule. 

Fam.  1.  Rhamnace.\e. 
Vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  rarely  shrubs  ;  petals  caducous  ; 

fruit  a  berry.  Fam.  2.  Vitaceae. 

Family  1.     RHAMNACEAE  Dumort. 

Buckthorn  Family. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  often  thorny.  Leaves  simple, 
stijDulate,  mainly  alternate,  often  3-5-nerved.  Stipules  small,  deciduous. 
Inflorescence  commonly  of  cymes  or  panicles.  Flowers  small,  regular, 
perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx-limb  4-5-toothed  or  4-5-lobed.  Petals  4-5, 
inserted  on  the  calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  with  the  petals 
and  opposite  them;  anthers  short,  versatile.  Disk  fleshy.  Ovaiy  sessile, 
free  from  or  immersed  in  the  disk,  2-5-  (often  3-)  celled;  ovules  1  or  2  in 
each  cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit  often  3-celled.  Seeds  solitary  in  the 
cavities,  erect ;  endosperm  fleshy,  rarely  none ;  embryo  large ;  cotyledons 
flat.     About  50  genera  and  600  species,  of  temperate  and  warm  regions. 

Fruit  drupaceous. 

Petals  none  ;  plants  unarmed. 

Endosperm  ruminated;  pit  of  the  drupe  thick-walled.  1.  Reniwsia. 

Endosperm  none;  pit  of  the  drupe  thin-walled.  2.   Krugiodcndron. 

Petals  5  ;  young  twigs  spiny.  3.  Sarcomphalus. 

Fruit  dry,  separating  into  nutlets. 

Trees  and  shrubs  ;  fruit  seated  in  the  calyx.  4.  Colulrina. 

Woody   vines;  nutlets  winged.  5.   Gouania. 

1.  REYNOSIA  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  33.     1866. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  entire  short-petioled  opposite  leaves,  and 
small  perfect  yellowish  green  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx-lobes  valvate, 
spreading.  Disk  fleshy.  Petals  none.  Stamens  5;  filaments  subulate.  Ovary 
2-3-celled;  styles  short  and  thick;  stigma  2-3-lobed ;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity, 
erect.  Fruit  a  drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  a  hard  stone.  [Dedicated  to  Alvaro 
Eeynoso,  a  Cuban  chemist  and  agriculturist,  who  died  in  ISSS.]  About  9  species, 
of  the  West  Indies  and  Florida.     Type  species:  Beynosia  rctusa  Griseb. 

Leaves  obovate  to  elliptic;  petioles  1.5-3  mm.;  drupe  sul^glo- 

bose  or  ovoid.  1-   R.  scptnitnonaUs. 

Leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate;  petioles  5-7  mm. ;  drupe  ellipsoid.    2.  R.  ^orthroinana. 


256  RHAMNACEAE. 

1.  Reynosia  septentrionalis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  1:  356.     1899. 

Ilcynosia  latifolia  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  U.  S.,  ed.  2,  612.     1883.     Not  Griseb.     1866. 

Usually  a  shrub,  sometimes  a  tree  up  to  9  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2  dm.,  the  bark  reddish-brown,  splitting  into  thin  plates,  the  wood  dense  and 
heavy.  Leaves  opposite,  elliptic  to  oval  or  obovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  coriaceous, 
glabrous,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  finely 
reticulate-veined,  revolute-margined,  the  petioles  short ;  flowers  yellowish  green, 
about  5  mm.  wide  in  small  axillary  umbels;  pedicels  4-5  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes 
ovate,  acute;  drupe  ovoid,  dark  purple,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  tipped  with  the  base  of 
the  style,  the  thin  pulp  edible,  the  stone  hard. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Sturrup  Cay, 
the  Biminis  and  Eleuthera,  to  Grand  Turk,  Inagua  and  Cay  Sal  : — Florida.  Recorded 
by  Hitchcock  as  Rhamnidium  rcvolutum  C.  Wright.     Common  Reynosia. 

2.  Eejniosia  Northropiana  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:   315.     1902. 

A  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  the  slender  young  twigs  puberulent,  soon  becoming 
glabrous.  Stipules  triangular,  connate,  lanceolate,  1-2  mm.  long;  leaves  oppo- 
site, subcoriaceous,  oblong,  elliptic  or  oblongdanceolate,  3-8  cm.  long,  1-2.5 
cm.  wide,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
obsoletely  crenate  or  entire,  dark  green  above,  pale  green  beneath,  finely  reticu- 
late-veined on  both  sides,  the  petioles  3-7  mm.  long:  cymes  short-peduncled; 
few-several-flowered;  calyx  about  2.5  mm.  long,  its  5  lobes  triangular-ovate, 
acute;  petals  half -orbicular,  emarginate,  nearly  1  mm.  long;  drupe  ellipsoid, 
obtuse,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Thickets  and  coppices.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island  and 
Great  Exuma.     Endemic.     Bahama  Reynosia. 

2.  KRUGIODENDRON  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:    313.     1902. 

An  unarmed  evergreen  tree  or  shrub,  with  entire  short-petioled  leaves,  and 
small  perfect  flowers  subumbellate  in  the  axils.  Calyx  mostly  5-parted,  the 
lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
calyx-lobes ;  filaments  subulate ;  anthers  obtuse.  Disc  annular,  crenate.  Ovary 
short-conic;  style  short;  stigmas  2,  small;  ovules  2.  Drupe  small,  ovoid,  the  pit 
thin-walled.  Testa  of  the  seed  adherent  to  the  endocarp;  cotyledons  semi- 
globose,  fleshy;  endosperm  none.  [Greek,  Krug's  tree,  in  honor  of  Leopold 
Krug,  a  student  of  the  West  Indian  flora.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Krugiodendron  ferreum  (Yahl)  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  314.     1902. 
Ehamnus  ferreus  Vahl  in  West,  St.  Croix  276.     1793. 
Ceanothus  ferreus  DC.  Prodr.  2:  30.     1825. 
Scutia  ferrea  Brongn.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  I.  10:  363.     1827. 
Condalia  ferrea  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  100.     1859. 
IRliamnidium  ferreum  Sargent,  Gard.  &  Flor.  4:  16.     1891. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  10  m.^  with  a  trunk  diameter 
up  to  5  dm.,  usually  much  smaller,  often  shrubby,  the  bark  ridged,  the  branches 
spreading,  the  young  twigs  tomentulose.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  ovate  to  oval, 
rather  thin,  2-5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  bright  green  above,  dull  beneath,  nearly  glabrous  when 
mature,  the  petioles  3-6  mm.  long;  flowers  yellow-green,  about  4  mm.  wide,  in 
axillary  clusters  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate; 
stamens  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx;  drupes  globose  or  ovoid,  black,  5-8  mm. 
long,  the  stone  bony. 

Coastal  scrub-lands  and  thickets.  Lignum  Vitae  and  Great  Harbor  Cays,  South 
Cat  Cay,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Watling"s.  Great  Guana  Cay,  Great 
Exuma.  Long  Island,  Fortune.  Crooked.  Acklin's  and  Inagua: — Florida;  Cuba  to 
Porto  Rico,  Anegada  and  St.  Vincent ;  Jamaica  ;  Bonaire. 


EHAMNACEAE.  257 

3.  SARCOMPHALUS   P.   Br.;    Raf.   Sylva   Tell.   29.     1838. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  often  spinescentj  with  flat  glabrous  coriaceous  entire 
petioled  leaves,  and  small  perfect  bractless  flowers  in  terminal  panicles. 
Calyx  5-cleft,  the  lobes  spreading.  Petals  5,  with  a  slender  claw  and  a  hooded 
limb.  Disk  undulate.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  not  longer  than  the  petals;  anthers 
extrorse.  Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  ovoid^  superior;  styles  2;  stigma  obtuse. 
Fruit  a  small,  nearly  dry,  ovoid  or  oblong  drupe,  the  bony  pit  2-celled,  2  seeded. 
[Greek,  fleshy  navel.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies.  Type 
species:  Sarcomphaliis  retusus  Eaf. 

1.  Sarcomphalus  Taylori  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  445.     1905. 

A  glabrous,  densely  branched  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  le?s,  or  a  tree  up  to  6  m. 
high,  some  of  the  branches  long  and  prostrate,  the  bark  gray,  the  twigs  green, 
angled,  unarmed,  or  occasionally  with  a  spine  1-2  cm.  long  in  the  upper  axils. 
Leaves  alternate,  obovate,  bright  green  on  both  sides,  but  a  little  paler  beneath 
than  above,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide  or  less,  emarginate  or  rounded  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-nerved  just  above  the  base,  the  veins  elevated  on 
the  upper  STirface,  and  impressed  on  the  lower;  petioles  about  2  mm.  long; 
flowers  in  small  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  green,  glabrous,  3  mm. 
broad,  on  pedicels  2  mm.  long;  calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  1  mm.  long;  petals  clawed,  hooded,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes  and 
the  stamens;  ovary  oblong,  tipped  with  two  slightly  divergent  styles;  fruit 
oblong,  about  8  mm.  long. 

Low  rocky  coppices  and  rocky  scrub-lands,  Allen's  Cay.  Rose  Island,  Eleuthera, 
Little  San  Salvador.  Cat  Island,  Conception,  Watling's.  Ship  Channel  Cay,  Cay  north 
of  Wide  Opening,  Great  Exuma,  Fortune  Island,  East  Caicos,  South  Caicos,  Grand 
Turk,  Little  Inagua  and  Inagua  : — Mona.     Taylor's  Sarcomphalt:s. 

4.  COLUBRINA  Rich.;  Brongn.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I.  10:  368.     1827. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  petioled  leaves,  and  small  perfect  yellow 
or  greenish  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx-tube  hemispheric,  the  5  lobes 
spreading.  Disk  angled  or  lobed.  Petals  5,  hooded.  Stamens  5,  the  short 
filaments  slender.  Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  3-celled.  ovules  1  in  each 
cavity;  styles  3,  united  below;  stigmas  blunt.  Drupe  small,  3-lobed  or  3-grooved, 
splitting  into  3  nutlets,  its  flesh  thin.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining,  the  endo- 
sperm thin.  [Latin,  coluber,  a  serpent.]  About  15  species,  1  of  them 
Asiatic,  the  others  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Colubrina  ferruginosa 
Brongn. 

Leaves  thin,  elliptic  to  .ovate-lanceolate  acute,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so.  1.  C.  reclinata. 
Leaves  thick. 

Leaves   oblong  or  elliptic,  velutinous  on  both  sides.  2.   C.  ctihaisis. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  pointed,  smooth  above,  ferruginous 

beneath.  3.    C.  coluhriua. 

1.  Colubrina  reclinata  (L'Her.)  Brongn.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I.  10:  309.     1827. 

CeonotJius  reclinatus  L'Her.  Sert.  Angl.  6.     17SS. 

A  tree,  sometimes  20  m.  high  with  a  trunk  diameter  up  to  1.5  m.,  usually 
much  smaller,  with  orange-brown  furrowed  bark  which  exfoliates  in  thin  layers, 
the  young  twigs  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate-lanceolate,  rather 
thin,  4-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  bluntish  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the 
2-glandular  base,  the  slender  petioles  5-15  mm.  long;  flower-clusters  pubescent. 


258  RHAMXACEAE. 

as  long  as  the  petioles  or  shorter ;  ealyx-lobes  acute ;  petals  hooded,  shorter  than 
the  calyx-lobes j  style  slender;  fruit  globose,  orange-red,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Rocky  scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Andros,  Mangrove  Cay,  New  Providence,  Eleu- 
thera,  Cat  Island,  Long  Island  and  Grand  Turk  : — ^Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Anegada  and 
to  Martinique  ;  Jamaica.     Smooth  Snake-bark.     Catesby,  1 :  itl.  10. 

2.  Colubrina  cubensis  (Jacq.)  Brongn.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I.  10:  369.     1827. 

Bhamnus  cuhensis  Jacq.  Enum.  16.     1760. 
Ceanothiis  cubensis  Lam.  Tabl.  Encyc.  2:   90.     1797. 

A  shrub  or  a  small  tree  up  to  5  m.  high,  the  twigs,  leaves,  and  inflorescence 
densely  velvety-pubescent.  Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic,  4-10  cm,  long,  1-5  cm. 
wide,  rather  thick,  rounded  or  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the 
base,  strongly  pinnately  veined,  the  petioles  5-15  mm.  long;  flower-clusters 
peduncled,  longer  than  the  petioles;  pedicels  4-9  mm.  long;  calyx  densely 
pubescent,  its  lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute,  about  2  mm.  long;  petals  yellow, 
about  as  long  as  the  ealyx-lobes;  fruit  globose,  about  7  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  Andros,  near  Nicoll's  Town  : — Florida ;  Cuba ;   Hispaniola.     Cuban 

SXAKE-BAEK. 

3.  Colubrina  colubrina   (Jacq.)   Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   69.     1900. 

Hhammis  coluhrimis  Jacq.  Enum.  16.     1760. 

Colubrina  ferruginosa  Brongn.   Ann.   Sci.   Nat.   I.   10:    369.     1827. 

?Celastrus  ovata  Hill,  Veg.  Syst.  13:  62,  pi.  12.     1768. 

A  shrub  or  tree,  8  m.  high  or  less,  or  in  Jamaica  sometimes  forming  a  tree 
up  to  15  m.  high,  the  twigs  and  young  leaves  brownish  tomentulose.  Leaves 
ovate  to  elliptic,  subcoriaceous,  5-10  cm.  long,  obtusish,  acute  or  short-acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  pubescent  petioles 
5-20  mm.  long,  the  upper  surface  glabrous  when  mature,  the  under  surface 
permanently  tomentulose;  flower-clusters  pubescent,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
petioles;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  petals  spatulate,  yellow,  shorter  than  the 
calyx-lobes,  notched;  fruit  obovoid-globose,  8-9  mm.  in  diameter,  nearly  black. 

Rocky  coppices,  scrub-lands  and  pine-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  Green 
Cay,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Rum  Cay,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Great 
Ragged  Island,  Acklin's.  Mariguana,  Inagua,  Anguilla  Isles,  Cay  Sal  and  Grand 
Turk  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda,  St.  Croix  and  Saba ;  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Cayman  Islands.     Common   Snake-bark.     Bitters. 

5.  GOUANIA  Jacq.  Stirp.  Sel.  Am.  263.     1763. 

Woody  vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  petioled  broad  leaves, 
and  small  polygamous  flowers  in  panicled  spikes  or  narrow  racemes.  Calyx 
obconic,  with  5  spreading  lobes.  Disk  5-angled  or  5-horned.  Petals  5,  hooded. 
Stamens  5,  short.  Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  3-celled;  ovules  1  in  each 
cavity;  styles  3,  united  at  the  base;  stigmas  very  small.  Fruit  dry,  3-winged, 
separating  into  3  nutlets.  Seeds  shining.  [Commemorates  Antoine  Gouan, 
1733-1821,  professor  in  Montpellier.]     Type  species:  Gouania  tomentosa  Jacq. 

1.  Gouania  lupuloides  (L.)  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  4:  378.     1910. 

Banisteria  lupuloides  L.  Sp.  PI.  427.     1753. 
Gouania  domingensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1663.     1763. 
Gouania  glabra  Jacq.  Stirp.  Sel.  Am.  264.     1763. 

A  woody  vine,  sometimes  7  m.  long,  climbing  by  coiled  tendrils,  the 
branches  glabrous  below,  loosely  pubescent  above.  Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic, 
thin,  3-9  cm.  long,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  serrate  with  blunt  teeth, 


VITACEAJ5.  259 

acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  subcordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  the 
veins  slender,  the  petioles  5-15  mm.  long;  racemes  slender,  pubescent,  5-15  cm. 
long;  pedicels  clustered,  pubescent,  1-3  mm.  long;  calyx  pubescent,  about  1.5 
mm.  long;  corolla  yellowish,  2-3  mm.  wide,  the  petals  ovate,  acute;  fruit  reticu- 
late-veined, 3-winged,  8-10  mm.  broad  including  the  wings  which  are  broader 
than  the  body,  rarely  wingless. 

Coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence: — Florida;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Grenada; 
Jamaica  ;   continental  tropical   America.     Chew-stick. 

Family  2.     VITACEAE  Lindl. 

Grape  Family. 

Climbing  vines  or  erect  shrubs,  with  copious  watery  sap,  nodose  joints, 
alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  regular  greenish  perfect  or  polygamo- 
dioeeious  flowers,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  cymes.  Calyx  entire  or  4—5- 
toothed.  Petals  4-5,  separate  or  coherent,  valvate,  caducous.  Filaments 
subulate,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk  or  between  its  lobes;  disk  some- 
times obsolete  or  wanting;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1,  generally  immersed 
in  the  disk,  2-6-celled;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity,  ascending,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  1-6-celled  berry  (commonly  2-celled).  Seeds  erect;  testa  bony; 
raphe  generally  distinct;  endosperm  cartilaginous;  embryo  short.  About 
10  genera  and  over  500  species,  widely  distributed. 

Hypogynous  disk  of  the  flower  annular  or  cup-shaped ;  leaves  simple  or  3-foliolate. 

Petals  cohering  into  a  caducous  cap.  1.  Vitis. 

Petals  distinct,  spreading.  2.   Cissus. 

Hypogynous  disk  wanting  or  obsolete  ;   leaves  digitately  5—7- 

foliolate  in  our  species.  ,  3.  Parthcnocissus. 

1.  VITIS  [Tourn.]  L.  Sp.  PI.  202.     1753. 

Woody  vines,  rarely  shrubby,  mostly  with  tendrils.  Leaves  simple,  usually 
palmately  lobed  or  dentate.  Stipules  mainly  small,  caducous.  Flowers  mostly 
dioecious,  or  polygamo-dioecious,  rarely  perfect.  Petals  hypogynous  or 
perigynous,  coherent  in  a  cap  and  deciduous  without  expanding.  Disk  annular 
or  cup-shaped.  Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  3-4-celled;  style  very  short,  conic;  ovules 
2  in  each  cavity.  Berry  globose  or  ovoid,  few-seeded,  pulpy,  edible  in  most 
species.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  warm  and 
temperate  regions.     Type  species:    Vitis  vinifera  L. 

1.  Vitis  Munsoniana  Simpson;   Planch,  in  DC.  Monogr.  5:   615.     1887. 

Muscadinia  Munsoniana  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  757.     1903. 

A  vine  up  to  6  m.  long  or  more,  the  young  twigs  glabrous,  the  bark  smooth, 
the  pith  continuous  through  the  nodes.  Leaves  suborbicular  or  reniform,  thin, 
but  rather  firm  in  texture,  4-8  cm.  broad,  coarsely  dentate,  cordate  at  the  base, 
glabrous  above,  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  the  petioles  as 
long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  tendrils  simple,  very  slender  when  young; 
panicles  2-8  cm.  long;  berries  globose,  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter,  nearly  black, 
acid,  the  skin  thin,  the  seeds  3-5  mm.  long. 

Coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence : — Georgia  ;  Florida.  Reported  by  Dolley  as  V.  rarihani  DC.  ;  recorded  by 
Hitchcock,  Coker  and  Mrs.  Northrop  as  V.  rotundifoUa  Michx.     Wild  Gk^vpe. 


260  VITACEAE. 

2.  CiSSUS  L.  Sp.  PL  117.     1753. 

Mostly  climbing  vines  with  fleshy  foliage.  Leaves  3-foliolate  or  simple, 
when  compound  the  leaflets  commonly  separating  in  drying.  Flowers  mostly 
perfect.  Petals  usually  4,  spreading.  Disk  cup-shaped,  adnate  to  the  base 
of  the  ovary,  mostly  4-lobed.  Disk  cup-like^  4-lobed.  Stamens  4.  [Greek, 
ivy.]     A  large  genus,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:  Cissus  vitiginea  L. 

Leaves  simple.  1.  C.  sicyoides. 

Leaves  trifoliolate. 

Fruit  tubercled  :  leaflets  8-6  cm.  long.  2.   C.  tuhcrculata. 

Fruit  smooth  ;  leaflets  1-3  cm.  long. 

Leaflets  ovate  to  obovate,  deeplj'  and  sharply  serrate,  very 

fleshy.  3.  C.  trifoUata. 

Leaflets    oblong    to    oblong-lanceolate,    sparingly    toothed, 

slightly  fleshy.  4.  C.  intermedia. 

1.  Cissus  sicyoides  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  897.     1759 

A  vine,  climbing  to  a  height  of  6  m.  or  more,  the  foliage  pubescent  or 
nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  simple,  petioled,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  2-8  cm.  long, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  serrate,  the 
teeth  acute  or  bristle-tipped,  the  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  tendrils  slender,  often 
as  long  as  the  leaves ;  cymes  peduncled ;  berries  subglobose,  black,  8-10  mm. 
in  diameter;  seeds  4-5  mm.  long. 

Rocky  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — Ber- 
muda ;  Florida  ;  the  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.     Common  Cissus. 

2.  Cissus  tutoerculata  Jacq.  Hort.  Schoen.  1:  14.  pi.  32.     1797. 

A  somewhat  woody,  rather  fleshy  vine,  up  to  6  m.  long  or  longer,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  the  stems  usually  tuberculate.  Leaves  long-petioled,  3-foliolate; 
leaflets  ovate  to  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  low-serrate  or  nearly  entire,  the 
lateral  ones  oblique;  cymes  compound,  slightly  and  sparingly  pubescent;  pedicels 
10  mm.  long  or  less;  petals  red  or  pink,  reflexed,  ovate,  acute;  berry  obovoid, 
tubercled  or  at  length  smooth,  black,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter. 

Rocky  open  places  and  coppices.  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  Providence  and 
Eleuthera  : — Cuba.  Reported  by  Mrs.  Northrop  and  by  Coker  as  C  mxcrocarpa  Vahl. 
Warty  Cissrs.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  -)8. 

3.  Cissus  trifoliata  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  897.     1759. 

Sicyos  trifoliata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1013.     1753. 
Cissus  acida  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  170.     1762. 

A  very  fleshy  vine  up  to  5  m.  long,  glabrous  throughout.  Leaves  3-foli- 
olate; leaflets  ovate  to  obovate  or  suborbicular,  1-3  cm.  long,  sharply  toothed 
above  the  middle,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base ;  flowers  in  compound  cymes ; 
berries  globose  to  ovoid,  dark  purple,  apiculate,  5-7  mm.  in  diameter,  the  fruit- 
ing pedicels  recurved;  seeds  obovoid. 

Rocky  plains  and  scrub-lands.  Long  Island.  Acklin's,  East  Caicos  and  Little 
Inagua  : — Florida;  Jamaica;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  St.  Croix;  lecorded  south  to 
Martinique  and  from  northern  South  America.     Thick-leaved  Cissus. 

4.  Cissus  intermedia  A.  Rich.  Ess.  PI.  Cub.  1:  311.     1845. 

A  slender,  slightly  fleshy  vine,  sometimes  2  m.  long  or  longer,  the  branches 
and  leaves  glabrous,  the  stems  and  branches  sometimes  warty  or  tuberculate. 
Leaves  slender-petioled,  trifoliolate;  leaflets  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
1.5-3   cm.  long,  mostly  acute,  sparingly  serrate,  the  terminal  one  equilateral, 


TILIACEAE.  261 

mostly  cimeate-narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  oblique ;  cymes  compound, 
glabrous;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long;  petals  red,  reflexed,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute; 
berry  subglobose,  black,  about  7  mm.  in  diameter,  smooth. 

Kocky  places,  Andros,  New  Trovidence,  Eleutheru,  Grand  Turk  : — Cuba,  lie- 
corded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Cissiis  sp.     Bull-vine. 

3.  PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch,  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  5=^:  447.     1887. 

Woody  vines,  the  tendrils  often  tipped  w-ith  adhering  expansions  (disks), 
or  sometimes  merely  coiling,  our  species  with  digitately  compound  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  or  polygamo-monoecious,  in  compound  cymes  or  panicles. 
Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity; 
style  short,  thick.  Berry  1-4-seeded,  the  flesh  thin,  not  edible.  About  10 
species,  natives  of  Eastern  North  America  and  Asia^  the  following  typical. 

1.  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  (L.)  Planch,  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  5=:  448.     1887. 

Hedera  quinquefolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  202.     1753. 
Ampelopsis  quinquefolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:    160.     1803. 
Parthenocissus   quinquefolia   latifoUa  Rchdcr     Trees    and   Shrubs   1:    184. 
1905. 

Tendrils  usually  numerous,  and  provided  with  terminal  adhering  ex- 
pansions*, the  vine  sometimes  supported  also  by  aerial  roots;  leaflets  oval,  ellip- 
tic, or  oblong-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  coarsely  toothed, 
at  least  above  the  middle,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent;  panicles  ample, 
erect  or  spreading  in  fruit ;  berries  blue,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter,  usually  2-3- 
seeded;   peduncles  and  pedicels  red. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great 
Exuma  : — Quebec  to  Manitoba  ;  Florida  and  Mexico  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba.  Consists  of 
several  races.     Virgixia  Cheeper. 

Order  16.     MALVALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple,  mostly  alternate  leaves.  Flowers 
regular,  usually  perfect.  Sepals  separate,  or  more  or  less  united,  valvate. 
Petals  separate,  very  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  usually  numerous.  Ovaiy 
superior,  compound,  the  placentae  united  in  its  axis.  Disk  inconspicuous 
or  none. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  more. 

Stamens  in  several  sets  ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  embryo  straight.   Fam.  1.  Tiliaceae. 
Stamens  monadelphous  ;  anthers  1-celled  ;  embryo  curved. 
Style  branches  as   many  or  twice  as  many   as  the 

carpels  or  ovary-cavities.  Fam.  2.  Malvaceae. 

Style  entire,  or  merely  lobed.  Fam.  8.   Bombacackae. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Fam.  4.   SxEucrLiACEAE. 

Family  1.     TILIACEAE  Juss. 

Linden  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  mth  alternate  (rarely  opposite)  simple  leaves, 
mostly  small  and  deciduous  stipules,  and  solitary  cymose  or  paniculate, 
usuallv  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  5,  rarely  3  or  4,  valvate,  deciduous. 
Petals  of  the  same  number,  or  fewer,  or  none,  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  co,  mostly  5-10-adelphous.     Ovary  1.  sessile,  2-10-celled;  ovules 


262  TILIACEAE. 

anatropous;  styles  united.  Fruit  1-10-eelled,  drupaceous  or  baccate. 
Cotyledons  ovate  or  orbicular;  endosperm  fleshy,  rarely  wanting.  About 
35  genera  and  275  species,  widely  distributed,  the  Bahama  species  herbs 
or  low  shrubs. 

Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule  without  prickles.  1.  Corchorns. 

Fruit  indehiscent,  prickly,  separating  into  its  carpels  at  maturity.  2.   Triumfetta. 

1.  CORCHORUS   [Tourn.]   L.  Sp.  PI.  529.     1753. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  serrate  leaves,  and  yellow,  solitary  or 
clustered  flowers,  axillary  or  opposite  the  leaves.  Sepals  and  petals  5,  rarely  4. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  more  numerous ;  filaments  filiform, 
simple;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  superior,  2-5-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each 
cavity;  stigma  dilated,  undulate.  Capsule  linear  or  oblong,  many-seeded. 
[Greek,  for  some  bitter  plant.]  About  40  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
distribution.     Type  species:  Corchorns  oUtorius  L. 

Capsule  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Capsule  5-celled,  with  5  short  points  ;  basal  serratures  of  leaves 

long-bristled.  1.  C.  oUtorius. 

Capsule  2-celled,  with  2  bifid  teeth  ;  basal  serratures  of  leaf  not 

bristled.  2.   C.  siliquosus. 

Capsule  densely  woolly,  3.  C.  hirsutus. 

1.  Corchorus  olitorius  L.  Sp.  PI.  529.     1753. 

Herbaceous,  glabrous,  1.5-3  m.  high.  Stipules  setaceous,  1-2  cm.  long; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  5-12  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  base,  serrate  all  around,  the  basal  teeth  recurved, 
tipped  by  a  filiform  appendage  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers  mostly  solitary  at  the 
nodes,  short-peduncled;  sepals  5-6  mm.  long,  subulate-tipped;  petals  a  little 
longer  than  the  sepals;  capsule  linear,  4-5  cm.  long,  3-4  mm.  thick,  5-celled, 
tipped  by  5  short  teeth,  its  cells  septate. 

Waste  and  cultivated  land,  naturalized,  New  Providence,  near  Nassau  : — Natu- 
ralized from  tropical  regions  of  the  Old  World ;  also  in  Jamaica  and  Trinidad. 
Indian  Corchorus.     Granigrain. 

2.  Corchorus  siliquosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  529.     1753. 

Shrubby,  branched,  3-10  dm.  high,  glabrous,  or  the  young  branches  and 
leaves  puberulent  or  pubescent,  the  branches  often  with  a  line  of  hairs.  Leaves 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1-5  cm.  long,  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  short  petioles  slender ;  flowers  solitary 
or  2  together,  short-peduncled,  the  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  peduncles; 
sepals  linear,  acute,  about  6  mm.  long;  petals  obovate,  about  5  mm.  long; 
capsule  linear,  glabrous,  or  when  young  somewhat  pubescent,  5-8  cm.  long, 
about  3  mm.  thick,  2-celled,  tipped  by  2  short  bifid  teeth. 

Waste  and  cultivated  land,  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Abaco,  Andros,  Great 
Bahama.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Crooked  Island,  Acklin's.  Fortune  Islands  and 
North  Caicos  : — Florida ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Trinidad ;  Texas  to  Colombia  and 
Guiana  ;  Jamaica.     Smooth  Corchorus. 

3.  Corchorus  hirsutus  L.  Sp.  PI.  530.     1753. 

A  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  usually  erect,  but  on  rocks  sometimes  nearly 
prostrate,  the-  young  twigs,  the  leaves  and  the  inflorescence  densely  pale  scurfy- 
tomentulose.  Leaves  short-petioled,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  crenate-dentate, 
2-6  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse;  flowers  in  small  umbels  opposite  the  leaves,  the 
peduncle   about   as  long  as  the  pedicels;    sepals  tomentulose,  5-6   mm.  long; 


MALA'ACEAE.  263 

petals  obovate,  bright  yellow,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  capsule  oblong, 
densely  tomentose,  obtuse,  4-celled,  as  long  as  the  curved  pedicels  or  longer, 
about  6  mm.  thick. 

A  common  shrub  in  pastures,  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archi- 
pelago from  Abaco.  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  to  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — West 
Indies;  Mexico  to  tropical  South  America.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as  CcncJirus  hhsuUis. 
Woolly    Corchorus.     Mallet.     Jack    Switch. 

3.  TRIUMFETTA  L.  Sp.  PI.  444.  1753. 
Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  broad  petioled  leaves,  and  yellow 
clustered  flowers,  axillary  or  opposite  the  leaves.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  pitted 
at  the  base,  or  wanting  in  some  species.  Stamens  numerous,  borne  on  an 
elongated  receptacle,  the  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  borne 
in  the  cup-shaped  top  of  the  receptacle,  2-5-celled;  stigma  2-o-lobed;  ovules  2 
in  each  cavity.  Capsule  subglobose,  echinate.  [In  honor  of  G.  B.  Triumfetti, 
an  Italian  botanist.]  About  70  species,  of  tropical  and  warm  regions.  Type 
species :  Triumfetta  Lappida.  L. 

1.  Triumfetta  semitriloba  Jacq.  Enum.  22.     1760. 

Triumfetta  althaeoides  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  420.     1791. 

Annual,  stellate-tomentulose.  Stems  1-1.5  m.  tall,  branched;  leaves  ovate, 
rhombic  or  suborbicular  in  outline,  3-6  em.  long,  serrate,  angulate  or  often 
3-lobed,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base ;  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or 
shorter;  panicles  narrow,  elongated;  sepals  lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long,  ap- 
pendaged  below  the  apex;  petals  cuneate-spatulate,  slightly  pubescent  at  the 
base ;  stamens  often  15 ;  fruit  1-5  mm.  in  diameter,  2-celled,  copiously  prickly, 
the  prickles  about  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  body,  hooked  at  the  ap€x. 

A  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated  land,  Abaco.  Andros.  New  Providence.  Eleu- 
thera  and  Watling's  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical 
America.  A  species  represented  by  many  races,  differing  in  leaf-form  and  in  minor 
intermixed  characters.     Burr  Bush. 

Family  2.     MALVACEAE  Neck. 

]\Iallow  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (sometimes  trees  in  tropical  regions),  with  alternate 
leaves.  Stipules  small,  deciduous.  Flowers  regular,  usually  perfect,  often 
large.  Sepals  5  (rarely  3  or  4),  more  or  less  united,  usually  valvate; 
calyx  often  bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  hypogynous.  convolute. 
Stamens  co,  hypogynous,  forming*  a  central  column  around  the  pistil, 
united  wath  the  bases  of  the  petals;  anthers  1-celled.  Ovaiy  several- 
celled;  styles  united  below,  distinct  above,  and  generally  projecting  beyond 
the  stamen-column,  mostly  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary.  Fruit 
capsular  (rarely  a  berry),  several-celled,  the  carpels  falling  away  entire  or 
else  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  reniform.  globose  or  obovoid;  embryo 
curved;  cotyledons  large,  plicate  or  condiiplicate.  About  45  genera  and 
900  species,  widely  distributed. 

Fruit  of  several  or  many  radiately  arranged  carpels  which  mostly  separate  from  each 
other  at  maturity. 
Carpels  as  many  as  the  stigmas. 
Carpels  2-several-seeded. 

Involucre  present.  1.  PJu/mosia. 


264  MALA'ACEAE. 

Involucre  none. 

Carpels  leathery  or  chartaceous.  2.  Ahtttilon. 

Carpels  membranous,   bladder}-.  3.   Gayoides. 

Carpels  only  1-seeded. 

Flowers  with  an  involucre.  4.   Malvastrum. 

Flowers  without  an  involucre. 

Carpels  separating   at   maturity.  5.  Sida. 

Carpels  permanently   united.     "  6.  Bastardia. 

Carpels  half  as  many  as  the  stigmas. 
Carpels  dry,  achene-Iike. 

Carpels  with  a  dorsal  spine.  7.  Pavonia. 

Carpels  not  spined.  8.  Malache. 

Carpels  fleshy,  the  fruit  drupe-like.  9.  Malvuviscus. 

Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule,  or  rarely  indehiscent. 
Styles  distinct. 

Herbs  and  shrubs  ;  capsule  without  false  partitions. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  10.  Hibiscus. 

Calyx  spathaceous.  11.  Abclmoschus. 

Tree  ;  capsule  with  false  partitions.  12.  Pariti. 

Styles  united. 

Bractlets  of  the  involucre  entire,  small :  fruit  indehiscent.  13.   Thespcsia. 

Bractlets  of  the  involucre  lacinate,  large  ;  capsule  loculicid- 

ally  dehiscent.  14.   Gossypium. 

1.  PHYMOSIA  Desv.  in  Hamilt.  Prodr.  49.     1825. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Bractlets  3,  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base.  Stamen- 
column  anther-bearing  at  the  summit.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  S-x,  2-3-ovuled. 
Style-branches  the  same  number  as  the  ovary-cavities,  stigmatic  at  the  apex; 
carpels  2-valved,  not  septate  between  the  seeds,  separating  from  the  axis  at 
maturity.  Seeds  reniform.  [Greek,  swollen,  referring  to  the  somewhat  inflated 
carpels  of  the  following  typical  species.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  America 
and  South  Africa. 

1.  Phymosia  abutiloides  (L.)  Desv.  in  Hamilt.,  Prodr.  50.     1825. 

Malva  abutiloides  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed,  2,  971.     1763. 
SpJiaeralcea  abutiloides  G.  Don,  Gen.  Hist.  1:  465.     1831. 
Abutilon  Eggersii  E.  Baker,  Jour.  Bot.  31:   75.     1893. 

An  erect,  sparingly  branched  shrub  up  to  about  3  m.  high,  densely  stellate- 
tomentose.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  the  lower  often  2  dm.  broad, 
sharply  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  stout  petioles 
shorter  than  the  blades;  upper  leaves  much  smaller;  flowers  corymbose  in  the 
upper  axils,  or  forming  a  terminal  panicle;  involucel-bractlets  linear,  deciduous, 
shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  5-toothed,  its  teeth  triangular-ovate,  acute; 
petals  pink  or  rose,  white-veined,  red-streaked  at  base,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  carpels 
about  20,  stellate-tomentose  on  the  back,  at  length  glabrous,  reniform,  obtuse, 
1  cm.  long;  seeds  black. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera. 
Endemic.     Bahama  Phymosia.     Catesby,  1  :  ph  77. 

2.  ABUTILON   [Tourn.]   Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Abr.  Ed.  4.     1754. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  trees  in  tropical  countries,  mostly  soft-pubes- 
cent, with  cordate  angular  or  lobed  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  Involucels 
none.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-co,  3-9-ovuled.  Style-branches 
the  same  number  as  the  ovary-cavities,  stigmatic  at  the  apex;  carpels  2-valved, 
often  rostrate,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity.  Seeds  reniform,  the 
upper  ascending,  the  lower  pendulous  or  horizontal.  [Name  given  by  the  cele- 
brated Arabian  physician  Avicenna  (Ibn  Sina),  died  1037.]  About  100  species, 
natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Sida  Ahiitilon  L. 


MALVACEAE.  265 

Carpels  15-30,  thin,  merely  acute.  1.  A.hirtum. 

Carpels  5-10,  cliartaceous  to  coriaceous,  subulate-beaked. 
Carpels  attenuate-beaked,  flowers  2-2.5  cm.  broad. 

Leaves  not  strongly  reticulate-veined  beneath ;   carpels  1 

cm.  long.  2.  A.  pcrmollc. 

Leaves    distinctly    reticulate-veined   beneath;    carpels    1.5 

cm.  long.  3.  A.  abutiloidcs. 

Carpels  abruptly  minutely  beaked. 

Carpels  puberulent.        •  4.  A.  tristilcatum. 

Carpels  villous.  5.  A.  iiuiicifiorum. 

1.  Abutilon  hirtum  (Lam.)  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  1:  53.     1827. 

Sida  hirta  Lam.  Encyel.  1:  7.     1783. 

Abutilon  indicum  hirtum  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  78.     1859. 

Perennial,  velvety-canescent  and  villous-viscid,  branched,  1-5  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  15  cm.  long  or  less,  cordate  at  the  base,  irreg- 
ularly crenate,  the  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  peduncles  mostly 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  sometimes  as  long;  calyx  somewhat  enlarged  in  fruit, 
its  ovate  lobes  acute  or  acuminate ;  petals  yellow,  commonly  with  a  purple  base, 
1.5-2  cm.  long;  carpels  15-30,  very  thin,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  8-10 
mm.  long,  mucronulate. 

Waste  lands,  Harbor  Island ;  New  Providence  ( ?)  : — Florida  :  Cuba  to  St. 
Thomas  and  Barbadoes ;  Jamaica ;  Old  ^yorld  tropics.  Recorded  by  DoUey  as 
Ahutilon   indicum   G.    Don.     Hairy    Abutilon. 

2.  Abutilon  permolle    (Willd.)    Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  1:    53.     1827. 

Sida  permollis  Willd.  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.   723.     1809. 

Perennial,  velvety,  0.6-1.5  m.  high,  branched,  the  branches  slender.  Leaves 
ovate,  2.5-10  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rather  deeply  cordate  at  the 
base,  crenulate,  white-tomentulose  beneath,  the  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or 
shorter ;  calyx  scarcely  enlarged  in  fruit,  its  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  petals  yellow,  obovate,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  carpels 
7-10,  slender-beaked,  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearly  1  cm.  long. 

Waste  places  and  scrub-lands,  Little  Harbor  Cay,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Little  San  Salvador,  the  Exumas  to  Long  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island, 
Inagua,  East  Caicos  and  Anguilla  Isles : — Florida ;  Cuba ;  Jamaica.  Velvety 
Abutilon. 

3.  Abutilon  abutiloides  (Jacq.)   Garcke,  Bot.  Jahrb.  15:  485.     1893. 

Sida  abutiloides  Jacq.  Obs.  1:   17.     1764. 

Abutilon  lignosum  G.  Don,  Gen.  Hist.  1:  501.     1831. 

A  shrub,  up  to  1.5  m.  high,  the  twigs  densely  stellate-tomentose.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  2-8  em.  long,  serrate  nearly  all  around,  stellate-tomentulose  on 
both  sides,  reticulate-veined  beneath,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base, 
the  petioles  somewhat  shorter  than  the  blades;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
petioles;  calyx  little  enlarged  in  fruit,  its  broadly  ovate  acuminate  tomentu- 
lose  lobes  sharply  acuminate;  petals  bright  yellow,  about  1  cm.  long;  carpels 
7-10,  slender-beaked,  about  1.5  cm.  long. 

Waste  places.  Harbor  Island,  Long  Island  : — Cuba  ;  llispaniola  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mex- 
ico.    Bushy  Abutilon. 

4.  Abutilon  trisulcatum  (Jacq.)  Britton  Sc  Millspaugh. 

Sida  trisulcaia  Jacq.  Enum.  26.     1760. 

Abutilon  triqnetnun  Presl,  Keliq.  Ilaenk.  2:   115.     1835. 

A  shrub,  1-1.6  m.  high,  with  slender  ascending  densely  tomentulose 
branches.  Leaves  ovate,  slender-petioled,  4-12  cm.  long,  crenate  or  crenulate, 
finely  velvety   on  both   sides,   the   upper   ones  much   smaller   than   the   lo^ve^; 

18 


266  MALVACEAE. 

flowers  solitary  and  slender-peduncled  in  tlie  axils  of  leaf-like  bracts,  or  sub- 
panicnlate;  calyx  4-5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  triangular-ovate,  acuminate;  petals 
yellow,  reddish  blotched  at  the  base,  5-7  mm.  long;  carpels  about  5,  stellate- 
pubemlent,  short-tipped,  about  8  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  New  Providence  and  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba  ;  Mexico. 

5.  AbutUon  pauciflorum  St.  Hil.  Fl.  Bras.  Mer.  1:   206.     1825. 

A  densely  stellate-tomentose  shrub,  6  dm.  high,  or  higher.  Leaves  orbicu- 
lar-ovate, 5-7  em.  long,  obtuse,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  deeply 
cordate  at  the  base,  crenate,  the  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade  or  shorter; 
peduncles  axillary,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles;  calyx  10-12  mm.  long;  its 
lobes  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  petals  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx;  carpels 
8-10,  densely  villous,  2-cuspidate. 

Waste  grounds,  Long  Island,  at  Clarence  Town  : — Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ; 
Mexico  to  Paraguay.       Woolly  Abutilox. 

3.  GAYOIDES  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  764.     1903. 

A  slender  perennial  finely  velvety  and  often  also  villous  herb,  with 
petioled  ovate  cordate  leaves  and  solitary  axillary  filiform-peduncled,  whitish 
flowers.  Involucels  none.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  distinct.  Carpels 
numerous,  1-celled,  membranous  and  inflated  in  fruit,  the  apex  rounded;  styles 
slender;  stigmas  terminal;  ovules  2-6  in  each  carpel.  Seeds  glabrous.  [Simi- 
lar to  the  genus  Gaya.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Gayoides  crispum  (L.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  IJ.  S.  764.     1903. 

Sida  crispa  L.  Sp.  PI.  685.     1753. 
AbutUon  crispum  Medic.  Malv.  29.     1787. 

Usually  much  branched,  the  branches  diffuse  or  ascending,  3-10  dm.  long. 
Leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate,  2-7  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  crenate  or  crenulate,  the  petioles  equalling  the 
blades,  or  shorter,  sometimes  very  short;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or 
shorter,  jointed  below  the  flower;  calyx  velvety  and  often  villous,  its  lobes  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  4-6  mm.  long;  petals  pale  yellow  or  whitish,  obovate, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  fruiting  head  of  carpels  12-20  mm.  thick,  the 
inflated  carpels  somewhat  pubescent. 

Waste  and  cultivated  lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Caicos,  Grand  Turk,  Ambergris  Cay,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  and 
Water  Cav  : — Southern  United  States ;  West  Indies,  east  to  St.  Thomas,  south  to 
Grenada  ;  'Mexico  to  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as 
Ahutilon  filiforme  Jacq.     Low  Abutilon. 

4.  MALVASTRUM  A.  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II.  4:  21.     1849. 

Herbs,  with  entire  cordate  or  divided  leaves,  and  solitary  or  racemose, 
short-pedicelled  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Bractlets  of  the  involucels 
small,  1-3  or  none.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-co,  1-ovuled.  Style-branches  of 
the  same  number,  stigmatic "  at  the  summit  only,  forming  capitate  stigmas ; 
carpels  indehiscent  or  imperfectly  2-valved,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at 
maturity,  their  apices  pointed  or  beaked.  Seed  ascending.  [Greek,  star-mal- 
low.] About  75  species,  natives  of  America  and  S.  Africa.  Type  species: 
Malvastrum  coccineum  (Pursh)  A.  Gray. 

Carpels  with  a  short  filiform  awn;  flowers  mostly  solitary.  1.  21.  coromandeliatium. 
Carpels  not  awned  ;  flowers  mostly  capitate.  2.  M.  corchorifolium. 


MALVACEAE.  267 

1.  Malvastnim  coromandelianum  (L.)  Garcke,  Bonplandia  5:  297.     1857. 

Malva  coromandeliana  L.  Sp.  PI.  687.     1753, 

Malvastrum  tricuspidatum  A.  Gray,  PL  Wright.  1 :   10.     1852. 

Malvastrum  americanum  Torrey,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  38.     1859. 

Perennial,  strigose-pubescent,  branched,  3-10  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to 
oblong-ovate,  slender-petioled,  2-8  cm.  long,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  the  hairs 
of  the  upper  surfaces  mostly  simple;  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  on 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles;  involucels  of  3  small  bractlets;  calyx-lobes 
triangular,  acute,  longer  than  its  tube ;  petals  pale  yellow,  somewhat  longer  than 
the  calyx,  obliquely  truncate;  carpels  8-12,  hirsute  on  top,  with  an  awn  near 
the  inflexed  apex  and  2  beaks  on  the  back. 

Waste  grounds  and  cultivated  soils,  Great  Bahama,  North  Bimini,  Eleuthera, 
Watling's  : — Bermuda ;  Florida  to  Texas :  the  West  Indies ;  continental  tropical 
America  ;  tropical  and  subtropical  Asia.     False  Mallow. 

2.  Malvastnim  corchorifolium  (Desr.)  Britton;  Small,  Fl.  Miami  119.     1913. 

Malva  corchorifoUa  Desr.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  3:   755.     1791. 
Malvastrum  Bugelii  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  17:  367.     1882. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  about  as  pubescent  and  the  leaves  much 
alike  in  both,  the  hairs  of  the  upper  surfaces  mostly  forked.  Flowers  mostly 
in  terminal  heads  1-2  cm.  long,  or  some  of  them  solitary  in  the  axils ;  calyx- 
lobes  triangular-ovate,  acuminate;  petals  orange  or  yellow,  longer  than  the 
calyx;  carpels  about  10  or  fewer,  hispidulous,  beakless,  or  sometimes  with  a 
blunt  protuberance. 

Waste  and  cultivated  lands.  Abaco,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island, 
Fortune  Island,  Acklin's,  Grand  Turk.  Inagua  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ; 
Virgin  Gorda  ;  Jamaica.     Rcgel's   False  Mailow. 

5.  SIDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  683.     1753.  ' 

Herbs,  with  serrate  crenate  or  lobed  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers.  Bractlets 
of  the  involucels  none.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-co, 
1-ovuled;  style-branches  of  the  same  number,  stigmatie  at  the  summit.  Carpels 
indehiscent,  or  at  length  2-valved  at  the  apex.  Seed  pendulous.  [Greek,  used 
by  Theophrastus.]  About  75  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America, 
Asia,  Africa  and  Australasia.     Type  species:  Sida  alnifolia  L. 

Flowers  capitate,  congested  at  the  apices  of  the  branches,  their  peduncles  adnate  to 

the  long-ciliate  bracts.  1.  S.  ciliaris. 

Flowers  solitary  or  variously  clustered,  not  adnate  to  the  floral 
bracts. 
Calyx  angular. 

Leaves  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base. 

Leaves  short-petioled.  2.   S.  carpinifolia. 

Leaves  long-petioled.  3,  S.  spinosa. 

Leaves  distinctly  cordate  at  the  base. 

Plants  prostrate,  creeping,  leaves  sub-orbicular.  4.  iS?.  hcdcracfolia. 

Plants  erect  or  diffuse,  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolato. 
Flowers    glomerate,    very    short-pedicelled ;    plants 

with  stinging  hairs.  5.   S.  urcna. 

Flowers  solitary  or  few  together,  slender-pedicelled. 

Leaves  acuminate,  plants  erect.  <>.   «^.  (jJutinosa. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  merely  acutish,  plants  diffuse.      7.  .*>«'.  procumbena. 
Calyx-tube  terete.  8-  S.  acuminuta. 

1,  Sida  ciliaris  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1145.     1759. 

Perennial,  strigose-pubescent,  diffusely  branched  at  the  base  from  a  deep 
woody  root,  the  slender  branches  prostrate  or  ascending,  1-3  dm.  long.     Leaves 


268  MALVACEAE. 

oblong  or  elliptic,  0.7-3.5  cm.  long^  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex^  mostly 
obtuse  at  the  base,  serrate,  mostly  above  the  middle,  slender-petioled,  usually 
glabrous  above  and  stellate  pubescent  beneath;  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  their  short  peduncles  adnate  to  the  petioles  of  the  foliaceous 
bracts;  stipules  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  long-ciliate,  about  as  long  as  the 
petioles;  calyx  hirsute,  its  triangular  acute  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  nearly 
terete  tube;  petals  red,  yellow  or  purplish,  blotched  at  the  base,  6-12  mm.  long; 
carpels  5-8,  wrinkled  or  tubercled,  2 -beaked. 

Rocky  soils  and  cultivated  grounds.  Great  Sturrup  Cay  to  New  Providence, 
Eleutliera,  Atwood's,  Fortune  Island,  East  Caicos,  and  In'agua : — Florida ;  West 
Indies  ;  tropical  continental  America.     Feinged  Sida. 

2.  Sida  carpinifolia  L.  f.  Suppl.  307.     1781. 

Sida  acuta  carpinifolia  K.  Schum.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  12^:  326.     1891. 
Sida  antillensis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:   418.     1908. 

Puberulent  or  glabrous.  Stems  erect,  3-9  dm.  tall,  branching;  leaves 
lanceolate,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate,  2-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  irregu- 
larly serrate,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  3-7  mm.  long; 
stipules  conspicuous,  narrowly  linear  to  lanceolate^  surpassing  the  petioles; 
peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  1-7  mm.  long;  calyx  5-10-ribbed, 
its  lobes  triangular,  slightly  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals 
yellow  to  white,  6-12  mm.  long,  carpels  reticulate-wrinkled,  2-beaked. 

Fields  and  waste  places,  Abaco,  Great  Sturrup  Cay,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleutliera  to  Watling's.  Great  Exiima.  Long  Island,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua : — 
Bermuda :  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Tfxns :  West  Indies  and  tropical  conti- 
nental America.     Referred  by   Hitchcock   to  Sida  ylomcrata   Cav.      Wire-weed. 

3.  Sida  spinosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  683.     1753. 

Sida  angustifolia  Lam.  Encycl.  1:  4.     1783. 

Sida  spinosa  angustifolia  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  74.     1859. 

Annual,  finely  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
2-5  cm.  long,  petioled,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  crenate-dentate;  flowers 
axillary,  short-peduncled,  yellow;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles;  calyx- 
teeth  triangular,  acute ;  carpels  5,  dehiscent  at  the  apex  into  2  beaks ;  stipules 
linear;  petioles  of  the  larger  leaves  with  a  small  spine-like  tubercle  at  the  base. 

Waste  and  cultivated  lands.  Great  Bahama,  Great  Sturrup  Cay,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  Watling's,  Great  Exuma.  Long  Island,  Fortune  Island,  East 
Caicos.  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  :— New  York  to  Kansas,  Florida  and  Texas ; 
West  Indies  ;  tropical  continental  America.     False  Mallow. 

4.  Sida  hederaefolia  Cav.  Diss.  1:  8.     1785. 

Loosely  stellate-pubescent  or  glabrate;  stems  branched  at  the  base,  the 
slender,  trailing  branches  3-5  dm.  long.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  slender- 
petioled,  1-3  cm.  broad,  cordate,  crenate-dentate,  the  petioles  often  longer  than 
the  blades;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  axils,  filiform,  sometimes  longer  than  the 
leaves;  calyx  about  4  mm.  long,  angled,  its  broadly  ovate  acute  teeth  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  petals  yellow,  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx;  carpels  2- 
aristate. 

Waste   places    and    roadsides,    Great   Bahama    at   Eight   Mile    Rocks : — Cuba    to 

Porto    Rico.       lATT-LEA-S-ED    SiDA. 

5.  Sida  iirens  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1145.     1759. 

Harshly  hirsute,  erect,  ascending,  weak,  branched  or  sometimes  simple,  3-15 
dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  slender-petioled,  serrate,  loosely  stellate- 
pubescent;   flowers  subsessile  in  axillary  and  terminal,  usually  dense  clusters, 


MALVACEAE.  269 

or  some  of  them  axillary,  solitary  and  short-pedicelled ;  calyx  hirsute,  5-cleft, 
angular,  6-7  mm.  long,  its  triangular-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate  teeth  about  as 
long   as    the    tube;    petals   yellow,    reddish    at   base;    carpels    5,    glabrous     2- 

denticulate.  ' 

Waste  and  cultivated  land,  New  Trovidence  at  Nassau  : — Cuba  to  Porto  Rico 
and  Trinidad  ;  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Sticky   Sida. 

6.  Sida  glutinosa  Comm.;  Cav.  Diss.  1:  16.     1785. 

Sida  nervosa  DC.  Prodr.  1:  465,     1824. 

Erect,  5-10  dm.  high,  branched,  the  stem  and  branches  densely  tomentulose, 
somewhat  glutinous,  sometimes  also  with  long  spreading  hairs.  Leaves  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  8  cm.  long  or  less,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base, 
crenulate,  the  lower  long-petioled,  the  upper  usually  much  smaller  than  the 
lower  and  shorter-petioled;  flowers  1-several  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal 
panicles;  pedicels  filiform,  mostly  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  pubescent;  calyx 
angled,  3-4  mm.  long,  its  5,  broadly  ovate,  sharply  acute  teeth  shorter  than  the 
tube;  petals  yellow,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  carpels  5,  pubescent 
above,  2-aristate. 

Waste  and  cultivated  land,  New  Providence  at  Nassau  : — Cuba  to  Porto  Kico, 
St.   Jan   and  Trmidad ;    continental  tropicai   America :   Old   World   tropics.     Sticky 

Sida. 

7.  Sida  procumbens  Sw.  Prodr.  101.     1788. 

Sida  supina  L'Her.  Stirp.  :N'ov.  109-.     1789. 

Branched  at  the  base,  the  branches  slender,  prostrate  or  nearly  so,  1-6  dm. 
long,  densely  puberulent,  glabrate  or  pilose.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-orbicular, 
1-2.5  cm.  long,  slender-petioled,  crenate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base, 
densely  puberulent  on  both  sides;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  about  as  long 
as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  or  longer,  filiform,  s-ometimes  pilose ;  calyx  about  4  mm. 
long,  puberulent  or  pilose,  its  5  ovate  acuminate  lobes  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  angled  tube;  petals  pale  yellow  or  white,  4-6  mm.  long;  carpels  mostly  5, 
reticulate,  2-beaked,  about  2  mm.  long. 

Fields,  pastures  and  waste  places,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Long  Island, 
Fortune  Island,  South  Caicos,  Ambergris  Cay  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ; 
continental  tropical  America.     Creeping  Sida. 

8.  Sida  acuminata  DC.  Prodr.  1:  462.     1824. 

Sida  acuminata  Bracei  E.  Baker,  Journ.  Bot.  30:  295.     1892. 

Densely  stellate-pubescent,  usually  branched,  somewhat  woody,  erect,  5-8 
dm.  high,  branched  or  sometimes  simple.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
rather  short-petioled,  2-7  cm.  long,  acute,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
rounded,  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  low  crenate-serrate;  flowers  few  or  solitary 
in  the  axils,  and  often  in  small  terminal  clusters,  nearh'  sessile  or  filiform- 
peduncled,  the  peduncles  sometimes  2-3  cm.  long;  calyx  5-6  mm.  long,  terete, 
its  5,  broadly  ovate,  acute  teeth  somewhat  shorter  than  the  tube;  petals  yellow, 
4-5  mm.  long;   carpels  5-8,  stellate-pubescent,  scarcely  beaked. 

Roadsides  and  waste  places,  Abaco,  New  Providence,  Eleutbora.  Cat  Island, 
Rum  Cay,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Acklins  and 
Mariguana,  East  Caicos: — Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Antigua;  Central  America. 
Races  differ  in  the  number  and  size  of  the  flowers.     A'elvety  Sida. 

6.  BASTARDIA  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  5:    254.     1821. 

Velvety-pubescent  or  tomentose  shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  petioled 
cordate  leaves,  and  small  yellow  peduncled  flowers,  solitary  or  few  in  the 
axils.     Involucel  none.     Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.     Petals  5.     Stamen-column 


270  MALVACEAE. 

divided  into  several  or  many  filaments  at  the  apex.  Ovary  5-eelled;  ovules  1 
in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  style-branches  5;  stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  de- 
pressed-globose, 5-grooved,  3-5-valved.  [Commemorates  the  French  botanist 
T.  Bastard.]  Six  known  species,  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Bas- 
tardia  parvifolia  H.B.K. 

1.  Bastardia  viscosa  (,L.)  H.B.K.  Xov.  Gen.  &  Sp.  5:  256.     1822. 

Sida  viscosa  L.  iSyst.  ed.  10,  1145.     1759. 

Finely  velvety-pubescent  and  viscid,  sometimes  also  pilose,  erect,  branched, 
3-7  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  1-6  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
cordate  at  the  base,  irregularly  denticulate,  the  slender  petioles  as  long  as  the 
blades  or  shorter;  pedicels  nearly  filiform,  longer  than  the  petioles,  often 
longer  than  the  leaves,  rarely  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  calyx  about  4  mm.  long, 
its  5,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  teeth  about  as  long  as  the  tube ;  petals  yellow, 
4-5  mm.  long;   capsule  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  carpel-valves  beakless. 

Waste  lands,  Eleuthera  and  Long  Island  : — West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to  Colombia 
and  Peru.  Hitchcock's  plant  referred  to  this  species  is  Sida  glutinosa  Comm.  Viscid 
Bastakdia. 

7.  PAVONIA  Cav.  Diss.  3:    132.     1787. 

Shrubs  or  shrubby  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  angled  or  lobed. 
Flowers  perfect,  commonly  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles.  Involucel  of  5-15 
bractlets.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5.  Carpels  5,  1-celled;  styles  10;  stigmas 
capitate;  ovules  solitary.  Mature  carpels  separating  from  axis,  1-3-spined 
on  the  back,  more  or  less  deeply  2-valved.  Seeds  solitary,  ascending.  [In 
honor  of  Joseph  Pavon,  Spanish  botanist  and  explorer.]  Sixty  species  or  more, 
mostly   of  tropical   distribution,  the   following  typical. 

1.  Pavonia  spinifex  (L.)  Cav.  Diss.  3:  133.     1787. 

Hibiscus  spinifex  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1149.     1759. 

A  branching  shrub,  1-3  m.  tall,  hirsute  and  strigillose.  Leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  5-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  doubly  crenate- 
dentate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  densely  pubescent; 
peduncles  axillary,  much  longer  than  the  petioles;  bractlets  of  the  involucel  5, 
linear  to  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  1  cm.  long;  calyx  about  as  long  as  the 
bractlets,  its  lobes  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate;  petals  yellow,  2.5  cm.  long, 
cuneate;  carpels  5-6  mm.  high,  with  1  medial  and  2  lateral  retrorsely  barbed 
awns. 

Waste  lands.  New  Providence  and  Long  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  South  Carolina  to 
Florida  ;  the  West   Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.     Pavonia. 

8.  MALACHE  B.  A^ogel;   Trew,  PI.  Sel.  50.     1772. 

Tall  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  broad,  lobed  or  nearly  entire 
leaves,  and  large  peduncled  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils.  Involucre  of  several 
bractlets.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  broad.  Carpels  mostly  5,  1-celled;  styles 
10.  Ovules  solitary.  Carpels  2-valved,  knobbed  on  the  back,  not  spined, 
coriaceous,  tardily  dehiscent,  [Greek,  mallow,]  Three  known  species,  the  fol- 
lowing, and  one  in  Jamaica,     Type  species:  Malache  scahra  B.  Yogel. 

Stamen-column  not  longer  than  the  corolla.  1.  M.  scahra. 

Stamen-column  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla.  2.   M.  hahamensis. 


MALVACEAE.  271 

1.  Malache  scabra  B.  Yogel;  Trew,  PI.  Sel.  50.     1772. 

Favonia  spicata  Cav.  Diss.  3:  136.     1787. 

Pavonia  racemosa  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  2:   1215.     1800. 

An  erect,  usually  little-branclied  shrub,  1-5  m.  high,  the  branches  and 
inflorescence  densely  roughish-pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  firm 
in  texture,  5-15  cm.  long,  palmately  veined,  repand-dentate  or  entire,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  subcordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  the  petioles  3-6  cm.  long; 
racemes  loosely  several-flowered;  pedicels  ascending,  2-5  cm.  long;  involucel- 
bractlets  oblong-lanceolate,  s.bout  1  cm.  long;  calyx  as  long  as  or  a  little 
longer  than  the  bractlets,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute;  petals  yellowish,  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  finely  pubescent,  longer  than  the  stamen-column;  carpels 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  calyx,  with  2  short  blunt  beaks  on  the  upper  margins 
and  a  short  terminal  crest. 

Borders  of  mangrove  swamps,  Andros  at  Conch  Sound  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Porto 
Rico  and  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ;  coasts  of  tropical  continental  America.     Swamp  Bush. 

2.  Malache  bahamensis   (Hitchc.)   Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Pavonia  'bahamensis  Hitchc.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  63.     1893. 
Malvavisciis  Colceri  Britton;  Coker  in  Shattuck,  Bahama  Islands,  259.    1905. 

A  shrub,  or  small  tree,  up  to  4  m.  high,  with  round  glabrous  branchlets. 
Leaves  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  acuminate,  cordate,  thin,  7-nerved,  entire  or 
slightly  repand,  the  upper  surface  glabrous  but  papillose,  the  under  side  gla- 
brous except  for  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  principal  veins,  and  a  few 
scattered  ones  on  the  veins,  the  blades  4-7  cm.  long,  3-6  cm.  Avide,  the  petioles 
slender,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  puberulent,  2  or  3  times  as  long 
as  the  petioles;  involucrel-bractlets  narrowly  linearj  acuminate,  glabrous,  1  cm. 
long,  1.5  nun.  wide,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate, 
acuminate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube,  Avoolly  within;  petals  about  2  cm. 
long;  stamen-column  3  cm.  long  or  more;  carpels  with  2  compressed  rounded 
terminal  lobes  and  a  central  crest. 

Rocky  coastal  thickets,  Watling's  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Ack- 
lin's  Island  and  Pine  Cay   (Caicos).     Endemic.     Bahama  Swamp-bush. 

9.  MALVAVISCU3  Dill.;  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  399.     1763. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  broad  usually  dentate  or  lobed,  petioled  leaves, 
and  red  flowers.  Involucel  of  several  narrow  bractlets.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals 
erect-connivent.  Stamen-column  truncate  or  5-toothed,  bearing  numerous 
stamens.  Ovary  5-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity;  style-branches  10,  stigmatic 
at  the  capitate  summit.  Fruit. baccate,  the  indehiscent  carpels  finally  separat- 
ing. [Latin-Greek,  similar  to  Malva.']  About  10  species  of  tropical  America. 
Type  species:  Hihisciis  Malvaviscus  L. 

1.  Malvaviscus  Sagraeanus  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  10:  46.     1845. 

Malvaviscus  arboreus  Sagraeanus  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  83.     1859. 

A  branching  shrub,  2-4  m.  high,  the  twigs  finely  pubescent  or  glabrate, 
slender.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  ii  regularly  erenate,  sometimes  3- 
lobed,  5-15  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
glabrous,  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  the  slender  pubescent  petioles  shorter 
than  the  blades;  involucel-bractlets  linear-spatulate,  8-10  mm.  long,  about  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  corolla  red  to  scarlet,  about  2  cm. 
long;  fruit  depressed-globose,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  of  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama: — Cuba.     Sagra's  Malvaviscus. 


272  MALVACEAE. 

10.  HIBISCUS  L.   Sp.   PI.   693.     1753. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  in  tropical  regions  even  small  trees,  with  dentate  or  lobed 
leaves,  and  showy,  mostly  campanulate  flowers.  Bractlets  numerous,  narrow. 
Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  below  along 
much  of  its  length.  Ovary  5-celled,  the  cavities  3-several-ovuled ;  style-branches 
5,  stigmatic  at  the  capitate  summit.  Capsule  5-valved.  Seeds  reniform.  [An 
ancient  name,  used  by  Dioscorides  for  the  Marsh  Mallow.]  About  180  species, 
widely  distributed.     Type  species:  Hibiscus  Trionum  L. 

1.  Hibiscus  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  120.     1905. 

A  shrub,  the  leaves,  calyx,  peduncles  and  twigs  densely  and  finely  stellate- 
pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  palmately  veined,  10  cm.  long  or  less,  firm 
in  texture,  cordate  to  truncate  at  the  base,  3-lobed  or  5-lobed  with  the  middle 
lobe  much  the  longest  and  acuminate,  the  lateral  lobes  acute  or  obtuse,  irregu- 
larly dentate;  upper  leaves  varying  to  lanceolate,  and  merely  dentate;  petioles 
as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  peduncles  stout,  solitary  in  the  axils,  longer 
than  the  subtending  petioles,  jointed  near  the  middle;  bractlets  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  very  unequal,  the  longer  about  1.5  cm.  long;  calyx  2-2.5  cm. 
long,  densely  stellate-pubescent,  its  oblong  Icbes  strongly  veined,  acuminate; 
IDetals  browni&h,  3.5  cm.  long,  densely  pubescent  without,  oblanceolate,  obtusish; 
capsule  oval,  2.5  cm.  long,  2  cm.  thick,  densely  silky. 

Rocky  scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Andros,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Concep- 
tion Island,  Rum  Cay,  Acklin's.  Endemic.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  H.  crypto- 
carpus  Rich.     Erroneously  called  wild  cotton.     Bahama  Hibiscus. 

11.  ABELMOSCHUS  Medic.  Malv.  45.     1787. 

Tall  herbs,  with  broad,  lobed  leaves,  and  large  axillary  and  terminal 
flowers.  Bractlets  several  or  numerous,  narrow.  Calyx  spathaceouSj  splitting 
along  one  side,  deciduous.  Stamen-column  bearing  numerous  anthers.  Ovary 
5-celled,  its  cavities  several-ovuled;  style-branches  5,  stigmatic  at  the  summit. 
Capsule  elongated,  5-valved.  [Name  said  to  be  Arabic]  A  few  species, 
natives  of  the  Old  World.     Type  species:  Ahelmosclius  mosdiatus  Medic. 

1.  Abelmoschus  esculentus  (L.)  Moench,  Meth,  617.     1794. 

Hihiscus  esculentus  L.  Sp.  PI.  696.     1753. 

Annual,  erect,  little-branched,  1-2  m.  tall,  sparingly  hirsute.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  1-3  dm.  Inroad,  deeply  5-7-lobed,  the  lobes 
lanceolate  to  obovate,  irregularly  serrate,  acute  or  obtuse;  peduncles  stout, 
1-3  cm.  long;  bractlets  linear,  bristly -hirsute,  about  1.5  cm.  long;  calyx  about 
2  cm.  long;  petals  broad,  yellowish,  purple-blotched  at  the  base,  3-4  cm.  long; 
capsule  angled,  2  dm.  long  or  less,  long-tipped. 

Waste-lands,  spontaneous  after  cultivation  ;  Cat  Island  and  Fortune  Island  : — 
spontaneous  in  most  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  ;  native  of  the  Old  World  trop- 
ics.    Okra. 

12.  PARITI  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2,  401.     1763. 

Trees,  with  broad  cordate  petioleji  leaves,  large  deciduous  stipules,  and 
large,  terminal  or  axillary  flowers,  solitary  or  few  together,  the  petals  yellow  or 
changing  to  red.     Involucre  8-10-toothed.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Style  pubescent 


MALVACEAE.  273 

above,  5-cleft,  the  stigmas  broad.  Capsule  loculicidally  5-celled,  many-seeded, 
the  cells  vertically  partitioned  by  a  dissepiment  which  splits  at  dehiscence  into 
two  membranes.  [Name  said  to  be  Malabaric]  A  few  species  of  tropical 
regions,  the  following  tyj)ical. 

1.  Pariti  tiliaceum  (L.)  St.  Hil.  El.  Bras.  Merid.  1:  256.     1827. 

Hibiscus  tiliaceus  L.  Sp.  PI.  694.     1753. 

A  tree,  sometimes  18  m.  high,  the  young  foliage  velvety-tomentose.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  the  blades  7-20  cm.  broad,  nearly  orbicular,  cordate  at  base, 
abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  shallowly  dentate  or  subentire,  the  venation  promi- 
nent beneath;  involucre  10-cleft,  about  12  mm.  long;  petals  yellow,  obovate, 
5-6  cm.  long;  calyx  about  2  cm.  long;  capsule  ovoid,  tomentose,  15-18  mm. 
long;  seeds  glabrous  or  minutely  downy. 

Coastal  thickets,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Pine  Cay  (Caicos)  : 
— ^Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  throughout  tlie  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America  ; 
Old  World  tropics.     Mahoe.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  'JU. 

13.  THESPESIA  Soland.;   Correa,  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  9:   290.     1807. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  merely  angulately  lobed, 
commonly  ample,  usually  cordate,  petioled.  Flowers  perfect,  showy.  Involucel 
of  3-5  narrow  deciduous  bractlets.  Calyx  truncate  or  nearly  so.  Petals  5. 
Ovary  sessile,  5-celled;  styles  5,  united  or  rarely  distinct;  stigmas  decurrent 
on  the  styles.  Ovules  few  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  firm,  woody-leathery,  5- 
celled,  indehiscent.  Seeds  glabrous  or  pubescent.  [Greek,  marvellous.]  About 
8  tropical  species,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Thespesia  populnea   (L.)   Soland.;  Correa,  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  9:   290.     1807. 

Hibiscus  populneus  L.  Sp.  PI.  694.     1753. 

A  tree,  sometimes  7  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  2  dm.  in  diameter,  usually 
smaller,  often  a  shrub,  the  _  stout  twigs  scurfy  when  young.  Leaves  firm  in 
texture,  slightly  fleshy,  ovate-orbicular,  5-12  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
cordate  at  the  base,  undulate-margined;  petioles  nearly  as  long  as  the  blades; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles;  calyx  subhemispheric,  nearly  truncate; 
petals  4-7  cm.  long,  yellow  with  a  purple  base,  changing  to  purple ;  fruit  de- 
pressed-globose, leathery,  3-4.5  cm.  in  diameter,  1.5-2  cm.  high;  seeds  pubes- 
cent. 

Borders  of  marshes,  and  in  sandy  scrub-lands,  New  Providence  and  Grand  Turk  : 
— Florida  ;  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America  ;  Old  World  tropics. 
Sea-side    Mahoe.     Cork-tree.     Spanish    Cork. 

14.  GOSSYPIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  693.     1753. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  petioled,  usually  lobed  leaves, 
and  large,  mostly  solitary,  peduncled,  yellow  or  white  to  purple  flowers  sub- 
tended by  3  broad,  often  cordate,  incised  bracts.  Calyx  truncate  or  5-lobed. 
Stamen-column  usually  naked  below.  Ovary  5-celled ;  ovules  numerous  in  each 
cavity;  style  club-shaped,  5-grooved;  stigma.5  5.  Capsule  coriaceous,  loculi- 
cidally 5-valved.  Seeds  usually  densely  covered  with  long  white  hairs  (cotton)  ; 
endosperm  thin  or  none;  cotyledons  plicate.  [Latin  for  cotton,  perhaps  of 
Arabic  origin.]  About  40  species,  of  tropical  distribution.  Type  species: 
Gossypium  arboreum  L. 


274  BOMBACACEAE. 

Cotton  readily  separable  from  the  seed.  1.   G.  liarTjadense. 

Cotton  adherent  to  the  seed.  2.   G.  punctatum. 

1.  Gossypium  barbadense  L.  Sp.  PI.  693.     1753. 

Perennial,  shrubby^  flowering  as  an  annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1-2.5  m. 
high.  Leaves  suborbicular  in  outline,  7.5-20  em.  broad,  rather  deeply  3-5- 
cleft,  the  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  lobes  acuminate,  the  basal  sinus  narrow; 
petals  6-10  cm,  long,  yellow,  or  with  orange  or  red  bases,  fading  pink;  capsules 
3-5  cm.  long;  cotton  readily  separated  from  the  seed. 

Scrub-hmds  and  waste  lands,  apparently  spontaneous  after  cultivation  only, 
Abaco,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Great  Gaillot  Cay,  Fortune  Island  and  Inagua  : — 
North  Carolina  to  Florida  ;  widely  spontaneous  after  cultivation  in  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical regions.     Cotton. 

2.  Gossypium  punctatum  Sch.  &  Thon.  Besk.  Guin.  PI.  309.     1827. 

A  shrub,  or  small  tree,  up  to  4  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  pubescent  or 
glabrate.  Leaves  ovate-orbicular  or  suborbicular  in  outline,  cordate  or  nearly 
truncate  at  the  base,  usually  3-lobed,  rarely  5-lobed,  or  some  of  them  entire,  the 
lobes  short,  ovate,  acuminate,  pubescent  iDeneath,  at  least  when  young,  nearly 
glabrous  above;  petals  3-6  cm,  long,  white  or  yellowish,  sometimes  crimson- 
blotched  at  the  ba?e,  fading  pink  or  j)urj)lish;  capsules  2-2.5  cm.  long;  cotton 
firmly  attached  to  the  seed. 

Rum  Cay,  at  Port  Nelson  : — Southern  Florida  ;  Jamaica  :  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ; 
Grenada,  Recorded  from  other  West  Indian  islands.  Cultivated  in  tropical  regions 
of  the  New  World  and  the  Old.     Wild  Cotton. 

Family  3.     BOMBACACEAE  Schumann. 

BoMBAX  Family. 

Trees,  mostly  with  palmately  compound  leaves  and  large  and  showy 
perfect  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-toothed.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
commonly  very  numerous,  with  long"  filaments  and  short  anthers.  Ovary 
2-5-celled;  style  simple;  stigmas  as  many  as*  the  ovarj'-cavities.  Fruit 
various,  dry  or  fleshy.  Seeds  usually  woolly.  About  20  genera  and  150 
species,  of  tropical  distribution. 

1.  CEIBA  A  dans.   Fam.  PI.   2:    399.     1763. 

Large  deciduous  trees,  with  alternate  petioled  palmately  compound  leaves, 
and  large  clustered  axillary  flowers,  the  trunk  buttressed  at  the  base,  the 
branches  and  young  trunks  spiny.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Petals  tomentose  without, 
glabrous  within.  Column  5-divided,  each  division  bearing  2  or  3  unilocular 
anthers  at  the  top.  Capsule  5-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  long-woolly.  [Aboriginal  name.]  About  12  species,  the  following 
typical. 

1.  Ceiba  pentandra  (L.)  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  244.     1791. 

Bomhax  pentandrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  511.     1753. 
Eriodendron  anfractuosum  DC.  Prodr.  1:  479.     1824. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  60  m.  or  more,  the  trunk  above  the 
often  immense  buttress  sometimes  3  m.  in  diameter.  Petioles  slender,  glabrous, 
5-15  cm.  long;  leaflets  5-7,  stalked,  or  nearly  sessile,  glabrous,  entire  or  serrate, 


STERCULIACEAE.  275 

oblong  to  oblanceolate,  8-15  cm.  long,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex 
and  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  in  many  axillary  clusters,  often  appearing 
before  the  leaves;  pedicels  4-6  cm.  long;  calyx  obconic,  about  1.5  cm.  long; 
petals  about  3  cm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens;  stigma  capitate; 
capsule  oblong,  woody,  8-12  cm.  long. 

Waste-lnnds,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  New  I'rovidence.  near  Nassau ; 
planted  for  shade  and  for  ornament : — Cuba  to  St.  Jan  and  Barbadoes ;  northern 
South  America;  Old  World  tropics.     Silk-cutton  Tiu:i:. 

Family  4.    STERCULIACEAE  H.B.K. 

Chocolate  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  often  stellate-pubescent  leaves, 
the  flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect,  in  a  few  genera  polygamous  or  uni- 
sexual, clustered  or  rarely  solitary,  usually  axillary.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft, 
usually  persistent,  the  lobes  or  sepals  valvate.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  or 
wanting.  Stamens  5  or  more;  filaments  more  or  less  united  below^  into  a 
cup  or  tube;  anthers  mostly  2-celled,  extrorse;  staminodia  present  in  some 
genera.  Ovary  superior,  2-5-celled,  or  sometimes  monocarpellai*y ;  styles 
usually  as  many  as  the  ovary-eavities,  distinct  or  more  or  less  united. 
Fruit  mostly  capsular  or  follicular,  rarely  indehiseent.  Seeds  various,  the 
cotyledons  commonly  foliaceous.  About  45  genera  and  over  600  species, 
mostly  tropical. 

Petals  with  flat  blades. 

Gynoecium  of  5  united  carpels. 

Fruit  of  5  dehiscent  follicles.  1.  Helicterea. 

Capsule  pyramidal  or  fruit  5-coccous. 

Fruit  a  5-angled  capsule.  2.  Moluchia. 

Fruit  5-coccous.  3.   MrlochUi. 

Gynoecium  of  a  single  carpel.  4.   WaltJuria. 

Petals  with  hooded  blades;  capsule  5-celled,  muricate.  5.  Ai/rnia. 

1.  HELICTEEES  L.  Sp.  PI.  963.  1753. 
Pubescent  shrubs  or  trees,  th6  pubescence  stellate  or  of  branched  hairs, 
with  broad  leaves  and  axillary  or  terminal,  clustered  or  solitary  flowers,  the 
bractlets  small,  or  distant  from  the  calyx.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed, 
somewhat  2-lipped.  Petals  5,  clawed.  Stamen-column  slender,  elongated,  bear- 
ing 5  or  10  sessile  or  short-stalked  anthers;  anther-sacs  divergent  or  confluent. 
Ovary  borne  within  the  ring  of  stamens,  5-celled^  5-lobed,  the  cells  many-ovuled ; 
style  5,  or  united  into  1 ;  stigma  small,  capitate.  Carpels  distinct  at  maturity, 
twisted  cr  straight,  follicular^  dehiscent  along  the  ventral  suture,  many-seeded. 
Seeds  warty  or  smooth;  endosperm  little;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  [Greek,  re- 
ferring to  the  coiled  carpels  of  some  species.]  Thirty  species  or  more,  of 
tropical  distribution.     Type  species:  Helictcres  Isora  L. 

Capsule  glabrous;  carpels  straight.  1.  H.  scmitriloha. 

Capsule  lanate  ;  carpels  twisted  into  a  spiral.  2.  H.  jamuicciisis. 

1.  Helicteres  semitriloba  Bjrtero;  DC.  Prodr.  1:   476.     1824. 

A  branched  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  rarely  a  small  tree  up  to  5  m.  high,  the 
young  twigs,  petioles,  lower  leaf -surf  aces,  pedicels,  calyx  and  ovary  densely 
stellate-tomentulose.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  subcoriaceous.  3-8  cm. 
long,  undulate-dentate  or  somewhat  3-lobe(l,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base,  becoming  glabrous  above,  the  petiole  as  long 
as  the  blade  or  shorter ;  flowers  usually  numerous  in  terminal  compound  corymbs ; 


276  STEECULTACEAE. 

pedicels  short;  bractlets  linear;  calyx  campanulatej  5-toothed,  '2 -lipped,  5-6  mm. 
long;  petals  white,  fading  reddish,  8-9  mm.  long;  column  slender,  glabrous, 
3-5  cm.  long;  anther-sacs  oblong;  fruit  linear,  straight  or  a  little  curved,  1.5-4 
cm.  long,  separating  into  5,  glalDrous,  pointed  follicles. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's,  Great  Exuma,  Crool^ed  Island,  Acklin's,  Fortune  Island,  North  Caicos  and 
Inagua  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola.     Steaight-fruited  Helicteees.     Wild   Salve. 

2.  Helicteres  jamaicensis  Jacq.  Enum.  30.     1760. 

Helicteres  spiralis  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  50,  pi.  11.     1902. 

A  shrub,  1.5-3  m.  high,  or  a  small  tree  sometimes  6-7  m.  tall,  the  foliage 
densely  stellate-tomentose.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong, 
5-17  cm.  long,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  more  or  less  oblique  base,  crenulate  nearly  all  around,  the  stout 
petioles  0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  the  ujDper  surface  darker  green  than  the  lower; 
peduncles  stout,  2-3  cm.  long,  1-few-flowered;  pedicels  short;  calyx  1.5-2  cm. 
long,  5-toothed,  somewhat  2-lipped,  densely  tomentose;  petals  white,  inequi- 
lateral, somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx;  column  6-10  cm.  long,  cleclined; 
stamens  10;  staminodia  5;  ovary  tomentose;  carpels,  about  10,  spirally 
twisted,  densely  tomentose,  forming  a  cone-like,  oblong  fruit  2.5-5  cm.  long. 

Coppices,  thickets  and  white-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  Mangrove 
Cay,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Marignana,  Atwood  Cay,  Great  Guana 
Cay,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Acklin's, 
Fortune  Island,  Watling"s  Island  and  the  Inaguas  : — Cuba  to  Tortola,  St.  Martin 
and  St.  Croix ;  Jamaica.  Recorded  by  Schoepf  as  H.  Isora  L.  Cow-bdsh.  Salz- 
BUSH.     Blind-eye   Bush. 

2.  MOLUCHIA   Medic.   Malv.   10.     1787. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  toothed  leaves,  and  small, 
terminal  or  axillary,  mostly  clustered,  perfect  flowers,  the  petals  flat,  marees- 
cent.  Involucels  none.  Calyx  5-cleft,  usually  campanulate.  Petals  5,  nar- 
row. Stamens  5,  the  filaments  somewhat  united  below,  opposite  the  petals; 
staminodia  none,  or  minute.  Ovary  5-celled,  each  cavity  2-ovuled;  styles  5, 
distinct,  at  least  above;  stigmas  clavate.  Capsule  pyramidal,  loculicidally  5- 
valved,  5-seeded,  the  seeds  obovoid,  ascending.  Endosperm  fleshy;  embryo 
straight;  cotyledons  flat.  [Name  altered  from  Melocliia.']  About  6  species, 
of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.     Type  species:  Moluchia  fruticosa  Medic. 

Foliage  stellate-tomentose  or  stellate-puberulent ;    capsules  with 

rounded  angles.  1.  M.  tomentosa. 

Foliage  nearly  glabrous  ;  capsules  with  sharply  acute  angles.  2.  M.  pyramidata. 

1.  Moluchia  tomentosa  (L.)  Britton,  Mem.  Brooklyn  Bot.  Gard.  1:  69.     1918. 

Melochia  tomentosa  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1140.     1759. 

A  branched  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  rarely  a  small  tree  up  to  4  m.  high, 
the  slender  twigs,  the  leaves,  inflorescence,  calyx  and  capsule  densely  stellate- 
pubescent  or  tomentose.  Leaves  chartaceous,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  1-6 
cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
crenate  or  serrate,  the  petioles  shorter  than  the  blades;  peduncles  at  the  axils 
of  upper  leaves  or  terminal,  few-several-flowered ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate ;  petals 
blue,  violet  or  purple,  obovate,  10-12  mm.  long;  capsule-body  6-8  mm.  long, 
subulate-beaked,  its  angles  rounded,  knobbed. 

White-lands,  scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Andros,  Mangrove  Cay.  New  Provi- 
dence, Eleuthera,  Little  San  Salvador,  Cat  Island,  Watling's,  Atwood  Cay,  Rum  Cay, 


STERCULIACEAE.  277 

Great  Guana  Cay,  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Acklin's,  East  Calcos,  Grand 
Turk,  Ambergris  Caj:,  and  Inagua  : — Texas  ;  West  Indies  ;  North  Mexico  to  continental 
tropical  America.  The  species  is  represented  by  many  races  of  various  leaf-forms 
and  sizes,  finding  their  smallest  development  in  the  plants  of  Grand  Turk,  Ambergris 
Cay  and  Inagua ;  these  are  the  subject  of  Grisebach's  Mclochia  craiata,  not  J/. 
crenata  Vahl.     Velvety  Moluchia. 

2.  Moluchia  pyramidata  (L.)  Britton,  Mem.  Brooklyn  Bot.  Gard.  1:  09.     1918. 

Melochia  pyramidata  L.  Sp.  PI.  674.     1753. 

Subherbaceous,  nearly  glabrous,  the  young  foliage  somewhat  pubescent; 
stems  slender,  branched,  ascending,  decumbent  or  nearly  erect,  2-6  dm.  long, 
the  young  branches  with  a  line  of  pubescence.  Leaves  membranous,  lanceolate, 
ovate,  or  the  lower  nearly  orbicular,  2-6  dm.  long,  sharply  serrate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  the  slender 
petioles  much  shorter  than  the  blades;  peduncles  pubescent,  1-few-flowered, 
about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes  lance- 
olate, 3-4  mm.  long;  petals  pink,  red  or  lavender,  about  6  mm.  long,  obovate; 
capsule  inflated,  membranous,  6-7  mm.  long,  sharply  5-angled,  short-beaked, 
each  angle  cuspidate  at  the  base. 

Waste  places  and  roadsides,  New  Providence : — Texas ;  West  Indies  east  to 
Tortola,  south  to  Grenada  ;  Curagao ;  Mexico  ;  continental  tropical  America  and  Old 
World  tropics.     Smooth  ^Moluchia. 

3.  MELOCHIA   [Dill.]   L.  Sp.  PI.  674.     1753. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  stellate-pubescent,  with  petioled,  serrate  leaves  and 
small,  sometimes  involucellate,  perfect  flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  glomerules 
or  panicles.  Sepals  or  calyx-segments  little  enlarged  in  fruit.  Petals  convo- 
lute, marcescent.  Stamens  opposite  the  petals;  filaments  more  or  less  united 
below;  staminodia  none,  or  rarely  present  and  minute.  Ovary  5-celled;  ovules 
2  in  each  cavity;  styles  distinct,  or  united  near  the  base.  Fruit  a  small  5- 
coccous  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  with  fleshy  endosperm.  [Arabic 
name.]  About  50  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Type 
species:  Melochia  corcliorifolia  L. 

1.  Melochia  nodiflora  Sw.  Prodr.  97.     1788. 

Mougeotia  nodiflora  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  5:  330.     1823. 

A  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  with  slender  ascending  branches,  the  young 
twigs  sparingly  pubescent.  Leaves  thin,  ovate,  3-10  cm.  long,  serrate,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate,  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  the  slender  pubescent  petioles  1-3  cm.  long;  flowers  nearly  sessile, 
in  dense  axillary  subglobose  clusters;  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 2-3  mm.  long;  petals  rose,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx;  filaments  united; 
styles  distinct;  ovary  5-celled;  young  fruit  deeply  5-lobed,  at  length  separat- 
ing into  5  pubescent  carpels  about  3  mm.  long. 

Waste  places,  New  Providence: — West  Indies;  tropical  continental  America. 
Melochia. 

4.  WALTHEEIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  673.     1753. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  stellate  or  simple  pubescence.  Leaves 
toothed;  stipules  narrow.  Flowers  small,  perfect,  usually  in  axillary  clusters 
or  small  cymes.  Involucel  of  3  deciduous  bracts.  Sepals  5,  united  at  the  liase 
into  a  turbinate  10-nerved  tube.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  convolute,  withering- 
persistent.     Stamens  5;  filaments  united  below,  not  accompanied  by  staminodia; 


278  STERCULIACEAE. 

anthers  Tvitli  parallel  saes.  Ovary  1-celled,  sessile;  style  simple,  not  central; 
fe-tigma  club-shaped  or  brush-like.  Ovules  2  in  a  cavity.  Follicles  1-celled,  2- 
valved  lengthwise.  Seed  solitary,  ascending.  Endosperm  fleshy.  Embryo 
straight,  axile.  [In  honor  of  A.  F.  Walther,  Professor  in  Leipzig.]  About 
35  American  species,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:    Waltheria  americana  L. 

Pubescence  densely  tomentose.  1.  IF.  americana. 

Finely  stellate-pubescent.  2.  W.  hahamensis. 

1.  Waltheria  americana  L.  Sp.  PI.  673.     1753. 

Foliage  tomentose.  Stems  6-12  dm.  tall,  stiff;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  1-5 
cm.  long,  serrate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  stout-petioled;  flowers  in 
dense  sessile  or  peduncled  axillary  clusters;  sepals  subulate,  about  5  mm. 
long,  villous-hirsute,  similar  to  the  bractlets ;  petals  yellow,  slightly  longer  than 
the  sepals;  follicles  2.5-3  mm.  long,  pubescent  at  the  top. 

Rocky  scrub-lands,  fields  and  cultivated  soil,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  South 
Bimini,  Andros,  the  Crooked  Island  group  and  to  North  and  East  Caicos  : — Florida  ; 
Bermuda  ;  the  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America ;  Old  World  tropics ; 
Oceanica.     Common  Waltheria. 

2.  Waltheria  bahamensis  Britton,  Torreya  3:    105.     1903. 

Branched  from  the  base,  stellate-puberulent,  the  branches  6  dm.  long  or  less. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  sharply  dentate,  strongly  veined, 
dark-green  above,  pale  green  beneath,  stellate-pubescent  on  both  surfaces, 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  or  the  base  subcordate,  the  slender  petioles  half  as  long  as 
the  blades  or  less;  flower-clusters  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils,  dense,  less 
than  1  cm.  broad;  bractlets  sharply  toothed;  petals  thin,  spatulate,  3-5  mm. 
long,  obtuse  or  slightly  notched;  filaments  united  into  a  tube. 

Sandy  and  rocky  fields,  scrub-lands  and  pine-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama, 
Great  Harbor  Cay.  Little  Harbor  Cay,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat 
Island,  Rum  Cay  and  Great  Guana  Cay.     Endemic.     Bahama  Waltheria. 

5.  AYENIA  Loefl.  Iter.  257.     1758. 

Shrubs,  some  species  subherbaceous,  with  serrate  petioled  leaves,  and 
axillary,  mostly  clustered,  pedicelled  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  con- 
cave or  hooded,  long-clawed,  the  tip  inflexed,  adnate  to  the  stamen-cup.  Fila- 
ments united  into  a  short  cup,  the  anthers  solitary  in  its  sinuses,  its  truncate 
or  rounded  lobes  alternate  with  the  petals;  anthers  3-eelled.  Ovary  5-celled,  its 
cavities  2-ovuled;  style  short;  stigma  capitate  or  somewhat  5-lobed.  Capsule 
subglobose,  muricate,  splitting  into  5  carpels,  each  2-valved.  Seeds  rugose; 
endosperm  none;  cotyledones  spirally  convolute.  [In  honor  of  the  French 
botanist  Ayen.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Type  species: 
Ayenia  sidaeformis  Loefl. 

1.  Ayenia  pusHla  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1247.     1759. 

A  low  shrub  or  suffrutescent  perennial  herb,  usually  much-branched  at  the 
base,  the  slender  branches  ascending,  erect  or  prostrate,  1-4  dm.  long,  puberu- 
lent.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate,  oval  or  suborbicular,  0.8-3  cm.  long,  puberulent 
or  glabrate,  sharply  serrate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  the  petioles  1-5  mm.  long;  pedicels  longer  than  the  petioles,  some- 
times 10  mm.  long;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate;  claw  of  the 
petal  much  longer  than  the  hooded  limb;  lobes  of  the  stamen-cup  longer  than 
the  anthers;  capsule  depressed-globose,  densely  muricate,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter. 


TAMARICACEAE.  279 

In  red  soil  pockets  and  red-lands,  New  Trovidence,  Cat  Island,  Great  Exuma, 
Long  Island.  Great  Ragged  Island.  Fortune  Island.  Acklin's,  Crooked  Island,  Marl- 
guana  and  Ambergris  Cay  : — the  Florida  Keys  and  Texas  to  California  ;  West  In- 
dies, south  to  Guadelope  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Common  Ayenia. 

Order  17.     HYPERICALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  the  flowers  mostly  complete,  perfect  and 
regular  (irregular  in  Violaceae).  Sepals  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united, 
imbricated  or  convolute.  Petals  present  and  distinct  or  wanting.  Stamens 
usually  numerous.     Ovary  compound,  superior;  placentae  mostly  parietal. 

styles  none  ;  trees  or  shrubs  with  small  imbricated  leaves.  Fam.  1.  Tamaricacpae. 

Styles  present,  separate  or  united. 
Styles  separate  or  partly  united. 

Stigmas  not  brush-like  ;  endosperm  little  or  none. 
Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  rarely  trees ;  flowers  per- 
fect ;  stamens  distinct.  Fam.  2.  Hypeuicaceae. 
Trees  or  shrubs  ;  stamens  mostly  united. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous  ;  placentae 

asile.  Fam.  3.  Clusiaceae. 

Flowers  perfect ;  placentae  parietal.  Fam.  4.  Canellaceae. 

Stigmas  brush-like  ;  endosperm  copious.  Fam.  5.  Turneraceae. 

Styles  completely  united  ;  endosperm  fleshy.  Fam.  G.  Flacourtiaceae. 

Family  1.     TAMARICACEAE  Lindl. 

Tamarisk  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  relatively  small  or 
scale-like,  entire,  often  imbricated.  Flowers  mainly  perfect,  regular, 
usually  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  of  5,  or  rarely  4  or  6,  imbricated 
sepals.  Corolla  of  5,  or  rarely  4  or  6,  distinct  imbricated  petals.  Disk 
10-lobed  or  obsolete.  Stamens  5  to  many;  filaments  distinct,  free;  anthers 
opening  lengthwise.  Ovai*y  1-celled,  superior,  with  3-5  basal  placentae. 
Stigmas  3-5,  distinct.  Ovules  2-many  on  each  placenta.  Fniit  a  capsule. 
Seeds  erect,  terminating  in  a  coma.  Four  genera  and  about  100  species, 
natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  TAMARIX  L.  Sp.  PI.  270.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  irregularly  and  T\iclely  branching  stems,  the  wood 
firm.  Leaves  small,  scale-like,  clasping  or  sheathing.  Flowers  in  dense  spikes, 
racemes  or  panicles."  Sepals  4  or  5,  rarely  6,  distinct.  Petals  white  or  pink, 
inserted  under  the  lobed  disk,  distinct.  Stamens  5-10;  filaments  not  adnata 
to  the  corolla.  Stigmas  2-5,  short.  Seeds  numerous.  Endosperm  wanting. 
[Latin  name.]     About  60  species,  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Tamarix  gallica  L.  Sp.  PI.  270.     1753. 

A  shrub  or  a  small  tree,  with  slender  spreading  branches,  the  branchlets 
very  numerous,  approximate  or  clustered,  completely  clothed  with  the  imbri- 
cated, scale-like,  acute  leaves  which  are  1  mm.  long  or  less;  spikes  numerous,  in 
panicles;  sepals  triangular,  about  0.5  mm.  long;  petals  white  or  pinkish; 
capsule  pyramidal,  about  1  mm.  long. 

W\iste  places,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  South  Caicos  and  Grand  Turk 
Island  : — Naturalized  from  southern  Europe  in  various  localities  from  New  York  to 
New  Mexico  and  southward,  and  in  Bermuda  and  the  West  Indies.     Tamarisk. 


280  CLUSIACEAE. 

Family  2.     HYPERICACEAE  Lindl. 

St.  John's-wort  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  small  trees  in  tropical  regions,  with  oppo- 
site, or  rarely  verticillate,  simple  entire  or  rarely  giandular-eiliate  or 
dentate  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  solitary  or  cymose-panieulate  flowers. 
Foliage  pellucid-punctate  or  black-dotted.  Flowers  regular  and  perfect. 
Sepals  5  or  4,  imbricated.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  hypogynous,  gen- 
erally oblique  or  contorted.  Stamens  oc ,  hypogynous,  often  in  sets  of  3  or 
5;  anthers  versatile  or  innate,  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
1-7-eelled,  composed  of  1-7  carpels;  styles  as  many  as  the  carpels;  ovules 

00,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit  mainly  capsular  with  sep- 
ticidal  dehiscence;  seeds  mainly  straight;  endosperm  none.  About  10 
genera  and  more  than  300  species,  mainly  of  temperate  and  wann  regions. 

1.  ASCYRUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  787.     1753. 

Leafy  glabrous  low  shrubs,  with  small  narrow  entire  black-punctate 
leaves,  the  flowers  bright  yellow.  Sepals  4,  in  2  pairs,  the  exterior  ones  broad 
and  round,  the  interior  smaller  and  narrower.  Petals  4,  oblique  or  slightly 
contorted,  deciduous.  Stamens  oo,  distinct,  or  united  in  clusters.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placentae;  styles  2-4,  Capsule  1-celled,  2-4-valved, 
dehiscent  at  the  placentae.  [Greek^  not  rough.]  About  6  species,  natives  of 
eastern  North  America,  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Type  species: 
Ascyrum  Jiypericoides  L. 

1.  Ascyrum  linifolium  Spach,  Hist.  Yeg.  Phan.  5:  459.     1836. 

An  erect  shrub,  3-6  dm.  high,  much  branched,  the  twigs  very  slender, 
densely  leafy.  Leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong  or  linear-spatulate,  nearly  sessile, 
obtuse,  1-2  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide;  flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs, 
very  short-peduncled;  outer  sepals  oblong,  acute,  6-8  mm.  long,  the  inner 
petal-like;  petals  widely  spreading  nearly  in  one  plane,  as  long  as  or  somewhat 
longer  than  the  outer  sepals;  capsule  linear-oblong,  beaked,  about  as  long  as 
the  outer  sepals. 

Pine-lands  and  palmetto-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Provi- 
dence : — Florida  to  Texas.     St.  Andrew's  Cross. 

Family  3.     CLUSIACEAE  Lindl.  • 

Clusia  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  sometimes  epiphytic,  with  resinous  sap,  opposite 
coriaceous  estipulate  entire  leaves,  the  small  or  large,  regular,  polyg- 
amous, dioecious  or  rarely  perfect  flowers  usually  clustered,  sometimes 
bracteolate.  Sepals  2-6,  rarely  more,  strongly  imbricated.  Petals  usually 
as  many  as  the  sepals,  sometimes  more,  hypogynous.  Staminate  flowers 
with  numerous  hypogynous  stamens,  the  filaments  united  or  distinct,  with 
or  without  a  imdimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  2-several-celled 
ovary,  and  as  many  sessile  or  sub-sessile  stigmas  as  there  are  ovary-cavities; 
staminodes  or  some  perfect  stamens  usually  present.  Fruit  baccate, 
drupaceous  or  capsular,  usually  fleshy.  Seeds  often  arillate;  endosperm 
none.     About  25  genera  and  over  250  species,  mostly  tropical. 


CANELLACEAE.  281 

1.  CLUSIA  L.   Sp.  PI.  509.     1753. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  resinous  sap,  often  epiphytic  or  half- 
climbing  on  other  trees  and  sometimes  strangling  them,  the  leaves  opposite, 
entire,  the  usually  polygamous,  large  flowers  solitary  or  cymose.  Sepals  4-16, 
imbricated.  Petals  4-9,  also  imbricated.  Stamens  many  in  the  staminate 
flowers,  fewer  in  the  pistillate  ones;  anthers  linear.  Pistillate  flowers  with 
several  or  many  staminodes;  ovary  4-12-celled;  stigmas  sess-ile,  radiating; 
ovules  many  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  leathery  or  fleshy,  at  length  dehiscent. 
Seeds  arillate,  the  embryo  small,  the  cotyledons  plano-convex.  [Commemorates 
Charles  de  I'Ecluse,  a  French  botanist  of  the  sixteenth  century.]  About  80 
species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.     Type  species:    Clusia  major  L. 

1.  Clusia  rosea  Jacq.  Enum.  34.     1760. 

A  tree  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  16  m.,  the  stout  twigs 
glabrous.  Leaves  obovate,  glabrous,  thick,  coriaceous,  rigid,  10-15  cm,  long, 
7-12  cm.  wide  above  the  middle,  closely  piunately  many-veined,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  stout  petioles  about  1  cm.  long;  flowers  solitary 
or  sometimes  2  together,  short-peduncled;  sepals  6,  rounded,  1-1.5  cm.  broad; 
petals  white  or  rose,  broadly  obovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  3-4  cm.  long,  broadly 
cuneate  at  the  base;  stigmas  7-9;  fruit  glcbose,  nearly  white,  5-8  em.  in 
diameter,  fleshy. 

Coastal  coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Inagua  and  East  Caicos  : — Florida; 
Cuba  to  Tortola,  and  to  Trinidad ;  Jamaica  ;  continental  tropical  America,  Catesby, 
2 :  pi.  99.     Pitch   Apple. 

Clusia  ffava  Jacq.,  a  tree  similar  to  C.  rosea,  with  cuneate-obovate  leaves  nnd 
yellow  flowers,  is  recorded  by  Schoepf,  as  seen  by  him  on  New  Providence  in  17S4. 

Family  4.      CANELLACEAE  IMart. 

Canella  Family. 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  pinnately  veined,  coriaceous  or 
subcoriaceons,  entire  estipulate  petioled  leaves,  and  corymbose  reunilar 
perfect  flowers.  Sepals  3,  distinct,  imbricated.  Petals  4-12,  or  wanting. 
Stamens  many,  the  filaments  united  into  a  tube,  the  anthers  extrorse. 
Ovary  superior,  1-celIed,  \vith  2-5  jDarietal  placentae;  ovules  2-severaI, 
nearly  anatropous;  style  stout;  stigma  2-o-lobed.  Fruit  baccate.  Seeds 
with  a  smooth  crusteaceous  testa;  embryo  subcylindric,  in  copious  fleshy 
endosperm.  Five  genera  and  seven  known  species,  of  tropical  America 
and  Africa. 

1.  CANELLA  P.  Br.  Hist.  Jam,  275.     1756, 

An  evergreen  tree,  glabrous  throughout,  with  coriaceous  loaves  and  term- 
inal bracteolate  corymbs  of  purple,  red  or  violet  flowers,  the  bark  and  leaves 
pleasantly  aromatic.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10-20,  the  filament-tube  not  ap- 
pendaged  by  scales,  the  anthers  contiguous,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae  each  bearing  2  ovules;  style  short;  stigma  2-3- 
lobed.  Berry  globose,  its  gelatinous  pulp  enclosing  few,  obovoid  to  orbicular 
seeds.     [Latin,  cinnamon.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

19 


282  TUENEEACEAE. 

1.  Canella  Winterana  (L.)  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  1:  373.     1788. 

Laiinis  Winterana  L.  Sp.  PI.   371.     1753. 
Winterana  Canella  L.  Syst.  Ed.   10,   1045.     1759. 
Canella  alba  Murray,  Syst.  Veg.  443.     1784. 

A  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  usually  much  smaller,  sometimes  shrubby,  the 
trunk  up  to  2.5  dm.  thick,  the  bark  grey.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
3-10  cm.  long,  dark  green  and  some^^hat  shining  above,  rather  dull  beneath, 
rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  not  prominently  veined,  the  slender  petioles 
about  1  cm.  long;  corymbs  few-several-flowered;  pedicels  slender;  sepals 
reniform-orbicular,  thick,  about  3  mm.  long,  ciliolate;  petals  obovate,  obtuse, 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  stamen-tube  3-4  mm.  long;  anthers  yellow; 
berry  crimson  or  nearly  black,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter;  seeds  black. 

White-lands,  scrub-lands  and  thickets,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera.  Rum  Cay,  Atwood  Cay.  Long  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Crooked  Island  and 
Little  Inagua  : — Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Canella.  Wild  Cinnamon.  White- 
wood  Bakk,     Cinnamon  Baek.     Catesby,  2  :  i)l.  50. 

Family  5.    TURNERACEAE  H.B.K. 

TuRNERA  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  leaves  mostly  serrate  and  often 
2-glandnlar  at  the  base,  the  flowers  regular,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx-lobes  or 
sepals  5,  imbricated.  Petals  5,  thin,  convolute,  fugacious.  Stamens  5, 
distinct,  opposite  the  sepals;  filaments  compressed  or  subulate;  anthers 
oblong.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  w-ith  3  parietal  placentae;  styles  3, 
filifonii,  simple  or  2-cleft ;  stigmas  usually  flabellate  and  many-cleft ;  ovules 
many,  anatropous.  '  Fruit  a  1-celled  capsule,  partly  or  completely  3-valved. 
Seeds  foveolate,  with  fleshy  endosperm  and  a  membranous  aril.  Four 
genera  and  about  80  species,  of  trojiical  and  subtropical  distribution. 

1.  TURNERA  L.  Sp.  PI.  271.     1753. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  toothed  leaves  and  solitary  axillary  yellow 
flowers,  the  peduncles  often  adnate  to  the  petioles.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals 
obovate  to  spatulate,  borne  on  the  calyx-throat.  Stamens  borne  below  the 
petals,  sometimes  hypogynous.  Ovary  sessile;  styles  filiform;  stigmas  several- 
many-cleft.  Capsule  3-valved  to  the  base,  mostly  many-seeded,  the  seeds  borne 
near  the  middle  of  the  valves,  oblong  or  cylindric,  curved,  the  aril  narrow.  [In 
honor  of  William  Turner,  herbalist,  the  ''Father  of  English  Botany,"  died 
1568.]  About  75  species,  nearly  all  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type 
species:   Turnera  ulmifolia  L. 

Calyx   5-fld   or   5-partite ;    styles   penicellate,    multifid ;    capsule   3- 

valved  above ;  leaves  laree.  1.   T.  nlmifolia. 

Calyx  5-dentate ;   styles  6-fid  at  summit ;   capsule  3-valved  to  the 

base  ;  leaves  small.  2.   T.  diffusa. 

1.  Turnera  ulmifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  271.     1753. 

Shrubby,  erect,  branched,  3-9  dm.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Leaves 
lanceolate  to  ovate-oblong,  thin,  short-petioled,  2-8  cm.  long,  serrate,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  2-glandular  base;  peduncles 
short;  bractlets  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx  deeply  5-lobed,  its 


PLACOIJETIACEAE.  283 

segments  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  petals  obovate,  1-3  cm.  long;  capsules 
6-10  mm.  long,  much  shorter  than  the  bractlets,  3-valved  above. 

Rocky  plains  and  white-lands,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros,  the  Calces 
Islands.  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  the  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to 
tropical  South  America.  Consists  of  numerous  races,  differing  in  leaf-form,  pubes- 
cence and  size  of  flowers.     Buttercups.     Yellow  Aldek.     Lak(;e-li:aveij  Tuunkua. 

2.  Turnera  diffusa  Willd.;  Schultes,  Syst.  6:  679.     1820. 

Triads  microphylla  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  297.     1860. 

A  pubescent,  much-branched  shrub,  2  dm.  to  1.3  m.  high,  the  branches 
slender,  spreading.  Leaves  small,  5-20  mm.  long,  ?patulate  or  oblanceolate, 
firm  in  texture,  coarsely  few-toothed,  nearly  sessile,  deeply  im.presscd-veined 
and  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  attenuate 
to  the  base,  the  margin  revolute ;  peduncles  very  short ;  calyx  5-toothed ;  petals 
spatulate,  3-8  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  calyx-teeth ;  stamens  very  short ; 
capsule  subglobose,  about  1.5  mm.  in  diameter,  3-valved  to  the  base. 

Rocky  plains  and  white-lands.  Whale  Cay,  Joulter's  Cay,  New  Providence,  Eleu- 
thera.  Cat  Island,  Rum  Cay,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Great  Exuma,  Crooked  Island,  Ack- 
lin's  and  Inagua  : — Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  St.  Croix.     Small-leaved  Tuknera. 

Family  6.     FLACOURTIACEAE  Lindl. 

Flacourtia  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple,  usually  dentate  leaves,  the 
stipules  minute  or  wanting,  the  small  regular  flowers  usually  clustered, 
perfect,  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  3-7-lobed  or  of  3-7  distinct 
sepals.  Petals  as  many  as  the  calyx-lolDes  or  sepals,  or  rarely  more,  or 
wanting.  Stamens  few  or  numerous,  in  some  genera  alternating  with 
staminodia;  filaments  distinct  or  connate;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  su- 
perior, 1-celled;  ovules  few  or  numerous,  on  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  cap- 
sular or  baccate.  About  70  genera,  including  over  500  species,  of  tropical 
regions. 

Petals  present.  1-  Banara. 
Petals  none. 

Stamens  hypogynous  ;  leaves  not  punctate.  2.  lli/roxi/lon. 
Stamens  perigynous  ;  leaves  mostly  punctate. 

Style  none  :  stamens  numerous.  3.  Zuclania. 

Style  present;  stamens  6-15.  4.  Cascana. 

1.  BANARA  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  1:  547.     1775. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  petioled,  somewhat  inequilateral,  usually 
glandular-dentate  and  punctate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  small  perfect 
flowers  in  racemes,  corymbs  or  panicles.  Calyx  persistent,  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes 
valvate.  Petals  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  similar  to  them,  persistent, 
imbricated.  Stamens  many,  with  filiform  filaments;  staminodia  none.  Ovary 
superior,  1-celled  or  by  intrusion  of  the  placentae  nearly  several-celled;  ovules 
many;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  fleshy  or  leathery,  indehiscent, 
many-seeded  berry.  Seeds  striate,  the  endosperm  fleshy.  [Guiana  name.] 
About  15  species,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Tyjie  species:  Banara  rjuian- 
ensis  Aubl. 


284  FLACOURTIACEAE. 

1.  Banara  reticulata  Griseb.  Cat.  PL  Cub.  8.     1866. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  1-3  m.  high  or  a  small  tree  up  to  about  8  m.  high,  the 
slender  twigs  terete.  Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  coriaceous,  2.5-7  cm. 
long,  somewhat  inequilateral,  low-serrate  with  blunt  teeth,  rounded,  obtuse  or 
some  of  them  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
densely  and  strongly  reticulate-veined,  shining  above,  the  petioles  4-8  mm. 
long;  corymbs  several-many-flowered,  3-6  cm.  broad;  pedicels  5-10  mm.  long, 
thickened  in  fruit ;  calyx  about  5  mm.  long,  its  segments  broadly  ovate,  rounded, 
puberulent  and  ciliolate;  petals  yellowish^  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  fruit 
ovoid,  red,  about  8  mm.  long,  tipped  by  the  style. 

Rocky  pine-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleutliera  and  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba. 
Banara.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  1,2. 

2.  MYROXYLON  Forst.  Char.  Gen.  126.     1776. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  usually  spiny,  with  usually  toothed,  sometimes  spinulose- 
dentate  leaves  and  small,  dioecious  or  polygamous  flowers,  fascicled  or  short- 
racemose  in  the  axils.  Sepals  4  or  5,  imbricated.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens 
several  or  numerous,  borne  on  a  glandular  disk,  the  anthers  versatile.  Ovary 
with  2-6  parietal  placentae;  ovules  few  or  several;  style  simple  or  cleft,  some- 
times very  short ;  stigmas  dilated,  rarely  lobed.  Fruit  a  small,  2-several-seeded 
berry,  the  seeds  obovoid.  [Greek,  balsam  wood.]  About  30  species,  tropical 
and  subtropical  in  distribution.     Type  species:  Myroxylon  suaveolens  Forst. 

Leaves  shining  above  :  fruit  globose.  1.  M.  ilicifolium. 

Leaves  dull  above  ;  fruit  obovoid-oblong.  2.  31.  hahamense. 

1.  Myroxylon  ilicifolium   (Xorthrop)  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   141. 

1906. 

Xylosma  ilicifoUa  Xorthrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:   51.     1902. 

A  shrub,  3  m,  high  or  less,  much  branched,  the  twigs  slender,  the  stem  and 
branches  usually  armed  with  slender,  often  branched  spines.  Leaves  oval  to 
obovate  or  oblanceolate,  coriaceous,  short-petioled,  2-3  cm.  long,  entire  or  with 
1-3  spinulose-tipped  teeth,  the  apex  acute  and  spinulose,  the  base  narrowed, 
the  upper  surface  strongly  shining,  the  lateral  venation  obscure ;  fascicles  few- 
flowered;  pedicels  of  staminate  flowers  slender,  2-4  mm.  long;  sepals  yellow  or 
greenish,  ciliate,  about  1  mm.  long;  pedicels  of  pistillate  flowers  1-2  mm.  long; 
berry  bluish-black,  globose,  about  5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices,  and  pine-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleutbera,  Cat  Island. 
Endemic.  Holly-leaved  Mtroxylox.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Xiilosma  nitidum  A. 
Gray  and  as  X  huxifoliiim ;  and  by  Hitchcock  as  If.  huxifolium  paucifiorum. 

2.  Myroxylon  feahamense  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  141.     1906. 

An  intricately  branched  shrub  or  small  tree  4  m.  high  or  less,  the  trunk 
and  larger  limbs  densely  armed  with  branched  spines  5  cm.  long  or  less.  "Wood 
yellowish-white,  very  hard  and  dense;  twigs  armed  with  subulate  spines  1.5  cm. 
long  or  less ;  leaves  ovate  or  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  coriaceous,  6-30  mm,  long, 
scarcely  shining  above,  dull  and  paler  green  beneath  than  above,  entire  or  with 
1  to  4  blunt  teeth,  the  apex  acute,  the  base  rounded,  or  narrowed,  the  petiole 
about  1  mm.  long;  fruit  obovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  6  mm.  long,  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence.  Endemic. 
Bahama  Myroxylon. 


FLACOURTIACEAE.  285 

3.  ZUELANIA  A.  Rich.  Ess.  Fl.  Cub.  88.     1845. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  petioled  s.errate  punctate  leaves,  and 
small  fascicled  flowers,  the  pedicels  jointed,  bracted  at  the  base.  Calyx  i-o- 
lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  20-40,  alternating  ^^:th 
staminodia.  Ovary  superior;  ovules  numerous,  on  parietal  placentae;  stigma 
almost  sessile,  peltate.  Fruit  a  large  globose  fleshy,  berry-like  capsule,  at 
length  dehiscent  Seeds  numerous,  arillate,  with  fleshy  endosperm.  [Commem- 
orates Jose  Maria  Yalenzuela,  a  Cuban  botanical  collector.]  One  or  two  West 
Indian  species,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Zuelania  Guidonia  (Sw.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Laeiia  Guidonia  Sw\  Prodr.  83.     1788. 

Zuelania  laetioides  A.  Rich.  Ess.  Fl.  Cub.  88.     1845. 

Casearia  laetioides  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  55.     1902. 

A  tree,  up  to  about  30  m.  high,  usually  much  smaller,  the  stout  twigs 
densely  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  thin,  deciduous,  oblong  to  oblong-lance- 
olate or  elliptic,  7-20  cm.  long,  low-crenate  or  nearly  entire,  strongly  piunately 
veined,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  rounded  and  mostly  some- 
what oblique  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  pubescent  beneath,  the 
petioles  1  cm.  long  or  less;  fascicles  many-flowered;  pedicels  pubescent,  G-10 
mm.  long;  sepals  pubescent,  suborbicular,  about  7  mm.  long;  staminodia  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  stamens;  fruit  subglobose,  3-5  em.  in  diameter. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lauds,  Abaco,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  .Jamaica. 

ZUELAKIA. 

4.  CASEARIA  Jacq.  Enum.  4,  21.     1760. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  sometimes  spinescent,  with  alternate,  mostly  toothed  and 
punctate  or  lineate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  small  regular  green  or  yellowish 
flowers  in  bracted,  lateral  fascicles  or  umbels,  the  pedicels  jointed  at  or  above 
the  base.  Calyx-lobes  4-6,  imbricated.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  6-15;  fila- 
ments distinct  or  united  below,  alternating  with  staminodia.  Ovary  superior; 
ovules  many,  borne  on  parietal  placentae;  style  short,  undivided  or  3-cleft; 
stigma  capitate.  Capsule  dry  or  fleshy,  3-4-valved,  several-many-seeded. 
Seeds  with  a  fleshy  aril,  the  testa  coriaceous;  endosperm  fleshy.  [Commemo- 
rates John  Casearius,  a  Dutch  missionary  of  the  seventeenth  century.]  Over 
75  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Type  species:  Casearia 
nitida  (L.)  Jacq. 

Leaves  ovate,  glabrous,  shining;  flowers  in  stalked  glabrous  cymes.    1.  C.  balunncnsis. 
Leaves  obovate  to  elliptic,  pubescent  at  least  when  j^oung ;  cj-mes 

sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  densely  puberulent.  2.  C.  spincsccns. 

1.  Casearia  bahamensis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  322.     1902. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree  sometimes  4-5  m.  high,  much-branched, 
the  twigs  slender  and  terete.  Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic,  subcoriaccous,  1.5-7  cm. 
long,  obtuse,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
crenulate,  shining  above,  and  finely  reticulate-veined,  the  petioles  6-12  mm. 
long;  cymes  axillary,  peduncled,  several-flowered;  pedicels  slender,  5-lU  mm. 
long;  calyx  about  5  mm.  long,  densely  short-pilose  within;  stamens  shorter  than 
the  calyx;  staminodia  1-1.5  mm.  long,  short-pilose;  fruit  subglobose,  yellow, 
5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  1-5-seeded. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices.  Andros,  New  I'rovidcnfc  and  (Ireat  Kxuma  : — Cuba. 
Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Casearia  scrnihita  Sw.     Smooth  C.\si:.vi:i.\. 


286  PASSIFLORACEAE. 


2.  Casearia  spinescens  (Sw.)  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  10.     1866. 

Samyda  spinescens  Sw.  Prodr.  68.     1788. 

A  shrub,  3  m.  high  or  less,  or  a  small  tree  about  4  m.  high,  unarmed,  or 
with  short  spinescent  spurs,  the  branches  sometimes  elongated  and  vine-like, 
the  young  twigs  appressed-pubescent.  Leaves  obovate  to  oval  or  elliptic, 
membranous,  2-7  em.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
low-crenate,  pubescent  on  both  sides  when  young,  becoming  glabrate,  the 
petioles  2-8  mm.  long ;  cymes  several-flowered,  pubescent,  sessile  in  the  axils  or 
on  leafless  twigs;  pedicels  stout;  calyx  pubescent,  5-6  mm,  long,  green,  about 
as  long  as  the  pedicel,  its  rounded  segments  ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse;  stami- 
nodia  ovate,  broad,  a  little  shorter  than  the  stamens;  fruit  oblong,  1.5-2  cm. 
long. 

Coppices,  New  Providence,  at  Waterloo ;  Andros.  near  Crow  Hill : — Cuba  ;  His- 
paniola  ;  Tobago  ;  Trinidad  ;  Guiana.  Recorded  in  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5  :  316,  as 
C.  alha  A.  Rich.,  following  Grisebach.     Spiny  Caseaeia. 

Order  18.     PASSIFLORALES. 

Herbs,  tendril-bearing  vines,  shrubby  plants,  or  succulent  trees  with  a 
milky  sap.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  perfect,  or  when 
dioecious,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  \ery  different.  Calyx  of  5  more  or 
less  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  or  partially  united  petals,  some- 
times accompanied  by  a  fringed  crown.  Stamens  5  or  10  in  2  unequal 
rows.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  3-5  parietal  placentae.  Stigmas 
entire,  notched  or  forked.     Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

Corolla  accompanied  bj-  a  crown   (corona)  ;  flowers  perfect,  all  alike. 

Fam,  1.  Passifloeaceae. 
Corolla  not  accompanied  by  a  crown  ;  flowers  mainly  dioe- 
cious, the  staminate  and  pistillate  different.  Fam.  2.  Caeicaceae. 

Family  1.     PASSIFLORACEAE  Dumort. 

Passion-flower  Family. 

Vines,  climbing-  by  tendrils,  or  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  petioled  usually 
palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx-tube  persistent. 
Petals  usually  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  distinct,  or  in  some 
species  united.  Stamens  5.  Throat  of  the  calyx  crowned  with  a  double 
or  triple  fringe.  Filaments  subulate  or  filiform,  monadelphous,  or  sepa- 
rate. Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  1-celled;  placentae  3-5,  parietal;  styles 
1-5.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule,  usually  many-seeded.  About  18  genera 
and  350  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions,  most  abundant  in  South 
America. 

1.  PASSIFLORA  L.  Sp.  PI.  955.     1753. 

Climbing  tendril-bearing  vines,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves, 
and  large  axillary  flowers,  on  jointed,  often  bracted  peduncles.  Calyx- tube 
cup-shaped  or  campanulate,  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  narrow,  imbricated  in  the 
bud,  its  throat  crowned  with  a  fringe  called  the  corona.  Petals  4  or  5  (rarely 
none),  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  oblong,  stalked.  Filaments 
monadelphous  in  a  tube  around  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  separate  above;    an- 


PASSIFLOKACEAE.  287 

tliers  narrow,  versatile.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  Seeds  pulpy-arilled.  flat, 
ovate;  endosperm  fleshy.  [Flower  of  the  Cross,  or  Passion,  as  emblematic  of 
the  crucifixion.]  Aljout  300  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America,  a  few  in 
Asia  and  Australia.     Type  species:   Passiflora  incarnata  L. 

Calyx  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  3  pectinate  or  incised  bracts. 
Bracts  pectinate  into  filiform  segments. 

Plant  villous-pubescent ;  leaves  flaccid.  1.   P.foctida. 

Plant  glabrous    or    somewhat    glandular ;    leaves    firm    in 

texture.  2    p  hahamcnsis. 

Bracts  Imear-lanceolate,  irregularly  incised-pectinate.  3.  P.  pcvtinaiu 

Calyx  not  subtended  by  an  involucre. 

Petals  none.  4.   P.  palliilu. 

Petals  5. 

Leaves  softly  pubescent  or  glabrate. 

Leaves  oblong,  entire.  ,5.  P.  multi flora. 

Leaves  broader  than  long,  2-lobed,  cordate.  6.  P.  rubra. 

Leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  2-lobed,  wider  than  long.  7.  P.  hiflora. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong,  narrower  than  long.  8.  P.  cupraca. 

1.  Passiflora  fodtida  L.  Sp.  PI.  959.     1753. 

Herbaceous,  villous  and  glandular-viscid,  trailing  or  climbing,  sometimes 
2.5  m.  long.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-orbicular  in  out- 
line, 3-lobed  or  3-angled,  flaccid,  irregularly  low-dentate,  3-12  cm.  long,  cor- 
date or  subcordate  at  the  base,  acute  at  the  apex,  the  stipules  5-10  mm.  long, 
pinnatisect;  peduncles  1-3  in  the  axils,  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles,  not 
jointed;  involucre  of  3  finely  pinnatisect  bracts  2-4  cm.  long,  the  ultimate 
segments  nearly  filiform,  gland-tipped;  calyx  5-parted,  1..5-2.5  cm.  long; 
petals  white  or  pinkish,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  crown  pink,  of  three  series 
of  segments;  berry  ovoid,  2-4  cm.  long,  nearly  dry  when  mature. 

Roadsides,  New  Providence : — West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America, 
north  to  Texas.     Viscid  Passion-flower. 

2.  Passiflora  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5:  315.     1907. 

Stems  slender,  purple,  usually  trailing,  sometimes  climbing  on  low  shrubs, 
0.5--1.5  m.  long.  Tendrils  wiry,  mostly  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  peti- 
oles 1-3  cm.  long,  bearing  scattered  stalked  glands,  rarely  glandless;  stipules 
small,  glandular-fimbriate ;  leaf -blades  firm  in  texture,  panduriform,  7  cm. 
long,  or  less,  3-loT3ed,  cordate  at  the  base,  shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the 
basal  lobes  rounded  or  somewhat  angled,  one  fourth  to  one  half  as  long  as 
the  acute  middle  one,  the  margin  with  stalked  glandular  hairs  all  around; 
peduncles  glabrous,  longer  than  the  petioles;  involucre-segments  bipinnatisect, 
2-3  cm.  long,  with  very  numerous  stalked  glands;  calyx-segments  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute;  petals  ovate-oblong,  about  2  cm,  long;  crown  purple,  its 
outer  segments  about  three  fourths  as  long  as  the  petals;  berry  globose,  about 
2  cm.  in  diameter,  bright  red  and  sMning  when  ripe,  its  stalk  above  the  per- 
sistent involucre  6-&  mm.  long;  seeds  oblong,  rough,  4  mm.  long. 

Pine-lands,  coppices,  white-lands  and  sandy  soil,  Andros  :  New  Providence :  Cat 
Island.  Endemic.  Referred  by  Grisebach  and  by  I>olley  to  the  Jamaican  P.  ciliata 
Ait.,  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  P.  pectinata  Griseb.     Bahama  Passion-floweh. 

3.  Passiflora  pectinata  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  294.     1860. 

Glabrous,  high-climbing  or  trailing.  Leaves  ovate,  rather  firm  in  texture, 
3-8  cm.  long,  crenate,  5-7-nerved,  somewhat  contracted  near  tlie  middle,  cor- 
date at  the  base,  acute  or  blunt  at  the  apex,  with  minute  glands  at  the  ends 
of  the  veins,  the  petioles  2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  eglandular;  tendrils  slender,  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  or  longer;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  about  6  cm. 
broad,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles;   involucre  of  3  linear  pectinate 


288  PASSIFLORACEAE. 

or  pinnatifid  bracts  about  2.5  cm.  long;  crown  about  one  half  as  long  as  tlie 
oblong  white  sepals;  fruit  ellipsoid,  red,  slightly  fleshy^  about  2.5  cm.  long; 
seeds  rough. 

Littoral  sands  and  savannas,  Little  San  Salvador,  Cat  Island,  Conception 
Island,  Watling's  Island,  Cave  Cay,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Acklin's 
Island,  Crooked  Island.  Fortune  Island,  Green  Cay,  South  Caicos,  Grand  Turk,  Little 
Ambergris  Cay,  and  the  Inaguas  : — Bermuda  ;  Hispaniola.  The  plant  recorded  by 
Hitchcock  as  P.  ciUata  riparia  Wr.  proves  to  be  the  above  species.  Pectinate 
Passiox-flower.     Wild  Apricot. 

4.  Passiflora  pallida  L.  Sp.  PI.  955.     1753. 

Passiffora  minima  L.  Sp.  PI.  959.     1753, 
Passiflora  suberosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  958.     1753. 
Passiflora  angustifolia  Sw.  Prodr.  97.     1788. 

A  slender  vine,  with  nearl}^  glabrous  or  pubescent  foliage.  Leaves  ovate 
to  linear,  6-15  cm.  long,  ciliate,  5-nerved  at  the  broadly  cuneate  or  cordate 
base,  entire,  toothed,  or  3-lobed  to  abo-^e  the  middle,  the  lobes  ovate  or  tri- 
angular, acute  or  acuminate,  the  middle  one  much  the  larger;  petioles  5-15 
mm.  long,  each  with  2  glands  at  or  above  the  middle;  peduncles  surpassing 
the  petioles,  commonly  in  pairs;  calyx  greenish,  2-2.5  cm.  broad;  sepals 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate;  8-12  mm.  long;  corolla  wanting;  crown-fila- 
ments purple  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  berries  subglobose  or  oval, 
10-12  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  the  Berry 
Islands  to  East  Caicos.  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda ;  Florida ;  West  Indies ; 
continental   tropical  America. 

The  species  consists  of  a  large  number  of  races,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  the  leaves 
varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  nearly  orbicular,  and  the  fruit  from  globose  to 
ellipsoid.  Pteferred  to  by  Hitchcock  as  P.  villosa  Macf.  Juxiper-bekry.  Sisiall 
Passion-flower.     Catesby,  2  :  p7.  51. 

5.  Passiflora  multiflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  956.     1753. 

A  somewhat  woody,  slender  vine,  climbing  to  a  length  of  6  m.  or  more, 
the  stems  and  leaves  finely  pubescent  or  sometimes  glabrous.  Leaves  oblong 
or  ovate-oblong,  5-12  cm.  long,  entire,  pinnately  veined  and  triplinerved, 
reticulate-veined  beneath,  obtuse  or  acute  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse, rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  short  petiole  2-glandular  at  the 
top;  peduncles  2-6  together  in  the  axils,  slender,  jointed  near  the  middle,  5-15 
mm.  long;  involucre  none;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  greenish-yellow,  about  6 
mm.  long;  petals  linear,  Avhite,  shorter  than  the  sepals;  carpophore  none; 
berry  globose,  6-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros  ;  New  Providence  ;  Eleuthera  : — Florida  ;  Cuba 
to  Tortolo.     Oblong-leaved  Passion-flower. 

6.  Passiflora  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI.  956.     1753. 

A  softly  pubescent,  slightly  woody  vine^  sometimes  2  m.  long  or  more. 
Leaves  thin,  eglandular,  broader  than  long,  7-12  cm.  broad,  5-nerved,  deeply 
cordate  at  the  base,  broadly  2-lobed  or  subtruncate,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute  or 
acutish,  the  midvein  excurrent,  the  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  peduncles  solitary 
or  2  in  the  axils,  slender  or  filiform,  longer  than  the  petioles,  jointed  below 
the  flower;  flowers  3-5  cm.  broad,  greenish-white,  the  5  sepals  somewhat 
longer  than  the  5  petals;  crown  of  3  series  of  subulate  processes,  about  as 
long  as  the  petals;  berry  oval  or  subglobose,  pubescent^  6-ribbed,  2-4  cm.  in 
diameter,  longer  than  the  carpophore. 

Open  fields  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco  ;  New  Providence  : — Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and 
Trinidad ;  Jamaica  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Broad-lea\'ed  Passion-flower. 


CAEICACEAE.  289 

7.  Passiflora  'bifldra  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  36.     1789. 

Passiflora  lunata  Wilkl.  Sp.  PI.  3:   612.     1801. 

GlaTDrous,  somewhat  woody,  1  m.  long  or  longer.  Leaves  chartaceous, 
2-lobed,  mostly  broader  than  long,  5-8  cm.  broad,  ocellate  beneath,  strongly 
3-nerved,  reticulate-veined  on  both  surfaces,  subcordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base, 
shining  above,  dull  beneath^  the  lobes  obtuse  or  rounded,  the  slender  gland- 
less  petioles  1-4-  cm.  long;  flowers  white,  about  2  cm.  broad,  solitary  or  in 
pairs  in  the  axils,  the  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  longer;  flower- 
tube  campanulate;  crown  white  or  yellowish,  its  outer  segments  spreading, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  dilated  above;  berry  subglobose,  about  2  cm.  in 
diameter,  fleshy. 

Pine-lands,  Abaco,  New  Providence : — Jamaica ;  tropical  continental  America. 
Two-LOBED   Passiok-flower.     Apparently   recorded  by   Shoepf  as  P.   Vespertilio   L. 

8.  Passiflora  cupraea  L.  Sp.  PI.  955.     1753. 

A  somewhat  woody,  glabrous  vine,  1-2  m.  long.  Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic, 
rather  thin,  short-petioled,  3-5  cm.  long,  3-nerved,  dark  green,  rounded  and 
mucrouulate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined 
on  both  sides,  with  a  few  distant  flat  circular  glands  beneath;  peduncles 
longer  than  the  petioles,  jointed  at  about  the  middle;  calyx  white  to  red  or 
purple,  2-3  cm.  long;  petals  narrowly  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  crown- 
segments  few,  linear;  carpophore  2-3  cm.  long;  berry  globose,  10-20  mm.  in 
diameter,   dark  purple. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices,  and  coastal  thickets,  Abaco  and  the  Berry  Islands  to 
South  Bimini,  Andres,  Inagua,  North  Caicos,  the  Anguilla  Isles  and  Cay'  Sal : — Cuba. 
Devil's  Pumpkin.    Wild  Watermelon.     Smooth  Passion-flower.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  93. 

Family  2.     CARICACEAE  Dumort. 
Papaw  Fa:mily. 

Trees,  with  milky  sap,  ample  broad  palmately  7-9-lobed  leaves  and 
unisexual,  or  rarely  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  short.  Staminate  flowers  with 
a  salver-shaped  corolla,  its  tube  slender;  the  lobes  5,  valvate  or  convolute; 
stamens  10,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short;  anthers 
adnate  to  the  filaments,  2-celled.  Pistillate  flowers  with  5  distinct  petals 
and  no  staminodia;  ovary  compound,  1-celled,  or  sometimes  imperfectly 
5-celled,  free,  sessile;  stigmas  5,  sessile;  ovules  numerous,  in  two  or  many 
series  on  the  5  placentae.  Fruit  a  large  fleshy  ben-y.  Seeds  numerous, 
flattened,  with  a  roughened  testa;  endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  axile.  There 
are  two  genera,  the  following  composed  of  about  25  species  of  tropical  and 
subtroj)ical  distribution,  and  Jacaratia  of  tropical  Africa  and  America, 
w^hich  differs  from  Carica  by  having  the  stamens  partly  united. 

1.  CARICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1036.     1753. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Named  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
fruit  to  that  of  the  Fig.]      Tj-pe  species:   Carica  Papaija  L. 

L  Carica  Papaya  L.  Sp.  PI.  1036.     1753. 

A  small  tree,  with  a  simple  wand-like  stem,  3-6  m.  tall,  leafy  at  the  top. 
Laves  large,  thick,  suborbicular  in  outline,  2-6   dm.  broad,  mostly  palmately 


290  LOASACEAE. 

7-lobecl,  pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  each  lobe  pinnately  lobed,  the  segments 
obtuse  or  acute,  or  the  larger  ones  acuminate;  petioles  stout;  staminate  flow- 
ers in  slender  panicles  1-several  dm.  long;  calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers 
1-1.0  mm.  long,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers  5-10  mm.  long,  the  lobes  longer 
than  the  tube;  corolla  yellow,  that  of  the  staminate  flowers  2.5-3  cm.  long, 
its  tube  slender,  dilated  near  the  top,  its  lobes  lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate, 
barely  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  longer,  the  petals 
distinct,  lanceolate,  twisted;  berries  oblong  to  subglobose,  0.6-3  dm.  long, 
yellow  or  orange,  with  a  milky  juice. 

Scrub-lands,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Eleuthera,  on  the  margin  of  the 
salt  pond  about  half  way  between  the  Glass  Window  and  Gregory  Town,  Andros 
and  Inagua  : — naturalized  in  many  places  in  the  ^Yest  Indian  Islands,  and  in  Florida, 
its  native  home  unknown,  but,  doubtless,  in  tropical  America.     Papaw. 

Order  19.     LOASALES. 

Herbs,  often  armed  with  hooked  stinging  or  viscid  hairs,  with  estipulate 
leaves,  and  regular  perfect  white  yellow  or  reddish  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovaiy,  its  limb  4--5-lobed,  persistent.  Petals  4  or  5,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  oc ,  inserted  with  the  petals ;  filaments 
filiform,  commonly  arranged  in  clusters  opposite  the  petals;  anthers  in- 
trorse.  Ovary  1-celled  (rarely  2-3-celled),  with  2-3  parietal  placentae; 
ovules  anatropous.  Capsule  usually  1-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx-limb. 
Seeds  mostly  numerous;  endosperm  scanty. 

Family  1.     LOASACEAE  Rchb. 

LoASA  Family. 

Characters  of  the  order.  About  20  genera  and  250  species,  all  but  1 
natives  of  America. 

1.  MENTZELIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  516.     1753. 

Erect  or  straggling  herbs,  with  entire,  lobed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
terminal,  cymose  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx-tube  cylindric,  linear  or  club- 
shaped,  the  limb  usually  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  the  bud,  spreading, 
deciduous.  Stames  20-100.  Ovary  1-celled;  styles  3,  more  or  less  united; 
stigmas  small,  obtuse.  Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  summit,  few-many-seeded. 
Seeds  mostly  prismatic,  rough  or  striate.  [In  honor  of  C.  Mentzel,  a  German 
botanist,  died  1701.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species: 
Mentzelia  aspera  L. 

1.  Mentzelia  floridana  Nutt.;  Torr.  &■  Gray,  Fl.  K  Am.  1:  533.     1840. 

Ascending  or  diffusely  branched,  3-6  dm.  high,  the  slender  stem  and 
branches  rough-pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  scabrous-pubes- 
cent, rather  firm  in  texture,  short-petioled,  2-9  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  subtruncate  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  dentate,  sometimes 
3-lobed;  flowers  sessile  and  solitary  in  the  upper  axils;  sepals  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  5-6  mm.  long;  petals  yellow,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  ovary  obconicj  densely  hispid;  capsule  hispid,  1-1.5  cm.  long. 

Sandy  waste  grounds,  Eleuthera,  near  Governor's  Harbor  : — Florida.  Florida 
Mentzelia. 


I 


CACTACEAE.  291 

Order  20.     OPUNTIALES. 

Fleshy  plants,  with  continuous  or  jointed  stems,  mostly  leafless,  or  with 
small  leaves,  generally  abundantly  spiny,  the  spines  developed  from 
cushions  of  hairs  or  bristles  (areolae).  Flowers  mostly  solitary  and  sessile, 
perfect,  regailar,  showy.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  many- 
lobed.  Petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  several  rows,  mostly  distinct.  Sta- 
mens numerous,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  filiform; 
anthers  small.  Ovary  1-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  borne  on 
several  parietal  placentae.  Style  terminal,  elongated;  stigmas  numerous. 
Fruit  a  beriy,  mostly  fleshy,  sometimes  dry.  Seeds  smooth,  or  tubercled, 
the  testa  usually  crustaceous  or  bony;  endosperm  little,  or  copious.  Only 
one  family. 

Family  1.     CACTACEAE  Lindl. 
Cactus  Family. 

Characters  of  the  order.  About  100  genera  and  not  less  than  1000 
species,  natives  of  America. 

Areoles  with  spines  but  without  glochides  ;  corolla  not  rotate. 
Plants  tall  or  long,  erect  or  climbing. 

Plants  tall,  mostly  erect,  with   ribbed,  columnar  branches. 
Flowers    short-campanulate,    the   style    exserted ;    fruit 

smooth.  1.  Ccphaloccms. 

Flowers    elongated-campanulate,     the    style    Included ; 

fruit  tubercled  when  young.  2.  Harrisia. 

Plants  climbing  or  trailing,  with  aerial  roots ;  flowers  noc- 
turnal, large,  widely  campanulate. 
Joints  sharply  trigonous  ;  corolla-tube  not  woolly.  S.  Hi/loccrcus. 

Joints  terete,"^  ribbed  or  -l-S-angled  ;  corolla-tube  woolly.      4.  Sclcniccrtus. 
Plants  globose  or  ovoid,  not  more  than  twice  as  high  as  thick. 
Plants   ribbed,   surmounted  by   a   woolly   cephalium   which 

bears  the  flowers.  5.   Cactus. 

Plants   with  no  cephalium,   tubercled,   the  areoles  bearing 

spines  and  flowers.  0.  Conjphantha. 

Areoles  with  or  without  spines,  but  with  glochides;  corolla  rotate.      7.  Opuntia. 

1.  CEPHAIiOCEREUS  Pfeiffer,  Allg.  Gartenz.  6:   142.     1S3S. 

[PiLOCEREus  Lemaire,  Cact.  Gen.  Nov.  &  Spec.  6.     1839.] 

Large,  simple  or  branched,  erect,  columnar  cacti,  the  joints  leafless, 
elongated,  ribbed  and  grooved,  the  upper  areoles  often  densely  lanate  or  long- 
bristlj.  Flowers  solitary  at  upper  areoles,  nocturnal,  fleshy,  rather  small,  the 
tube  short-funnelform  or  campanulate,  the  segments  not  very  widely  ex- 
panding; ovary  subglobose,  naked  or  bearing  a  few  scales,  spineless;  style 
usually  short-exserted.  Fruit  a  globose  or  depressed-globose  smooth  berry; 
seeds  small  and  numerous,  black  or  brown.  [Greek,  head-Cereiis.]  Forty 
species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Cactus 
senilis  Haw. 

Flowering  areoles  with  wool  as  long  as  the  spines  or  longer  ; 

plant  pale-pruinose.  1-    C.  MUhpnuphti. 

Flowering  areoles  without  wool  or  the  wool  much  shorter  than 

the  spines;  plant  dull  green,  not  pruinose.  -•  C.  hahnvtaisis. 


292  CACTACEAE. 

1.  Cephalocereus  MiUspaugliii  Britton,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  12:  417.     1909. 

Stem  branclied,  2-6  m.  high,  20  cm.  thick  at  the  base,  the  iDranches  nearly 
erect,  8-12  cm.  thick,  pale  grayish  green,  pruinose,  8-13-ribbed,  the  ribs 
acutish,  about  as  wide  as  high  or  a  little  wider;  areoles  1-2  cm.  apart;  spines 
about  20,  acicular,  widely  radiating,  1-2  cm.  long,  or  at  the  flower-bearing 
(upper)  areoles  3-7  cm.  long,  the  old  ones  gray  brown,  the  young  ones  yellow 
or  yellow-brown,  with,  darker  bases;  upper  areoles  on  one  side  of  the  plant 
with  large  tufts  of  whitish  wool  often  as  long  as  the  spines  or  longer;  flow- 
ers 6  cm.  long. 

Rocky  hillsides,  coppices  and  thickets,  Cave  Cay,  Cat  Island,  Conception  Island, 
Watling's,  Acklin's,  Mariguana,  Long  Island,  Caicos  Islands,  Cotton,  Salt  and 
Ambergris  Cays,  and  Little  Inagua : — Cuban  Cays.  Recorded  by  Dolley  and  by 
Hitchcock  as  Cereus  Swartzii  Griseb. ;  by  Coker  as  Pilocerus  lanuginosus.  Mills- 
paugh's  Dildo.     Wild  Fig.     Old  :Max  Cactus. 

2.  Cephalocereus  bahamensis  Britton,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  12:  415.     1909. 

Plant  3—4  m.  high,  often  20  cm.  thick  at  the  base,  the  branches  divergent- 
ascending,  7-9  cm.  thick,  dull  green,  not  pruinose,  10-  or  11-ribbed,  the  ribs 
blunt  or  acutish,  rather  higher  than  wide;  areoles  1-1.5  cm.  apart;  spines  15- 
20,  acicular,  radiately  spreading  and  ascending,  gray-brown  to  yellow-brown 
when  old,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  the  young  ones  yellowish  with  darker  bases,  the 
uppermost  2.5-3  cm.  long;  wool  very  short  (shorter  than  the  spines),  or  none; 
flower  5-6  em.  long,  brownish  outside,  the  petals  creamy-white. 

Rocky  hillsides.  Frozen  Cay,  Andros,  Eleuthera,  and  Crooked  Island.  Endemic. 
Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northop  as  Cereus  Sicartzii  Griseb.     Bahama  Dildo. 

2.  HARRISIA  Britton,  Bull.   Torr.   Club   35:    561.     1908. 

Night-flowering  cacti^  mostly  with  upright  branched  cylindric  stems,  the 
branches  fluted,  with  from  8-10  rounded  ribs,  separated  by  shallow  grooves 
and  bearing  leafless  areoles  at  frequent  intervals,  each  areole  with  acicular 
spines.  Flowers  borne  singly,  at  areoles  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  funnel- 
form,  large,  with  a  cylindric  scaly  but  spineless  tube  as  long  as  the  limb  or 
longer;  buds  globose,  ovoid,  or  obovoid,  densely  scaled,  the  scales  subtending 
long  or  short  woolly  nairs;  sepals  pink  or  greenish,  linear-lanceolate;  petals 
white;  stamens  shorter  than  the  petals;  style  somewhat  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens; fruit  globose  to  ovoid-globose,  green  to  yellow,  tubercled  or  becoming 
smooth,  spineless,  with  mostly  deciduous  scales;  corolla  withering-persistent; 
seeds  very  numerous,  small.  [In  honor  of  William  Harris,  Superintendent  of 
Public  Gardens  and  Plantations  of  Jamaica,  distinguished  for  his  contribu- 
tions to  the  knowledge  of  the  flora  of  that  island.]  About  8  species,  natives 
of  Florida  and  tropical  America.     Type  species:   Cereus  gracilis  Mill. 

1.  Harrisia  Brookii  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  35:  564.     1908. 

Plant  5  m.  high,  much  branched,  light  green ;  branches  3-4  cm.  thick, 
10-ribbed,  the  ribs  sometimes  prominent^  with  deep  depressions  between  them. 
Areoles  about  2  cm.  apart;  spines  6-12,  the  longer  ones  2-2.5  cm.  long;  bud 
ovoid,  prominently  long-pointed,  its  scales  with  few  curled  white  hairs  7-10 
mm.  long;  fruit  yello^^■ish,  subglobose  or  ellipsoid,  about  8  cm.  in  diameter, 
rounded  at  both  ends,  or  narrowed  above,  the  tubsrcles  very  low,  with  tips  only 
1.5  mm.  high,  the  linear  scales  persistent. 

Scrub-lands,  Long  Island  at  Clarence  Town.  Endemic.  Recorded  by  Dolley 
as  Cereus  repandus  Haw,  and  also  as  Cereus  pellucidus  (presumably).  Named  in 
honor  of  Herbert  M.  Brook,  for  many  years  Registrar  of  the  Bahamas,  who  greatly 
facilitated  our  explorations.  At  the  place  of  publication  Clarence  Town  was  inad- 
vertently printed  George  Town.     Brook's  Dildo. 


CACTACEAE.  293 

3.  HYLOCEREUS  (Berger)  Britton  &  Rose,  Contr.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  12:  428. 

1909. 

Climbing  or  trailing  cacti,  \\ith  3-winged  or  S-angled,  mostly  stout  stems 
and  branches  emitting  aerial  roots,  but  bearing  no  leaves,  the  areoles  borne 
on  the  wings  or  angles  and  armed  with  few  or  several  short  spines.  Flowers 
nocturnal,  very  large,  regular,  the  ovary  and  tube  bearing  large,  ovate  to 
linear-lanceolate  scales,  usually  without  spines  or  hairs,  the  perianth-segments 
numerous,  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  widely  spreading,  the  outer  green, 
the  inner  mostly  bright  white.  Stamens  very  many.  Fruit  a  scaly  berry,  not 
spiny  nor  bristly.  [Greek,  forest-cereus.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  tropi- 
cal America.     Type  species:  Cereus  triangularis  L. 

1.  Hylocereus  undatus  (Haw.)  Britton  §c  Rose;  Britton,  Fl.  Berm.  2-36.     1918. 

Cereus  undatus  Haw.  Phil.  Mag.  7:   110.     1830. 

Cereus  tricostatus  G'osselin,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France  54:   664.     1907. 

Stems  stout,  fleshy,  glabrous,  sometimes  7  m.  long,  often  climbing  on 
trees,  the  branches  3-12  dm.  long,  green,  3-winged,  the  Avings  flat,  1-2.5  cm. 
broad,  coarsely  crenate,  their  margins  with  a  narrow  horny  border;  spines 
2-5  at  each  areole,  brownish,  3-4  mm.  long;  flowers  about  3  dm.  long,  the 
tube  about  3  cm.  thick,  rather  shorter  than  the  limb,  bearing  several  linear- 
lanceolate  scales  3-8  cm.  long;  ovary  2.5-5  cm.  long,  bearing  several  ovate 
acute  scales  2.5  cm.  long  or  less;  style  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens; 
berry  oblong,  red,  pulpy,  about  8  cm.  long,  covered  with  ovate  scales. 

On  trees  and  walls,  spontaneous  or  persistent  after  cultivation.  New  Provi- 
dence:— Bermuda;  Florida:  the  West  Indies;  continental  tropical  America:  native 
of  :Mexico.  Has  been  confused  with  Cereus  triangularis  L.,  of  Jamaica.  Night- 
blooming  Cereus. 

4.  SELENICEREUS   (Berger)   Britton  &  Rose,  Contr.  U.  S.  Xat.  Herb.  12: 

429.     1909. 

Climbing  or  trailing,  vine-like  cacti,  the  joints  several-ribbed,  fluted  or 
angled,  giving  off  aerial  roots,  the  large  funnel-form  flowers  nocturnal;  the 
stem-areoles  bearing  conic  or  acicular  spines,  but  no  leaves.  Ovary  and  flower- 
tube  bearing  small  scales,  usually  with  long  hairs  and  bristles  or  spines  in 
their  axils.  Perianth  segments  numerous,  narrow,  spreading  or  recurved,  the 
inner  white.  Stamens  numerous.  Fruit  a  globose  or  ovoid  berry,  usually 
large,  bearing  clusters  of  deciduous  spines.  [Greeks  moon-cereus.]  About 
14  species,  natives  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Cactus  grandiflorus  L. 

Stems  fluted  :  spines  about  2  mm.  long,  shorter  than  the  wool.         1.  S.  Bocckmani. 
Stems  4-6-angled,  or  ribbed  ;  spines  6-8  mm.  long,  much  longer 

than  the  wool.  -■  ^-  prandiflonia. 

1.  Selenicereus  Boeckmaimi  (Otto)  Britton  &  Rose,  Contr.  Xat.  Herb.  12:  429. 
1909. 
Cereus  BoecTcmanni  Otto;  Salm-Dyck,  Cact.  Hort.  Dyck.  1849:  217.     1S50. 

Stems  light  green,  1-2  cm.  thick,  several-ribbed  or  angled.  Spines  3-6  at 
the  areoles,  subconic,  about  2  mm.  long,  brownish  or  yellowish;  flowers  about 
3  dm.  long;  outer  perianth-segments  and  scales  of  the  flower-tube  linear, 
brown  or  brownish;   inner  perianth-segments  oblanceolate,  about   10  cm.  long 


294  CACTACEAE. 

and  3  cm.  wide;   wool  of  the  areoles  of  ovary  and  flower-tube  brown,  silky; 
style  greenish;  ovary  strongly  tubercled;  fruit  globose,  5-6  cm.  in  diameter. 

On  walls,  persistent  or  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ; 
Hispaniola  ;  east  coast  of  Mexico.     Queen-of-the-Night. 

2.  Selenicereus  grandiflorus  (L.)  Britten  &  Eose,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  12: 
430.     1909. 

Cactus  grandiflorus  L.  Sp.  PL  467.     1753. 

Cereus  grandiflorus  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  11.     1768. 

Stems  light  green,  but  often  becoming  deep  purple,  up  to  3  cm.  in  diameter ; 
ribs  4-8,  rather  prominent  but  less  so  on  the  older  branches;  areoles  small, 
white;  spines  acicular,  1  cm.  long  or  less,  yellowish;  deflexed  bristles  or  hairs 
from  the  lower  part  of  the  areoles  several,  white,  often  longer  than  the  spines; 
flowers  2  dm.  long;  outer  perianth-segments  and  scales  of  the  tube  linear, 
greenish  or  brownish,  sometimes  nearly  rose-colored;  inner  perianth-segments 
acute,  rather  broad ;  style  cream-colored,  stout ;  areoles  of  ovary  and  flower- 
tube  bearing  short  wool  and  long  silky  whitish  hairs  and  white  bristles;  ovary 
tubercled;  fruit  ovoid,  about  8  cm.  long. 

Thickets,  Cave  Cay,  persistent  after  cultivation  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica.  Queex-of- 
THE-NiGHT.     Often    cultivated. 

5.  CACTUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  466.     1753. 

Subglobose  ovoid  or  short-cylindric,  ribbed  leafless  cacti,  the  spine- 
bearing  areoles  borne  on  the  ribs,  the  flowering  areoles  confluent  into  a  term- 
inal, densely  woolly  and  bristly  cephalium.  Flowers  Avith  a  cylindric  tube, 
sometimes  enlarged  at  the  base,  the  limb  several-many-lobed,  the  lobes  imbri- 
cated. Stamens  several  or  numerous,  the  filaments  capillary,  the  anthers 
oblong.  Ovary  smooth;  style  filiform;  stigma-rays  few  or  many;  ovules  many. 
Fruit  an  obovoid  or  subclavate,  fles-hy  and  juicy  berry,  at  length  protruded 
from  the  cephalium,  ci  owned  by  the  withering  perianth.  Seeds  many,  small, 
black,  without  endosperm.  About  20  species,  natives  of  tropical  America. 
Type  species:  Cactus  Melocactus  L. 

1.  Cactus  intortus  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  2.     1768. 

Plant  depressed-globose  when  young,  when  old  ovoid,  3-4  dm.  high  and 
often  3  dm,  in  diameter,  rather  light  dull  green,  15-20-ribbed,  the  ribs  2-4  cm. 
high,  crenate,  the  areoles  bearing  7-13,  stout  subulate  spines  1.5-4  cm.  long; 
cephalium  at  first  nearly  flat,  at  length  cylindric,  about  10  cm.  in  diameter, 
sometimes  3  dm.  high,  densely  white-woolly  and  brown-bristly;  flowers  pink 
or  rose,  1-1.6  cm.  long;  inner  perianth-segmerts  acute  or  cuspidate;  fruit  red 
or  rose,  narrowly  obovoid,  2-2.5  cm.  long. 

Rocky  soil.  Long  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Mariguana.  East  and  South  Caicos, 
Turlvs  Islands.  Eastern  Cay,  Cotton  Cay.  Ambergris  Cay.  Little  Inagua  and  Inagua  : — 
Mona  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Antigua.     Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Melocactus   communis 

DC.      TURK'S-CAP. 

6.  CORYPHANTHA  Lemaire,  Cact.  32.     1868. 

[Mammillarl\  Haw.  Syn.  PI.  Succ.   177.     1812.     Not  iStackh.     1809.] 

iStems  globose  or  ovoid^  tubercled.  Tubercles  conic  or  cylindric,  woolly  and 
with  clusters  of  spines  at  the  apex.  Leaves  none.  Flowers  borne  in  areolae 
at  the  bases  of  the  tubercles.     Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  which 


CACTACEAE.  295 

is  often  hidden  between  the  tubercles.  Petals  in  several  rows.  Ovary  smooth, 
ovoid;  style  filiform.  Berry  emersed,  crowned  by  the  withering  corolla. 
[Greek  name  of  some  prickly  plant,]  About  300  described  species,  natives  of 
warm  and  tropical  America.     Type  species:  MammiUaria  svlcolanata  Lemaire. 

1.  Coryphantha  nivosa  (Link.)  Britton,  Annals  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  2:   45.     1915. 

MammiUaria  nivosa  Link;  Pfeiff.  Enuni.  11.     1837, 

Plants  globose  or  globose-oblong,  solitary  or  tufted,  becoming  10-12  cm. 
in  diameter,  and  sometimes  1.5  dm.  long.  Tubercles  many,  dull  green,  oblong- 
conic,  1-1.5  cm.  high,  obtuse;  areoles  bearing  several  yellow  or  yellowish  brown, 
acicular  spines  2  cm,  long  or  less,  and  when  young,  tufts  of  bright  white  wool; 
flowers  cream-color,  about  1  cm.  broad;  perianth-segments  acute  or  acuminate; 
berry  obovoid  or  o'blong-obovoid,  obtuse,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  red.  Woolly  Nipple- 
cactus. 

Rocky  places,  South  Cnicos  and  Inagua  : — Mona  ;  Culebra  to  Tortola  and  Antigua. 
Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Echinocactus  sp. 

7.  OPUNTIA   [Tourn.]   Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Abr.  ed.  4.     1754. 

Succulent  plants,  with  jointed  branching  stems,  the  joints  flat,  or  cylindric, 
and  small,  mostly  subulate,  deciduous  leaves,  the  areolae  usually  spine-bearing. 
Flowers  usually  lateral.  Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  its  lobes 
spreading.  Petals  numerous?,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  very 
numerous.  Ovary  cylindric,  exserted;  style  cylindric,  longer  than  the  stamens; 
stigma  2-7-rayed,  Berry  globose  to  obovoid,  often  spiny.  [Named  from  a 
town  in  Greece  where  some  species  grew.]  About  250  species,  natives  of 
America.     Type  species:   Cactus  Opuntia  L. 

Plants  with  erect  continuous  stems  branching  into  flat  joints  at  the  summit. 
Plants  abundantly  spiny. 

Branches  erect  or  ascending;  areoles  not  pitted.  1.  O.yashii. 

Branches  widely  spreading ;  areoles  pitted,  spineless  ex- 
cept at  and  near  the  edges  of  the  joints.  2.   O.  Milhpnuphii. 
Plants  nearly  or  quite  spineless.                                                           o.   (>.  buhamana. 
Plants  bushy-branching  from  the  base. 

-Toints  much  longer  than  wide,  the  spines  pale  yellow.  4.   O.  Iiicai/aua. 

Joints  little  or  somewhat  longer   than   wide ;   spines   dark 

yellow  or  yellow-brown.  ">.   O.  Dillcnii. 

Affinity  uncertain.  0.   O.  Dnrrahinna. 

1.  Opuntia  Nashii  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gar.l.  3:  446.     1005. 

Tree-like,  dull  green.  Main  axis  round,  1—4  m.  high,  5-12  cm.  in  diameter, 
spiny;  branches  flat  or  becoming  round  below,  the  principal  ones  continuous, 
1  m.  long  or  more^  6  cm.  wide  or  less,  crenate,  blunt ;  lateral  branches  opposite 
or  alternate,  oblong  to  linear-oblong,  often  3  dm.  long,  and  8  cm.  wide,  only 
about  6  mm.  thick,  blunt,  crenate;  areoles  1-3  cm.  apart,  slightly  elevate. 1 ; 
spines  mostly  5  at  each  arcole  (2-5),  divergent,  slender,  straight,  light  gray, 
pungent,  the  longer  3-5  cm.  long;  glochides  very  small,  brownish;  ovary  W  cm. 
long,  1.5  cm.  thick,  somewhat  clavate.  tultercleil,  the  tubercles  bearing  areoles 
and  spines  similar  to  those  of  the  joints,  but  the  si>inos  somewhat  shorter; 
flowers  1.5  cm.  broad  when  expanded,  red ;  petals  broadly  oval  to  obovate, 
blunt,  about  8  mm.  long,  much  longer  than  the  stamens. 

Scrub-lands  and  rockv  plains.  Andros.  Ship  ChaniiPl  Cay.  Atwood  Cny,  Fortuno 
Island.  Crooked  Island.  North  and  South  Calcos.  Grand  Turk.  Kastorn  Cay.  Turk's 
Islands  and  Inagua.  Endemic.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  nnd  l)y  Hitchcock  n.s 
Opicntia  spino.sissima :  and  by  Coker  and  presumably  by  Dolley  ns  O.  triarontha. 
Nash's  Prickly-pear. 


296  CACTACEAE. 

2.  Opuntia  Millspaughii  Britton,  Smiths.  Misc.  Coll.  50:   513.     1P08. 

Trunk  terete,  7  cm.  thick  at  base,  5  cm.  thick  at  top,  6  dm.  high  or  less, 
branching  at  the  summit,  the  branches  divaricate-ascending,  narrowly  oblong, 
much  compressed,  40  cm,  long  or  less,  5  to  10  cm.  wide,  1  to  1.5  cm.  thick, 
light  green.  Branchlets  obliquely  lanceolate,  obtuse,  as  wide  as  the  branches, 
but  shorter,  1  cm.  thick  or  less,  floriferous  at  and  near  the  apex;  areoles  of  the 
older  branches  pitted,  about  1  cm.  apart,  those  of  very  young  shoots  slightly 
elevated,  the  glochides  very  short,  yellow-brown;  spines  of  the  trunk  15  cm. 
long  or  less,  very  numerous  and  densely  clothing  the  trunk,  very  slender,  gray, 
mostly  strongly  reflexed,  pungent,  those  of  the  branches  and  branchlets  re- 
stricted to  the  areoles  on  their  edges,  shorter  than  those  of  the  trunk,  but 
similar,  those  of  the  fruit  yellow-gray,  2  cm.  long  or  less;  flowers  cupulate, 
crim?on-lake,  1  cm.  wide;  sepals  fleshy,  ovate,  acute,  4  mm.  long  and  wide; 
petals  erect-ascending,  obovate,  mucronulate,  about  4  mm.  wide;  stamens  half 
as  long  as  the  corolla;  style  about  as  long  as  the  corolla;  stigma  oblong,  yel- 
lowish crimson;  fruit  compressed-obovoid,  2  cm.  long,  1.5  cm.  thick,  bearing 
one  or  two  spines  at  most  of  the  areoles. 

On  nearly  flat  and  smooth  limestone  rocks,  Eleuthera,  at  Rock  Sound :  Long 
Island,  on  Thatch  Cay  ;  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Cuban  Cays.     Millspaugh's  Prickly- 

PEAE. 

3.  Opuntia  bahamana  Britton  &  Eose,  Oactaceae  1:  203,  /.  S54,  255.     1919. 

Branched  from  a  short  trunk,  bushy,  about  1,5  m.  high.  Joints  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  flat  and  thin,  1-5  dm.  long,  4-10  cm.  wide,  dull  green,  obtuse, 
scarcely  undulate;  areoles  1.5-3  cm.  apart,  scarcely  elevated,  about  2  mm,  in 
diameter,  spineless,  or  bearing  1-4  acicular  yellow  spines  2  cm.  long  or  less ; 
glochides  few  and  short;  corolla  about  6  cm.  broad;  petals  obovate,  rose-tinted 
below,   yellowish-rose  above;    sepals   dark   rose,   whitish-margined. 

Rocky  places.  Cat  Island  at  The  Bight.  Endemic.  Tentatively  referred  to  0. 
lanceolata  Haw.,  in  Smith.  Misc.  Coll.  50  :  525.     Bahama  Pkickly-peae. 

4.  Opuntia  lucayana  Britton,  Bull,  X,  Y.  Bot.  Gard,  4:  141.     1906. 

Stems  ascending,  often  forming  dense  clumps.  Joints  various,  linear- 
oblong  to  obovate,  often  10  dm.  long,  6-15  cm.  wide,  olive-green,  slightly 
lustrous,  more  or  less  crenate,  about  1.5  cm.  thick,  knobbed  at  the  areoles; 
areoles  distant,  nearly  1  cm.  broad,  white-velvety;  glochides  numerous,  yellow, 
6  mm.  long  or  less,  mostly  borne  at  the  upper  margins  of  the  areoles;  spines 
3-8  at  each  areole,  light-yellow,  flattened  on  the  upper  side,  subulate,  straight, 
often  somewhat  twisted,  the  longer  ones  12  cm.  long  or  less;  flowers  yellow, 
7-8  cm.  broad;  stamens  about  half  as  long  as  the  petals;  ovary  narrowly  pyri- 
form,  4-5  cm.  long,  its  upper  areoles  bearing  1-3  subulate  pale-yellow  spines 
2.5  cm.  long  or  less,  which  are  sometimes  persistent  on  the  fruit;  berry  pyri- 
form,  5-6  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  Grand  Turk  Island.     Endemic.     Turk's   Islands   Pricklt-pear. 

The  reference  to  Opuntia  Tnna  at  the  place  of  original  publication  of  this  species 
is  erroneous  ;  as  now  understood,  O.  Tuna  grows  naturally  only  in  Jamaica.  O. 
lucayana  may  be  a  hybrid  between  O.  Dillenii  and  O,  Nashii. 

5.  Opuntia  Dillenii   (Ker-GaAvl,)   Haw.  Suppl.  PI.  Succ.  79.     1819. 

Cactus  Dillenii  Ker-Gawl,  Bot,  Reg.  3:   pi.  255.     1818. 

Bushy-branched,  0.5-1.8  m.  high,  often  forming  masses  2  m.  in  diameter. 
Joints  green,  glabrous,  mostly  obovate  and  1-2.5  dm.  long,  about  8  mm.  thick, 
crenate,  the  areoles  2-6  cm.  apart,  somewhat  elevated,  bearing  1-4,  stout  yellow 
spines  1-4  cm.  long,  or  spineless,  the  numerous  glochides  yellowish  to  brownish, 
6   mm.  long  or  less;    flowers  solitary  at  the   areoles,   often   abundant,  bright 


MELASTOMACEAE. 


297 


yellow,  about  7.5  cm.  broad;  ovary  obovoid,  with  gloehide-bearing  areoles; 
petals  obovate;  stamens  much  shorter  than  the  petals;  fruit  pyriform,  red 
or  purple,  edible,  5-8  cm.  long. 

Maritime  and  coastal  rocks,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk  and 
Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  :  West  Indies  ;  eastern  coast  of  Mexico.  Recorded  bv 
Hitchcock,  Coker.  Mrs.  Northrop  and  Dolley,  as  O.  Tuna  (L.)  Mill,  and  by  Schoepf 
as  Cactus   Tuna  L.     Common  1*kickly-peak. 

6.  Opuntia  Darrahiana  Weber,  Bull.  Mus.  Hist.  Xat.  Paris  10:  388.     1904. 

Forming  tufts  2-2.5  dm.  high  and  4  dm.  in  diameter,  much-branched. 
Joints  green,  7-8  cm.  long,  4-5  cm.  wide;  areoles  1-2  cm.  apart;  glochides 
none;  spines  about  6,  the  longer  4-4.5  cm.  long,  the  shorter  not  more  than 
1  cm.  long,  all  white  or  grayish-white,  brownish  at  the  tip,  straight,  acicular, 
rigid. 

Obtained  by  Darrah  from  Turk's  Islands  according  to  Weber  :  known  to  ns  only 
from  the  description ;  neither  the  flowers  nor  the  fruit  are  described.  Darkau's 
Prickly-peae. 

Order  21.    MYRTALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  unarmed,  sometimes  aquatic  or  amphibious. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  complete,  and 
often  show}',  or  reduced  to  a  stamen  and  pistil  adnate  to  the  bypanthium. 
Hypanthium  merely  enclosing  the  ovary  or  adnate  to  it.  Stamens  few  or 
many.  Anthers  opening  by  slits,  valves  or  pores.  Stigma  terminating  the 
style,  or  sessile.     Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  or  resembling  an  achene. 


Style  present,  simple  or  compound  ;  stigma  terminal. 
Anthers  opening  by  pores. 
Anthers  opening  by  longitudinal  valves. 

Hypanthium   merely   enclosing  the   ovary. 
Hypanthium  adnate  to  the  ovary  or  mainly  so. 
Cotyledons  spirally  convolute  in  the  embryo. 
Cotyledons  not  spirally  convolute. 

Sepals  imbricated,  or  united  and  the  calyx 

falling  away  as  a  cap. 
Sepals  valvate. 

Leaves  stipulate  ;  sepals  leathery. 
Leaves  not   stipulate ;    sepals    mem- 
branous or  herbaceous. 
Style  wanting ;  stigmas  sessile. 


Fam.  1.  MELASTOMACEAE. 

Fam.  2.  Lythraceae. 

Fam.  3.  Termixaliaceae. 

Fam.  4.  Myrtaceae. 

Fam.  5.  Rhizophoraceae. 


Fam. 
Fam. 


oxagraceae. 
Haloragidaceae. 


Family  1.     MELASTOMACEAE  R.  Br. 


Meadow-beauty  Family. 


Herbs,  or  many  shrubs  or  trees  in  tropical  regions,  with  opi^osite  3-9- 
nerved  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  often  sho^\w  but  rarely  odorous  flowers. 
Stipules  none.  Calyx-tube  usually  4— 5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx  and  inserted  on  its  throat,  imbricated. 
Stamens  twice  as  many,  or  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  often  inclined  or 
declined,  the  alternate  ones  sometimes  shorter.  Ovary  2-several-celled 
(often  4-celled)  ;  style  terminal,  simple;  ovules  oc,  anatropous.  Fruit 
included  in  the  calyx-tube,  capsular  or  baccate.  Seeds  mainly  small,  with 
no  endosperm.  About  150  genera  and  2500  species,  widely  distributed  in 
tropical  regions,  most  abundant  in  South  America. 
20 


298  LYTHRACEAE. 


1.  TETBAZYGIA  L.  C.  Ricli.;  DC.  Prodr.  3:   172.     1828. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  the  foliage  often  scurfy,  with  petioled,  entire  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  rather  small  flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  corymbs.  Calyx  con- 
stricted above  the  ovary,  its  limb  4-5-lobed  or  subtruncate.  Petals  4  or  5, 
obovate.  Stamens  S  or  10,  nearly  equal;  filaments  subulate;  anthers  linear, 
opening  by  a  pore.  Ovary  4-5-celled;  style  curved,  filiform;  stigma  minute. 
Fruit  a  4^5-celled  fleshy  berry.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  4-parted  flowers  of 
the  type  species.]  About  16  species  of  the  West  Indian  region.  Type  species: 
Tetrazygia  tetrandra   (Sw.)   DC. 

1.  Tetrazygia  bicolor  (Mill.)  Cogn.  in  DC.  Monogr.  Phan.  7:.  724.     1891. 

Melastoma  bicolor  Mill.  Diet.  ed.  8,  No.  6.     1768. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  6  m.  high,  with  scaly  bark,  the  young  twigs 
scurfy.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  0.8-2  dm.  long,  strongly  3- 
ribbed  and  with,  many  widely  spreading  lateral  veins,  entire,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  base,  green  above,  whitish-scurfy  beneath,  the 
slender  scurfy  petioles  2-4  em.  long;  panicles  peduncled,  1-2  dm.  long,  sev- 
eral-many-flowered; pedicels  slender,  5-10  mm.  long;  calyx-limb  subtruncate; 
petals  4,  white,  7-8  mm.  long;  berry  subglobose,  purple  or  black,  8-10  mm. 
in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  pine-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence and  Eleuthera  : — Florida :  Cuba.  Reported  by  Grisebach  and  by  Dolley  as 
T.  angustiflora  Griseb.  and  by  Sehoepf  as  Melastoma  discolor  L.     Tetrazygia. 

Family  2.     LYTHRACEAE  Lindl. 

Loosestrife  Fa^iily. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  often  trees  in  tropical  regions,  mostly  with  opposite 
leaves  and  perfect  flowers.  Stipules  usually  none.  Calyx  persistent,  free 
from  the  ovai-y,  the  limb  toothed.  Petals  as  many  as  the  primary  calyx- 
teeth,  inserted  on  the  calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Anthers  versatile.  Ovary  2-6-celled  or  sometimes  1-celled;  style  1;  ovules 
CO,  rarely  few,  anatropous.  Capsule  1-several-celled.  Seeds  without  endo- 
sperm; cotyledons  flat,  often  aurieled  at  the  base.  About  21  genera  and 
400  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Fruit  globose ;  flowers  regular. 

Herbs  with  axillary  inflorescence.  1.  Ammannia. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  terminal  inflorescence.  2.  Lawsonia. 

Fruit  elongated ;  flowers  irregular.  •  3.  Parsonsia. 

1.  AMMANNIA    [Houst.]    L.   Sp.  PI.   119.     1753. 

Annual  glabrous  or  glabrate  herbs,  mostly  with  4-angled  stems,  opposite 
sessile  narrow  leaves,  and  small  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  globose 
or  ovoid,  4-angled,  4-toothed,  often  with  small  accessory  teeth  in  the  sinuses. 
Petals  4,  deciduous  or  none.  Stamens  4-8,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary 
nearly  globular,  2-4-celled.  Capsule  bursting  irregularly.  [Named  for  Johann 
Ammann,  1699-1741,  a  German  botanist.]  About  20  species,  of  wide  distri- 
bution.    Type  species:   Ammannia  latifolia  L. 


LYTHRACEAE.  299 


1.  Ammannia  latifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  119.     1753. 


Erect,  2-11  dm.  high,  the  branches  nearly  erect,  or  ascending.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  2-7  cm.  long,  2-10  mm.  wide,  acute  or  blunt 
at  the  apex,  sessile,  clasping  the  stem  by  an  auricled  base;  flowers  minute, 
green,  sessile  and  solitary  or  few  together  in  the  axils;  calyx  about  2  mm. 
long;  petals  none;  style  short;  capsule  about  4  mm.  in  diameter,  enclosed 
by  the  calyx. 

Borders  of  fresh-water  holes  and  marshes,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  I'rovi- 
dence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's,  Long  Ishmd,  Acklin's,  Crooked  Island,  North 
Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  the  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  and  continental  tropical 
America.    Ammannia. 

2.  LAWSONIA  L.  Sp.   PI.   349.     1753. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  the  terete  branches  sometimes  spineseent,  the  small 
leaves  opposite  and  entire,  the  numerous  small  white  flowers  corymbose. 
Calyx  turbinate,  4-angled,  the  4  lobes  spreading.  Petals  4,  sessile.  Stamens 
8,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  calyx-tube;  filaments  subulate;  anthers  oblong. 
Ovary  subglobose,  4-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  filiform;  stigma  capitate. 
Capsule  subglobose,  4-celled,  irregularly  rupturing,  many-seeded.  Seeds  4- 
angled,  cuneate,  truncate;  cotyledons  orbicular.  [Commemorates  Isaac  Law- 
son,  English  physician  and  botanist,  died  1747.]      A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Lawsonia  inermis  L.  Sp.  PI.  349.     1753. 

Lawso7iia  alba  Lam.  Encycl.  3:    106.     1789. 

A  shrub  5  m.  high  or  less,  with  slender  gray  branches,  unarmed  or  spiny. 
Leaves  thin,  elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  1-4.5  cm.  long,  acute,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  short 
petioles  slender;  corymbs  several-many-flowered,  forming  a  terminal  panicle; 
pedicels  slender,  scarcely  longer  than  the  flowers;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute, 
2-3  mm.  long;  petals  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens  longer 
than  the  petals  or  equalling  them;   capsules  about  6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Inagua  near  Matthew  Town : — 
spontaneous  in  many  localities  throughout  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  and  tropical 
continental  America.     Native  of  the  Orient.     Henna  Plant. 

3.  PARSONSIA  P.  Br.;  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  234.     1763. 

[CuPHEA  P.  Br.;   Adans.  loc.   cit.       Ilyponym.     1763.] 

Herbs  (some  shrubs  in  tropical  regions),  with  opposite  or  verticillate 
leaves.  Flowers  axillary,  irregular  and  unsymmetrical.  Calyx-tube  elongated, 
12-ribbed,  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base,  oblique  at  the  mouth,  with  6  pri- 
mary teeth  and  usually  as  many  accessory  ones.  Petals  6,  unequal.  Stamens 
6-11,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  unequal;  filaments  short.  Ovary 
with  a  curved  gland  at  its  base,  unequally  2-celled;  style  slender;  stigma  2- 
lobed.  Capsule  oblong,  1 -celled,  laterally  dehiscent.  Seeds  flattened.  [In 
honor  of  James  Parsons,  M.  D.,  a  Scotch  botanist.]  About  180  species,  na- 
tives of  America.     Type  species:  Lythrum  Farsonsia  L. 


300  TEKMINALIACEAE. 

1.  Parsonsia  Parsonsia  (L.)  Britton;  Xorthrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  53.    1902. 

Lythrum  Parsonsia  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1045.     1759. 
Cuphea  Parsonsia  E.  Br.,  Steud.   Norn.   1:    245.     1S21. 
Parsonsia  radicans  Hitchc.  Rep.   Mo.  Bot.   Gard.  4:    87.     1893. 

Annual;  herbaceous;  stem  little-brauclied,  the  branches  prostrate  or 
ascending,  1-3  dm.  long,  rough-pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  1-2  cm. 
long,  very  short-petioled,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
base,  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth;  flowers  solitary  in  upper  axils,  short- 
peduncled;  calyx  about  4  mm.  long,  gibbous  at  the  base,  its  teeth  very  small; 
petals  pale  purple,  about  2  mm.  long;  stamens  6,  included;  filaments  glab- 
rous;   capsule  about  5  mm.  long,  few-seeded. 

Dry  coral  rocks  and  sink-holes,  New  Providence  and  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba  to 
Porto  Rico  and  Martinique  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico.     Pl'eple  Parsonsia. 

Family  3.     TERMINALIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

White  MAisrGRO\T]  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  vines,  with  petioled,  usually  simple  and  entire,  estipu- 
late  leaves,  and  regular,  perfect  or  rarely  polygamo-dioecious  flowers, 
mostly  spieate,  racemose  or  capitate.  Tube  of  the  calyx  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  the  limb  4-8-eleft.  Petals  usually  small  or  none.  Stamens  various; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  didymous  or  2-eelled,  the  sacs  dehiscent  longi- 
tudinally or  by  valves.  Ovaiy  1-celled;  ovules  1-several;  style  usually 
straight;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  various,  mostly  indehiscent,  coriaceous  or 
baccate.     About  15  genera  and  some  275  species,  mostly  tropical. 

Fruit  terete. 

Petals  wanting.  1.  Bucida. 

Petals  5  ;  calyx  persistent.  2.  Laguncularia. 

Fruit  an  ellipsoid,  flattened  drupe  ;  petals  none.  3.   Terminalia. 

Fruit  a  cone-like  mass  of  scale-like  drupes  :  petals  none.  4.  Conocarpus. 

1.  BUCIDA  L.  Syst.  ed.   10,   1025.     1759. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  sometimes  spinescent,  with  coriaceous  entire  alternate 
leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  and  small  spieate  or  capitate  flow- 
ers, some  perfect,  some  staminate.  Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  slightly  5- 
toothed,  persistent.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  10,  in  2  series;  filaments  slender, 
exserted.  Fruit  a  small,  slightly  fleshy  drupe,  crowned  by  the  at  length  de- 
ciduous calyx.  [Latin ;  slender  horn-like  galls  develop  from  the  fruit  after 
it  is  bitten  by  a  mite.]  Two  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indian  region.  Type 
species:   Bucida  Buceras  L. 

Flowers  spieate;  tree;  drupe  8  mm.  long.  1.  B.  Buceras. 

Flowers  capitate  ;  spinescent  shrub  or  tree  ;  drupe  3-4  mm.  long.  2.  B.  spinosa. 

1.  Bucida  Buceras  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1025.     1759. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  25  m.,  the  trunk  up  to  1 
m.  in  diameter  or  more,  the  young  twigs  and  leaves  pubescent,  becoming 
glabrous.  Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  twigs,  spatulate  to  elliptic,  3-9 
cm.  long,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- 
petioled;   spikes  peduncled,  slender,  pubescent,  3-10  cm.  long;   calyx-lobes  tri- 


TEKMINALIACEAE.  301 

angular,  acute;  stamens  exserted ;  drupe  ovoid-conic,  about  8  mm.  long,  tomen- 
tulose,  slightly  curved,  the  persistent  calyx  at  length  deciduous. 

Thickets  and  scrub-lands.  Andros.  New  Providence,  North  and  South  Caicos  and 
Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies ;  Panama.  Referred  to  by  Hitchcock  as  Buccras 
angustifolia  (DC.)  Hitchcock,     Erroneously  called  Oak.     Black  Olive. 

2.  Bucida  spinosa   (jSTorthrop)  Jennings,  Ann.  Carn.  Mus.  11:  201.     1917. 

Terminalia   spinosa   Northrop,   Mem.    Torr.    Club    12:    54.      1902. 

A  shrub  or  flat-topped  tree,  4-8  m.  high,  with  spreading  branches,  the 
trunk  1.5-2  dm.  in  diameter,  the  twigs  divaricate,  spiny.  Leaves  fascicled, 
subse?sile,  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  firm  in 
texture,  glabrous,  entire,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base; 
spines  slender,  3-7  mm.  long,  mostly  in  3 's  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs;  flowers 
few,  greenish,  in  axillary  short  peduncled  spikes;  calyx  campanulate,  about 
3  mm.  long,  subtruncate,  villous  within;  stamens  8  or  9,  about  3  mm.  long; 
drupe  ovoid,  3-4  mm.  long,  the  calyx  rather  early  deciduous. 

Coastal  and  savanna  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  : — 
Cuba.     Spiny  Black  Olive.     Brier-tkee.     Prickly-tree. 

2.  LAGUNCULARIA  Gaertn.  f.  Fr.  &  Sem.  3:   209.     1805. 

A  halophytic  tree  or  shrub,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  the  petioles  2- 
glandular,  and  small  greenish,  flowers  in  clustered  spikes.  Flowers  polyga- 
mous or  perfect.  Calyx-tube  terete,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  minute.  Stamens  10, 
short,  the  filaments  subulate,  the  anthers  cordate.  Ovary  with  a  scalloped 
epigynous  disk;  style  short,  glabrous;  stigma  somewhat  2-lobed;  ovules  2  in 
each  cavity.  Drupes  coriaceous,  ribbed  or  angled.  Seed  solitary,  germinat- 
ing within  the  drupe.  [Latin,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  drupe  to 
a  flask.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Laguncularia  racemosa   (L.)   Gaertn.  f.  Fr.  &  Sem.  3:   209.     1805. 

Conocarpus  racemosa  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  930.     1759. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  20  m.  with  a  trunk  up  to 
8  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  much  smaller,  and  often  shrubby,  the  reddish  brown, 
glabrous  twigs  thickened  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  oblong,  oval  or  obovate,  2-7 
cm.  long,  emarginate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded,  narrowed  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  the  stout  petioles  0.5-2  cm.  long;  spikes  3-6  cm.  long,  few- 
several-flowered  ;  calyx  tomentulose,  its  lobes  rounded ;  petals  5,  orbicular,  not 
longer  than  the  calyx;  drupes  oblong  to  obovoid,  reddish,  1.5-2  cm.  long, 
constricted  below  the  persistent  calyx-lobes. 

Borders  of  manpcrove  mud  and  in  sea-shallows.  Great  Bahama,  Great  Sturrup 
Cav.  Little  Harbor  Ci\y.  Andros,  New  Providence.  Ship  Channel  Cay.  Great  Guana 
Cay.  Great  Exuma,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  Fortune  Island.  Grand  Turk,  and  the 
Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  :  tropic  continental  American  coasts.  White 
Maxgroa'e.     Bastard  Buttoxwood.     Green  Turtle  Bocgh. 

3.  TERMINALIA  L.  :\raut.  1:   21,  128.     1767. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  broad  alternate  entire  leaves,  usually  clusteed  at 
the  ends  of  the  banehes,  and  small  spicate  flowers.  Calyx-tube  terete,  rib- 
less,  the  lobes  deciduous.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  10  to  20,  exserted,  the  fila- 
ments slender,  the  anthers  cordate.  Fruit  a  drupe.  [Latin,  referring  to  the 
clustered  leaves  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.]  About  100  species,  mostly  of 
the  Old  World  tropics.     Type  species:    Terminalia  Catappa  L. 


302  MYETACEAE. 

1.  Terminalia  Catappa  ,L.  Mant.  1:  128.     1767. 

Buceras  Catappa  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  85.     1893. 

A  tree,  up  to  24  m,  high,  with  a  trunk  diameter  of  1.5  m.,  usually  much 
smaller,  the  spreading  branches  whorled,  the  twigs  stout,  glabrous.  Leaves 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  obovate  or  broadlj  oblanceolate,  1-3  dm. 
long,  short-petioled,  glabrous,  rounded,  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  cuneate 
at  the  base,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale  green  beneath;  spikes  slender, 
many-flowered,  5-15  cm.  long;  calyx  8-10  mm.  long^  pubescent,  its  ovate 
lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer;  drupe  ellipsoid,  compressed,  gla- 
brous, 2-edged,  pointed,  4-7  cm.  long;  seed  3-4  cm.  long. 

In  coppices,  spontaneous  after  cultivation  ;  planted  and  sometimes  spontaneous 
near  towns  on  all  the  larger  islands  : — spontaneous  after  cultivation  in  Florida,  in 
many  of  the  West  Indian  islands  and  most  inhabited  parts  of  continental  tropical 
America.     Native  of  the  Old  World  tropics.     Indian  Almond.     Almokd-teee. 

4.  CONOCARPUS   L.    Sp.    PL    176.     1753. 

A  shrub  or  tree  of  the  seacoast,  with  alternate  entire  leathery  leaves, 
the  petioles  2-glandular,  the  small  greenish  perfect  flowers  in  racemose  or  pan- 
icled  heads.  Calyx-tube  flattened,  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  sepals 
5,  deciduous.  Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly  5,  with  slender  elongated  fila- 
ments and  cordate  anthers.  Style  pubescent.  Ovules  2.  Drupes  scale-like, 
densely  aggregated.  Seeds  flat;  cotyledons  convolute.  [Greek,  referring  to 
the  cone-like  heads  of  fruit.]     A  monotypic  American  genus. 

1.  Conocarpus  erecta  L.   Sp.   PL   176.     1753. 

A  glabrate  or  silky-pubescent  shrub  or  tree,  sometimes  20  m.  tall,  some- 
times less  than  1  m.  high,  with  angled  or  winged  twigs.  Leaves  2-5  cm.  long, 
elliptic  to  oval,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  entire,  short-petioled; 
racemes  3-5  cm.  long,  peduncled;  heads  5-8  mm.  in  diameter  at  flowering 
time;  hypanthium  funnel-like,  greenish,  a  little  over  1  mm.  long;  sepals  tri- 
angular-ovate, about  as  long  as  the  limb  of  the  hypanthium,  pubescent; 
stamens  and  style  conspicuously  exserted;  heads  of  fruit  9-14  mm.  long; 
drupes  scale-like,  2 -winged,  4-7  mm.  long. 

Coastal  mud,  savannas  and  salina-borders,  throughout  the  archipelago  to  Cay 
Sal  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  A  species 
of  many  races,  several  of  which  have  received  varietal  distinction  from  herbarium 
specimens ;  the  distinctive  characters  are,  however,  not  maintained  in  the  field. 
BuTTONWOOD.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  33. 

Family  4.     MYRTACEAE  R.  Br. 

Myrtle  Faimily. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple,  usually  opposite  and  entire,  pellucid- 
punctate,  estipulate  leaves,  the  regular  and  perfect,  often  bracteolate 
flowers  mostly  panieled.  Calyx-tube  (hypanthium)  adnata  to  the  ovary, 
the  limb  usually  4-5-cleft.  Petals  usually  4  or  5,  imbricated,  rarely  want- 
ing. Disc  mostly  annular  and  fleshy.  Stamens  usually  numerous,  some- 
times only  as  many  as  the  petals;  filaments  filiform,  distinct,  or  united  at 
the  base ;  anthers  small,  2-celled.  Ovary  inferior,  2-several-celled,  or  rarely 
1-celled,  style  simple;  stigma  terminal,  small;  ovules  usually  2-several  in 
each  cavity.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate,  often  crowned  by  the  calyx- 
limb,  or  in  some  genera  capsular.  Seeds  various;  endosperm  usually 
wanting.  About  60  genera,  including  over  1700  species,  mostly  tropical  in 
distribution. 


MYETACEAE.  303 

Calyx  of  several,  persistent,  valvate  sepals  ;  petals  present. 
Calyx  of  regularly  separating  sepals. 

Inflorescence  centripetal,   flowers  in  racemiform,   umbelli- 

form,  or  contracted  clusters.  1.  Eugenia. 

Inflorescence  centrifugal  ;  flowers  in  cymes. 

Embryo  spiral.  2.   Pimenta. 

Embryo  annular.  3.  Anamomis. 

Calyx  of  irregularly  separating  sepals.  4.  Psidiuvi. 

Calyx  lid-like,  deciduous  ;  petals  none.  5.  Culyptranthcs. 

1.  EUGENIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  470.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  usually  glabrous  foliage.  Leaves  opposite,  com- 
monly leathery,  pinnately-veined,  the  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  umbel- 
like, raceme-like  or  congested  clusters.  Calyx-lobes  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5, 
white.  Stamens  numerous;  filaments  filiform,  distinct  and  in  several  series, 
or  aggregated  into  4  groups  and  slightly  united.  Ovary  sessile,  2-3-celled. 
Ovules  several  in  each  cavity.  Berries  crowned  by  the  calyx-lobes.  Seeds 
often  1-4.  Embryo  with  thick  cotyledons  and  a  short  radicle.  [Named  in 
honor  of  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  (1663-1736),  a  patron  of  botany  and  hor- 
ticulture.] About  600  species,  of  tropical  distribution.  Type  species:  Eugenia 
uniffora  L. 

Pedicels  short,  shorter  than  the  flowers  or  as  long,  at  least  shorter  than  the  fruits. 
Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate  ;  fruit  subglobose.  1.  E.  axillaris. 

Leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate  ;  fruit  longer  than  broad.  2.  E,  buxifolia. 

Pedicels  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  flowers,  mostly  longer  than 
the  fruits. 
Leaves  long-acuminate,  shining  above.  3.  E.  confusa. 

Leaves  bluntly  acuminate,  dull  above. 

Pedicels   1—1.5   cm.   long  or  less ;   fruit  less   than   1   cm.   in 

diameter.  4.  E.  rhomhca. 

Pedicels  2-5  cm.  long ;  fruit  2  cm.  in  diameter,  edible.  5.  E.  uniflora. 

Flowers  unknown  ;  leaves  small,  linear.  6.  E.  androsiuna. 

1.  Eugenia  axillaris   (Sw.)   Willd.  Sp.  PI.  2:   970.     1800. 

Myrtus  axillaris  Sw.   Prodr.   78.      1788. 

Eugenia  axillaris  microcarpa  Krug.  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  19:  641.     1895. 

A  shrub  or  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  8  m.,  with  a  maximum  trunk  diame- 
ter of  about  3  dm.,  the  bark  shallowly  fissured,  the  branchlets  terete.  Leaves 
elliptic-ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  nearly  elliptic,  unpleasantly  odorous,  3-5 
cm.  long,  revolute-margined,  paler  beneath  than  above  and  black-dotted,  the 
petioles  2-5  mm.  long,  margined;  racemes  short,  cluster-like,  axillary;  pedi- 
cels short,  pubescent;  calyx-lobes  4,  rounded;  corolla  3-4  mm.  broad;  petals 
4,  surpassing  the  calyx-lobes,  glandular-punctate;  fruit  depressed-globose, 
10-12   mm.  in   diameter,  black,   smooth,  glandular-punctate,   sweet. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Bahama  to 
Caicos,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  :  Cuba  to  Porto  Kico  and 
Guadeloupe;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  Dolley,  by  Mrs.  Northrop,  and  by  Hitchcock  to 
E.  monticola  Griseb.     White  Stopper.     AVattle. 

2.  Eugenia  buxifolia  (Sw.)  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  2:  960.     1800. 

Myrtus  buxifolia  Sw.  Prodr.  78.     1788. 

A  small  tree,  becoming  about  6  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  3  dm.  in 
diameter,  usually  smaller,  often  shrubby,  the  bark  reddish-brown,  scaly,  the 
slender  twigs  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous.  Leaves  obovate,  oblanceolate 
or  nearly  oblong,  glabrous,  2-4  cm.  long,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed   at    the    base,    short-petioled,    dark    green    above,    pale    green    beneath; 


304  MYETACEAE. 

racemes  axillary  or  lateral,  few-flowered;  pedicels  pubescent,  very  short;  calyx 
4-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse;  petals  oblong,  2-3  mm.  long;  fruits  oval  to  sub- 
globose,  black,  5-7  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Caicos  Islands,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — ^Florida  ;  Cuba  to  St. 
Thomas  and  St.  Croix  ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  Dolley  to  E.  lateriflora  Griseb.  Span- 
ish /Stopper.     Black  Wattle. 

3.  Eugenia  confusa  DC.  Prodr.  3:   279.     1828. 

Eugenia  filiformis  Macf.  Fl.  Jam.  2:    116.     1850. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  18  m.,  with  a  trunk  up 
to  5  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  much  smaller,  the  bark  scaly,  the  slender  twigs 
glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  3-6  cm.  long,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  shin- 
ing above,  dull  green  beneath,  pinnately  many-veined,  the  slender  petioles 
5-10  mm.  long;  flowers  umbellate  or  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  filiform  pedicels 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  petioles;  calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate,  1.5-2  mm.  long; 
petals  ovate,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  fruit  subglobose,  orange 
to  scarlet,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Lignum  Vitae  Cay,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Eleuthera,  Watling's  and  Crooked  Islands  : — Florida  ; 
Cuba;  Porto  Rico  to  Dominica;  Jamaica.  The  record  of  E.  pseudopsidium  by 
Schoepf  may  apply  to  this  species.     Ironwood. 

4.  Eugenia  rhombea   (Berg)  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  19:   644.     1895. 

Eugenia  foetida  rliomdea  Berg,  Linnaea  27:    212.     1856. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  8  m.  high  with  a  trunk  up  to  3  dm.  in  diameter, 
the  twigs  slender,  the  smooth  bark  gray,  the  foliage  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate 
to  elliptic  or  rhombic-ovate,  rather  thin,  inconspicuously  veined,  3-6  em.  long, 
bluntly  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- 
petioled;  flowers  in  sessile  axillary  umbel-like  clusters,  often  appearing  on 
twigs  from  which  the  leaves  have  fallen,  the  slender  glabrous  pedicels  8-15 
mm.  long;  calyx-tube  shorter  than  the  4  rounded  lobes;  petals  ovate,  about 
5  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  fruit  depressed-globose, 
orange,  red  or  nearly  black,  0.8-1.5  cm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands.  Cave  Cay.  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Acklin's,  Inagua  and 
the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida ;   Cuba  to  Guadeloupe ;  Jamaica.     Red  Stopper. 

5.  Eugenia  uniflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  470.     1753. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  5  m.  high,  with  slender  branches.  Leaves 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  paler  beneath,  bluntly 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  dotted,  thin  in  texture, 
2.5-6  cm.  long;  pedicels  solitary  or  few  together,  very  slender,  glabrous, 
about  2.5  cm.  long,  bracted  at  the  base  and  2-bracteolate  near  the  summit; 
calyx-lobes  linear-oblong,  obtusish;  petals  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
lobes;  fruit  subglobose,  longitudinally  furrowed,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter,  bright 
red,  spicy,  edible. 

Apparently  only  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  though  recorded  as  indigenous 
bv  Dolley,  and  admitted  into  the  Bahamas  by  Grisebach.  New  Providence  : — Ber- 
muda :  Cuba  to  Trinidad  and  South  America  :  Jamaica  ;  Cayman  Islands  ;  introduced 
into  the  Old  World  tropics.     Native  of  South  America.     Surinam  Cherry. 

6.  Eugenia  androsiana  Urban,  Kepert.  13:  467.     1915. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  about  1  m.  high,  ditfusely  branched,  the  twigs  very 
slender.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  acute 


MYETACEAE.  305 

or  obtuse   at   the   apex,   narrowed   at   the    base,   finely   punctate,   the   margins 
slightly  revolute,  the  petioles  0.5-0.8  mm.  long. 

Near  Lisbon  Creek,  Mangrove  Cay,  Andros.  Endemic.  When  flowers  of  this 
shrub  are  obtained,  they  may  show  it  to  belong  to  one  of  the  other  genera  of 
Myrtaceae. 

Eugenia  ligustrina  Willd.,  West  Indian,  recorded  as  Bahamian  by  Grise- 
bach  and  by  Dolley,  was  not  found  during  our  exploration  of  the  archipelago; 
the  specimen  cited  by  Grisebach  as  collected  in  the  Bahamas  by  Swainson  was 
not  found  in  the  Kew  Herbarium  when  search  w^as  made  for  it  there  in  1911. 
We  regard  the  records  as  probably  erroneous. 

2.  PIMENTA  Lindl.  Coll.  under  yl.  19.     1821. 

A  tree,  with  nearly  smooth  bark,  oblong  or  elliptic,  petioled  aromatic 
pinnately  veined  leaves,  and  small  white  4-parted  flowers,  borne  in  compound 
cymes  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  its  lobes  spreading,  per- 
sistent. Petals  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  in  several  series.  Stigma  pel- 
tate; ovary  2-celled;  ovules  mostly  solitary  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  berry-like, 
aromatic.  Seeds  few,  subglobose;  embryo  spiral.  [Greek,  rich  in  oil.]  A 
monotypic  genus  of  the  West  Indies  and   Central   America. 

1.  Pimenta  Pimenta   (L.)    Cockerell,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  19:   95.     1892. 

Myrius  Pimenta  L.  Sp.  PI.  472.     1753. 

Pimenta  officinalis  Lindl.  Coll.  under  pi.  19.     1821. 

Pimenta  vulgaris  Lindl.  in  Loudon  Encycl.  418.     1829. 

Becoming  13  m.  high  or  more,  glabrous,  except  the  puberulent  inflores- 
cence. Leaves  coriaceous,  7-15  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  with  petioles  about  1  cm.  long,  the  veins  rather  prominent  be- 
neath; cymes  stalked,  many-flowered;  flowers  about  6  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes 
blunt;  ovary  puberulent;  berries  subglobose,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  usually 
2-seeded. 

Thickets  and  coppices,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  New  Providence,  at 
Grant's  Town  and  near  Lake  Cunningham.  Native  of  Jamaica  and  Cuba ;  spon- 
taneous after  cultivation  in  Bermuda  and  in  Central  America.  Erroneously  called 
CiNXAMOx.     Allspice. 

3.  ANAMOMIS  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.   I.   240.     1860. 

Evergreen  aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  coriaceous  leaves  and 
axillary  peduncled  flowers^  in  cymes  or  solitary,  when  in  cymes  the  central 
flower  sessile  or  stalked.  Calyx-lobes  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5.  Stamens  many, 
with  filiform  filaments  and  short  anthers.  Ovary  2-celled  or  4-celled,  about 
as  long  as  the  calyx-tube;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender  or  fili- 
form. Berry  oval  or  subglobose,  1-several-seeded,  crowned  by  the  calyx-lobes. 
[Greek,  like  Amomis.']  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies  and  Flor- 
ida.    Type  species:   Anamomis  fragrans  (Sw.)   Griseb. 

Leaves  shining  above,  not  revolute-margined  ;  flowers  mostly  solitary  ;  calyx  glabrous. 
Petals   orbicular :   leaves   mostly   2   cm.   wide   or   less,    acute, 

acutish  or  rounded  at  the  base.  3.  A.longipes. 

Petals    oblong-orbicular ;    leaves    mostly    over    2    cm.    wide, 

obtuse  and  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base.  2.  A.  bahamcnsis. 

Leaves  dull  above,  revolute-margined   (at  least  when  old)  ;  flow- 
ers several   (rarely  solitary)  ;  calyx  pubescent.  3.  A.  lucayana. 


306  MYETACEAE. 

1.  Anamomis  longipes  (Berg)  Britton;  Small,  Fl.  Miami  132.     1913. 

Eugenia  longipes  Berg,  Linnaea  27:    150,     1856. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  4  m.  Mgh,  the  branches  slender, 
erect-ascending,  or  diffuse.  Leaves  flat,  ovate,  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-3.5 
cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  shining  above,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  acute  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined,  the  petioles  1-2  em.  long;  peduncles 
usually  1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer,  when  several-flowered  the 
terminal  flower  of  the  cyme  long-stalked;  calyx-lobes  about  2  mm.  long; 
petals  orbicular,  white  or  pink,  5-6  mm.  long;  berry  6-10  mm.  in  diameter, 
red,  several-seeded. 

Coppices,  pine-lands,  palmetto-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama, 
Andres,  New  Providence  : — Florida.     Long-stalked  Stopper. 

2.  Anamomis  iDahamensis    (Kiearsk.)    Britton;    Small,  Fl.   Florida  Keys   104. 

1913. 

Eugenia  laliamensis  Kiearsk.  Bot.   Tidsk.   17:    226.     1890. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  usually  straggling  or  diffusely  branched  and  1  m.  high 
or  less,  rarely  a  small  tree.  Leaves  elliptic  or  ovate-elliptic,  3-6  cm.  long, 
shining  above,  dull  beneath,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  subcordate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  petioles  2-8  mm.  long;  leaves  of  shoots  sometimes 
linear-oblong,  2-3  cm.  long,  4-8  mm.  wide;  peduncles  slender,  compressed,  as 
long  as  the  leaves  or  somewhat  longer;  cymes  3-flowered  or  flowers  solitary; 
calyx-lobes  rounded,  about  3  mm.  long;  petals  oblong-orbicular,  5-7  mm. 
long;  berries  8-10  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coastal  rocky  plains,  scrub-lands,  coppices  and  white-lands,  throughout  the 
archipelago  from  Abaco,  the  Berry  Islands  and  Andres  to  South  Caicos,  Dellis  Cay 
and  Inagua.  Recorded  from  Big  Pine  Key,  Florida,  apparently  erroneously.  En- 
demic. Individual  specimens  are  separable  only  with  diflSculty  from  the  preceding 
species,  but  typical  specimens  are  widely  different.     Bahama  Stopper.     Wild  Gdava. 

3.  Anamomis  lucayana  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

A  shrub  or  a  small  tree  up  to  6.5  meters  high,  the  bark  grayish-white,  the 
young  twigs  appressed-pubescent  to  glabrate.  Leaves  oblong  to  elliptic,  pale 
green,  but  darker  above  than  beneath,  dull,  revolute-margined,  obtuse  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5  cm.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide, 
the  midvein  impressed  above,  prominent  beneath,  the  lateral  veins  few  and 
obscure,  the  stout  petioles  2-4  mm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  as  long  as  the 
leaves  or  longer,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous;  cymes  3-7-flowered,  the 
lateral  pedicels  slender,  1  cm.  long  or  less,  each  central  flower  sessile;  hy- 
panthium  obconic,  glabrate  or  pubescent,  1.5-2  mm.  high;  sepals  suborbicu- 
lar,  pubescent  and  ciliate,  or  nearly  glabrous,  2-2.5  mm.  wide ;  petals  broadly 
obovate,  4-5  mm.  long;  stamens  about  as  long  as  the  petals,  the  style  a  little 
longer;  fruit  red,  subglobose,  7-9  mm.,  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Andres,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Great 
Guana,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island.  Crooked  Island.  Acklin's,  North  Caicos  and  the 
Inaguas  : — Cuban  Cays.  Type,  I\ash  d-  Taylor,  lJi26,  Inagua.  Referred  by  Ceker  as 
Eugenia  punctata  Vahl,  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Myrtus  punctata  Griseb.  The 
Bahamian  record  of  Eurienia  fragrans  by  Urban  (Symb.  Ant.  4:  452),  probably  refers 
to  this  species.     Pale  Stopper.     Naked-wood. 

4.  PSIDIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  470.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  pinnately  veined  leaves  and  large,  axillary  or  lat- 
eral, solitary  or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx-tube  somew^hat  prolonged  beyond 
the   ovary,  its  4   or   5  lobes   often  united  in   the  bud,  irregularly  parting  at 


MYKTACEAE.  307 

anthesis.  Petals  4  or  5,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  with  filiform  fila- 
ments in  severa,l  series.  Ovarj  4-5-cellGd;  ovules  several  or  many  in  each 
cavity.  Berries  crowned  by  the  calyx-lobes.  Seeds  several  or  many.  Embryo 
curved,  with  small  cotyledons  and  a  long  radicle.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
edible  fruit.]  A  large  genus,  of  which  about  100  species  have  been  described, 
the  following  typical. 

1.  Psidium  Guajava  L.  Sp.  PI.  470.     1753. 

Psidium  Guava  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  241.     1860. 

A  shrub,  or  a  small  tree,  sometimes  5  m.  tall,  with  pubescent  4-angled 
branchlets.  Leaves  firm-leathery,  oblong  or  nearly  so,  4-8  cm.  long,  mostly 
obtuse,  pubescent  beneath,  with  prominent  rib-like  nerves,  short-petioled ; 
calyx-lobes  1-1.5  cm.  long,  united  in  the  bud;  petals  1.5-2  cm.  long;  berries 
globular  or  pyriform,  3-6  cm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  roadsides  and  waste  places,  spontaneous  after  cultivation  ;  planted 
and  spontaneous  near  towns  on  all  the  larger  islands  : — spontaneous  after  cultiva- 
tion in  Florida  and  in  Bermuda  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Guava. 

5.  CAIiYPTRANTHES  Sw.  Prodr.  79.     1788. 

[Chytraculia  P.  Br.  Hist.  Jam.  239.     Hyponym.     1756.] 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees^  with  opposite  coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous 
leaves,  and  small  panicled  cymose  or  rarely  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  closed  at 
anthesis,  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  away  like  a  cap  or  calyptra.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  numerous,  in  several  series;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  longi- 
tudinally dishiscent.  Ovary  2-3-eelled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a 
1-few-seeded  berry,  crowned  by  the  basal  part  of  the  calyx.  [Greek,  referring 
to  the  cap-like  lid  of  the  calyx.]  About  75  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
America.     Type  species:   Calyptranthes  Chytraculia   (L.)   Sw. 

Inflorescence  glabrous  ;  leaves  short-petioled.  1,   C.  Zuzi/pium. 

Inflorescence  tomentulose ;  leaves  distinctly  petioled,  2.  C.  pall'ens. 

1.  Calyptranthes  Zuzygium  (L.)  Sw.  Prodr.  79.     1788. 

Myrtus  Zuzygium  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1056.     1759. 

Chytraculia  Susygium  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  1:   238.     1891. 

A  tree,  up  to  about  12  m.  high,  glabrous  throughout,  the  twigs  terete, 
slender.  Leaves  elliptic,  or  elliptic-obovate,  4-7  cm.  long,  abruptly  blunt- 
tipped  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  delicately  veined,  somewhat 
shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  petioles  3  mm.  long  or  less;  panicles  mostly 
somewhat  longer  than  the  leaves ;  flowers  several  or  many ;  pedicels  4-7  mm. 
long;  calyx  ovoid,  about  4  mm.  long,  its  lid  mammillate;  berries  subglobose, 
8-10  mm,  in  diameter. 

Coppices,  New  Providence  at  Waterloo  ;  Andros,  near  Lisbon  Creek  : — Florida  ; 
Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica.     Myrtle-of-tiie-Riveu. 

2.  Calyptranthes  pallens  (Poir.)  Griseb.  Kar.  67.     1857. 

Eugenia  'pallens  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  3:   122.     1813. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  10  m.,  with  a  trunk  some- 
times 1.5  dm.  in  diameter,  usually  smaller  and  sometimes  shrubby,  the  bark 
thin  and  light  gray,  the  young  twigs  pubescent,  soon  becoming  glabrous. 
Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-elliptic,  3-8   cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 


308  RHIZOPHORACEAE. 

rowed  at  the  base,  shining  above,  the  petioles  5-12  mm.  long;  panicles  as  long 
as  the  leaves  or  longer,  pubescent,  many-flowered^  the  flowers  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  about  3  mm.  broad;  fruit  subglobose  or  oval,  5-7  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  Great  Exuma,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's,  Acklin's,  Crooked  Island  and  Mariguana  :— Florida  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Croix  and 
Guadeloupe;  Jamaica;  Cayman  Islands.     Spice-wood.     White  Stopper. 

Family  5.     RHIZOPHORACEAE  Lindl. 

Mangrove  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  terete  branches  and  usually  glabrous  foliage. 
Leaves  usually  opposite,  leathery,  with  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary 
in  the  axils  or  in  spikes,  racemes,  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  with  3  or  4 
valvate  sepals.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  2-cleft  or  lacerate.  Stamens 
twice  or  four  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  rarely  of  the  same  number, 
inserted  at  the  base  of  a  disk;  filaments  short  or  elongated;  anthers  2- 
eelled,  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  inferior,  or  partly  inferior,  usually 
3-5-celled  or  rarely  1-celled;  styles  united;  'stiginas  sometimes  lobed. 
Ovules  2  or  rarely  4  or  more  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  leathery, 
crowned  with  the  calyx,  indehiscent  or  tardily  septicidal.  The  family  con- 
sists of  about  15  genera,  containing  some  50  species,  natives  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions. 

1.  RHIZOPHORA  L.   Sp.  PI.  443.     1753. 

Evergreen  trees,  with  an  astringent  bark,  and  stout  pithy  twigs.  Leaves 
opposite,  entire;  stipules  elongated,  interpetiolar,  caducous.  Flowers  cream- 
colored  or  yellow,  2  or  several  on  forking  peduncles.  Calyx-tube  short,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  4  lobes  leathery.  Petals  4,  emarginate,  leathery. 
Stamens  4-12^  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  short.  Ovary  2-celled,  half- 
inferior,  produced  into  a  fleshy  cone.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Ovules  2  in  each 
cavity.  Fruit  pendulous,  1-celled,  leathery.  Seed  solitary,  germinating  in  the 
persistent  fruit,  the  elongating  radicle  sometimes  reaching  the  ground  before 
the  fruit  falls.  Endosperm  wanting.  [Greek,  root-bearing.]  Three  known 
species,  the  following  typical,  the  others  natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics. 

1.  Rhizophora  Mangle  L.  Sp.  PI.  443.     1753. 

A  shrub  or  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  10  m.  or  more,  forming  impenetrable 
thickets  by  the  greatly  elongating  radicles  of  the  embryo  and  the  numerous 
roots.  Leaves  5-15  em.  long,  leathery,  elliptic  or  elliptic-obovate,  obtuse,  with 
a  stout  midrib;  petioles  0.5-1.5  cm.  in  length;  peduncles  1-4  cm.  long,  2-3- 
flowered;  pedicels  stout,  5-10  mm.  long;  bractlets  scale-like;  calyx-tube  fleshy, 
turbinate  or  campanulate  the  lobes  3-5  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  about 
1  cm.  long,  involute,  keeled  within,  very  firm,  recurved  at  maturity;  petals 
pale  yellow,  linear  or  nearly  so,  cleft  at  the  tip,  involute  above  the  middle, 
cobwebby  along  the  edges ;  anthers  clustered  around  the  style ;  fruit  2-3  cm. 
long,  curved,  the  radicle  protruding  as  a  narrowly  clavate  pendent  body. 

Maritime  shores  and  salinas,  throughout  the  archipelago  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ; 
West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to  Brazil ;  west  coast  of  Africa  ;  Pacific  islands.  Mangrove. 
Catesby,  2  :  pi.  63. 


I 


ONAGEACEAE.  309 

Family  6.     ONAGRACEAE  Dumort. 

Evening-Primrose  Family. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules 
or  mere  g-lands  in  their  places,  and  g-enerallj^  perfect  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  2-6-lobed  (usually  4-lobed).  Petals  2-9 
(usually  4),  convolute  in  the  bud,  rarely  none.  Stamens  usually  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovary  1-6-celled  (usually  4-eelled)  ;  styles 
united;  stigma  capitate,  discoid  or  4-lobed;  ovules  generally  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  capsule  or  small  nut.  Endosperm  very  little  or  none.  Forty 
genera  and  about  350  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abund- 
ant in  America. 

Stamens  4. 

Leaves  opposite.  1.  Jsnardia. 

Leaves  alternate.  2.  Ludicigia. 

Stamens  8-12  in  2  series.  3.  Jussiaea. 

1.  ISNARDIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  120.     1753. 

Succulent  herbs.  Stems  creeping  or  floating;  leaves  opposite,  relatively 
few,  petioled.  Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  not  yellow.  Calyx-segments  4,  shorter 
than  the  tube  or  slightly  longer.  Filaments  very  short.  Ovary  very  short ; 
styles  often  almost  wanting.  Capsule  obovoid  or  turbinate,  straight.  [In 
honor  of  Antoine  Dante  Isnard,  a  French  botanist,  and  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences,  died  1724.]  About  4  species  in  North  America,  Mexico 
and  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:  Isnardia  paliistris  L. 

1.  Isnardia  repens  (Sw.)  DC.  Prodr.  3:   60.     1828. 

Ludwigia  repens  Sw.  Prodr.  33.     1788. 

Ludwigia  natans  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  581.     1821. 

Isnardia  natans  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  825.     1903. 

Stems  6  dm.  long  or  less,  branched  or  simple.  Leaves  elliptic,  oval,  or 
obovate,  2-6  cm.  long,  acute  or  blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
rather  slender  petioles ;  flowers  solitary,  sessile  or  short-peduneled ;  bractlets 
linear,  acute,  shorter  than  the  fruiting  calyx;  calyx-lobes  4  or  5,  sharply  tri- 
angular, acute,  longer  than  the  petals;  capsule  6-8  mm.  long,  bluntly 
tetragonal,  narrowed  at  the  base^  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes. 

Sink-holes  and  fresh-water  swamps,  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence : — 
North  Carolina  to  Florida,  Mexico  and  California ;  Bermuda ;  Cuba ;  Hispaniola ; 
Jamaica.     Larger  Marsh  Purslane. 

2.  LUDWIGIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  118.     1753. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs,  with  alternate  usually  entire  leaves,  and  axil- 
lary or  terminal  flowers.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  sometimes  angled,  or 
winged.  Calyx-lobes  generally  persistent.  Petals  usually  4.  Stamens  usually 
4.  Ovary  4-5-celled.  Capsule  terete,  ribbed  or  winged,  septicidally  dehiscent, 
or  opening  by  an  apical  pore.  [Named  in  honor  of  C.  G.  Ludwig,  1709-1773, 
Professor  of  Botany  at  Leipsic]  About  25  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tem- 
perate regions,  most  abundant  in  North  America.  Type  species:  Ludicigia 
alternifolia  L. 


310  HALORAGIDACEAE. 

1.  Ludwigia  microcarpa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  88.     1803. 

Perennial;  glabrous;  stems  erect  or  diffuse,  simple  or  branched,  1-4  dm. 
long.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  entire,  pinnately  few-veined,  0,5-3  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short  petioles;  flowers  solitary 
and  sessile  in  the  axils;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  about  1  mm.  long;  petals 
none;  capsule  obpyramldal,  about  2  mm.  long. 

Fresh-water  marshes,  Great  Bahama  : — North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Missis- 
sippi ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica.     Small-feuited  Ludwigia. 

3.  JUSSIAEA  L.   Sp.   PI.   388.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  some  species  woody,  with  alternate,  mostly  entire  leaves 
and  solitary  axillary  flowers,  the  petals  usually  yellow.  Calyx-tube  cylindric 
or  prismatic,  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-6-parted,  its  lobes 
persistent.  Petals  4-6,  mostly  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes.  Stamens  8-12, 
in  2  series.  Ovary  4-6-celled.  Capsule  narrowly  cylindric,  prismatic  or 
elavate,  ribbed,  the  pericarp  deteriorating.  Seeds  numerous  and  minute.  [In 
honor  of  Bernard  de  Jussieu,  1699-1777,  eminent  French  botanist  and  phy- 
sician.] About  50  species,  of  tropical  distribution,  mostly  American.  Type 
species:  Jussiaea  repens  L. 

1.  Jussiaea  sulfniticosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  388.     1753. 

Jussiaea  angustifolia  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  331.     1789. 
Jussieua  palustris  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  173.     1818. 

Erect,  6-10  dm.  high,  somewhat  branched,  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least 
above.  Leaves  linear  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  short-petioled,  2.5-10  cm. 
long,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  peduncles  mostly  not  longer  than 
the  petioles;  calyx-lobes  4,  rarely  5,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  6-12  mm.  long;  petals  obovate,  bright  yellow,  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  calyx-lobes;  capsule  3-6  cm.  long,  subcylindric,  tapering  to  the  base. 

Fresh-water  marshes  and  sink-holes,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Cat  Island,  Great  Exuma,  Acklin's  Island  and  Crooked  Island  : — North  Carolina  to 
Florida  and  Texas  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  trop- 
ics.    Bushy  Jussiaea. 

Family  7.     HALORAGIDACEAE  Kl.  &  Garcke. 

Water-milfoil  Family. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  mainly  aqnatic,  with  alternate  or 
verticillate  leaves,  the  submerged  ones  often  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Flowers 
perfect,  or  monoecious,  or  dioecious,  axillary,  in  interrupted  spikes,  solitary 
or  clustered.  Calyx-tube  adnata  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  entire  or  2-4-lobed. 
Petals  small,  2-4,  or  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  or  short- 
cylindric,  2-8-ribbed  or  winged,  1-4-eelled ;  styles  1^ ;  stigmas  papillose  or 
plumose.  Fruit  a  nutlet,  or  drupe,  compressed,  ang-ular,  ribbed  or  winged; 
indehiscent,  of  2-4  one-seeded  carjDels.  Endosperm  fleshy;  cotyledons 
minute.    Eight  genera  and  about  100  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  PROSERPINACA  L.  Sp.  PI.   88.     1753. 

Aquatic  herbs.  Leaves  alternate^  lanceolate,  dentate  or  pectinate-pin- 
natifid. Flowers  perfect,  axillary.  Tube  of  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  triquetrous 
ovary,  the  limb   3-4-parted.     Petals  none.     Stamens  3   or  4.     Styles  3   or  4, 


AMMIACEAE.  311 

cylindric  or  conic-subulate,  stigmatic  above  the  middle.  Fruit  bony,  3-4-celled, 
Avith  1  seed  in  each  cavity.  [Middle  Latin,  forward-creeping.]  Four  known 
species  of  North  and  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Type  species: 
Proserpinaca  palustris  L. 

1.  Proserpinaca  platycarpa  Small,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  432.     1905. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  1-3.5  dm.  long,  densely  leafy.  Leaves  oblong  or 
elliptic,  1.5-5.5  cm.  long,  sharply  serrate;  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the 
axils;  calyx  wing-angled,  its  deltoid  teeth  about  1  mm.  long;  fruit  4-5  mm. 
wide,  constricted  above  the  middle,  its  3  angles  dilated. 

Fresh-water  swamps  and  sink-holes,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera 
and  Cat  Island. — .Florida.  Recorded  by  Schoepf  as  P.  palustris  L.  Southern 
Mermaid-weed. 

Order  22.     AMMIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  almost  always  with  petaliferous  flowers.  Calyx- 
segments  and  i^etals  usually  5.  Stamens  4  or  5.  Ovaiy  inferior,  adnate 
to  the  calyx,  compound;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity. 


Family  1.  AlVEMIACEAE  Presl. 

Carrot  Family. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  compound  or  sometimes  simple  leaves,  the  petioles 
often  dilated  at  the  base.  Stipules  none,  or  rarely  present  and  minute. 
Flowers  small,  generally  in  compound  or  simple  umbels,  rarely  in  heads  or 
capitate  clusters,  often  polyo;amous.  Umbels  and  umbellets  commonly 
involucrate  or  involueellate.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  margin 
truncate  or  5-toothed,  the  teeth  seldom  conspicuous.  Petals  5,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  the  calyx,  usually  with  an  inflexed  tip^  often  emarginate  or 
2-lobed,  those  of  the  outer  flowers  sometimes  larger  than  those  of  the  inner. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  epigynous  disk;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  2-celled ;  styles  2,  filiform,  persistent,  often  borne 
on  a  conic  or  depressed  stylopodium;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  pendulous, 
anatropous.  Fruit  dry,  composed  of  2  carpels  (mericarps),  which  gen- 
erally separate  from  each  other  at  maturity  along  the  plane  of  their  con- 
tiguous faces  (the  commissure).  Fruit  either  flattened  laterally  (at  right 
angles  to  the  commissure),  or  dorsally  (parallel  to  the  commissure),  or 
nearly  terete  (not  flattened).  Carpels  after  parting  from  each  other  sup- 
ported on  the  summit  of  a  slender  axis  (the  carpophore),  each  with  5 
primary  ribs  in  their  pericarps  (rarely  ribless),  and  in  some  genera  with  4 
additional  secondary  ones,  the  ribs  or  some  of  them  often  winged.  Pericarp 
membranous  or  corky-thickened,  usually  containing  oil-tubes  between  the 
ribs,  or  under  the  ribs  and  on  the  commissural  sides,  sometimes  irregularly 
scattered,  sometimes  none.  Seeds  1  in  each  carpel,  usually  adnate  to  the 
pericarp;  seed-coat  thin;  endosperm  cartilaginous;  embryo  small,  placed 
near  the  hilum;  cotyledons  ovate,  oblong  or  linear.  About  170  genera  and 
1600  species,  of  wide  distribution.  The  mature  fruit  is  necessary  for  the 
certain  determination  of  most  of  the  genera  and  many  of  the  species. 


312  AMMIACEAE. 

Leaf-blades  orbicular  or  ovate,  merely  toothed  ;  flowers  white. 

Involucre  none.  1.  Hydrocotyle. 

Involucre  conspicuous.  2.  Centella. 

Leaf-blades  pinnatifid  into  filiform  segments. 

Fruit  margined,  flat ;  flowers  yellow.  3.  Anethum. 

Fruit  not  margined. 

Flowers  yellow.  4.  Foenicidum. 

Flowers  white.  5.  Helosciadium. 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE   L.   Sp.  PL   234.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  prostrate  and  commonly  rooting  at  the  joints,  with 
palmately  lobed  or  veined,  often  peltate  leaves,  the  bases  of  the  petioles  with 
2  scale-like  stipules,  and  small  white  flowers  in  umbels  opposite  the  leaves. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  or  none.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Petals  entire. 
Disk  flat.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  orbicular  or  broader  than  high.  Carpels 
with  5  primary  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  usually  curved;  no  large  oil-tubes  but 
an  oil-bearing  layer  of  tissue  beneath  the  epidermis.  [Greek,  water-cup.] 
About  75  species  of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Hydrocotyle  vulgaris  L. 

Plant  glabrous.  1.  H.  verticillata. 

Leaves  and  inflorescence  villous-pubescent.  2.  H.  hirsuta. 

1.  Hydrocotyle  verticillata  Thunb.  Diss.  Hydrocot.  5.     1798. 

Glabrous;  leaves  orbicular,  peltate;  inflorescence  proliferous,  2-5  cm.  long; 
verticils  2-6-flowered;  pedicels  usually  less  than  1  mm.  long;  fruit  about  2  mm. 
long,  3-4  mm.  broad,  rounded  or  truncate  at  each  end;  intermediate  ribs  not 
corky-thickened,  the  dorsal  one  acute. 

Wet  palmetto-lands,  Great  Bahama  at  Barnett's  Point ;  Andros  at  Couch  Sound  : 
— Bermuda ;  .Jamaica ;  Cuba ;  Hispaniola ;  Porto  Rico ;  Guadeloupe ;  southern 
Africa ;  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Arizona.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  H. 
pygmaea  Wright.  Determination  of  the  Bahama  plant  is  from  leaf-specimens  only. 
Whorled  Maksh   Pennywort. 

2.  Hydrocotyle  hirsuta  Sw.  Prodr.  54.     1788. 

Hydrocotyle  spicata  Lam.  Encycl.   3:    153.     1789. 

Stems  creeping,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  very  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
0.5-3  dm.  long.  Petioles  villous,  1-8  cm.  long;  leaf-blades  suborbicular  or 
reniform,  1-3  cm.  broad,  crenate,  rather  deeply  cordate,  villous  on  both  sides, 
densely  so  beneath;  spikes  peduncled,  interrupted,  usually  longer  than  the 
leaves,  sometimes  8  cm.  long,  the  peduncles  and  rachis  villous;  fruits  sessile, 
glabrous,  emarginate  at  top  and  bottom,  about  1.5  mm.  broad. 

Grassy  places.  New  Providence  near  Nassau  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ; 
Curagao.     Hairy  Marsh  Pennywort. 

Hydrocotyle  umhellata  L.  recorded  for  the  Bahamas  by  Dolley  has  not  been 
found  by  us  anywhere  in  the  islands  ;  Mr.  Brace  thinks  that  the  reference  really 
applied  to  Centella  asiatica. 

2.  CENTELLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1393.     1763. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  African  species  shrubby),  ours  with  prostrate  s?ems 
rooting  and  sending  up  tufts  of  petioled  leaves  at  the  nodes,  together  with 
1-3  long-rayed  umbellets  of  small  white  flowers,  the  true  umbel  sessile.  Petiole- 
bases  sheathing.  Bracts  of  the  involucels  2-4,  mostly  prominent.  Calyx-teeth 
none.  Disk  flat,  or  slightly  concave.  Styles  filiform.  Fruit  somewhat  flat- 
tened laterally,  rather  prominently  ribbed,  the  ribs  mostly  anastomosing;  oil- 
tubes  none.     [Latin,  diminutive  of  centrum,  a  prickle.]     About  20  species,  of 


AMMIACEAE.  313 

wide  disitribution,  abundant  in  South  Africa.     Type  species:  Centella  viUosa  L. 

1.  Centella  asiatica   (L.)   Urban  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  ir:   287.     1879. 

Eydrocotyle  asiatica  L.  Sp.  PI.  234.     1753. 
Hydrocotyle  repanda  Pers.  Syn.  1:  302.     1805. 
Centella  repanda  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  859.     1903. 

Stem  2-15  cm.  long.  Petioles  0.5-3  dm.  long,  sometimes  pubescent;  blades 
ovate,  rather  thick,  rounded  at  the  apex,  broadly  cordate  at  the  base,  not 
peltate,  2-4  cm.  long,  repand-dentate;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
1-5  cm.  long;  umbellets  capitate,  2-4-flowered,  subtended  by  2  ovate  bracts; 
flowers  nearly  sessile;  fruit  4-5  mm.  broad,  about  3  mm.  high,  prominently 
ribbed  and  reticulated. 

Moist  ground,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andres,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma, 
Eleutliera,  Fortune  Island  and  North  Caicos  : — Bermuda  :  Maryland  to  Florida  and 
Texas  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Gviadeloupe  ;  Martinique ;  continental  tropical 
America  ;  Old  World  tropics.  Recorded  by  DoUey  presumably  as  Hydrocotyle  um- 
hellata   L.     Ovate-leuWed    Marsh    Pennywort. 

3.  ANETHUM   [Tourn.]    L.  Sp.   PI.   263.     1753. 

Erect,  mostly  annual,  glabrous  herbs,  with  decompound  leaves  and  small 
yellow  flowers  in  many-rayed  compound  umbels.  Involucre  and  involucels 
none,  or  of  very  few  bracts.  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.  Petals  suborbicular. 
Stylopodium  small,  conic.  Fruit  elliptic  or  ovate,  flat,  margined;  carpel-ribs 
slender;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  [Greek,  like  anise.]  A  few 
European  and  Asiatic  species,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Anethum  graveolens  L.  Sp.  PI.  263.     1753. 

Stem  terete,  simple  or  branched,  slender,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  tripin- 
nately  dissected  into  nearly  filiform  segments,  the  petiole  somewhat  sheathing; 
umbel  12  cm.  wide  or  less;  involucre  and  involucels  none;  rays  slender,  4-7  cm. 
long;  umbellets  several-many-flowered;  petals  bright  yellow;  fruit  ovate- 
elliptic,  about  6  mm.  long,  distinctly  margined. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  escaped  from  cultivation,  Andros,  Harbor  Island, 
Eleuthera,  Long  Island  and  Dellis'  Cay : — escaped  in  Guadeloupe,  Martinique  and 
other  West  Indian  Islands  and  in  Florida.     Native  of  Europe.     Dillweed. 

4.  FOENfcULUM  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   101.     1763. 

Erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  the  segments 
linear  or  capillary,  and  compound  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  and 
involucels  none.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  large,  conic.  Fruit  linear- 
oblong,  glabrous,  terete,  or  nearly  so.  Carpels  half-terete,  dorsally  flattened, 
prominently  ribbed;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  flat,  or 
slightly  concave.  [Latin,  diminutive  of  foenum,  hay,  from  its  odor.]  About 
4  species,  of  the  Old  World.     Type  species:  Anethum  Foenicidum  L. 

1.  Foeniculum  Foeniculum  (L.)  Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  837.     1882. 

Anethum  Foeniculum  L.  Sp.  PI.  263.     1753. 
Foeniculum  vulgare  Gaertn.  Fr.  «&  Sem.  1:   105.     1788. 

Perennial,  6-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  dissected  into  capillary  segments; 
petioles  broad,  clasping;  umbels  large,  9-25-rayed,  the  rays  rather  stout, 
somewhat  glaucous,  2-8  cm.  long  in  fruit;  pedicels  2-8  mm.  long;  fruit  about 
6  mm.  long. 

21 


314 


AMMIACEAE. 


Waste  places,  New  Providence  at  Granfs  Town  : — Bermuda ;  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  to  Florida,  Texas  and  California  ;  locally  in  the  West  Indies  and  in 
continental  tropical  America.     Native  of  the  Old  World.     Fennel. 

5.  HELOSCIADIUM  Koch,  Xov.  Act.  Nat.  Cur.  12^ :  125.     1824. 

Low  herbs,  with  decompound  or  dissected  leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of 
small  white  flowers  mostly  opposite  the  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  want- 
ing in  the  following  species.  Calyx-teeth  very  small  or  obsolete.  Petals  entire. 
Stylopodium  depressed.  Style  short.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  com- 
pressed. Carpels  with  5  filiform  ribs,  the  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  2 
on  the  commissural  side.  [Greek,  marsh-parasol,  some  of  the  species  inhabiting 
marshes.]  Six  species  or  more,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species: 
Helosciadium  nodiflorum  (L.)  Koch. 

1.  Helosciadium  Ammi   (L.)  Britton,  Fl.  Bermuda  279.     1918. 

Sison  Ammi  L.  Sp.  PI.  252.     1753. 

Apium  Ammi  Urban  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  11^:  341.     1879. 

Slender,  glabrous,  much-branched,  0.7-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  ternately  pin- 
natisected,  the  ultimate  segments  narrow,  often  incised;  umbels  1-4  cm.  broad, 
opposite  the  leaves,  sessile,  the  umbellets  filiform-stalked;  fruit  ovate,  glabrous, 
about  2  mm.  long,  the  ribs  equal  and  prominent. 

Waste  grounds.  New  Providence,  at  Grant's  Town : — Bermuda ;  southern 
Fnited  States  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  :  Guadeloupe  ;  Martinique  ;•  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Mexico  to  Paraguay ;  Australia.     Fine-leaved  Marsh   Parsley. 

Series  2.     Gamopetalae. 

Petals  partly  or  wholly  united,  rarely  separate  or  wanting. 

The  coherence  of  the  petals  is  sometimes  slight  or  they  are  quite 
separate,  as  in  some  Primulaceae,  Plumbaginaceae,  Asclepiadaceae, 
Oleaceae  and  Cucurbitaceae.  From  this  condition  the  coherence 
varies  through  all  stages  to  the  tubular  or  funnelform  corollas  of 
some  Convolvulaiceae,  Caprifoliaceae  and  Carduaceae. 


t  Ovary  superior. 

Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and 
opposite  them,  or  twice  as  many,  or  more. 
Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  ;  ovary  1-celled. 
Shrubs  or  trees  :  ovary  several-celled. 
Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  or 
fewer,  and  alternate  with  them   (in  Forestiera  of 
the  Oleaceae  there  is  no  corolla). 
Corolla  not  scarious,  nerved. 

Ovaries  2,  distinct  (except  in  some  Loganiaceae, 
and  in  Gentianaceae  in  which  the  ovary  is 
compound  with  2  cavities  or  rarely  more,  or 
with  1  cavity  and  2  placentae)  ;  flowers  regu- 
lar ;  stamens  mostly  adnate  to  only  the  lower 
part  of  the  corolla  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 
Ovary  1,  compound  (2-divided  in  Dichondra;  in 
Boraginaceae  and  Lamiaceae  mostly  deeply 
4-lobed  arotmd  the  style)  :  flowers  regulijr  or 
irregular  ;  stamens  mostly  adnate  to  the  middle 
of  the  corolla-tube  or  beyond  ;  leaves  opposite 
or  alternate. 
Corolla  scarious,  nerveless. 

$t  Ovary  inferior. 
Anthers  distinct. 
Anthers  united   (except  in  Ambrosiaceae). 


Order  1.  Primulales. 
Order  2.  Ebexales. 


Order  3.  Gextianales. 


Order  4. 
Order  5. 


Polemoniales. 
Plantaginales. 


Order  6.  Rubiales. 
Order  7.  Campaxulales. 


MYRSIXACEAE.  315 

Order  1.     PRIMULALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.  Corolla  usually  present,  gamopetalous.  Calyx 
mostly  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its 
lobes,  or  twice  as  many,  or  more. 

Style  1. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  tbe  fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate. 

Staminodes  none  ;  fruit  1-sceded.  Fam.  1.  Myrsixaceae. 

Corolla  bearing  staminodes  at  the  sinuses  ; 

fruit  several-many-seeded.  Fam.  2.  Tiieopiirastaceae. 

Herbs  ;  fruit  capsular.  Fam.  3.  Primulaceae. 

Styles  5  ;  herbs  ;  fruit  an  achene  or  utricle.  Fam.  4.  Plumbaginaceae. 

Family  1.     MYRSINACEAE  Lincll. 

Myrsine  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  usually  glabrous,  the  leaves  mostly  alternate,  punctate 
in  lines,  estipulate,  the  small  regular  flowers  variously  clustered.  Calyx 
inferior,  persistent,  4-6-parted.  Corolla  mostly  rotate  or  salverform,  rarely 
tubular  or  of  separate  petals.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-segments 
and  opposite  them;  filaments  usually  short,  distinct  or  sometimes  united; 
anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent;  staminodes  none.  Ovary  superior,  1- 
celled;  style  short  or  long;  stigma  various;  ovules  few,  usually  immersed 
in  the  central  placenta.  Fruit  small,  baccate,  1-seeded,  sometimes  nearly 
dry.  Seed  subgiobose,  the  testa  thin,  the  endosperm  fleshy  or  horny.  About 
20  genera  and  over  450  S]3ecies,  mostly  tropical  in  distribution. 

Inflorescence  paniculate.  1.   Icacorea. 

Inflorescence  short,  umbellate,  lateral.  2.  Rapanea. 

1.  ICACOREA  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  2:   Suppl.  1.  1775. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  mostly  entire  leaves  and  perfect  or 
polygamo-dioecious  white  or  pink  flowers  in  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  cam- 
panulate,  4-5-parted.  Corolla  nearly  rotate,  usually  5-parted,  the  segments 
spreading  or  reflexed.  Stamens  usually  5;  filaments  short  or  slender,  borne 
at  the  top  of  the  short  corolla-tube;  anthers  acute  or  acuminate.  Ovary 
globo&-e;  stigma  discoid  or  truncate;  ovules  several  or  few.  Berry  little  fleshy. 
[Guiana  name.]  Over  200  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Type 
species:  Icacorea  guianensis  Aubl. 

Style  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  ovary.  1.  I.  paniculata. 

Style  subulate,  not  longer  than  the  ovary.  2.  /.  (juadalupcusis. 

1.  Icacorea  paniculata  (Nutt.)  Sudw.  Gard.  &  For.  6:  324.     1893. 

Cyrilla  paniculata  Nutt.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  5:    290.     1822. 
Ardisia  PicTceringia  Torr.  &  Gray;  DC.  Prodr.  8:  124.     1844. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  7.5  m.  with 
a  trunk  up  to  1.5  dm.  in  diameter,  the  bark  white,  scaly,  the  twigs  rather  stout, 
puberulent  or  glabrous.  Leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous,  short-petioled,  oblanceo- 
late,  obovate  or  elliptic,  6-16  cm.  long,  yellowish  or  dark  green  above,  pale 
green  beneath,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral  veins  slender,  the  apex 
obtuse  or  acute,  the  base  narrowed;  panicles  terminal,  densely  many-flowered, 


316  THEOPHRASTACEAE. 

5-12  cm.  long;  pedicels  short,  slender;  calyx  2  mm.  long,  its  5  segments  ovate, 
acute,  unsymmetrical,  ciliate ;  corolla  rotate,  its  5  oblong  or  obovate  segments 
reflexed,  3-4  mm.  long,  white,  with  purplish  lines  and  dots;  anthers  orange; 
fruit  "globose,  black,  shining,  7-9  mm.  in  diameter,  tipped  by  the  filiform  style. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence  and  Eleu- 
thera  : — iFlorida  ;   Cuba  ;  Mexico.     Marlberry.     Dog-berry. 

2.  Icacorea  guadalupensis  (Duchass.)  Britton;  Wilson,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. 
8:   401.     1917. 

Ardisia  guadalupensis  Duchass;   Griseb.  Kar.  89.     1857. 

A  glabrous  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  or  a  tree  up  to  15  m.  high,  the  stout  twigs 
light  grey.  Leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-obovate,  coriaceous,  10-15  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  paler  green 
beneath  than  above,  delicately  veined,  the  stout  petioles  7-12  mm.  long; 
panicles  terminal,  densely  many-flowered,  10-15  cm.  long;  pedicels  2-4  mm. 
long,  rather  stout;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  its  5  segments  oblong,  obtuse, 
punctate;  corolla  white,  rotate,  its  5  segments  ovate  or  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse, 
symmetrical,  more  or  less  punctate  or  lineolate;  fruit  subglobose  or  depressed- 
globose,  black  when  mature,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  tipped  by  the  short  style. 

Coppices,  North  Caicos  : — Porto  Rico  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Santa  Lucia.  Guade- 
liOUPE  Marlberry. 

2.  RAPANEA  Aubl.  PL  Guian.  1:   121.     1775. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  coriaceous  leaves,  and  small  bracted 
polygamo-dioecious  flowers  in  lateral  or  axillary  fascicles.  Calyx  mostly  4-5- 
cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  4-5-parted,  or  rarely  of  4  or  5  separate  petals,  the 
segments  spreading  or  recurved.  Stamens  borne  on  the  bases  of  the  corolla- 
segments;  filaments  short;  anthers  obtuse.  Ovary  globose  or  ovoid;  style 
short  or  slender;  stigma  various;  ovules  few  or  many.  Fruit  a  globose,  nearly 
dry,  small  1-seeded  berry.  [Guiana  name.]  Over  80  species^  mostly  of  trop- 
ical regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Bapanea  guianensis  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  1:   121.     1775. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  6  m.  high,  the  trunk  sometimes  1.5  dm.  in 
diameter,  the  foliage  glabrous,  the  bark  smooth  and  gray.  Leaves  mostly 
clustered  near  the  ends  of  the  rather  slender  twigs,  short-petioled,  obovate  or 
oblong,  4—10  cm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright  green 
and  somewhat  shining  above,  dull  green  beneath,  the  midvein  prominent,  the 
lateral  veins  faint;  flowers  green,  about  4  mm.  broad,  nearly  sessile  on  the 
twigs  below  the  leaves;  sepals  ovate,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  corolla-lobes  oblong, 
glandular-ciliate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  sepals,  somewhat  unequal;  fruit 
globose,  black  when  mature,  about  4  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands.  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Cat  Island,  Crooked  Island  and  Mariguana  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico 
and  to  Trinidad ;  Jamaica  ;  northern  South  America.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as 
Mjjrsine  laeta  DC.     Myrsine. 

Family  2.     THEOPHRASTACEAE  D.  Don. 

Theophrasta  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  wath  everg-reen  coriaceous  estipulate  leaves,  and  regu- 
lar, perfect  or  polyg-amo-dioeeious  fl owners  in  axillary  or  terminal  clusters  or 
solitary.     Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-parted,  the  segments  obtuse,  imbricated. 


THEOPHRASTACEAE.  317 

Corolla  gamopetaloiis,  rotate-campanulate  or  cylindric-canipanulate,  mostly 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Stamens  5,  rarely  4,  borne  near  the  base  of 
the  corolla-tube;  filaments  subulate  or  flattened;  anthers  mostly  extrorse. 
Staminodia  5.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled ;  style  short  or  slender;  stig-ma 
capitate  or  discoid;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  inde- 
hiscent,  few-several-seeded.  Five  genera  and  about  50  species,  of  tropical 
distribution. 

1.  JACQUINIA  L.;  Jacq.  Enum.  2,  15.     1760. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  coriaceous 
leaves,  and  small  perfect  white  or  yellow,  racemed,  corymbed  or  panicled 
flowers.  Sepals  5,  imbricated.  Corolla  salverform  or  short-campanulate,  5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  spreading  at  anthesis.  Staminodia  5, 
borne  on  the  corolla-tube.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube. 
Ovary  5-carpellary ;  style  short;  ovules  usually  many.  Fruit  ovoid  or  globose, 
coriaceous.  Seeds  compressed,  with  cartilaginous  endosperm.  [Commemorates 
Nicolas  Joseph  von  Jacquin,  1727-1817,  distinguished  Austrian  botanist.] 
About  25  species  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Jacquinia  ruscifolia  Jacq. 

Flowers  single  in  the  upper  axils  and  in  small  terminal  clusters.  1.   J.  Ticrtrrii. 

Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  2.  J.  kcuensis. 

1.  Jacquinia  Berterii  Spreng.  Syst.  1:  668.     1825. 

Jacquinia  Berterii  retusa  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  1:  378.     1899. 

A  much-branched  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  or  tree  up  to  about  7  m.  high,  the 
bark  w^hitish,  the  young  twigs  scurfy-lepidote.  Leaves  various  in  form,  oblong 
to  obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  2-4  cm.  long,  rounded,  retuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  usually  inconspicuously  veined,  the 
petioles  1-2  mm.  long;  inflorescence  terminal  or  in  the  uppermost  axils,  1-6- 
flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  5-8  mm.  long,  thickened 
upwardly  in  fruit;  sepals  nearly  orbicular,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  glabrous;  corolla 
about  3  mm.  long,  its  lobes  reflexed;  staminodia  much  shorter  than  the  corolla- 
lobes,  somewhat  longer  than  the  stamens;  fruit  ovoid  to  subglobose,  orange  or 
yellow,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices,  Cat  Island.  Watling's,  Long  Island,  Acklin's  and  Stubb's  Cay,  Caicos 
Islands  : — Cuba  to  Anegada  and  Guadeloupe.     Berter's  Jacquinia. 

2.  Jacciuinia  keyensis  Mez  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  2:  444.     1901. 

A  tree,  up  to  6  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes  2.5  dm.  in  diameter,  the 
nearly  smooth  bark  light  gray,  the  young  twigs  finely  pubescent,  somewhat 
angled,  densely  leafy.  Leaves  oblong-obovate  to  spatulate,  3-7  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  retuse  and  apiculate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous, 
shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  petioles  short ;  racemes  6  cm.  long  or  less ; 
pedicels  stout,  about  1  cm.  long;  sepals  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse;  flowers  very 
fragrant ;  corolla  salverform,  about  1  cm.  broad,  its  lobes  longer  than  the 
tube;  stamens  shorter  than  the  staminodia;  berry  subglobose,  orange-red,  8-10 
mm.  in  diameter,  hard. 

Coastal  rocks,  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk,  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  :  Cays 
of  northern  Cuba  :  .Jamaica.  Referred  by  Ilerrick,  by  DoIIey  and  by  Hitchcock  to 
Jacquinia    armillaris    Jacq.     Joe-wood.     Joe-busii.     Ironwood.     Catesby    1  :    pi.    98. 


318  PRIMULACEAE. 

Family  3.     PRIMULACEAE  Vent. 
Primrose  Family. 

Herbs,  with  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary  (adnate 
to  its  lower  part  in  Samolus),  usually  5-parted,  persistent  or  rarely 
deciduous.  Corolla  gamopetalous  in  our  species,  usually  5-cleft,  deciduous. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  opposite  them,  hypogynous  or 
rarely  perigynous,  inserted  on  the  corolla;  filaments  distinct  or  connate  at 
the  base;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk 
obsolete,  or  none.  Ovary  superior  (partly  inferior  in  Samolus),  1-celled; 
placenta  central,  free ;  ovules  anatropous,  or  amphitropous ;  style  1 ;  stigma 
simple,  mostly -capitate,  entire.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-6-valved,  rarely  cir- 
eumscissile  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  few  or  several,  the  testa  adherent  to  the 
fleshy  or  horny  copious  endosperm;  embryo  small,  straight;  cotyledons 
obtuse.     About  28  genera  and  400  species  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  SAMOLUS   L.    Sp.   PI.    171.     1753. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  or  the  basal  ones 
rosulate.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles  in  our  species. 
Calyx  persistent,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  below,  its  limb  o-cleft.  Corolla 
perigynous,  subcampanulate^  5-lobed  or  5-parted,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  5, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  opposite  its  lobes,  alternating  with  as  many 
staminodia  (these  wanting  in  S.  ehracteatus) ,  filaments  short;  anthers  cordate. 
Ovary  partly  inferior;  ovules  amphitropous.  Capsule  5-valved  from  the  sum- 
mit. Seeds  minute.  [Name  Celtic]  About  10  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Type  species:  Samolus  Valerandi  L. 

Stems  leafly  to  the  inflorescence.  1.  S.  forihtindtis. 

Stems  scapose,  leafy  below.  2.   /S.  ehracteatus. 

1.  Samolus  floribtindus  H.B.K.  ^^ov.  Gen.  2:  224.     1818. 

Samolus  Valerandi  americanus  A.  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  274.     1856. 

Erect  or  ascending,  1.5-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  2-8  cm.  long,  obovate,  obtuse; 
flowers  less  than  2  mm.  broad,  in  elongated  panicled  racemes;  pedicels  filiform, 
spreading,  8-25  mm.  long^  bracteolate  near  the  middle ;  calyx-lobes  acute, 
shorter  than  the  corolla;  corolla-lobes  longer  than  the  tube;  staminodia  5; 
capsule  2-3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Moist  soil,  New  Providence  :- — throughout  temperate  North  America  to  Florida, 
Texas,  California  and  Mexico  ;  Cuba.     Water  Pimpernel. 

2.  Samolus  ebracteatus  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:   223.     1818. 

Samodia  el)racteata  Baudo,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II.  20:  350.     1843. 

Erect,  4  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  4-12  cm.  long,  spatulate  or  obovate, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute;  flowers  white,  6-7  mm.  broad,  in  long-stalked  simple 
or  sometimes  branched  racemes;  pedicels  ascending,  very  slender,  15-25  mm. 
long;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla;  corolla- 
lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  staminodia  none;  capsule  3-4  mm.  in  diameter. 

Moist  ground,  Andros,  at  Red  Bays  : — Florida  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico ;  Cuba. 
Larger  Water  Pimpernel. 


PLUMBAGIXACEAE.  319 

Family  4.  PLUMBAGINACEAE  Lindl. 

Plumbago  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  l)asal  or  alternate  leaves,  and  perfect 
and  regular  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosepalous,  4-5-toothed, 
plaited  at  the  sinuses,  the  tube  5-15-ribbed.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  hypogynous 
clawed  segments  connate  at  the  base,  or  united  into  a  tube.  Stamens  4  or 
5,  opposite  the  corolla-segments,  hypogynous;  anthers  2-eelled,  attached 
by  their  backs  to  the  filaments,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk 
none.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled;  ovule  solitai-y,  anatropous,  pendulous; 
styles  5.  Fruit  a  utricle  or  achene,  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  rarely  a  dehiscent 
capsule.  Seed  solitary;  testa  membranous;  endosperm  mealy,  or  none; 
embiyo  straight;  cotyledons  entire.  About  10  genera  and  350  species,  of 
wide  distribution,  many  in  saline  situations. 

Calyx  glandular ;  claws  of  the  petals  united  into  a  tube.  1.  Plumbago. 

Calyx  not  glandular;  claws  of  the  petals  distinct  or  nearly  so.  2.  Limonium. 

1.  PLUMBAGO  L.  Sp.  PI.   151.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs  or  vines,  with  alternate,  often  clasping  leaves,  the 
purple  blue  red  or  white  flowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  5-ribbed, 
glandular,  with  4  or  5  erect  lobes.  Petals  4  or  5,  their  claws  united  into  a 
tube,  their  blades  entire,  spreading,  the  corolla  thin,  salverform.  Stamens 
5,  distinct,  the  filaments  dilated  at  the  base,  the  anthers  linear.  Styles  fili- 
form, stigmatic  on  the  inner  side,  partly  united.  Fruit  capsular.  [Latin, 
leadwort.]  About  a  dozen  species,  natives  of  southern  Europe  and  West- 
central  Asia  and  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Plumbago  europaea  L. 

1.  Plumbago  scandens  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  215.     1762. 

A  perennial  woody  herb^  the  branches  often  elongated  and  vine-like, 
glabrous,  sometimes  1  m.  long.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  mem- 
branous, glabrous,  3-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  petioles  1  cm.  long  or  less;  spikes  slender,  peduncled,  several- 
many-flowered,  5-12  cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate^  persistent,  about 
5  mm.  long;  calyx  about  1  cm.  long,  beset  with  long-stalked  glands;  corolla 
white,  its  filiform  tube  about  2  cm.  long,  its  obovate  mucronate  spreading 
lobes  5-7  mm.  long. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  New  Providence,  Harbor  Island,  Cat  Island  and 
Grand  Turk  : — Florida  to  Arizona  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America. 
White  Plumbago.     Doctok-bush. 

2.  LIMONIUM  Adans.   Fam.   PI.   2:    283.     1763. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  flat  basal  leaves,  and  numerous  small  flowers  cymose- 
paniculate  on  bracted  scapes,  in  1-3-flowered  bracteolate  clusters,  forming  one- 
sided spikes.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  the  limb  scarious,  5-toothed,  the 
tube  usually  10-ribbed.  Petals  5,  clawed.  Stamens  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the 
petals.  Styles  5,  separate  in  our  species,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Fruit 
a  utricle.  [Ancient  name  of  the  wild  beet.]  About  120  species  widely  dis- 
tributed.    Type  species:  Statice  Limonium  L. 


320  SAPOTACEAE. 

1.  Limonium  bahamense    (Griseb.)    Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.   Gard.  4:    142. 
1906. 

Statice  bahamensis  Griseb.  Fl.  Br,  W.  I.  389.     1861. 

Perennial  by  a  deep  root;  scapes  several  or  many,  erect,  slender,  much 
branched,  2-4  dm.  high,  glabrous  but  scaly,  fleshy,  terete.  Leaves  linear  or 
narrowly  spathulate,  5  cm.  long  or  longer,  mostly  wanting  at  flowering  time; 
scales  of  the  scape  triangular-acuminate,  scarious-margined,  2-4  mm.  long; 
spikes  1.5-4  cm.  long,  the  flower-clusters  densely  aggregated;  lower  bractlet 
ovate,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  scarious-margined  upper  one;  flowers 
purple,  about  5  mm.  long. 

Salinas,  South  Caicos  and  Grand  Turk  Island.  Endemic.  Bahama  Sea  Laven- 
der.    Heather. 

Order  2.     EBENALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  smiple  leaves,  the  flowers  mostly  regular. 
Calyx  free  from  the  ovai-y  (inferior)  or  more  or  less  adnate  to  it.  Corolla 
gamopetalous  or  sometimes  polypetalous.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  or 
base  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes,  and  opposite  them,  or  more 
numerous. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes.  Fam.  1.   Sapotaceae. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  more.  Fam.  2.  Ebenaceae. 

Family  1.     SAPOTACEAE   Reiehenb. 

Sapodilla  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  sap  often  milky,  the  leaves  mostly  alternate,  entire, 
estipulate,  often  finely  veined,  the  perfect  or  rarely  polygamous  flowers 
clustered.  Sepals  4—12,  imbricated.  Corolla  lobed,  often  appendaged  be- 
tween the  lobes.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  often  alternating 
with  broad  staminodia;  filaments  distinct.  Ovary  sessile,  4T-12-eelled ; 
styles  united;  ovules  solitaiy  in  each  cavity,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  beny, 
often  large.  Seeds  shining,  smooth;  embiyo  straight.  About  35  genera, 
comprising  over  400  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution. 

Calyx  4-5-parted. 

Flowers  without  staminodia  or  corolla-appendages.  1.  Clirysophi/Uum. 

Flowers  with  staminodia. 

Corolla  without  appendages. 

Seeds  with  abundant  endosperm.  2.  Sideroxylon. 

Seeds  without  endosperm.  3.  Lucnma. 

Corolla  with  appendages. 

Ovary  smooth  ;  endosperm  copious.  4.  DiphoUs. 

Ovary  hairy  ;  endosperm  little  or  none.  5.  Bumelia. 

Calvx  6-12-parted. 

Seeds  only  1  or  2.  6.  Mimusops. 

Seeds  4  or  5.  7.  Sapota. 

1.  CHRYSOPHYIiLUM  L.   Sp.   PI.   192.     1753. 

Unarmed  evergreen  trees,  with  alternate  coriaceous  leaves,  and  small, 
mostly  5-parted  flowers,  in  axillary  or  lateral  fascicles,  the  sap  milky.  Sepals 
nearly  alike.  Corolla-lobes  unappendaged.  Stamens  included;  staminodia 
none.  Ovary  pubescent;  style  short.  Fruit  a  large  or  small,  drupe-like  berry. 
Seeds  with  a  hard^  often  shining  testa  and  fleshy  endosperm.     [Greek,  refer- 


SAPOTACEAE.  321 

ring  to  the  lustrous  pubescence  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of  some  species.] 
Sixty  species  or  more,  mostly  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Chryso- 
phyllum  Cainito  L. 

1.  Chrysophyllum  oliviforme  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  937.     1759. 

Chrysophyllum  monopyrenum  iSw,  Prodr.  49.     1788. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  10  m.,  with  a  trunk  up  to  3 
dm.  in  diameter,  the  bark  fissured,  the  young  twigs  brownish-pubescent.  Leaves 
oblong  to  ovate,  3-10  cm.  long,  acutish  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  narrowed  at  the  base^,  green,  glabrous  and  shining  above,  densely  reddish 
or  brownish-pubescent  beneath,  the  petioles  8-12  mm.  long;  fascicles  few- 
flowered;  pedicels  5-10  mm.  long;  sepals  silky,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  corolla 
white,  4-6  mm.  wide;  filaments  very  short;  berry  oval,  1-2  cm.  long,  purple, 
usually  1-seeded. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Trovidence.  and  North  Caicos  : — Florida  ; 
Cuba  to  Porto  Rico ;  Jamaica.     C.  Cainito  of  Schoepf.     Satinleaf.     Saffron-tree. 

2.  SIDEROXYLON  L.   Sp.   PI.   192.     1753. 

Unarmed,  hard-wooded,  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  cori- 
aceous, slender-petioled  leaves,  and  small,  5-parted,  greenish-yellow  or  white 
flowers  in  dense  axillary  or  lateral  fascicles.  Sepals  mostly  obtuse,  imbricated. 
Corolla  nearly  rotate,  its  lobes  obtuse,  not  appendaged.  Stamens  borne  near 
the  middle  or  top  of  the  corolla-tube,  included,  opposite  the  lobes;  filaments 
slender;  anthers  extrorse;  staminodia  entire  or  toothed,  alternating  with  the 
filaments.  Ovary  5-celled  or  sometimes  2-3-celled;  ovules  ascending;  style 
short  or  slender.  Berry  ovoid  or  subglobose,  usually  1-seeded.  Seed  with  a 
crustaceous  testa  and  cartilaginous  endosperm.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  hard 
wood.]  About  75  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species: 
Sideroxylon  inerme  L. 

1.  Sideroxylon  foetidissimum  Jacq.  Enum.  15.     1760. 

Sideroxylon  mastichodendron  Jacq.  Coll.  2:  253.     1788. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  25  m.,  with  a  trunk  up  to 
1.5  m.  in  diameter,  the  bark  splitting  into  scale-like  plates,  the  twigs  rather 
slender,  glabrous.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  5-15  cm.  long, 
sparingly  pubescent  when  youngs  becoming  glabrous,  mostly  rounded  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  lustrous,  the  slender  petioles  2-7  cm. 
long;  fascicles  several-many-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  pedicels 
4-10  mm.  long;  sepals  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse,  glabrous,  about  2  mm,  long; 
corolla  greenish-yellow,  about  7  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  stami- 
nodia lanceolate,  acuminate,  1  mm.  long;  berry  drupe-like,  yellow,  oval,  2-2.5 
cm.  long,  glabrous,  acid. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Berry  Islands.  South  Cat  Cay,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Exuma  Chain,  Elouthera.  Cat  Island,  Watlins's  and  Crooked  : — -Florida  ; 
Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  to  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica.     Catesby,  2  :  pL  75.     Mastic-bully, 

3.  LUCUMA  Molina,  Sagg.  Chile  186.     1782. 

Trees,  or  some  species  shrubs,  the  leaves  mostly  coriaceous,  the  small 
flowers  in  axillary  or  lateral  glomerules,  or  solitary.  Calyx-segments  usually 
4  or  5,  strongly  imbricated.     Corolla  urn-shaped,  the  tube  short,  the  4,  5  or  6 


322  SAPOTACEAE. 

lobes  imbricated.  Stamens  4,  5  or  6,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube  opposite  its 
lobes,  the  filaments  short  or  slender.  Staminodes  linear  or  scale-like,  borne  at 
the  sinuses  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-6-celled,  mostly  villous;  style  subulate  or 
conic,  Eruit  a  berry,  the  pericarp  fleshy  or  thin.  Seeds  1-5.  [Peruvian 
name.]  Fifty  species  or  more,  mostly  of  tropical  America,  a  few  Austral- 
asian.    Type  species:  Lucuma  hi f era  Molina. 

1.  Lucuma  Serpentaria  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  3:  242.     1819. 

Lucuma  pauciflora  A.  DC.  in  DC.  Prodr.  8:  168.     1844. 

A  tree,  up  to  about  10  m.  high,  the  bark  gray,  the  rather  stout  twigs 
puberulent  when  young.  Leaves  oblong-obovate,,  coriaceous,  5-13  cm.  long, 
glabrous,  somewhat  shining  above,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
reticulate-veined,  the  puberulent  petioles  3-15  mm.  long;  peduncles  solitary  or 
2  together  in  the  axils,  stout,  puberulent,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  a 
little  longer;  calyx-segments  round-ovate,  puberulent,  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  6-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded,  as  long  as  the 
tube;  ovary  6-celled,  tomentose;  berry  globose,  2-3  cm.  in  diameter,  3-6-seeded; 
seeds  1.5-2  cm.  long. 

Coppices,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Cuba.  Referred  by  Coker  to  L.  multi- 
flora  A.  DC.     Egg-fruit. 

4.  DIPHOLIS  A.  DC.  in  DC.  Prodr.  8:   188.     1844. 

Evergreen  unarmed  shrubs  or  trees^  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small, 
mostly  5-parted,  greenish,  often  fragrant  flowers  in  axillary  or  lateral  fascicles. 
Sepals  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  imbricated.  Corolla  rotate  or  funnelform,  its 
lobes  with  2  appendages  at  each  sinus.  Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla-tube, 
opposite  the  lobes,  exserted,  the  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers  extrorse;  stami- 
nodia  5,  often  petaloid,  alternating  with  the  stamens.  Ovary  glabrous,  5- 
celled;  ovules  ascending;  style  slender.  Fruit  an  ovoid,  subglobose  or  oblong 
berry,  usually  1-seeded.  Seed  with  a  coriaceous  testa,  and  fleshy  endosperm. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  appendages  of  the  corolla.]  About  10  species,  natives 
of  the  "West  Indian  region,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Dipholis  salicifolia  (L.)  A.  DC.  in  DC.  Prodr.  8:  188.     1844. 

Achras  salicifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2:  470.     1762. 

A  slender  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  16  m.,  with  a  trunk 
up  to  5  dm.  in  diameter,  the  bark  scaly,the  slender  young  twigs  appressed- 
pubescent.  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  oblong  to  elliptic-oblanceolate,  slender- 
petioled,  6-12  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
somewhat  silky-pubescent  when  young,  soon  glabrous,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  dull  green  beneath;  flower-clusters  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
pedicels  2-3  mm.  long;  sepals  silky-pubescent,  1.5  mm.  long,  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse;  corolla  about  4  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  oval,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the 
tube,  the  appendages  about  one-half  as  long;  staminodia  ovate,  irregularly 
toothed;  berry  ovoid  or  subglobose,  black,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great 
Exuma,  Eleuthera  to  Mariguana  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Jan  and 
Guadeloupe ;  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico.     Bustic.     Wild  Cassada.     Cassada-wood. 


SAPOTACEAE.  323 

5.  BUMELIA    Sw.    Prodr.    49.     1788. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  branches  often  spinescent,  the  ■u-ood  very  hard. 
Leaves  sometimes  clustered  at  the  nodes.  Flowers  small,  pedicelled,  green  or 
white,  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  sepals  unequal.  Corolla 
5-lobed,  with  a  pair  of  lobe-like  appendages  at  each  sinus,  its  tube  short. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube;  anthers  sagittate. 
Staminodia  5,  petaloid.  Ovary  5-celled;  style  filiform.  Berry  small,  the  peri- 
carp fleshy,  enclosing  a  single  erect  seed.  Seed  shining,  the  hilum  at  the  base. 
[Greek,  ox  (large)  ash.]  About  35  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species: 
Bumelia  retusa  Sw. 

Leaves  narrow,   linear   to   spathulate,    2-10   mm.   wide,    wider 

only  on  shoots:  fruit  oblong-cylindric.  1.  B.  angnstlfolia. 

Leaves   obovate   to   oblanceolate,    1-4   cm.   wide,   frui't   globose 
to  ovoid. 
Pedicels  little  if  at  all  longer  than  the  petioles  :  leaves  obo- 
vate or  oblanceolate,  or  on  shoots  suborbicular.  2.  B.  loranthifoJia. 
Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  leaves  spathulate 

to  oblanceolate.  3.  B.  hahamensis. 

1.  Bumelia  angustifdlla  Nutt.  Sylv.  3:  38,  t.  93.     1849. 

Bumelia  Eggersii  Pierre  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:   146.     1904. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  8  m. 
Leaves  linear  to  spatulate,  or  those  of  shoots  obovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  mostly 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled;  fascicles  few-many- 
flowered;  pedicels  3-6  mm.  long;  sepals  ovate,  about  2  mm.  long,  obtuse,  the 
inner  wider  than  the  outer;  corolla-lobes  orbicular,  erose-denticulate,  the  lance- 
olate appendages  acuminate;  staminodia  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  2  mm.  long, 
erose;    fruit   oblong  to   oblong-cylindric,    1-2    cm.   long,   purple-black. 

Palmetto-lands,  coastal  thickets,  borders  of  salinas,  Great  Bahama,  Cat  Cay, 
Andros,  New  Providence,  and  Rose  Island  : — Florida ;  Cuban  Cays.  Recorded  by 
Mrs.  Northrop  and  by  Coker  as  B.  microphyUa  Griseb.     Narrow-lbaved  Bu^ielia. 

2.  Bumelia   loranthifolia    (Pierre)    Britton,   Bull.   X.   Y.   Bot.   Gard.   3:    447. 

1905. 

Bumelia  retusa  loranthifolia  Pierre  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:   145.     1904. 

A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  or  sometimes  straggling,  or  a  tree  up  to  8  m.  high, 
the  young  twigs  densely  brown-tomentulose.  Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate, 
coriaceous,  1-5  cm.  long,  glabrous  and  shining  above,  brown-tomentulose  be- 
neath when  young,  becoming  glabrous,  rounded  or  somewhat  retuse  at  the  apex, 
cuneate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  2-5  mm.  long;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  petioles 
or  a  little  longer;  sepals  suborbicular,  2-3  mm.  long,  the  outer  ones  tomentu- 
lose;  corolla  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  its  lobes  about  as  long  as  the 
tube;  staminodia  lanceolate;  fruit  globose,  oblong  or  ovoid,  6-9  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, black. 

Coppices,  pine-lands,  white-lands  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago 
from  Abnco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Inagua,  Mariguana.  Cotton  Cay  and  the  Anguilla 
Isles.  Endemic.  Referred  by  Ilitchcock  and  by  Dolley  to  B.  retusa  Sw. ;  recorded 
by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  B.  ctthcnsis  Griseb.     Wild  Saffron.     Milk-berry. 

3.  Bumelia  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:   447.     1905. 

A  shrub  with  slender  puberulous  twigs,  related  to  B.  loranthifolia.  Leaves 
spatulate-oblanceolate,  coriaceous,  revolute-margined,  8  cm.  long  or  less,  1.5- 
2.5  cm.  wide,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowly  cuneate  at  the  base,  dull  green  and 
glabrous  above,  densely  brown-tomentulose  beneath,  rather  strongly  pinnately 
veined,  the  veins  ascending  at  a  narrow  angle;  petioles  stout,  5  mm.  long  or 


324  SAPOTACEAE. 

less;    flowers   about   6   in   each,  axillary    cluster;    pedicels   brown-furfuraceous, 
stout,  8-10  mm.  long,  three  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Coastal  thickets  and  scrub-lands,  New  Providence.  Rose  Island  and  Long 
Island.  Endemic.  Perhaps  a  long-leaved,  long-pedicelled  race  of  the  preceding 
species.     Bahama  Bumelia. 

6.  MIMUSOPS   L.   Sp.   PI.   349.     1753. 

Evergreen  milky  trees,  with  coriaceous  leaves,  and  lateral,  axillary  or 
terminal  flowers.  Sepals  6-12,  in  2  series.  Corolla  18-24-lobed,  its  tube  short. 
Stamens  6-12,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  the  filaments  short,  the  anthers  lance- 
olate; staminodia  6-12,  petal-like,  toothed  or  lacerate.  Ovary  hirsute,  6-12- 
celled.  Berry  sub-globose,  the  epicarp  usually  crustaceous.  Seeds  1  or  2, 
oblique,  compressed.  [Greek,  aspect  of  an  ape.]  About  40  species,  mostly 
tropical  in  distribution.     Type  species:   Mimusops  Elengi  L. 

1.  Mimusops  emarglnata  (L.)  Britton,  Torreya  11:  129.     1911. 

Sloanea  emarglnata  L.  Sp.  PI.  512.     1753. 

Acliras  ZapotiUa  imrvifoUa  Xuttall,  Sylv.  3:  28.     1849. 

Mimusops  parvifolia  Radlk.  Sitz.  Akad.  Wiss.  Muench.  12:  344.     1882. 

Acliras  bahamensis  Baker,  in  Hook.  Ic.  18:   pi.  1795.     1888. 

Mimusops  fioridana  Engl.  Bot.  Jahrb.  12:  524.     1890. 

Mimusops  baliamensis  Pierre,  Not.  Sapot.  37.     1891. 

Manillmra  parvifolia  Dubard,  Ann.  Mus.  Col.  Marseille  III.  3:   16,     1916. 

A  tree,  up  to  10  m.  high,  the  trunk  sometimes  3  dm.  in  diameter,  the  twigs 
stout,  the  young  foliage  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
twigs,  oblong,  3-10  cm.  long,  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at 
the  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  old,  the  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  flowers 
several  or  many  in  the  clusters,  on  tomentose  nodding  pedicels  1-3  cm.  long; 
sepals  tomentose,  lanceolate;  corolla  1.5-2  cm.  broad,  light  yellow,  its  linear 
lobes  often  toothed  at  the  apex;  appendages  similar  to  the  corolla-lobes,  about 
one-half  their  length;  staminodia  triangular;  berry  depressed-globose,  nearly 
3  cm.  in  diameter,  scaly. 

Scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  East 
Caicos,  Ambergris  Cay  and  Inagua  : — -Florida  ;  Cuba. 

Recorded  by  Grisebach,  by  Dolley  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  2Iimusops  dissecta 
R.  Br. :  recorded  by  Hitchcock,  by  Small  and  by  Coker  as  Mimusops  Sielieri  DC. 
Wild  Dilly.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  87. 

7.  SAPOTA  [Plum.]  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  7.     1759. 

An  unarmed  evergreen  tree,  with  alternate  coriaceous,  oblong  to  elliptic 
leaves,  and  rather  large,  peduncled,  mostly  6-parted,  whitish  flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils,  the  sap  milky.  Calyx-lobes  in  2  series.  Corolla  urceolate,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx;  anthers  sagittate;  staminodia  little  shorter  than  the 
corolla-lobes.  Ovary  10-12-eelled;  ovules  ascending;  style  slender,  exserted; 
stigma  small.  Fruit  a  large,  rough-skinned  berry.  Seeds  black,  shining,  the 
endosperm  fleshy.     [Aboriginal  West  Indian  name.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Sapota  Achras  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8.  no.  1.     1768. 

Acliras  Zapota  L.  Syst.   ed.   10,  988.     1759.     Xot  A.  Zapota  L.  Sp.  PI. 
1190.     1753. 

A  tree  up  to  about  15  m.  high,  the  bark  dark  brown,  the  twigs  rather  stout, 
the  petioles,  peduncles  and  calyx  brownish  pubescent.     Leaves  mainly  clustered 


EBENACEAE.  325 

at  the  ends  of  the  twigs^  5-12  cm.  long,  the  lateral  veins  nearly  transverse, 
delicate,  close  together,  the  apex  obtuse,  the  base  mostly  narrowed,  the  slender 
petioles  5-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  petioles;  sepals  8-10 
mm.  long;  corolla-lobes  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube;  staminodia  longer  than 
the  stamens ;  fruit  globose  or  ovoid,  3-8  cm.  in  diameter,  rough,  brown,  the  flesh 
sweet,  brownish,  milky;  seeds  usually  several,  flattened,  about  2  em.  long,  with 
a  white  scar  on  the  inner  edge. 

Scrub-lands,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  in  various  localities  in  the  Bahamas: 
— Florida  ;    West    Indies  ;    Mexico   and   northern    South   America.     Sapodilla. 

Family  2.     EBENACEAE    Vent. 

Ebony  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  very  hard  wood,  entire  estipulate  leaves,  and 
dioecious  polygamous,  or  rarely  perfect,  rej^ular  flowers,  solitary  or  cymose 
in  the  axils.  Calyx  inferior,  3-7-lobed,  commonly  accrescent  and  persist- 
ent. Corolla  gamopetalous,  deciduous,  3-7-lobed,  the  lobes  usually  con- 
volute in  the  bud.  Stamens  2-3  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
in  the  sterile  flowers,  and  inserted  on  its  tube,  usually  some  imperfect  ones 
in  the  pistillate  flowers;  anthers  introrse,  erect.  Disk  none.  Ovary 
superior,  several-celled;  in  the  staminate  flowers  rudimentary  or  none; 
ovules  1-3  in  each  cavity,  suspended;  styles  2-8,  distinct,  or  united  below; 
stig-mas  terminal,  sometimes  2-parted.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  oblong,  the 
testa  bony;  endosperm  copious,  cartilaginous;  embryo  small;  cotyledons 
large,  foliaceous.     About  6  genera  and  275  sjDecies,  mostly  tropical. 

1.  MABA    Forst.    Char.    Gen.    PI.    121.     1776. 

Hard-wooded  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  dioecious 
(rarely  monoecious)  axillary,  mostly  3-parted  flowers,  usually  solitary,  or  the 
staminate  ones  in  small  clusters.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular-campanulate, 
accrescent  and  persistent  in  fruit.  Corolla  campanulate  or  tubular.  Staminate 
flowers  with  few  or  several  stamens,  the  filaments  separate  or  connate,  the 
anthera  oblong  or  linear,  the  ovary  rudimentary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a 
3-celled  or  6-celled  ovary,  and  3  styles  or  a  3-cleft  style,  sometimes  with 
staminodia.  Fruit  baccate,  somewhat  fleshy  or  dry.  Seeds  1-6,  the  endosperm 
commonly  ruminated.  [Tonga  Islands  name.].  Sixty  species  or  more,  natives 
of  tropical  regions.     Type  species:   Maha  elUptica  Forst. 

1.  Maba  crasslnervis  (Krug  &  Urban)  Urban,  Symb.  Ant,  7:  329.     1912. 

Maha  carihaea  crassinervis  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  15:  327.     1893. 

A  shrub  1-3  m.  high,  or  a  small  tree  up  to  about  7  m.  high,  the  branches 
slender,  gray,  stitf,  the  young  twigs  pubescent.  Leaves  obovate  to  elliptic, 
coriaceous,  3-7  cm.  long,  rounded,  subtruncate  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or 
narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale,  strongly 
and  densely  reticulate-veined  and  pubescent  beneath,  the  stout  pubescent 
petioles  2-7  mm.  long;  staminate  flowers  3  together  on  short  axillary  peduncles; 
calyx  3-4-toothed,  densely  pubescent,  about  4  mm.  long;  corolla  glabrous 
within,  densely  pubescent  without ;  stamens  9 ;  pistillate  flowers  solitary ; 
fruit  solitary  and  short-peduncled  in  the  axils,  globose,  yellowish,  1.5-2.3  cm. 
in  diameter,  the  persistent  calyx  1-2  cm.  wide;  seeds  about  1  cm.  long,  ovoid, 
oblique. 


326  OLEACEAE. 

Coppices  and  rocky  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Guana  Cay, 
Great  Exuma,  Eleuthera,  Watling's,  Atwood  Cay,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Fortune, 
Aclclin's  and  Crooked  Islands  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola.  Recorded  by  Coker  as  Macreightia 
caribaea  A.  DC,  and  referred  by  Hitchcock  to  Diospyros  halesioides  Griseb. 
Feathee-bed.     Boa-wood. 

Order  3.     GENTIANALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  or  rarely  alternate. 
Flowers  regular.  Corolla  g-amopetalous,  rarely  polypetalous,  nerved,  want- 
ing in  Forestiera  of  the  Oleaceae.  Stamens  mostly  borne  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  corolla  when  this  is  present,  as  many  as  its  lobes  or  fewer  and  alter- 
nate mth  them.  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  or  1  with  2  cavities  (rarely  more),  or 
2  placentae. 

a.  Stamens   (usually  2),  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes, 

or  corolla  none.  Fam.  1.  Oleaceae. 

b.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Stigmas  distinct ;  juice  not  milky  ;  ovary  1,  compound. 

Ovary  2-celled ;  leaves  stipulate,  or  their  bases  con- 
nected by  a  stipular  line.  Fam.  2.  Loganiaceae. 
Ovary  1-celled  ;  leaves  not  stipulate. 

Leaves  opposite,  rarely  verticillate  :  corolla-lobes 

convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Fam.  3.  Gextianaceae. 

Leaves  tufted  or  alternate  ;  corolla-lobes  indupli- 
cate-valvate     in     the     bud ;     Bahama     species 

aquatic.  Fam.  4.   Mentanthaceae. 

Stigmas  united  ;  juice  milky  ;  ovaries  usually  2. 

Styles   united ;    stamens    distinct ;    pollen   of   simple 

grains.  Fam.  5.  ApocyxaceaEi. 

Styles  distinct ;  stamens  mostly  monadelphous  ;  pol- 
len-grains united  into  waxy  masses.  Fam.  6.  Asclepiadaceab. 

Family  1.     OLEACEAE  Lindl. 

Olive  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (a  few  genera  almost  herbaceous)  with  opposite  or 
rarely  alternate,  simple  or  pinnate,  estipulate  leaves  and  regular  2— t-parted 
flowers  in  panicles,  cymes  or  fascicles.  Calyx  inferior,  usually  small,  some- 
times none.  Corolla  various,  or  none.  Stamens  2-4;  filaments  separate; 
anthers  ovate,  oblong  or  linear,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  superior,  2-eelled ;  ovules  few  in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphit- 
rojDOus;  style  usually  short  or  none.  Fruit  a  capsule,  samara,  berry  or 
drupe.  Endosperm  fleshy,  horny  or  wanting;  embryo  straight,  rather 
large;  radicle  usually  short.  About  21  genera  and  525  species,  of  wide 
distribution  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Corolla  none ;  fruit  a  drupe.  1.  Forestiera. 
Corolla  large,  conspicuous. 

Corolla  salverform  :  fruit  fleshy,  didymous.  2.  Jasminum. 

Petals  distinct ;  fruit  drupaceous.  3.  Mayepea. 

1.  FORESTIERA  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  2:  664.     1812. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  deciduous  simple  leaves,  and  very  small, 
clustered,  incomplete  and  commonly  imperfect  flowers  axillary  or  on  twigs  of 
the  previous  season.  Calyx-tube  short,  the  limb  deeply  4-6-lobed.  Corolla  none 
(rarely  of  1  or  2  small  petals).  Stamens  2  or  4.  Ovary  2-celled;  stigmas 
thick,  sometimes  2-lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.     Drupe  commonly 


OLEACEAE.  327 

1-seeded.  Endosperm  fleshy.  [Commemorates  Charles  Le  Forestier,  a  French 
physician.]  About  10  American  species.  Type  species:  Forestiera  acuminata 
(Michx.)  Poir. 

1.  Forestiera  segregata    (Jacq.)   Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  15:    339.     1893. 

Myrica  segregata  Jacq.  Coll.  2:  273.     1788. 
Adelia  porulosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:    224.     1803. 
Adelia  segregata  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  410.     1891. 
Foresteria  cassinoides  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  2:    665.     1812. 
Forestiera   segregata   stenocarpa   Krug    &    "Urban,    Bot.    Jahrb.    15:    340. 
1893. 

A  shrub,  or  a  small  tree  up  to  7  m.  high  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  1.5  dm., 
the  branches  slender.  Leaves  rather  firm  in  texture,  oblong  to  lanceolate  or 
obovate,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
shining  above,  pale  and  reticulate-veined  beneath,  punctate  when  dry,  short- 
petioled;  flowers  very  small,  yellowish  green;  drupes  oblong  to  oval,  6-10  mm. 
long,  short-pedicelled,  purplish,  the  stone  longitudinally  ribbed. 

Scrub-lands,  throughout  the  islands  from  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Mariguana 
and  Grand  Turk : — Bermuda ;  Florida ;  Cuba  to  St.  Croix ;  Tortola ;  Jamaica. 
Florida  Privet.     Ink-bush. 

2.  JASMINUM  L.    Sp.   PI.    7.    1753. 

Shrubs  or  woody  vines,  with  mostly  opposite,  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
and  large,  clustered  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  lobed  or  parted.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  its  tube  cylindric,  its  limb  lobed  or  parted,  the  lobes  imbricated.    Stamens 

2,  included;  filaments  short;  anthers  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-celled;  style 
very  slender;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed;  ovules  mostly  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit 
didymous,  fleshy.  Seeds  without  endosperm.  [Ancient  name,  of  Arabic 
origin.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species:  Jasmi- 
num  officinale  L. 

1.  Jasminum  Sambac  (L.)  Soland.;  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  1:  8.     1789. 

Nyctanthes  Samhac  L.  Sp.  PI.  6.     1753. 

A  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  the  young  shoots  sparingly  pubescent.  Leaves 
ovate  to  elliptic,  membranous,  deciduous,  3-7  cm.  long,  acute,  obtuse  or  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  glabrous  and  finely 
reticulate-veined  on  both  sides,  the  pubescent  petioles  3-6  mm.  long;  cymes 
peduncled,  terminal,  few-several-flowered,  pubescent;  pedicels  6-12  mm.  long; 
calyx-segments  numerous,  linear,  about  1  cm.  long;  corolla  white,  fragrant,  its 
tube  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  limb  about  2  cm.  wide,  the  lobes 
obtuse. 

Presumably  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  New  Providence,  collected  by  Cooper 
in  1859  : — Escaped  from  cultivation  in  various  West  Indian  Islands  and  in  South 
America.     Native  of  the  East  Indies.     Arabian   Jasmine. 

3.  MAYEPEA  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.   1:    81.     1775. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  the  rather  large,  mostly  white 
bracteolate  flowers  usually  panicled.  Calyx  small,  4-cleft  or  4-toothed.  Petals 
4,  distinct  or  very  nearly  so,  najrow.  Stamens  2,  rarely  4,  borne  at  the  bases 
of  the  petals;  filaments  short;  anthers  ovate  to  linear.     Ovary  2-celled;  ovules 


328  LOGANIACEAE. 

2  in  each  cavity;  style  short;  stigma  oblong  to  globose.  Fruit  a  small  oblong 
drupe,  with  thin  flesh  and  hard  endocarp.  [Guiana  name.]  -About  50  species, 
natives  of  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Mcujepea  guianensis  Aubl. 

1.  Mayepea  bumelioides  (Griseb.)  Krug  &  Urban,  Bot.  Jahrb.  15:  344.     1893. 

Linociera  humelioides  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  169.     1866. 

A  tree,  up  to  10  m.  high,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  bark  pale, 
the  twigs  slender,  pale  gray,  glabrous.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong  or  obovate- 
oblong,  subcoriaceous,  5-10  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm.  wide,  coarsely  reticulate-veined, 
glabrous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  pale  green  beneath,  the  petioles  1-2 
em.  long;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter, 
several-many-flowered,  puberulent;  bractlets  ovate,  acute,  1-1.5  mm.  long; 
pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  bractlets;  calyx  1.5-2  mm.  long,  its  teeth  ovate, 
acute;  petals  linear,  white,  6-8  mm.  long;  filaments  about  2  mm.  long; 
anthers  ovate-oblong. 

Coppices  near  Nicholl's  Town   and  Crow   Hill,  Andres  : — Cuba.     Black  Ebony. 

An  opposite-leaved  shrub,  found  in  foliage  only  near  Staniard  Creek,  Andros 
(Stnall  and  Carter  8898),  may  be  of  this  genus. 

Family  2.     LOGANIACEAE   Dumort. 

LoGAXiA  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  with  opposite  or 
vertieillate  simple  stipulate  leaves,  or  the  leaf-bases  connected  by  a  stipular 
line  or  membrane,  and  regular  perfect  4-5-parted  flowers.  Calyx  inferior, 
the  tube  eampanulate,  sometimes  short  or  none,  the  segments  imbricated, 
at  least  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  funnelfonn,  eampanulate,  or 
rarely  rotate.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent;  pollen-grains  simple. 
Disk  usually  none.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled  (rarely  3-5-eelled)  ;  ovules 
anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  2-valved  capsule  in  our  species. 
Embryo  small,  usually  straight;  endosperm  copious;  radicle  terete  or  conic. 
About  30  genera  and  400  species,  widely  distributed  in  "warm  and  tropical 
regions. 

Corolla-lobes  valvate. 

Corolla  funnelfonn  or  salverform.  styles  united.                                   1.  SpigeUa. 

Corolla  urn-shaped,  styles  soon  distinct.  2.   Ci/noctonum. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricated.  3.  Polypremum. 

1.  SPIGELIA   L.    Sp.   PL    149.     1753. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  membranous  entire,  pinnately  veined  leaves,  small 
stipules,  or  the  leaf-bases  connected  by  a  stipular  line,  and  red  yellow  nearly 
white  or  purple  flowers,  in  scorpioid  cymes  or  unilateral  spikes,  or  terminal  and 
in  the  forks  of  the  branches.  Calyx  deeply  5-parted.  Corolla  5-lobed,  the  tube 
finely  15-nerved.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube;  anthers  2-lobed  at 
the  base.  Ovules  numerous,  on  peltate  placentae;  style  filiform,  jointed  near 
the  middle;  stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  didymous,  2-celled,  somewhat  flattened 
contrai'y  to  the  dissepiment,  circumscissile,  the  2  carpels  becoming  2-valved. 
Seeds  peltate,  not  winged.  [Named  for  Adrian  von  der  Spigel,  1558-1625, 
physician.]  About  35  species,  all  American.  Type  species:  SpigeUa  AntJiel- 
mia  L. 


>   LOGANIACEAE.  329 

1.  Spigelia  Anthelmia  L.  Sp.  PI.  149.     1753. 

Annual,  simple  or  branched,  5  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  lanceolate,  3-10 
cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  pale  beneath,  finely  ciliolate ;  inflorescence  sub- 
tended by  a  whorl  or  pair  of  lanceolate  or  ovate  bracts  larger  than  the  leaves; 
flowers  small,  in  slender  unilateral  spikes  5-12  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes  narrowly 
lanceolate,  about  2  mm.  long;  corolla  purplish  white,  5-9  mm.  long;  capsules 
5-6  mm.  broad,  tubercled. 

Moist  soils,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma,  Eleuthera,  Cat 
Island,  ^yatling■s,  Acklin's,  Crooked  and  Fortune  Islands  and  Mariguana  : — Florida  ; 
West  Indies  :  continental  tropical  America.     Spigelia.     Pink. 

2.  CYNOCTONUM  J.   F.   Gmel.  Syst.   443.     1791. 

Herbs,  our  species  annual,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  minute  stipules, 
or  the  leaf -bases  connected  by  a  stipular  line.  Flowers  small,  whitish,  in  one- 
sided spikes  forming  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  urn-shaped,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  included;  filaments  short;  anthers  cordate.  Ovules  numerous,  on 
peltate  placentae;  style  ehort,  2-divided  below,  united  above  by  the  common 
stigma,  the  divisions  becoming  separate.  Capsule  2-lobed  at  the  summit; 
carpels  divaricate,  dehiscent  along  the  inner  side.  Seeds  numerous,  small, 
tuberculate.  [Greek,  dog-killing.]  About  5  species,  of  warm  and  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:   Cynoctonum  sessilifolium  Gmel. 

1.  Cynoctonum  Mitreola  (L.)   Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:  258.     1894. 

Ophiorrhiza  Mitreola  L.   Sp.   PI.   150.     1753. 
Mitreola  petiolata  T.  &  G.  PL  N.  A.  2:  45.     1841. 

Stem  glabrous,  erect,  terete,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate, 
petioled,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  6-25  mm.  wide,  acute  at  both  ends,  glabrous;  cymes 
terminal  and  often  also  in  the  upper  axils,  slender-peduncled;  flowers  about 
2  mm.  broad,  numerous,  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  capsule  deeply  2-lobed,  compressed, 
the  lobes  at  length  widely  diverging,  acute. 

Savannas,  brackish  marshes,  palmetto-lands  and  borders  of  mangrove  swamps. 
Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Providence : — Virginia  to  Florida,  Texas  and 
Mexico  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  to  Trinidad  ;  .Jamaica.  The  Andros  plant  recorded 
by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Ci/'ioctoniim  scssUifoUa  (T.  &  G.)  Britton,  proves  to  be  better 
referable  to  this  species.     Mitkewort. 

3.  POLYPREMUM  L.   Sp.   PL    111.     1753. 

A  glabrous  diffusely  branched  annual  herb,  with  opposite  linear-subulate 
leaves,  their  bases  connected  by  a  stipular  membrane,  and  small  white  flowers 
in  terminal  bracted  cymes.  Calyx  deeply  4-parted  (rarely  5-parted),  the  seg- 
ments subulate.  Corolla  campanulate,  bearded  in  the  throat,  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  4-lobed  (rarely  5-lobed).  Stamens  4  (rarely  5),  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
included;  filaments  short;  anthers  ovoid-globose.  Ovules  numerous,  on  oblong 
placentae;  style  short;  stigma  capitate  or  obscurely  2-lobed.  Capsule  slightly 
compressed,  didymous,  loculicidally  2-valved,  the  carpels  at  length  septicidal. 
Seeds  minute,  smooth.      [Greek,  many-stemmed.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Polypremum  procumbens  L.  Sp.  PI.  111.     1753. 

Stems  tufted,  somewhat  rigid,  4-angled,  5-30  cm.  long.     Leaves  1-4  cm. 
long,  1-2  mm.  wide,  acute,  sessile,  minutely  rough-toothed  on  the  margins,  often 
22 


330  GENTIANACEAE. 

^Yitll  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils;  flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the  forks 
of  the  cymes  and  along  their  branches,  leafy-bracted;  corolla  2  mm.  long  or 
less;  capsule  crustaceous,  didymous,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter,  slightly  2-lobed, 
the  lobes  obtuse. 

Scrub-lands,  Inagua  at  Matthew  Town : — New  Jersey  to  Kentucky,  Florida, 
Mexico  and  Colombia  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica.     Polypremum. 

Family  3.     GENTIANACEAE  Dumort. 

Gentian  Family. 

Bitter  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  (rarely  verticillate)  estipii- 
late  entire  leaves,  reduced  to  scales  in  Leiphaimos,  and  regular  perfect 
floAvers  in  clusters,  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Calj^x 
inferior,  persistent,  4-12-lobed,  toothed  or  -divided  (of  2  sepals  in  Oholaria), 
the  lobes  imbricated  or  not  meeting  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  often 
marcescent,  4— 12-lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla,  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat;  anthers  2- 
celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  none,  or  inconspicuous.  Ovary 
superior  in  our  genera,  1-celled  or  partly  2-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anat- 
ropous  or  amphitropous;  stigma  entire,  or  2-lobed,  or  2-cleft.  Capsule 
mostly  dehiscent  by  2  valves.  Endosperm  fleshy,  copious;  embryo  small, 
terete  or  conic.     About  70  genera  and  700  species,  widely  distributed. 

Corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud  ;  leaves  broad  or  narrow. 
Stigmas  roundish,  much  shorter  than  the  style. 

Corolla-tube  surpassing  the  calyx.  1.  Centaurium. 

Corolla-tube  much  shorter  than  the  calyx.  2,  Eustoma. 

Stigmas  linear  or  nearly  so,  about  as  long  as  the  style.  3.  Sahhatia. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud;  leaves  reduced  to  scales.  4.  Leiphaimos. 

1.  CENTAURIUM  Hill,  Brit.  Herbal  62.     1756. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual  or  biennial,  with  sessile  or  amplexicaul  leaveSj  and 
pink  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  cymes  or  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  5-4-lobed  or 
-divided,  the  lobes  or  segments  narrow,  keeled.  Corolla  salverform,  5-4-lobed, 
the  lobes  spreading,  contorted,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  or  4,  inserted 
on  the  corolla  tube;  filaments  short-filiform;  anthers  becoming  spirally  twisted. 
Ovary  l-celled,  the  placentae  sometimes  intruded;  style  filiform;  stigma  2-lobed. 
Capsule  2-valved.  Seed-coat  reticulated,  [Latin,  100  gold  pieces,  referring  to 
supposed  medicinal  value.]  About  25  species,  both  in  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.     Type  species:  Gentiana  Centaurium  L. 

1.  Centaurium  Brittonii  Millsp.  &  Greenm.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  308.     1909. 

Annual,  glabrous,  much-branched,  5-18  cm.  high,  the  branches  very  slender, 
quadrangular.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  obtuse  or  oblong-spatulate ;  upper  leaves 
sessile,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear,  acute^  1.8  em.  long  or  less;  peduncles  nearly 
filiform,  much  longer  than  the  upper  leaves;  flowers  white  with  a  yellowish  eye, 
3-5-parted  (mostly  4-parted)  ;  calyx  5-6  mm.  long,  its  segments  narrowly 
linear,  acute ;  corolla  6-10  mm.  long,  its  lobes  oblong,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  tube;   capsule  linear-elliptic,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Dry  sandy  roadsides  and  sandy  edge  of  marshes,  Eleuthera,  Watling's  and 
Great  Exuma  : — Anegada.     Beitton's  Cektauey. 


GENTIAN  ACE  AE.  331 

2.  EUSTOMA  Salisb.   Parad.  Lond.  pi.  34.     1806. 

Glabrous,  often  glaucous,  annual  herbs,  -with  opposite,  sessile  or  clasping, 
entire  leaves.  Flowers  large,  blue,  purple  or  -vvliite,  long-peduncled.  Calyx 
deeply  5-6-eleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  keeled.  CoroUa  deeply  5-6- 
lobed,  the  lobes  oblong  or  obovate,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5-6,  inserted 
on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  versatile. 
Ovary  1-celled;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  small,  numerous, 
foveolate.  [Greek^  open-mouth,  referring  to  the  corolla.]  Four  or  five  species, 
natives  of  the  southern  United  States,  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.  Type 
species:  Eustoma  silenifoUum  Salisb. 

1.  Eustoma  exaltatum  (L.)  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  422.     1861. 

Gentiana  exaltata  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  331.     1762. 

Erect,  slightly  fleshy,  1-9  dm.  high,  large  plants  often  much-branched  and 
many-flowered,  small  plants  simple  and  1-flowered.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping,  sessile,  1.5-9  cm.  long,  the  lower  obtuse,  the 
upper  acute;  calyx-lobes  nearly  filiform-acuminate,  1-2  cm.  long;  corolla  blue 
or  nearly  white,  sometimes  light  blue  above  and  dark  blue  below  within,  2-4  cm. 
broad,  its  lobes  obovate,  irregularly  dentate;  style  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
stigma-lobes;    capsule  olDlong,  obtuse,  2-2.5  cm.  long. 

Brackish  borders  of  marshes  and  savannas.  North  Bimini,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Great  Exuma.  Long  Island,  Cat  Island  and  Acklin's : — Florida  to  Texas, 
Mexico  and  south  to  northern  South  America  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica.  Marsh 
Gentian. 

3.  SABBATIA    Adans.    Fam.    PI.    2:    503.     1763. 

Annual  or  biennial  erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  or  sometimes  verti- 
cillate,  sessile  or  rarely  petioled  or  clasping  leaves,  and  terminal  pink  rose  or 
white  flowers.  Calyx  4-12-parted  or  -divided,  the  tube  campanulate,  sometimes 
very  short,  the  lobes  or  segments  usually  narrow.  Corolla  rotate,  deeply  4-12- 
parted.  Stamens  4-12,  inserted  on  the  short  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  fili- 
form short;  anthers  curved,  revolute  or  coiled  in  anthesis.  Ovary  1-celled,  the 
placentae  intruded;  style  2-cleft  or  2-parted,  its  lobes  filiform,  stigmatic  along 
their  inner  sides.  Capsule  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  small,  reticulated. 
[In  honor  of  L.  Sabbati,  an  Italian  botanist.]  About  18  species,  natives  of 
eastern  North  America,  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.  Type  species:  Gentiana 
dodecandra  L. 

Corolla  2-3  cm.  wide,  rose-pink;  stigmas  oblong-linear.  1.  S.  campnnnlata. 

Corolla  less  than  2  cm.  wide,  pure  white;  stigmas  spatulate.  2.  S.  simulata. 

1.  Sabbatia  campanulata   (L.)   Torrey,  Fl.  U.  S.  1:  217.     1824. 

Chironia  campanulata  L.  Sp.  PI.  190.     1753. 
Sahhatia  gracilis  Salisb.  Parad.  Lond.  pi.  32.     1806. 

Stem  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long, 
sessile,  acute  or  the  lowest  much  shorter,  obtuse,  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  the 
uppermost  almost  filiform;  flowers  pink  with  a  yellow  eye,  about  2.5  em.  broad, 
mostly  5-parted;  calyx-lobes  filiform-linear,  equalling  the  oblong-obovate 
corolla-segments,  or  somewhat  shorter;  stigmas  oblong-linear;  capsule  obovoid, 
about  5  mm.  high. 

Brackish  marshes,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  : — Eastern  Massachusetts  to 
Florida  and  Louisiana  : — Cuba.     Slender  Marsh  Bink. 


332  MENYANTHACEAE. 

2.  Sabbatia  simulata  Britton,,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:   448.     1905. 

Similar  to  S.  campanulata  but  more  slender  than  that  species  and  with 
smaller  white  flowers.  Plant  4  dm.  high  or  less,  the  upper  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  1-3  cm.  long,  about  1  mm.  wide,  the  lower  spatulate,  acute,  4  cm.  long 
or  less,  2-5  mm.  wide,  the  basal  ones  spatulate  to  orbicular;  calyx-lobes  nar- 
rowly linear,  less  than  1  mm.  wide,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla  or  shorter; 
corolla  1-2  cm.  broad,  its  segments  oval,  obtuse;  capsule  ovoid^  about  6  mm. 
long,  tipped  by  the  short  style;  stigmas  narrowly  spatulate. 

Savannas,  palmetto-lands  and  edges  of  brackish  pools,  Abaco,  Andros,  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera  and  Cat  Island.  Endemic.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  and 
by  Coker  to  S.  campanulata  (L.)  Torr.,  and  listed  by  Dolley  as  8.  gracilis  Salisb. 
White  Marsh  Pink. 

4.  LEIPHAIMOS  Schl.  &  Cham.  Linnaea  6:  387.     1831. 

Small  saprophytic  pale  simple-stemmed  herbs,  without  chlorophyll,  the 
stems  white  or  yellowish,  bearing  opposite  sessile  scales  or  the  lower  scales 
alternate,  the  flowers  terminal,  cymose  or  solitary.  Calyx  bracteolate  at  the 
base,  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  4-5-lobed,  small.  Stamens 
4  or  5,  included ;  filaments  mostly  short ;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
2  parietal  placentae;  style  one;  stigma  capitate  or  dilated.  Capsule  oblong  or 
linear,  septicidally  dehiscent  at  the  middle.  [Greek,  pallid.]  About  20  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Leiphaimos  parasitica  Schl.  &■  Cham.  Linnaea  6:  387.     1831. 

Voyria  mexicana  Griseb.  Gen.  et  Spec.  Gent.  208.     1838. 

Stem  somewhat  fleshy^  whitish,  1-4  dm.  high,  erect,  slender,  simple  or 
little-branched,  bearing  few  opposite  scales  3-5  mm.  long.  Calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late, obtuse ;  corolla  whitish  or  yellowish,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  triangular  acute 
lobes  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube;  capsule  5-6  mm.  long. 

Floor  of  coppices  in  leaf  mold.  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera.  Watling's,  Crooked  Island  and  North  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Mexico.     Leiphaimos. 

Family  4.     MENYANTHACEAE  G.  Don. 

BucKBEAN  Family. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  with  basal  or  alternate  leaves,  and 
clustered  regular  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5-parted,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  5-lobed  or  5-eleft,  the  lobes  induplicate-valvate,  at  least 
in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes; 
anther-sacs  longitudinaly  dehiscent;  pollen-grains  3-angled.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  the  2  placentae  sometimes  intruded.  Fruit  a  capsule,  or  indehiseent. 
Five  genera  and  about  35  species,  widely  distributed. 

1.  NYMPHOIDES  Hill,  Brit.  Herbal  77.     1756. 

[LiMNAXTHEMUM  S.  G.  Gmel.  Nov.  Act.  Acad.  Petrop.  14^:   527.     1769.] 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate  or  orbicular, 
entire  or  repand,  or  the  primary  ones  different;  flowers  yellow,  or  white,  umbel- 
late at  the  summit  of  filiform  stems  at  the  bases  of  the  petioles,  or  axillary. 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corolla   nearly   rotate,   deeply   5-cleft,   the   lobes   induplicate- 


APOCYXACEAE.  333 

valvate  in  the  bud,  sometimes  fimbriate  on  the  margins.  Stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  sagittate,  versatile.  Ovary  1-celled;  style 
short  or  none;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Capsule  indehiscent  or  irregularly  bursting. 
[Greek,  resembling  Nymphaea.]  About  20  species,  widely  distributed.  Type 
species:  Nymphoides  flava  Plill. 

1.  Nymphoides  aureum  Britton. 

Limnanthemum  aureum  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   142.     1906. 

Rootstock  1  cm.  thick,  3-4  cm.  long.  Stolons  rather  slender,  purple-dotted, 
2-3  dm.  long,  or  longer,  bearing  a  petioled  floating  leaf  and  an  umbel  of 
slender-pedicelled  flowers  at  its  summit  but  no  tufts  of  tubers;  leaves  sub- 
peltate,  floating,  ovate-orbicular,  8  cm.  long  or  less,  entire,  or  irregularly  repand, 
thick,  dull-green  above,  purple  and  densely  dotted  beneath,  the  basal  sinus 
narrow,  acute,  or  the  obtuse  lobes  somewhat  overlapping;  petioles  stout,  2-4  cm, 
long,  inserted  on  the  leaf -blade  1-3  mm.  from  the  sinus;  umbel  several-flowered; 
pedicels  slender,  3-5  em.  long  in  fruit;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish,  5-6 
mm.  long;  corolla-segments  about  8  mm.  long,  golden-yellow,  their  margins 
fimbriate;  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  as  long  as  the  sepals;  style  subulate,  per- 
sistent, 2-3  mm.  long;  seeds  compressed-globose,  wingless,  smooth,  1  mm.  broad 
and  about  one  half  as  thick  as  wide. 

Ponds  on  Great  Exuma,  near  Georgetown  and  on  Andros  near  Nicholl's  Town. 
Endemic.     Bahama  Floating  Heart. 

Family  5.     APOCYNACEAE    Lindl. 

Dogbane  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  mostly 
with  an  acrid  milky  juice,  with  simple  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regu- 
lar 5-parted  flow^ers.  Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  its  lobes  convolute  in  the  bud  and  often 
twisted.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat;  anthers  2-celled;  pollen-grains  simple. 
Ovary  superior,  or  its  base  adherent  to  the  calyx,  of  2  distinct  carpels,  or 
1-eelled,  wdth  2  parietal  placentae,  or  2-celled ;  ovules  anatropous  or  amphit- 
ropous;  style  simple,  or  2-divided;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  usually  of  2 
follicles  or  drupes.  Seeds  often  appendaged ;  endosperm  fleshy ;  embryo 
straight;  radicle  terete,  usually  shorter  than  the  cotyledons.  About  I'SO 
genera  and  1100  species,  very  widely  distributed,  mostly  in  tropical  regions. 

Fruit  follicular. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  shrubby  herbs. 
Woody  trees  or  shrubs. 

Seeds  with  a  wing.  1.  Plumicra. 

Seeds  with  a  coma.  2.  Xcohracca. 

Herbaceous  plant,  shrubby  at  the  base.  3.   Catharanthus. 

Vines  ;  seeds  with  a  coma. 

Corolla-tube  subcylindric.  4.  Echitcs. 

Corolla-tube  narrowly  campanulate  above  the  short,  cylin- 
dric  base. 
Calyx-lobes  short.  5.   Rhabdadenia. 

Calyx-lobes  long,  linear-acuminate.  G.    L'rcchites. 

Fruit  fleshy. 

Trees  or  shrubs. 

Leaves  alternate ;  corolla  large,  funnelform.  7.  Cerbera. 

Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  :  corolla  small,  salverforra.  8.  Rautcolfia. 

Shrub;  leaves  alternate;  corolla  salverfoim.  9.  Valleaia. 


334  APOCYNACEAE. 

1.  PLUMIERA  L.  Sp.   PI.   209.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  very  stout  brandies,  copious  milky  sap,  alternate 
petioled  feather-veined  leaves,  and  large  bracted  flowers  in  terminal,  peduncled 
cymes.  Calyx  small,  fleshy,  5-cleft,  eglandular.  Corolla  salverform,  the  tube 
subeylindric,  the  5  lobes  sinistrorse.  Stamens  borne  near  the  base  of  the 
corolla-tube,  included;  anthers  obtuse,  their  sacs  unappendaged.  Carpels  2, 
distinct;  ovules  many  in  each  carpel;  style  very  short;  stigma  oblong,  not 
annulate,  obtusely  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Follicles  2,  coriaceous,  usually  linear 
and  divaricate,  many-seeded.  Seeds  flat,  winged,  the  endosperm  fleshy.  [Com- 
memorates Charles  Plumier,  a  distinguished  French  botanist,  born  1646.]  About 
45  species,  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Plumiera  rubra  L. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 
Leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate. 

Corolla-tube  as  long  as  the  lobes  ;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong- 

obovate.  ].  P.  ohtusa. 

Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  lobes  ;  leaves  obovate.  2.  P.  inaguensis. 

Leaves  acute  or  mucronate. 

Leaves  lanceolate   to    linear-lanceolate ;    color    of    flowers 

unknown.  3.  P.  haJiainensis. 

Leaves  broadly  elliptic  to  obovate ;  flowers  red  or  purple.      4.  P.  rubra. 
Leaves  densely  pubescent  beneath.  5.  P.  sericifoUa. 

1.  Plumiera  obttisa  L.  Sp.  PI.  210.     1753. 

A  tree,  4-6  m.  high,  often  flowering  when  not  more  than  1.5  m.  high,  the 
stout  twigs,  the  leaves  and  the  inflorescence  glabrous.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblong- 
oblaneeolate  or  oblong-obovate,  7-20  cm.  long,  rounded  or  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  mostly  narrowed  or  somewhat  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  lateral  veins  nearly 
straight  and  rather  widely  spreading^  the  slender  petioles  2-6  cm.  long;  panicles 
few-several-flowered;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter;  pedicels 
short;  calyx  about  3  mm.  long;  corolla  white  with  a  yellow  eye,  the  lobes 
obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  1.5-2  em.  long,  about  as  long 
as  the  tube;  follicles  7-12  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros,  Watling's,  Provi- 
denciales,  Caicos  and  Grand  Turk : — Cuba ;  Hispaniola ;  Moua ;  recorded  from 
Jamaica.  Hitchcock's  Governor's  Harbor  specimen  referred  to  P.  emarginata  is  this 
species.  Recorded  by  Schoepf  as  P.  alba  L,  Bluxt-leaved  Plumieea.  Fkangi- 
PANNi.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  93. 

2.  Plumiera  inaguensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  448.     1905. 

A  glabrous  tree,  5  m.  high  or  less.  Leaves  obovate,  rather  thin,  the  blade 
6-10  cm.  long,  4-6  cm.  wide^  emarginate  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
cuneate  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  bright  green  and  dull 
beneath,  the  numerous  veins  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  about 
80°,  the  midrib  impressed  on  the  upper  surface,  elevatted  beneath;  petioles  stout, 
1-2  cm.  long;  peduncle  stout,  4-10  cm.  long;  cyme  compound,  8  cm.  broad  or 
less,  densely  many-flowered;  pedicels  slender,  8-12  mm.  long;  calyx  short- 
campanulate,  slightly  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad,  rounded;  corolla  white^  its  tube 
slender,  about  1  cm.  long,  its  5  lobes  narrowly  obovate,  rounded  or  slightly 
emarginate,  somewhat  longer  than  the  tube;  stamens  about  one-third  the  length 
of  the  corolla- tube ;  follicles  linear,  terete,  9  cm.  long,  8  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  Fortune  Island  and  the  Inaguas.     Endemic.     Ixagua  Plumieea. 

3.  Pulmiera  bahamensis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  1:  387.     1900. 

A  small  tree,  about  3  m.  high,  the  twigs  about  1  cm.  thick.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  8-16  cm.  long,  1-3.5  cm.  wide,  chartaceous, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  midvein  impressed 


APOCYNACEAE.  335 

above,  prominent  beneath,  the  lateral  veins  numerous,  straight  ascending;  fol- 
licles {Brcce  no.  4275  from  Acklin's  island,  the  type  locality)  about  10  cm. 
long  and  12  mm.  in  diameter;  corolla  {Brace,  Fortune  Island)  about  2  cm. 
broad,  the  slender  tube  about  as  long  as  the  lobes. 

Rocky  scrub-lands,  Acklin's  and  Fortune  Islands.     Endemic.     Bahama  Plumieka. 

4.  Plumiera  rubra  L.  Sp,  PI.  209.     1753. 

A  tree,  5-8  m.  high,  the  young  twigs,  peduncles  and  pedicels  pubescent. 
Leaves  elliptic-oblong  to  elliptic-obovate,  1.5-4  dm.  long,  acute  or  short-acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  the  lateral  veins 
rather  distant  and  widely  spreading,  the  petioles  3-6  cm.  long;  panicles  several- 
many-flowered,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  stout,  thickened  above, 
1.5-3  cm.  long;  calyx  about  3  mm.  long;  corolla  purple  or  red,  5-7  cm.  broad, 
the  tube  rather  shorter  than  the  limb,  the  lobes  broadly  elliptic,  obtuse ;  follicles 
1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  about  2.5  cm.  in  diameter. 

Open  scrub-lands,  Mangrove  Cay  : — Porto  Rico  to  Trinidad ;  Jamaica.  Jessa- 
mine.    Spanish    Jasmine.     Red   Plumieba.     Red   Frangipanni. 

5.  Plumiera  sericifolia  C.  Wright;  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  171.     1866. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  5  m.  high,  the  stout  twigs  pubescent  when  young. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  coriaceous,  7-15  cm.  long,  emarginate  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  above,  pale  and  densely  pubescent  beneath,  the  stout  pubescent 
petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  peduncles  stout,  pubescent,  1-2.5  dm.  long;  cymes 
several-many-flowered;  pedicels  about  1  cm.  long  or  less;  calyx-teeth  very  short, 
broad;  corolla  white,  the  sparingly  pubescent  tube  about  1.5  cm.  long,  the  nar- 
rowly obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  lobes  1.5-2  cm.  long;  follicles  glabrous,  2  dm. 
long  or  less. 

Scrub-lands,  Inagua  : — Cuba.     Hairy  Plumiera. 

2.  NEOBRACEA  Britton. 

[Bracea  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  3:  448.  1905.  Not  King.  1898.] 
A  shrub,  with  thick  oblanceolate  or  oblong  petioled  leaves.  Flowers 
solitary  or  two  together  in  the  upper  axils,  white  or  reddish,  peduncled.  Calyx 
deeply  5-cleft,  its  lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla  nearly  salverform, 
the  short  tube  slightly  and  gradually  dilated  above,  about  as  long  as  the  5 
obliquely  ovate  lobes.  Stamens  5,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube; 
filaments  short;  anthers  sagittate,  hairy  on  the  back.  Follicles  long-linear, 
slightly  torulose.  Seeds  comose.  [In  honor  of  L.  J.  K.  Brace,  a  diligent 
collector  of  the  Bahamian  flora.]     A  monotypic  genus. 

1.  Neobracea  bahamensis  Britton. 

Bracea  lahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  3:  448.     1905. 

About  1  m.  high,  with  grayish  brown  branches  leafy  only  near  the  ends,  the 
young  twigs  pubescent.  Leaves  firm  in  texture,  revolute-margined,  oblong- 
oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
4-10  em.  long,  1-2.5  cm.  wide,  bright  green  above,  densely  and  finely  tomentose 
with  the  veins  prominently  reticulated  beneath;  petioles  4-7  mm.  long;  flowers 
appearing  with  the  leaves;  peduncles  tomentose,  about  1  cm.  long;  calyx-lobes 
tomentose,  3  mm.  long;  corolla  white  with  a  reddish  throat,  pubescent  outside, 
smooth  within,  about  2  cm.  broad;  follicles  15  cm.  long  or  less,  2  mm.  thick, 
pubescent,  striate,  pendent. 


336  APOCYNACEAE. 

Coastal  thickets,  pine-lands  and  borders  of  bracliish  swamps,  Great  Rahama, 
Andres,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Great  Exuma,  Fortune  Island  and  Crooked 
Island.     Endemic.     Bahama  Neobkacea. 

3.  CATHARANTHUS  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  4:   95.     1838. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  -with  opposite  leaves,  and  large  axillary  flowers,  soli- 
tary or  2  together.  Calyx  eglandular,  5-cleft^  the  lobes  narrow.  Corolla  salver- 
form^  its  eylindric  tube  slightly  enlarged  above,  its  5  broad  lobes  sinistrorse. 
Stamens  included;  anthers  not  appendaged.  Disk  of  2  large  glands.  Carpels 
2,  distinct;  style  very  slender;  stigma  thick,  pilose;  ovules  many  in  each  carpel. 
Follicles  narrowly  eylindric,  many-seeded.  Seeds  small,  unappendaged. 
[Greek,  pure  flower.]  Three  known  species,  the  following  typical  one  native 
of  tropical  America,  widely  distributed  through  cultivation,  one  East  Indian, 
the  other  of  Madagascar. 

1.  Catharanthus  roseus   (L.)   G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  4:   95.     1838. 

Vinca  rosea  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  944.     1759. 
Ammocallis  rosea  Small,  El.  SE.  U.  S.  936.     1903. 

Somewhat  woody,  usually  branched,  pubescent,  8  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves 
oblong  to  oblong-oblanceolate,  3-8  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  aj)ex, 
mucronulate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles;  peduncles  very  short, 
pubescent ;  calyx-lobes  linear-subulate,  3-4  mm  long,  pubescent ;  corolla  white 
or  pink,  the  finely  pubescent  tube  2.5-3  cm.  long,  the  oblique  lobes  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  tube;  follicles  eylindric,  pubescent,  2-3  cm.  long. 

Waste  grounds,  naturalized,  Great  Cay.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Cat  Island,  Acklin's,  Long  Island,  Grand  Turk,  Salt  Cay  and  Inagua  : — Florida ; 
West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America,  Old  World  tropics.  Erroneously  called 
Tulip  and  Sweet  William.     Red  Periwinkle.     Old  Maid. 

4.  ECHITES  Jacq.  Enum.  2,  13.     1760. 

Twining,  somewhat  woody  vines,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  rather 
large  flowers  in  cymes.  Calyx  5-lobed,  glandular.  Corolla  salverform,  the 
eylindric  tube  somewhat  swollen,  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  included,  the 
anthers  appendaged  at  the  base.  Fruit  of  2  spreading  follicles,  many-seeded. 
[Greek,  an  adder,  referring  to  the  twining  stem.]  About  40  species,  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  America.     Type  species:   Taberjiaemontana  Echites  L. 

1.  Echites  Echites   (L.)  Britton;  Small,  Fl.  Miami  147.     1913. 

Tahernaemontana  Echites  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  945.     1759. 
Echites  umbellata  Jacq.  Enum.  13.     1760. 

A  glabrous,  somew^hat  woody  vine,  1-2  m,  long,  the  stems  sometimes  warty 
below.  Leaves  rather  thick,  ovate  or  broadly  elliptic,  3-10  cm.  long,  short- 
petioled,  pinnately  veined ;  cymes  axillary,  few-flowered,  peduncled ;  pedicels 
stout,  1-2.5  cm.  long;  calyx  1.5-2.5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute; 
corolla  greenish  white,  its  tube  4-6  cm.  long,  eylindric  below,  swollen  at  about 
the  middle,  narrowed  above,  its  lobes  obliquely  obovate,  1-2.5  cm.  long; 
anthers  acuminate;  follicles  spreading,  1-2  dm.  long,  subcylindric. 

Scrub-lands  and  sandy  places,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and 
Great  Bahama  to  East  Caicos,  Grand  Turk.  Inagua,  Anguilla  Isles  and  Water  Cay  : — 
Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  ;  .Jamaica.  Devil's  Potato-eoot.  Wild  Potato.  Rub- 
BER-viXE.     Danish.     Catesby,  1  :  pi.  58. 


APOCYNACEAE.  337 

5.  RHABDADENIA  Muell.  Arg.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  6^:    173.     1860. 

Woody  vines,  rarely  erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  large 
flowers  in  small  racemes  or  solitary.  Calyx  5-cleft.,  Corolla  tubular-campanu- 
late,  with  a  short  cylindric  base  and  a  spreading  5-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  broad, 
dextrorse.  Stamens  short,  includedj  borne  near  the  top  of  the  corolla-tube; 
anthers  oblong,  connivent  around  the  stigma,  the  sacs  with  short  obtuse  ap- 
pendages at  the  base.  Carpels  2^  distinct;  style  slender;  stigma  thick,  its  base 
dilated  into  a  reflexed  membrane;  ovules  many  in  each  carpel.  Follicles  linear, 
parallel  or  little  divergent,  many-seeded.  Seeds  linear,  comose.  [Greek,  wand- 
gland,  probably  referring  to  the  fruit.]  About  10  species^  of  Florida,  the  West 
Indies  and  South  America.     Type  species:  FJiahdadenia  Pohlii  Muell.  Arg. 

Corolla  white;  leaves  slender-petioled.  1.  R.  paludosa. 

Corolla  yellow  ;  leaves  very  sliort-petioled.  2.  R.  Sayraei. 

1.  Rhabdadenia  paludosa  (Vahl)  Miers.  Apoc.  S.  Am.  119.     1878. 

Echites  paludosa  A^ahl,  Eclog.  2:   19.     1798. 

A  glabrous,  somewhat  woody  vine,  often  6  m.  long  or  longer.  Leaves 
oblong  or  ellijDtic,  slightly  fleshy^  3-9  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish  and  mucronate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  faintly  pinnately  veined,  the  slender 
petioles  8-15  mm.  long;  cymes  long-peduncled,  1-few-flowered;  pedicels  slender; 
calyx-segments  narrowly  oblong,  6-9  mm.  long,  apiculate,  one-third  to  one-half 
as  long  as  the  narrowly  cylindric  part  of  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  Avhite,  5-6 
cm.  long,  the  limb  about  4  cm.  wide;  follicles  linear,  10-16  cm.  long,  about  4 
mm,  thick. 

Mangrove  swamps,  Great  Bahama,  Andres,  New  Providence  and  Crooked  Island  : 
— ^Florida ;  Cuba ;  Hispaniola ;  Jamaica ;  western  tropical  continental  America. 
Referred  by  Schoepf  and  Mrs.  Northrop  to  Echites  hifJora  Jacq.  and  by  Coker  and 
by  Small  to  RhaJjcladtnia  Mtiora  (Jacq.)  Muell.  Arg.     Mangrg^-e  Swamp  Vine. 

2.  Rhabdadenia  Sagraei  (A.  DC.)  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  30:  435.     1860. 

Echites  Sagraei  A.  DC.  in  DC.  Prodr.  8:   450.     1844. 

A  slender,  slightly  woody  vine,  usually  less  than  1  m.  long,  pubescent  above. 
Leaves  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long,  subeoriaceous,  faintly  pinnately  veined,  obtuse  and 
mucronulate  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  margins 
somewhat  revolute,  the  petioles  1-2  mm  long;  cymes  few-several-flowered; 
pedicels  very  slender;  calyx-segments  ovate,  acute,  1.5-3  mm.  long,  one-fourth 
to  one-third  as  long  as  the  linear  cylindric  part  of  the  corolla ;  corolla  bright 
yellow,  2-3  cm.  long,  the  limb  about  2  cm.  wide;  follicles  linear,  7-11  cm.  long, 
1.5-2  mm.  thick. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices  and  pine-lands,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros  and 
Mariguana  and  North  Caicos  : — Cuba.     Lice-rogt. 

Echites  jamuiccnsis  Griseb.,  recorded  from  the  Bahamas  by  Grisebach  as  col- 
lected by  Swainson.  is  otherwise  unknown  to  us  from  the  archipelago.  It  may  have 
been  mistaken  for  the  preceding  species. 

6.  URECHITES  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  30:   440.     1860. 

Somewhat  woody,  twining  vines,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  large 
mostly  yellow,  cymose  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  5,  narrow;  calyx-tube  5-glandular 
within.  Corolla  cylindric  below,  expanded  into  a  narrowly  campanulate  throat, 
the  limb  5-lobed,  somewhat  spreading.  Anthers  appendaged  at  the  base,  partly 
adherent    to    the    stigma.     Fruit    of    '2    long,    linear    follicles.     Seeds    narrow. 


338  APOCYNACEAE. 

eomose.     [Greek,  tailed-E cTiites.]     A  few  species,  of  tropical  America.     Type 
species:   Urechites  Karicinskii  Muell.  Arg. 

1.  Urechites  lutea  (L.)  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5:  316.     1907. 

Vinca  lutea  L.  Cent.  PL  2:   12.     1756. 
Echites  suberecta  Jaeq.  Enum.  13.     1760. 
Echites  Cateshaei  G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  4:  74.     1838. 
Echites  Andrewsii  Chapm.  Fl.  So.  U.  S.  359.     1860. 
Urechites  Andrewsii  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  936.     1903. 
Echites  neriandra  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  415.     1861. 

Pubescent  or  glabrous,  slender,  often  3  m.  long  or  more.  Leaves  oblong 
to  obovate  or  suborbicular,  herbaceous,  2-8  em.  long  dark  green  above,  pale 
green  beneath,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex  and  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  slender 
petioles  about  1  cm.  long;  cymes  few-several-flowered;  pedicels  slender;  calyx- 
lobes  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  8-12  mm,  long;  corolla  yellow,  3-4  cm. 
long;  anthers  mostly  tipped  by  filiform  appendages;  follicles  linear,  10-15  cm. 
long,  4-5  mm.  thick. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Andros,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Florida ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  St. 
Kitts ;  Jamaica.  Species  composed  of  several  races,  the  foliage  and  inflorescence 
either  glabrous  or  pubescent,  the  flowers  differing  much  in  size  and  the  pods  much 
in  length.     Wild  Unction,     Catesby's  Vine.     Catesby  2  :  pi.  53. 

7.  CERBERA  L,  Sp.  PI.  208.     1753. 

Glabrous  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  1-nerved  and  pinnately  veined 
leaves,  and  large  yellow  flowers  in  terminal,  peduncled  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted, 
many-glandular  within  at  the  base.  Corolla  funnelform,  the  tube  cylindric 
below,  bearing  pilose  scales  at  the  top  within,  abruptly  expanded  into  a  cam- 
panulate  throat,  the  5  broad  rounded  lobes  sinistrorse.  Stamens  borne  with 
the  scales  at  the  top  of  the  tube;  anther-sacs  unappendaged.  Disk  wanting. 
Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled;  style  filiform;  stigma  discoid,  its  small  tip  2-lobed; 
ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  compressed  drupe,  broader  than 
high,  the  flesh  thin,  the  bony  endocarp  2-celled.  Seeds  with  a  thick  testa  and 
no  endosperm.  [Xamed  for  Cerberus,  the  three-headed  dog  of  mythology.] 
About  7  species,  natives  of  tropical  America.    Type  species:  Cerhera  Ahouai  L. 

1.  Cerbera  Thevetia  L.  Sp.  PI.  209.     1753. 

Thevetia  nereifolia  Juss. ;  Steud.  Nom.  ed.  2,  2:  680.     1841. 
Thevetia  Thevetia  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  83.     1900. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  about  10  m.  high,  glabrous  throughout,  the 
twigs  rather  stout,  densely  leafy.  Leaves  linear,  7-15  cm.  long,  5-10  mm. 
wide,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  very  nearly  sessile,  bright  green  and  shining 
above,  rather  dull  beneath,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral  venation  obscure ; 
calyx-segments  about  7  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  corolla  yellow, 
about  7  cm.  long,  funnelform  with  the  tube  shorter  than  the  limb ;  drupe 
triangular-compressed,  3-4  cm.  broad,  about  2  cm.  high,  and  1-1.5  cm.  thick, 
nearly  truncate^  the  flesh  thin. 

Thickets,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence  near  Nassau  : — Florida ; 
Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  Grenada  ;  .Jamaica  ;  continental  tropical  America,  Lucky- 
nut.     Cathartic-bark.     'French    Trumpet-flower.     Luck-seed. 


APOCYNACEAE.  339 

8.  RAUWOLFIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  208.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  ^Yho^led  or  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
peduncled  cymes.  Calyx  eglandular,  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Corolla  salverform, 
the  tube  subcylindric,  the  5  lobes  sinistrorse.  Stamens  included;  anthers  ob- 
tuse, their  sacs  not  appendaged.  Disc  annular  or  cup-shaped.  Carpels  2,  dis- 
tinct or  connate;  style  filiform;  stigma  thick,  annular  or  with  a  reflexed  mem- 
brane at  the  base;  ovules  2  in  each  carpel.  Fruit  of  2  drupes,  usually  connate, 
the  fruit  thus  usually  emarginate  and  2-grooved.  Seeds  ovoid  with  fleshy 
endosperm.  [Commemorates  Leonh.  Eauwolf.  a  German  botanist.]  Forty 
species  or  more,  natives  of  tropical  regions  and  of  South  America.  Type 
species:   Eaiiivolfia  tetraphylla  L. 

1.  Rauwolfia  tetraphylla  L.  Sp.  PI.  208.     1753. 

Raiiivolfia  nitida  Jacq.  Enum.  14.     1760. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  tree,  up  to  20  m.  high,  the  twigs  slender.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  verticillate  in  4's  or  some  of  them  oppo- 
site, acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  tapering  at  the  base,  shining  above,  rather 
dull  beneath,  the  lateral  veins  numerous,  widely  spreading,  the  petioles  6-12  mm. 
long;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  cymes  many-flowered;  pedicels  very 
short;  calyx  5-lobed,  2  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate;  corolla  white,  its  tube  cylindric, 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  lobes  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube; 
fruit  1-1.5  cm.  broad,  8-10  mm.  high,  red,  its  lobes  ovoid,  rounded. 

Coastal  thickets  and  scrub-lands,  New  Providence,  at  Delaport : — Cuba  to 
Tortola  and  St.  Croix ;  Jamaica  ;  recorded  from  St.  Bart's.     Smooth  Rauwolfia. 

9.  VALLESIA  E.  &  P.  Fl.  Per.  2:  26.     1799. 

Branching  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate,  short-petioled  leaves,  the 
small  flowers  in  long-peduncled  cymes  opposite  the  leaves.  Calyx  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  short.  Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  swollen  above,  constricted  at  the 
mouth,  the  5  equilateral  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  sinistrorsely  convolute. 
Anthers  unappendaged,  free  from  the  stigma,  cordate;  filaments  borne  on  the 
corolla-throat.  Stigma  clavate.  Fruit  a  1-2-seeded  drupe.  Seeds  naked. 
[Commemorates  Francisco  Valles,  physician  to  Philip  II.  of  Spain.]  Two 
known  species,  the  following  typical. 

1.    Vallesia  glabra  (Cav.)  Link,  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.  1:  207.     1821. 

Bamcolfia  glabra  Cav.  Ic.  3:   50.     1794. 
Vallesia  dichotoma  R.  &  P.  Fl.  Per.  2:  26.     1799. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree,  6  m.  high  or  less,  the  slender  branches 
sometimes  elongated  and  vine-like.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  some- 
what fleshy,  shining  above,  dull  beneath,  3-6  cm.  long,  short-petioled,  mostly 
acute  at  both  ends;  cymes  few-several-flowered,  often  forked;  pedicels  slender; 
calyx  about  1  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute;  corolla  white,  about  6  mm.  long, 
its  narrow^  lobes  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube ;  fruit  oblong,  rounded 
at  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  about  10  mm.  long  and  4  mm.  thick. 

Scrub-lands  and  white-lands  New^  Providence.  Rose  Island,  Eleuthera,  Cat 
Island,  Conception  Island.  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ; 
Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  tropical  Mexico  to  Bolivia.     Vallesia. 


340  ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

Family  6.    ASCLEPIADACEAE  Lindl. 

Milkweed  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  vines  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  milky  juice,  with  esti- 
pulate  leaves,  and  cymose  or  umbellate,  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx 
inferior,  its  tube  very  short,  or  none,  its  segments  imbricated  or  separate  in 
the  bud.  Corolla  campanulate,  urceolate,  rotate  or  funnelform,  5-lobed 
or  5-cleft,  the  segments  commonly  reflexed.  A  5-lobed  or  5-parted  crown 
(corona)  between  the  corolla  and  the  stamens  and  adnate  to  one  or  the 
other.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  stout,  mostly 
monadelphous,  or  distinct;  anthers  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  filaments, 
introrsely  2-celled,  connivent  around  the  stigma,  or  more  or  less  united  with 
each  other ;  anther-sacs  tipped  with  an  inflexed  or  erect  scarious  membrane, 
or  unappendaged  at  the  top,  sometimes  appendaged  at  the  base;  pollen 
coherent  into  waxy  or  granular  masses,  one  or  rarely  two  such  masses  in 
each  sac,  connected  with  the  stigma  in  pairs  or  fours,  by  5  glandular  cor- 
puscles alternate  with  the  anthers.  Disk  none.  Ovary  of  2  carpels;  styles 
2,  short,  connected  at  the  summit  by  the  peltate  discoid  stigma;  ovules 
numerous  in  each  carpel,  mostly  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  of  2  follicles. 
Seeds  compressed,  usually  appendaged  by  a  long  coma;  endosperm  carti- 
laginous; embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed;  cotyledons  flat.  About  220 
genera  and  2,000  species  of  wide  distribution. 

PoUinia  granular  ;  vines.  1.  Crjjptostegia. 

Pollinia  waxy. 

Erect  herbs,  shrubs  or  trees. 

Corona-segments  with  an  internal  horn.  2.  Asclepias. 

Corona-segments  spurred  on  the  back.  3.  Calotropis. 

Vines. 

Corona  simple.  4.  Metastelma. 

Corona  double.  5.  Philibertella. 

1.  CRYPTOSTEGIA  E.   Br.   Bot.  Eeg.  pi   435.     1820. 

Glabrous,  high-climbing  vines,  ^ritli  broad  opposite  leaves  and  large 
flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  lanceolate.  Corolla 
funnelform,  the  tube  short,  the  throat  campanulate,  the  limb  5-lobed,  the  lobes 
dextrorsely  twisted;  corona-scales  5,  subulate,  entire  or  2-lobed.  Stamens  borne 
at  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube;  filaments  filiform,  short;  anthers  connivent 
around  the  convex  stigma,  acute;  pollen  granular,  the  grains  cohering  in  small 
masses.  Follicles  thick,  woody,  divergent,  ribbed  and  3-winged.  Seeds  comose. 
[Greek,  hidden  integument.]  Two  known  species,  the  following  typical,  the 
other  native  of  Madagascar. 

1.  Cryptostegia  grandiflora  E.  Br.  Bot.  Eeg.  pi.  435.     1820. 

A  stout  vine,  2  m.  long  or  longer,  the  twigs  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Leaves 
elliptic,  subcoriaceous,  5-9  em.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  or  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  the  rather 
stout  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  inflorescence  puberulent;  cymes  few-several-flow^- 
ered;  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  puberulent,  about  1.5  cm.  long; 
corolla  pink-purple  without,  white  within,  5-6  cm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate;  follicles 
widely  divergent,  glabrous,  pointed,  10-12  cm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  escaped  from  cultivation,  New  Providence  and  Inagua  : — Escaped 
from  cultivation  in  Cuba  and  in  Florida.  Native  home  unknown,  probably  East  In- 
dian.     RUBBER-VIXE. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE.  341 

2.     ASCLEPIAS  L.  Sp.  PI.  214.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  middle-sized  or  small  flowers  in 
umbels.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-divided,  usually  small,  the  segments  or  sepals 
acute,  often  glandular  within.  Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  mostly 
valvate,  reflexed  in  anthesis.  Corona-column  generally  present.  Corona  of  5 
concave  hoods,  each  bearing  within  a  slender  or  subulate  incurved  horn.  Fila- 
ments connate  into  a  tube;  anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed  membrane,  winged, 
the  wings  broadened  below  the  middle;  pollen-masses  solitary  in  each  sac, 
pendulous  on  their  caudicles.  Stigma  nearly  flat,  5-angled  or  5-lobed.  Follicles 
acuminate.  Seeds  comose  in  all  but  one  species.  [Dedicated  to  ^sculapius.J 
About  95  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  New  World.  Type  species:  Asclepias 
syriaca  L. 

1.  Asclepias  curassavica  L.  Sp.  PI.  215.     1753. 

Asclepias  curassavica  concolor  Krug  &  Urban;  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  1:  389. 
1899. 

Glabrous,  or  finely  pubescent  above,  8  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves  opposite, 
oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  thin,  5-12  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  the 
petioles  5-15  mm.  long;  umbels  usually  several,  few-several-flowered;  pedicels 
1-2  cm.  long;  corolla-lobes  led-purple,  6-8  mm.  long,  ovate  to  oblong;  column 
distinct;  hoods  erect,  ovate,  about  4  mm.  high,  obtuse,  flattened,  shorter  than 
the  flat,  curved  horn;  fruiting  pedicels  erect;  follicles  fusiform,  glabrous  or 
minutely  pubescent,  3-10  cm.  long;  seeds  6  mm.  long,  the  coma  3-4  mm.  long. 

Waste  grounds  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  and 
Eleutliera,  ttirougliout  the  archipelago  to  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Flor- 
ida and  Louisiana  :  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  trop- 
ics.    Recorded  by  Herrick  and  by  Dolley  as  A.  pauperciaa.     Wild  Ipecac.     Hippo. 

3.  CALOTROPIS  E.  Br.  in  Ait.  f.  Hort.  Kew.   ed.  2,  2:    78.     1811. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  broad,  nearly  sessile,  opposite  leaves,  and  rather 
large  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  umbel-like  cymes.  Calyx  5-parted,  bearing 
several-many  glands  at  the  base  within.  Corolla  subrotate,  5-cleft,  with  broad 
lobes;  corona-scales  5,  fleshy,  adnate  to  the  stamen-tube,  lobed  or  toothed, 
short-spurred.  Stamens  borne  at  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  connate, 
forming  a  short  tube;  anthers  tipped  by  an  inflexed  membrane;  pollinia  soli- 
tary in  each  sac,  pendulous.  Follicles  thick,  pointed.  Seeds  comose.  [Greek, 
beautiful  keel.]  Three  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics,  the  following 
typical. 

1.  Calotropis  procera   (Ait.)  K.  Br.  in  Ait.  f.  Hort.  Kew.  ed.  2,  2:   78.     1811. 

Asclepias  procera  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  1:   305,     1789. 

Arboreous,  1-5  m.  high,  branched,  with  the  aspect  of  a  gigantic  herb. 
Leaves  obovate-oblong  to  broadly  elliptic  or  nearly  orbicular,  mostly  cuspidate 
at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  white-felted  when  young,  glabrous  when  old; 
the  stout  petiole  1  cm.  long  or  less;  cymes  5-8  cm.  broad,  several-many-flow- 
ered, on  stout  peduncles  4-8  cm.  long;  pedicels  1-3  cm.  long;  calyx-segments 
ovate,  about  4  mm.  long;  corolla  white,  tinged  with  red,  2-2.5  cm.  broad; 
follicles  swollen,  3-8  cm.  long. 

Fields  and  waste  places,  spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence,  Eleu- 
thera,  Little  San  Salvador,  Cat  Island,  Long  Island,  Fortune  Island,  East  Caicos, 
Dellis'  Cay,  Salt  Cay  and  Grand  Turk  : — West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  Amer- 
ica ;  Old  'World  tropics.  Giant  Milk-weed.  St.  Thomas  Bush.  Wild  Down. 
Wild  Cotton. 


342 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


4.  METASTELMA  R.  Br.  Mem.  Wern.  Soc.  1 :  52.  1809. 
Slender  perennial  vines,  with  small  opposite  leaves,  and  small  white  or 
greenish  flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx-lobes  5,  usually  with  a  gland  in  each 
sinus.  Corolla  subrotate  or  campanulate,  rather  deeply  5-lobed.  Corona  simple, 
5-parted,  its  segments  narrow.  Pollinia  waxy.  Gynostegium  sessile  or  stipitate. 
Stigma  flat.  Follicles  small,  slender,  smooth.  [Greek^  referring  to  the  parted 
corona.]  Fifty  species  or  more,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 
Type  species:   Cynanchum  parvifiorum  Sw. 

Gynostegium  long-stipitate.  1,  M.NortJiromae 

Gynostegium  sessile  or  subsessile. 

Corona  longer  than  the  gynostegium.  2.  M.  hamatum 

Corona  as  long  as  the  gynostegium  or  shorter. 

Corolla-lobes  papillose-pubescent  or  villous  within. 
Corolla-lobes  papillose-pubescent  within. 

Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  lanceolate.  3.  M.  hahamense 

Leaves   oblanceolate   to   spatulate.  4.  M.  inaguense  ' 

Corolla-lobes  villous  within. 

Leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong. 

Leaves  elongated-linear,  1.5  mm.  wide. 

Leaves  linear  to  linear-oblong,  2-3  mm.  wide.       5.  M.  Unearifolium. 
Leaves   obovate  to  spatulate.  6.  M.  barhatum. 

Corolla-lobes     glabrous ;     cymes    long-peduncled ;     corolla-  7.  M.  Eggersii. 
lobes  acute  ;  leaves  linear.  8.  M.  palustre. 

1.  Metastelma  Northropiae  Schltr.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:   468.     1908. 

A  slender  glabrous  vine,  1-2  m.  long.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  slender  petiole  3-8  mm.  long;  cymes  few-flowered,  on  peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  petioles;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish;  corolla  about  5  mm. 
long,  5-lobed,  glabrous  without,  pubescent  within,  its  lobes  oblong,  obtuse; 
gynostegium  long-stipitate;  corona-segments  linear,  acute;  follicles  linear, 
glabrous,  5-6  cm.  long. 

White-lands,  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Andros  and  Great  Bahama  to  Cat 
Island  and  Little  San  Salvador  ;  Florida  :  Cliba.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  M. 
hahamense  Griseb.,  which  it  much  resembles,  except  in  its  long-stipitate  gynos- 
tegium.      NORTHEOP'S    META.STELMA. 

2.  Metastelma  hamatum  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  173.     1866. 

A  slender  glabrous  vine.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  linear,  acute  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  1-2  cm.  long,  2-7  mm.  wide,  the 
petiole  2-6  mm.  long;  cymes  few-flowered,  short-peduncled ;  calyx-lobes  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acutish;  corolla  deeply  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  puberulent  within;  corona-segments  linear-lanceolate,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  sessile  gynostegium. 

\Yhite-lands  and  rocky  soil,  Cat  Cay,  Little  Inagua,  Castle  Island,  Caicos  Is- 
lands, Grand  Turk  : — Cuba. 

3.  Metastelma  bahamense  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  174.     1866. 

Metasfelmn  cubense  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  417.     1861.     Not  Dene.     1844. 

Epicion  hahamense  Small,  Fl.  Miami  149,  200.     1912. 

A  slender  glabrous  vine,  sometimes  3  m.  long.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  1-3  em.  long,  acute  or  mucronate  at  the  apex,  mostly 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  petiole  3-7  mm.  long;  cymes  few-several-flowered, 
short-peduncled;  calyx-lobes  oblong  to  ovate,  acutish  or  obtuse;  corolla  deeply 
5-eleft,  3-5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  oblong,  papillose-puberulent  on  the  inner  side; 
corona-segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the  short- 
stipitate  gynostegium;  follicles  linear,  4-7  cm.  long. 

Scrub-lands  and  white-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  the 
Berry  Islands  to  Mariguana  and  the  Anguilla  Isles. — Florida  ;  Cuba. 

Prof.  Coker's  doubtful  record  of  M.  hrachystephanttm  Griseb.  probably  refers  to 
this  species  ;  his  specimen  is  imperfect.  Referred  by  Hitchcock  to  M.  SchlechtendahlU 
Dene.     Bahama  Metastelma. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE.  343 

4.  Metastelma  inaguense  Vail,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  142.     1906. 

A  glabrous  vine.  Stems  slender,  terete;  leaves  2-4  cm.  long,  obovate, 
oblong-obovate  or  linear-obovate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  rounded  and 
apiculate  at  the  apex,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole  (or  when  linear-lanceolate 
acute  at  each  end);  cymes  short-peduneled;  calyx-segments  ovate,  obtuse, 
glabrous;  corolla  deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  3-3.5  mm.  long,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  glabrous  outside,  papillose-puberulent  except  in  the  center 
and  towards  the  base  within;   corona-segments  subulate,  acute. 

Scrub-lands,  snntl-dunes  and  white-lands.  Conception  Island,  Watling's  Is- 
land and  Inagua.     Endemic.     Inagua  Metastelma. 

5.  Metastelma  linearifolium  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:  96.     1850. 

A  very  slender  glabrous  vine,  3-10  dm.  long.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-4 
cm.  long,  1-1.5  mm.  wide^  acute,  the  petioles  1-2  mm.  long;  cymes  umbel-like, 
several-flowered,  short-peduncled,  the  flowers  short-pedicelled;  calyx-segments 
ovate,  obtuse;  corolla  white,  campanulate,  about  3  mm.  long,  deeply  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  white-villous  on  the  inner  side;  corona-segments  about 
half  as  long  as  the  nearly  sessile  gyhostegium ;  follicles  about  5  cm.  long. 

Pine-lands,  Great  Bahama,  at  Eight  Mile  Rocks : — Cuba.  Narrow-lb.\ved 
Metastelma. 

6.  Metastelma  barbatum  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club  12:  58.     1902. 

A  slender  glabrous  vine,  1  m.  long  or  less.  Leaves  linear,  linear-lanceolate, 
or  linear-oblong,  1-3.5  cm.  long,  acute  or  obtuse  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  at  the  base,  the  petioles  2-4  mm.  long;  cymes  few-several-flowered, 
short-peduncled;  pedicels  1-3  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  corolla 
greenish-white,  deeply  5-eleft,  the  lobes  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  densely  vil- 
lous within;  corona-segments  ligulate,  about  as  long  as  the  gynostegium; 
follicles  slender,  3-4  cm.  long. 

Borders  of  brackish  marshes  and  savannas,  coppices  and  pine-lands,  Great  Ba- 
hama, Andros  and  New  Providence.     Endemic. 

7.  Metastelma  Eggersii  iSehltr.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  1:   258.     1899. 

A  rather  stout  vine,  sometimes  2  m.  long,  the  branches  glabrous  or  densely 
puberulent,  often  flexuous,  somewhat  woody.  Leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  obo- 
vate, 0.7-1.5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex,^  narrowed  at  the  base, 
glabrous,  subcoriaceous,  usually  fascicled,  the  midvein  distinct,  the  lateral 
venation  obscure,  the  petioles  very  short;  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils, 
yellowish-green  or  whitish,  the  glabrous  or  puberulent  pedicels  about  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  corolla-lobes  oblong^  obtuse,  villous 
within,  3—1  mm.  long;   corona-segments  lanceolate;   follicles  3-4  cm.  long. 

White-lands  and  scrub-lands.  Whale  Cay,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Mariguana, 
Atwood  Cay,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Castle  Island,  Crooked  Island, 
Caicos  Islands,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua.  Endemic.  Referred  to  by  Dolley  as  Oxy- 
petahim  sp.     Eggers'  Metastelma. 

8.  Metastelma  palustre  (Pursh)  Schltr.  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant,  1:  258.     1899. 

Ceropegia  palustris  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:   184.     1814. 
Lijonia  maritima  Ell.  Bot.  S.  €.  &  Ga.  1:   316.     1817. 
Seutera  maritima  Dene,  in  DC.  Prodr.  8:  590.     1844. 
Vincetoxicum  palustre  A.  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  2^:  102.     1878. 
Lyonia  palustris  Small,  Fl.  Miami  149,  200.     1912. 

A  slender  glabrous  vine,   5-10   dm.  long.     Leaves  narrowly   linear,   acute, 
short-petioled,  2-8  cm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide;  peduncles  slender,  mostly  shorter 
•  than  the  leaves;  cymes  several-flowered;  calyx  2-2.5  mm.  long^  its  lobes  lance- 
olate  or   ovate-lanceolate,   acute;    corolla   purplish   or   greenish-white,   about   8 


344  ASCLEPIADACEAE. 

mm.  broad,  its  lobes   ovate,  acuminate;    crown-lobes   1.5-2  mm.  long,  retuse; 
anther-wings  1  mm.  long;  follicles  4.5-7  cm.  long,  slender,  about  5  mm.  thick. 

Borders  of  salinas  and  salt  marshes,  Frozen  Cay,  Andres,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's,  Long  Island,  Fortune  Island.  Mariguana,  Green 
Cay  and  Inagua  : — North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  Cuba.     Marsh  Metastelma. 

5.  PHILIBERTELLA  Vail,  Bull.   Torr.   Club   24:    305.     1897. 

Twining  vines,  with  opposite  leaves  and  cymose  axillary  flowers,  their 
buds  5-angled.  Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corolla  subrotate  or  widely  campanu- 
late,  5-lobed.  Corona  double,  the  exterior  one  annular,  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  corolla,  the  interior  one  of  5  scales.  Stamens  borne  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla,  the  filaments  united  into  a  short  tube,  the  anthers  with  a  terminal 
inflexed  membrane.  Pollinia  solitary  in  each  cell,  oblong,  waxy.  Follicles 
elongated,  smooth.  [Commemorates  J.  C.  Philibert.]  About  30  species  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  PhiliberteUa  clausa  (Jacq.) 
Vail. 

1.  PhiliberteUa  clausa  (Jacq.)  Vail,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  24:   306.     1897. 

Asclepias  clausa  Jacq.  Enum.  17.     1760. 

Sarcosiemma  Brownei  Meyer;  Spreng.  Syst.  1:   854.     1825. 

PMlibertia  clausa  Schum.  in  Engl.  &  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanzf.  4-:   229.     1895. 

A  somewhat  fleshy,  herbaceous  vine  often  3  m.  long  or  longer.  Leaves  ob- 
long to  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  short-petioled,  3-8  cm.  long,  glabrous, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  peduncles 
glabrous,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  umbels  several-flowered ;  pedicels  slender, 
puberulent,  7-12  mm.  long;  calyx  puberulent,  4  mm.  long,  its  lobes  oblong- 
lanceolate;  corolla  white,  10-12  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  oblong  or  ovate;  follicles 
glabrous,  5-8  cm.  long. 

Wet  places.  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Grenada.     Milk  Vine. 

Marsdenia  forihunda  (Brongn.)  Schltr.  (Stepha^iotis  fforihnnda  Brongn.)  re- 
corded by  Dolley  as  cultivated  In  gardens  is  not  l^nown  to  us  as  having  become  spon- 
taneous at  any  place  in  the  islands. 

Fruiting  specimens  of  an  undetermined  asclepiadaceous  vine,  with  lanceolate 
leaves  and  a  fusiform  follicle,  were  collected  by  Small  &  Carter,  in  pine-lands  near 
Lisbon  Creek,  Mangrove  Cay,  Andros,  perhaps  a  species  of  AstepJianus. 

Order  4.     POLEMONIALES. 

Mostly  herbs;  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Corolla  almost  ahvays  gamo- 
petalous,  regular  or  irregular.  Stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube  usually 
to  the  middle  or  beyond,  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  fewer  and  alter- 
nate with  them.  Ovary  1,  superior,  compound  (in  Boraginaceae  and 
Lamiaceae  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style). 

a.  Corolla  regular. 

1.  Ovary  not  4-lobed,  the  carpels  not  separating  as  distinct  nutlets  at  maturity. 

Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  8-4-celled. 

Leaves  and  flowers  mostly  large ;  plants  not  parasitic. 

Ovary  2-4-celled.  Fam.     1.   Convolvulaceae. 

Ovary  2-divided.  Fam.    2.  Dichondraceae. 

Leaves  none ;  flowers  very  small ;  slender  para- 
sitic vines.  Fam.    3.   Ci'SCUTACeae. 
Ovary  1-celled ;  style  1,  2-lobed,  or  2-parted.                Fam.    4.  Hydrophyllaceae. 

2.  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style,  or  not  lobed  ; 

carpels    mostly   separating   as   distinct   nutlets. 
Ovary  not  lobed  ;  styles  terminal.  Fam.    5.   Ehretiaceae. 

Style  arising  from  between  the  ovary-lobes.  Fam.    6.  Boraginaceae. 


CONYOLVULACEAE.  345 

b    Corolla   irregular,   more  or  less   2-lipped    (regular  in   Solanaceae,   and  nearly   or 
quite  so  in  Verhetia  and  Callicarpa   of  the  Verbexaceae). 

1.  Carpels  1-2-seeded. 
Ovary  not  lobed,  2-4-celled,  the  style  apical  ;  carpels 

separating  into  1 -seeded  nutlets  or  fruit  drupaceous.  Fam.    7.  Verbenaceae. 
Ovary   4-lobed   around   the  style,   the   lobes   ripening 

into  1-seeded  nutlets.  Fam.    8.  Lamiaceae. 

2.  Carpels  several-many-seeded  (2-seeded  in  some  Acanthaceae). 
t  Fruit  a  berry,  or  more  commonly  a  capsule  which  is  1-2-celled,   2-valved,  circum- 

scissile,  or  irregularly  bursting,  not  elastically  dehiscent. 
Placentae  axile. 

Flowers  regular;  fertile  stamens  5  (4  in  Petunia)  ; 

fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  Fam.    9.   Solanaceae, 

Flowers  more   or   less   irregular ;    fertile   stamens 
2  or  4   (5  in   Verhascum)  ;  fruit  a  capsule. 
Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  3-5-celled.  Fam.  10.   Scrophulariaceae. 

Ovary  1-celled ;  marsh  or   aquatic  herbs  with 

flowers  on  scapes.  Fam.  11.  Lextibulariace.\e. 

Placentae  parietal. 

Trees,   shrubs,   or  woody   vines  ;    capsule   2-celled.      Fam.  12.  Bigxoniaceae. 
Herbs,  annual  or  perennial. 

Ovary  2-celled  or  falsely  4-celled ;  flowers  axil- 
lary. Fam.  13.  Pedaliaceae. 
Ovary*  1-celled ;   flowers  in   terminal    racemes.      Fam.  14.  Martykiaceae. 
tt  Capsule    completely    2-celled,    elastically    loculicidally    dehiscent ;    opposite-leaved 
herbs  ;  placentae  axile.  Fam.  15.  Acanthaceae. 

3.  Ovary  2-celled  with  1  ovule  in  each  cavity  ;  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves. 

Fam.  16.  Myoporaceae. 

Family  1.     CONYOLVULACEAE  Yent. 

MORXIXG-GLORY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  vines,  some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate 
estipnlate  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  axillaiy  cymose  or  solitary  flowers. 
Calyx  inferior,  5-parted  or  5-divided,  usually  persistent,  the  segments  or 
sepals  imbricated.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  limb  5-angied,  5-lobed  or 
entire.  Stamens  5,  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes,  all  anther-bearing,  the  filaments  filiform,  or 
dilated  at  the  base;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Disk  annular  or  none.  Ovary  superior,  sessile,  2-3-celled,  with  2  ovules 
in  each  cavity,  or  falsely  4-6-celled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cavity, 
usually  entire;  styles  1-3,  terminal,  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  mostly  a 
2-4-valved  capsule.  Seeds  erect,  the  testa  villous,  pubescent  or  glabrous; 
embryo  plaited  or  crumpled;  cotyledons  foliaceous;  endosperm  fleshy  or 
cartilaginous,  usually  scanty.  About  45  genera  and  probably  1,000  species, 
of  wide  distribution. 

Pericarp  dehiscent. 

Styles  separate  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base.  1.  Evolvulus. 

Styles  united  up  to  the  stigma  or  stigmas. 

Stigmas  oval  to  oblong,  flattened.  2.  Jacqucmontia. 

Stigmas  globose. 

Stamens  and  style  exserted. 

Corolla-limb  very  broad,  the  tube  cylindric.  3.   Calonyctwn. 

Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform. 

Ovary  4-celled;   herbaceous  vines.  4.   Quamnclit. 

Ovary  2-celled;  vines  woody  at  the  base.  o.   Exotionium. 

Stamens  and  style  included.  6.   Iponioca. 

Pericarp  indehiscent ;  sepals  spreading  in  fruit.  7.   Turhina. 

1.  EVOLVULUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  391.     1762. 
Mostly  silky-pubescent  or  pilose  herbs,  with  small  leaves,  and  axillary  small 
flowers.     Sepals  nearly  equal.     Corofla  funnelform,  campanulate  or  rotate,  the 
23 


346  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

limb  plaited,  S-angled  or  5-lobed.  Filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong. 
Ovary  entire,  2-celled;  styles  separate  to  the  base,  or  near  it,  each  division 
deeply  2-cleft;  stigmas  linear-filiform.  Capsule  2-4-valved,  1-4-seeded.  Seeds 
glabrous.  [Latin,  unrolling.]  About  85  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  re- 
gions.    Type  species:  Evolvulus  nummularius  L. 

Erect  low  shrubs  with  small  linear  or  scale-like  leaves. 

Leaves  scale-like  ;  calyx-lobes  ovate.  1.  E.  squamosus. 

Leaves  linear.  6-15  mm.  long ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate.  2.  E.  hahamensis. 

Prostrate,  creeping  or  erect  herbs. 

Leaves  ovate,  3-6  mm.  long ;  plant  silvery-pubescent.  3.  E.  Bracei. 

Leaves  linear,   or  oblong  to  orbicular ;   plants  glabrous  or 
pubescent. 
Leaves    suborbicular    to    orbicular-obovate,    rounded    or 

notched  at  the  apex.  4.  E.  nummularius. 

Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  acute  or  mucronate. 

Peduncles  1-flowered,  very  short,  much  shorter  than 

the  leaves.  5.  E.  sericeus. 

Peduncles     filiform,     elongated,     1-several-flowered, 
mostly  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer. 
Leaves  oblong-obovate,  mucronulate  ;  sepals  about 

one-third  as  long  as  corolla.  6.  E.  glaher. 

Leaves    linear    to    oblong,    acute    or    obtusish ; 
sepals  at  least  one-half  as  long  as  corolla. 
Plant  pilose-pubescent ;   leaves   oblong  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate, bluntish.  7.  E.  alsinoides. 
Plant  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate  ;  leaves 

linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,   acute.  8.  E.  linifoUus. 

1.  Evolvulus  squamosus  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  449.     1905. 

An  intricately  branched  erect  shrub,  3  dm.  high  or  less,  the  slender  terete 
twigs  densely  appressed-pubescent.  Leaves  scattered,  reduced  to  mere  lanceo- 
late-acuminate scales,  2  mm.  long  or  less,  appressed-pubescent;  flowers  solitary 
in  the  upper  axils,  on  appressed-pubescent  peduncles,  which  are  about  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes  ovate,  acute,  appressed-pubescent,  one-half  as  long  as 
the  white  corolla,  or  less;  corolla  about  6  mm.  broad,  slightly  5-lobed,  the 
broad  lobes  a  little  emarginate;  stamens  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla,  their 
filaments  filiform,  their  anthers  oval,  short;  ovary  densely  pubescent,  oblong; 
styles  2,  2-cleft  to  about  the  middle. 

Kocky  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island, 
Cay  north  of  Wide  Opening,  Great  Guana  Cay  and  Great  Exuma  : — Anegada.  Re- 
corded as  E.  arhuscula  Poif.  by  Mrs.  Northrop  and  by  Dolley.     Broom-bush. 

2.  Evolvulus  bahamensis  House,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  35:  89.     1908. 

Shrubby,  erect,  intricately  branched,  appressed-pubescent,  4-10  dm.  high, 
the  branches  wiry.  Leaves  linear,  6-15  mm.  long,  about  1  mm.  wide,  ascending 
or  appressed ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  on  peduncles  about  5  mm.  long;  calyx- 
lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  2-3  mm.  long;  corolla 
white,  1.2-2  cm.  broad,  its  l^mb  nearly  entire;  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corolla. 

Rocky  plains  and  scrub-lands,  Eleuthera,  Conception  Island.  Watling's,  Mariguana, 
North  Caicos.  Ambergris  Cay,  Great  Ragged  Island.  Fortune  Island,  Crooked  Island, 
Acklin's  and  Inagua.  Endemic.  Referred  to  E.  arhuscula  Poir.  in  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.  3 :  450,  1905 ;  also  by  Hitchcock,  by  Coker  and  by  Grisebach.  Bahama 
Evolvulus. 

3.  Evolvulus  Bracei  House,  Bull.  Torr.  Qub  35:  90.     1908. 

Perennial  by  woody  roots ;  stems  several,  5-20  cm.  long,  simple  or  branched, 
prostrate  or  ascending,  appressed-pubescent  with  long  white  hairs  when  young. 
Leaves  close  together,  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate,  3-6  mm.  long,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  sessile,  loosely 
long-pubescent  above,  densely  so  beneath;  flowers  solitary  and  short-peduncled 
in   the   upper   axils;    calyx-lobes  lanceolate,   acuminate,   about   2.5   mm.   long; 


CONVOLVULACEAE.  347 

corolla  white  or  pale  blue^  about  7  mm.  broad;  capsule  globose,  about  2.5  mm. 
in  diameter;  seeds  brown. 

Red  soil  in  open  places,  Mangrove  Cay,  Andros,  Crooked  Island,  Mariguana  and 
North  Caicos  : — Cuba.     Bijace's  Evolvulus. 

4.  Evolvulus  nummularius  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  391.     1762. 

Diffuse,  herbaceous,  the  stems  5-20  cm.  long,  branched,  the  branches 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  pilose  or  glabrate.  Leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  oval, 
4-20  mm.  long,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
short-petioled,  pilose  or  glabrate;  peduncles  1-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  sepals  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  about  2  mm.  long;  corolla 
pale  blue  or  white,  5-8  mm.  in  diameter;  capsule  globose,  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

Shaded  moist  places  and  red-lands,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's,  Mariguana,  Great  Exuma,  Crooked  Island  and  North  Caicos : — Cuba  to  St. 
Jan  and  Grenada;  Mexico  to  Colombia.     Moxeywokt  Evolvulus. 

5.  Evolvulus  sericeus  Sw.  Prodr.  55.     1788. 

Herbaceous,  erect  or  ascending,  usually  branched  from  near  the  base, 
slender,  silky-pubescent,  1-3  dm.  high.  Leaves  linear^  lanceolate  or  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  about  3  mm.  wide  or  less,  acute  or 
acuminate;  peduncles  1-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  often  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-4 
mm.  long;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue^  6-10  mm.  broad;  capsule  subglobose, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Pine-lands  and  palmetto-lands,  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence : — south- 
eastern United  States  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  to  Anegada  and  St.  Vincent.      Silky  Evolvulus. 

6.  Evolvulus  glaber  Spreng.  Syst.  1:   862.     1825. 

Evolvulus  mucronatiis  Sw. ;  Wikstr.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  Stockh.  1827:   61. 
1827. 

Einely  silky-pubescent  when  young,  becoming  glabrate,  branched,  the 
branches  very  slender,  prostrate  or  ascending,  4  dm.  long  or  less.  Leaves 
oblong  to  obovate,  1-3  cm.  long,  mucrouate,  short-petioled;  peduncles  nearly 
filiform,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  pedicels  longer  than  the  flowers; 
sepals  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  acute^  3-4.5  mm.  long;  corolla  rotate,  white, 
7-10  mm.  broad;   capsule  subglobose,  2-2.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Margins  of  salinas  and  salt  ponds.  Long  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Acklin's,  Mari- 
guana, Caicos,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  West  Indies  and  northern 
South  America.     Smooth  Evolvulus. 

7.  Evolvulus  alsinoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  392.     1762. 

Villous;  stems  usually  several  from  a  deep  root,  slender,  simple  or  branched, 
prostrate  or  ascending,  1-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  0.8- 
2.5  cm.  long,  more  or  less  pubescent  with  long  hairs,  blunt  or  acutish  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles  1-2  mm.  long;  peduncles 
filiform,  1-5-flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  pedicels  filiform ;  sepals 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  2  mm.  long;  corolla  pale  blue 
or  white,  6-8  mm.  broad;  capsule  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cave  Cay, 
Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island.  Crooked  Island.  Mariguana,  Inagua 
and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  to  Texas  ;  Cuba  :  Ilispaniola  ;  Aruba  ;  Curagao  ;  Mexico 
and  South  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.  Chickwleu  Evolvulus. 

8.  Evolvulus  linifolius  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  392.     1762. 

Pubescent  or  glabrate;  stems  several  or  many  from  a  rather  slender  root, 
simple  or  few-branched,  diffuse  or  nearly  erect,  4  dm.  long  or  less.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  1-2  cm.  long,  acute  or  mucronate, 


348  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

nearly  sessile;  peduncles  filiform,  1-3-flowered,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves; 
sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-3  mm.  long;  corolla  white  or  pale  blue, 
5-6  mm.  broad;    capsule  longer  than  the   calyx. 

Bahamas  (according  to  Grisebach)  : — Jamaica;  continental  tropical  America; 
Old  World  tropics.     Nakeow-leaved  EvoLvrLus. 

2.  JACQUEMONTIA   Choisy,  Mem.   Soc.  Phys.   Gen.   6:    476.     1833. 

Trailing  or  climbing  vines,  mostly  herbaceous,  the  leaves  usually  entire, 
the  mostly  small,  violet  blue  or  white  flowers  cymose  or  subcapitate.  Sepals 
nearly  equal  or  the  outer  ones  larger  than  the  inner.  Corolla  campanulate  or 
rotate-campanulate,  the  limb  5-angled.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla; 
filaments  filiform,  or  their  bases  dilated;  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  2-celled; 
ovules  mostly  4;  united  styles  filiform;  stigmas  2.  Capsule  small,  2-celled. 
[Commemorates  Victor  Jacquemont,  a  French  botanical  traveller,  died  1828.] 
Thirty  species  or  more,  mostly  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  Type 
species:   Convolvulus  coeruleus  Schum. 

Corolla  only  3-4  mm.  broad  ;  cymes  sessile  or  nearly  so.  1.  J.  verticillata. 
Corolla  1—5  cm.  broad. 

Corolla  white  :  leaves  not  cordate :  cymes  short-peduncled. 

Leaves  linear  to  oblong4anceolate.  2.  J .  jamnicensis. 

Leaves  ovate-oval  to  suborbicular,  thick  and  fleshy.  3.  J.  caycnsis. 
Corolla   usually   blue ;    leaves   cordate   or   subcordate ;    cymes 

long-peduncled.  4.  J.  pentantha. 

1.  Jacquemontia  verticillata   (L.)   Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:   339.     1902. 

Ipomoea  verticillata  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  924.     1759. 
Convolvulus  micranthus  E.  &  S.  Syst.  4:  276.     1819. 
Jacquemontia  micrantha  G.  Don.  Gen.  Syst.  4:  283.     1838. 

Stems  very  slender,  appressed-pubescent  at  least  above,  2  m.  long  or  less. 
Leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  membranous,  repand  or  entire-margined,  1.5-4  em. 
long,  mucronate  at  the  apex",  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  more  or  less 
pubescent,  short-petioled ;  cymes  sessile  or  very  short-peduncled,  several-flow- 
ered; pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  2.5-3 
mm.  long;!  corolla  3-4  mm.  broad,  purple  or  pink,  its  limb  5-cleft;  capsule 
globose,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  brownish,  rugulose. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ; 
Jamaica.     Small-floweeed  Jacquemontia. 

2.  Jacquemontia  jamaicensis   (Jacq.)    Hallier  f. ;   Solereder,   Syst.  Anat.   641. 

1899. 

Convolvulus  jamaicensis  Jacq.  Obs.  3:  6.     1768. 

Finely  pubescent  or  glabrate ;  stems  slender,  1-2  m.  long.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late to  oblong,  entire,  rather  firm  in  texture,  short-petioled,  1.5-4  cm.  long, 
obtuse,  mucronulate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate;  cymes  1-several-flowered,  short-peduncled; 
sepals  broad,  ovate,  acute,  about  2  mm.  long;  corolla  white  or  purplish,  1-1.5 
cm.  broad,  the  limb  5-cleft,  the  narrow  segments  acute;  capsule  subglobose, 
about  4  mm.  long;  seeds  rough. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Bahama  and 
the  Berrv  Islands  to  Mariguana,  the  Inaguas.  and  the  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida : 
Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix ;  Jamaica.  Recorded  from  Bermuda.  The  species 
evidently  consists  of  a  large  number  of  races  differing  greatly  in  leaf-form  and  in 
pubescence ;  none  of  the  Bahamian  plants  collected  are  exactly  identical  with  the 
typical  race  from  Jamaica.     Common  Jacquemontia. 


COXYOLVrLACEAE. 


349 


3.  Jacquemontia  cayensis  Britton,  sp.  uov. 

Stem  rather  stout,  somewhat  woody,  branched,  trailing  or  ascending,  0.5- 
2  5  m.  long,  finely  pubescent  or  glabrate.  Leaves  fleshy,  oblong  to  broadly 
ovate,  entire,  1-3  cm.  long,  obtuse,  retuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  cymes  few-llowercd ;  sepals  ovate,  apiculate,  about  2 
mm.  long;  corolla  white  or  yellowish,  5-cleft,  8-12  mm.  broad;  capsule  ovoid- 
globose,  about  5  mm.  long. 

Coastal  rocks,  white-lands  and  sands,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk, 
Tnaeua  and  Cav  Sal :— Cuba  ;  Anegada.  Type  from  Castle  Island  niiison  7/9i). 
Refined  °n  BnJl.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard  4  :  121  to  J.  rcclinata  House,  of  Florida,  whicH 
proves  to  be  distinct.     Fleshy  Jacquemontia. 

4.  Jacquemontia  pentantha   (Jacq.)   G.  Don,  Gen.  Syst.  4:   283.     1838. 

Convolvulus  pentantlios  Jacq.  Coll.  4:  210.     1790. 

Jacquemontia  violacea  Choisy,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve  8:  61.     1838. 

Slender,  glabrate  or  densely  pubescent,  0.5-2  m.  long,  sometimes  much 
branched.  Leaves  ovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  slender-petioled,  entire  or  slightly  re- 
pand,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base;  peduncles  slender, 
mostly  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  cymes  dense,  several-llowered ;  pedicels 
usually  shorter  than  the  calyx;  sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
5-7  mm.  long,  the  outer  broader  than  the  inner ;  corolla  blue,  rarely  white,  2-3 
cm.  broad;  capsule  subglobose,  about  as  long  as  the  &epals  or  a  little  shorter. 

Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Blue 
Jacquemontia. 

3.  CALONY'cTION  Choisy,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve  6:  441.  1833. 
Long  twining  vines,  with  large,  entire  or  3-lobed  leaves  and  large  white 
nocturnal  flowers.  Sepals  herbaceous  or  subcoriaceous,  the  outer  appendaged 
or  unappendaged.  Corolla  long-salverform  with  a  nearly  cylindric  tube. 
Stamens  and  style  exserted.  Styles  united;  stigmas  globose.  Fruit  a  dehis- 
cent oval  or  oblong  capsule.  [Greek,  night-beauty.]  A  few  species,  of  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:   Calonyction  speciosum  Choisy. 


Outer  sepals  with  infraterminal  tail-like  appendages  ;  stems  more 
or  less  aculeate. 


1.  C.  aculcatum. 


Outer  sepals  without  appendages  ;  stems  not  aculeate.  2.  C.  Tuha. 

1.  Calonyction  aculeatum  (L.)  House,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  31:  590.     1904. 

Convolvulus  aculeatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  155.     1753. 

Ipomoea  lona-nox  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  228.     1762. 

Glabrous,  trailing  or  high-climbing,  sometimes  20  m.  long  or  longer,  the 
sap  milky.  Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  membranous,  5-15  cm.  long,  entire,  repand 
or  sometimes  3-lobed,  long-petioled,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  deeply  cordate  at 
the  base;  peduncles  1-several-flowered,  stout,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  sepals 
about  1  cm.  long,  appressed,  the  outer  subulate-appendaged ;  corolla-tube 
slender,  10-12  cm.  long,  the  limb  8-10  cm.  wide,  each  lobe  with  a  broad  green 
median  band  terminating  in  a  cusp ;  capsule  ovoid,  pointed,  about  2  cm.  long ; 
seeds  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

New  rrovidence  and  Acklin's  Island: — Florida:  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico;  Guade- 
loupe ;  Martinque  ;  Jamaica  ;  Trinidad  ;  Curagao  ;  Mexico  to  Panama.     Moon-vine. 


350  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

2.  Calonyction  Tuba  (ScMecht.)  Colla,  Nov.  Sp.  Calon.  15.     1840. 

Convolvulus  Tuba  Schlecht.  Linnaea  6:  735.     1831. 

Calonyction  grandiflorum  Choisy,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve  6 :  442.     1833. 
Ipomoea  tuha  G.  Don.  Gen.  Syst.  4:  271.     1838. 

Calonyction  album  House,  Bull.  Torr.  Glub  31:  591.     1904.     Not  Ipomoea 
alba  L.     1753. 

Glabrous,  fleshy,  usually  climbing,  sometimes  10  m.  long.  Leaves  ovate- 
orbicular^  slender-petioled,  6-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
deeply  cordate  at  the  base;  peduncles  stout,  1-2-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  appressed,  about  2  cm.  long;  corolla  white, 
its  tube  stout,  cylindric,  5-6  cm.  long,  the  limb  5-6  cm.  broad,  with  5  narrow 
greenish  bands;  capsule  subglobose,  2-2.5  cm.  in  diameter;  seeds  densely 
puberulent,  villous  on  the  angles  and  at  the  hilum. 

Sandy  shores,  Abaco,  Frozen  Cay,  South  Cat  Cay,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Ship 
Channel  Cay,  Eleuthera,  Conception,  Watling's,  Rum  Cay,  Long  Island:,  Mariguana, 
Inagua,  Gibb's  Cay,  Anguilla  Isles.  Water  Cay  and  Cay  Sal : — Florida ;  Cuba  to 
St.  Jan  and  Martinique ;  .Jamaica ;  continental  tropical  America  and  Old  World 
tropics.     Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Ipomoea  grandiflora  Lam.     Coast  Moon-vine. 

4.  QUAMOCLIT    [Tourn.]    Moench^   Meth.   453.     1794. 

Twining  herbaceous  vines,  with  petioled  leaves,  and  peduncled  axillary 
flowers.  Sepals  5,  herbaceous,  equal,  acuminate,  mucronate  or  appendaged. 
Corolla  salverform  (scarlet  in  the  following  species),  the  tube  longer  than  the 
spreading  limb.  Stamens  and  united  styles  exserted;  stigma  capitate;  ovary 
2-celled  or  falsely  4-celled,  4-ovuled.  Capsule  usually  4-celled  and  4-seeded. 
[Greek,  dwarf  kidney-bean.]  About  10  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions. 
Type  species:  Ipomoea  coccinea  L. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  very  narrow  segments.  1.   Q.  QuamocUt. 

Leaves  cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  angulate-lobed.  2.  Q.  coccinea. 

1.  Quamoclit  Quamoclit  (L.)  Britton,  in  Britton  &  Brown,  111.  Fl.  3:  22.    1898. 

Ipomoea  Quamoclit  L.  Sp.  PI.  159.     1753. 

Quamoclit  vulgaris  Choisy,  in  DC.  Prodr.  9:  336.     1845. 

Annual,  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  5-18  cm.  long,  pinnately  parted 
into  segments  less  than  2  mm.  wide;  pedunoles  1-6-flowered;  pedicels  thick- 
ening in  fruit;  sepals  obtuse,  usually  mucronulate,  4-6  mm.  long;  corolla  2.5-4 
cm.- long,  the  tube  expanded  above,  the  limb  nearly  flat,  the  lobes  ovate,  acutish; 
ovary  4-celled;  capsule  ovoid,  4-valved,  about  1  cm.  high,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground.  Abaco  near  Marsh  Harbor  : — Virginia  to  Florida, 
Kansas  and  Texas  :  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World 
tropics.  Cypress  Vine. 

2.  Quamoclit  coccinea   (L.)  Moench,  Meth.  453.     1794. 

Ipomoea  coccinea  L.  vSp.  PI.   160.     1753. 

Annual.  Leaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  long-acuminate,  5-15  cm.  long,  entire 
or  angulate-lobedj,  slender-petioled ;  pedun<iles  few— several-flowered ;  sepals 
obtuse,  about  4  mm.  long,  subulate-appendaged ;  corolla  2-4  cm.  long,  the  limb 
obscurely  5-lobed;  ovary  4-celled;  capsule  globose,  4-valved,  6-8  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Waste  grounds,  New  Providence,  near  Nassau  : — Pennsylvania  to  Arizona,  Texas 
and  Florida ;  West  Indies ;  Mexico  and  continental  tropical  America.  Small  Red 
Morning-glory. 


CONVOLVULACEAE.  351 

5.  EXOGONIUM  Choisy,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve  6:  443.     1833. 

Vines,  woody  at  the  base,  with  alternate  leaves  and  showy,  cymose  or  soli- 
tary, axillary  flowers.  Sepals  5,  obtuse,  somewhat  unequal.  Corolla  salverform 
or  funnelform.  Ovary  2-celled;  styles  united;  stigmas  globose.  Stamens  more 
or  less  exserted.  Fruit  a  capsule.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  exserted  stamens 
and  styles.]  Some  25  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 
Type  species:    Ipomoea  bracteata  Cav. 

1.  Exogonium  microdactylum  (Griseb.)  House,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  35:  102.    1908. 

Ipomoea  microdactyla  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Ctib.  '204.     1866. 

Exogonium  microdactylum  integrifolium  House,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  35:  103. 
1908. 

Glabrous,  slightly  succulent,  the  stem  sometimes  spinulose  toward  the  base, 
1-3.3  m.  long,  arising  from  a  large  tuber-like  root.  Leaves  various,  slender- 
petioled,  3-10  em.  long,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire  or  palmately  several-lobed; 
cymes  few-flowered,  short-peduncled;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  peduncle  or 
shorter;  sepals  orbicular-ovate,  about  6  mm.  long;  corolla  scarlet  to  carmine, 
its  slender  tube  2.5-4  cm.  long,  its  limb  about  2.5  cm.  wide,  the  lobes  ovate; 
capsule  subglobose,  pointed,  10-12  mm.  thick;   seeds  brown-hairy. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Mariguana  and  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Cuba.  Recorded  by  Grisebach  and  bv 
Dolley  as  Ipomoea  arenaria  Steud.     Salverform  Morning-glory.     Catesby  2  :  pJ.  87. 

6.  IPOMOEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  159.     1753. 

Twining  trailing  or  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  large  showy  axillary  flowers. 
Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  the  limb  entire,  5-angled  or  5-lobed,  the 
tube  plaited.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  entire,  2-4-celled,  4-6-ovuled;  styles 
united,  included;  stigmas  1  or  2,  capitate  or  globose.  Capsule  usually  septi- 
fragally  2-4-valved,  2-4-seeded.  [Greek,  worm-like.]  About  400  species,  of 
wide  distribution.     Type  species:   Ipomoea  Pes-tigrimis  L. 

Sepals  herbaceous,  elongated. 
Sepals  long-hirsute. 
Sepals  not  long-hirsute. 

Leaves  silky-pubescent  beneath. 
Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Sepals  short,  coriaceous  or  membranous. 

Stems  prostrate  or  creeping,  not  twining;  fleshy  littoral  species. 
Flowers  purple  ;  leaves  suborbicular,  notched. 
Flowers  creamy-white ;    leaves    various,    oblong    to    lanceo- 
late and  entire  or  pinnately  lobed. 
Stems  twining,  at  least  their  tips. 

Seeds  with  a  coma,  or  covered  with  long  hairs. 
Seeds  glabrous  or  pubescent,  without  a  coma. 
Roots  not  fleshy  and  edible. 

Leaves  5-7-parted,  the  segments  toothed  or  pinnatifid. 
Leaves  entire,  sagittate  or  3-lobed. 
Leaves  sagittate. 

Leaves  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed. 
Corolla  2  cm.  long  or  less. 
Corolla   5-7  cm.  long. 
Roots  fleshy,  edible  ;  leaves  various. 

1.  Ipomoea  hederacea  Jacq.  Icon.  Ear.  1:  4,  pi.  36.     1786. 

Stem  6-15  dm.  long,  slender,  retrorsely  hairy.  Leaves  ovate-orbicular  in 
outline,  long-petioled,  deeply  3-lobed,  5-13  cm.  long,  the  lobes  ovate,  acuminate; 
peduncles  1-3-flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  petioles;  flowers  opening  in  early 
morning,  soon  closing;  sepals  lanceolate  with  long  linear  often  recurved  tips, 
densely  hirsute  below,  sparingly  so  above,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  funnelform, 


1. 

I.  hederacea. 

o 
3.' 

I.  viUosa. 
I.  cathartica. 

4. 

I.  Pes-caprae. 

5. 

I.  stolonifera. 

6. 

I.  Carolina. 

7. 

I.  dissecta. 

S. 

I.  sagittata. 

0 
10. 

11. 

I.  triloba. 
I.  tiliacea. 
I.  Batatas. 

352  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

the  tube  usually  nearly  white,  the  limb  light  blue  or  purple;  capsule  depressed- 
globose,  3-valved,  about  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  portion  of  the  sepals. 

Roadsides,  New  Providence  at  Nassau  : — continental  tropical  America.  Natural- 
ized in  the  eastern  United  States.     Ivy-lea\-ed  Morxing-glory. 

2.  Ipomoea  villosa  E.  &  P.  Fl.  Per.  2:   12.     1799. 

Pubescent,  twining.  Leaves  thin,  slender-petioled,  the  blades  7-15  cm. 
long,  pubescent  on  both  sides,  entire  or  3-lobed,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
deeply  cordate  at  the  base;  peduncles  1-4-floweredj  axillary^  as  long  as  the 
petioles  or  shorter;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  pubescent,  about  2.5  cm.  long;   corolla  purple,  about  7.5  cm.  long. 

Sea-beach,  Andros.  along  road  to  Little  Creek  : — Bermuda  ;  Trinidad  ;  northern 
South  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.  Included  in  this  flora  with  doubt,  the  specimen 
showing  foliage  only.     Villous  Morning-glory. 

3.  Ipomoea  cathartica  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  4:  633.     1816. 

PharMtis  cathartica  Ohoisy,  in  DC.  Prodr.  9:  342.     1845. 

Perennial,  minutely  strigillose  or  glabrate.  Stems  more  or  less  twining, 
branching.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  5-9  cm.  long,  entire  or  3-lobed,  acuminate, 
cordate;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  subtending  petioles;  sepals  glabrate, 
linear-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  1-2  cm.  long,  acuminate;  corolla  pink- 
purple  or  crimson,  the  limb  6-8  cm.  broad,  undulate ;  capsules  spheroidal,  about 
1  cm.  broad;  seeds  glabrous,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Biminls,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleu- 
thera.  Long  Island,  Crooked  Island  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  through- 
out the  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  The  record  of  /.  purpurea 
Lam.,  by  Dolley,  for  the  Bahamas,  probably  refers  to  this  species,  which  was  entered 
in  Mrs.  Northrop's  List,  in  part,  as  /.  jamaicensis  Don.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop 
to  I.  commutata  R.  &  S.,  and  also  so  referred  by  Hitchcock.  Purple  Morning-glory. 
Glory-morning, 

4.  Ipomoea  Pes-caprae   (L.)   Eoth,  Nov.  Sp.  109.     1821. 

Convolvulus  Pes-caprae  L.  Sp.  PI.  159.     1753. 
Convolvulus  'brasiliensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  159.     1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  succulent.  Stems  prostrate,  creeping,  sometimes  20  m. 
long  or  more,  branching;  leaves  suborbicular,  6-10  cm.  broad,  usually  notched 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or 
shorter;  peduncles  stout,  1-several-fiowered ;  pedicels  more  slender  than  the 
peduncles;  sepals  glabrous,  oval  or  suborbicular,  about  1  cm.  long,  obtuse; 
corolla  purple,  4-5  cm.  long,  its  tube  broadly  f  unnelf  orm,  its-  limb  undulately- 
lobed,  5-8  cm.  broad;  capsules  broadly  ovoid  or  globose-ovoid,  1.5  cm.  high; 
seeds  pubescent. 

Sea-beaches  and  coastal  rocks,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Atoaco  and 
Great  Bahama  to  Watling's  Island,  Inagua,  Anguilla  Isles  and  Elbow  Cay  : — Ber- 
muda :  Georgia  and  Florida;  coasts  of  the  West  Indies;  continental  tropical  America 
and  Old  World  tropics.    Bay  Hops.     Bay  Winders. 

5.  Ipomoea  stolonifera   (Cyrill.)  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  6:   20.     1804. 

Convolvulus  littoralis  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  924.     1759.     Not  Ipomoea  Uttoralis 

Blume.     1826. 
Ipomoea  littoralis  Boiss.  Fl.  Orient.  4:   112.     1879. 

Stem  slender,  buried  in  sand,  sending  up  branches  which  rise  0.5-2  dm. 
above  the  surface,  glabrous  and  fleshy.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  or 
broader,  long-petioled,  fleshy,  glabrous,  3-7  cm.  long,  entire  or  variously  lobed, 
narrowed  at  the  base  or  the  later  ones  rounded  or  cordate;  flowers  few  or 
solitary;  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  sepals  oval  or  oblong,  10-15 
mm.  long,  mucronate ;  corolla  white,  f unnelf orm-campanulate,  4-5  cm.  long; 
capsules  globose,  1-1.5  em.  long;   seeds  smooth. 


CONVOLVULACEAE.  353 

Creeping  in  littoral  sands,  North  Bimini,  Eleuthera,  Great  Guana  Cay.  Watling's 
Island,  Mariguana,  Delectable  Cay  : — South  Carolina  to  Florida,  Texas,  Mexico  and 
South  America:  Cuba  to  Culebra  and  Martinique;  Jamaica  (according  to  Grisebach). 
Old  World  tropics.     Beach  Morning-glory, 

6.  Ipomoea  Carolina  L.  Sp.  PI.  160.     1753.     Not  Pursh.     1814. 

Ipomoea  heptaphylla  Griseb.  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II.  8:  527.     1862. 

Glabrous,  slightly  fleshy,  climbing,  sometimes  8  m.  long.  Petioles  slender, 
3-6  cm.  long;  leaves  pedately  4-7-divided,  the  segments  oblanceolate,  entire, 
3-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  euneate  at  the  base,  slender-stalked; 
peduncles  somewhat  shorter  than  the  petioles;  cymes  several-flowered;  pedicels 
short  and  stout;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  about  1  cm.  long;  corolla  tubular-cam- 
panulate,  3.5-4.5  cm.  long;   capsule  ovoid,  8-10  mm.  long;  seeds  woolly. 

Pine-lands  and  thickets,  Andros,  New  Providence : — Cuba.  Catesby,  Hist.  Carol., 
2  :  pi.  91.  A  specimen  from  Andros  (Bruce  ^950),  with  foliage  only,  is  referred  to  this 
species  with  doubt.     Pedate-leaved  Morning-glory. 

7.  Ipomoea  dissecta   (Jacq.)   Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  145.     1814. 

Convolvulus  dissectus  Jacq.  Obs.  2:  4.     1767. 
Ipomoea  sinuata  Ortega,  Hort.  Matr.  Dec.  84.     1798. 
Operculina  dissecta  House,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:   500.     1906. 

Perennial,  villous-hirsute,  or  glabrate.  Stems  twining,  branching;  leaves 
suborbicular,  3-10  cm.  in  diameter,  5-7-parted,  the  segments  oval  to  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or 
longer,  villous-hirsute;  sepals  glabrate,  oblong  to  oblong-oval,  1-2.5  cm.  long; 
obtuse;  corolla  w^hite  with  purple  throat,  its  tube  funnelform,  2-3  cm.  long,  its 
limb  3-5  cm.  broad;  capsules  about  1.5  cm.  long;  seeds  smooth  and  glabrous. 

Climbing  on  walls  or  bushes,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island 
and  Parrot  Cay,  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  to  Texas  ;  West  Indies  and  con- 
tinental tropical  America.     Noyau  Vine. 

8.  Ipomoea  sagittata  Lam.  Tabl.  Encyel.  1:  466.     1791. 

Perennial,  glabrous.  Stems  twining,  up  to  2  m.  long,  or  longer,  branching, 
relatively  slender.  Leaves  3-10  cm.  long,  sagittate  or  hastate-sagittate,  the 
lobes  linear  or  lanceolate,  the  lateral  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  terminal 
one;  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  basal  lobes;  peduncles  usually  1-flowered; 
sepals  glabrous,  oblong  to  suborbicular,  6-9  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  cuspidate; 
corolla  purple,  5-6  cm.  long,  the  tube  funnelform,  the  limb  6-7  cm.  broad; 
capsules  ovoid,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  seeds  villous. 

Palmetto  lands  and  wet  sands,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ; 
North  Carolina  to  Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico  ;  Cuba.     Arrow-leaved  Morning-glory. 

9.  Ipomoea  triloba  L.  Sp.  PL  161.     1753. 

Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrate;  stem  herbaceous,  slender,  5-10  dm.  long, 
usually  trailing.  Leaves  usually  very  deeply  3-5-lobed,  sometimes  entire,  ovate, 
2-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles 
slender;  peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles,  1-few-flowered ;  pedicels 
1-2  cm.  long,  thickening  in  fruit;  sepals  oblong,  acute  or  mucronate,  pilose,  5-6 
mm.  long;  corolla  red  or  purple,  funnelform-campanulate,  about  1.5  cm.  broad; 
capsule  subglobose,  pilose,  2-celled,  about  7  mm.  in  diameter;   seeds  glabrous. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and 
Great  Bahama  to  Andros,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Florida  :  West  Indies  ;  conti- 
nental tropical  America  ;  tropical  Asia.     Creeping  Morning-glory. 


354  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

10.  Ipomoea  tiliacea  (Willd.)  Choisy,  in  DC.  Prodr.  9:  375.     1845. 

Convolvulus  tiliaceus  Willd.  Enum.  1:   203.     1809. 
Convolvulus  fastigiatus  Eoxb.   Hort.   Beng.   13.     1814. 
Ipomoea  cymosa  G.  F.  W.  Meyer,  Prim.  PI.  Esseq.  99.     1818. 
Ipomoea  fastigiata  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  288.     1826, 

Ipomoea  gracilis  House,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  18:  248.     1908.     Not  R.  Br. 
1810. 

Glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent,  twining,  up  to  2  m.  long  or  longer,  the 
root  sometimes  tuberiferous.  Leaves  ovate,  5-8  cm,  long,  membranous,  acute 
at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  the  slender  petioles  sometimes  half  as  long 
as  the  blades;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  longer;  cymes  few-several- 
flowered;  pedicels  short;  sepals  oblong,  mucronate  or  aristulate,  about  8  mm. 
long;  corolla  purple,  pink  or  rarely  white,  usually  with  a  dark  eye,  funnelform- 
campanulate,  5-6  cm,  long;  capsule  2-celled,  subglobose,  8-10  mm.  in  diameter; 
seeds  glabrous. 

Swampy  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  : — Florida  ;  the  West  Indies  ; 
continental  tropical  America.     Dark-eyed  Morning-glory. 

11.  Ipomoea  Batatas  (L.)  Lam.  Encycl,  6:   14.     1804. 

Convolvulus  Batatas  L,  Sp.  PI.  154.     1753. 

Eootstocks  large,  fleshy,  a  well-known  vegetable.  Stems  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  trailing,  1  m.  long  or  longer.  Leaves  various,  ovate  to  suborbicular, 
entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm. 
long;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  shorter,  few-flowered;  sepals  oblong, 
acute,  cuspidate,  somewhat  unequal,  7-10  mm.  long;  corolla  pale  purple  or 
nearly  white,  about  5  cm.  long;  ovary  and  capsule  2-celled;  seeds  glabrous. 

Thickets  and  cultivated  soils,  spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Abaco,  Andros, 
New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Florida  to  Arkansas 
and  Texas ;  West  Indies ;  continental  tropical  America,  and  Old  World  tropics. 
Native  habitat  unknown.     Catesby,  2  :  pi.  60.     Sweet  Potato. 

7.  TURBINA  Raf.  Fl.   TelL  4:    81.     1838. 

Vines  with  cordate  leaves,  and  axillary  peduncled  clusters  of  large  or 
middle-sized  flowers.  Sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate.  Corolla  eampanulate  or 
funnelfoim.  Ovary  2-celled  or  4-celled;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  dry,  woody,  inde- 
hiscent,  subglobose  or  ovoid,  l-celled,  mostly  1-seeded,  the  seeds  smooth. 
[Latin,  from  the  supposed  top-shaped  fruit.]  About  20  species,  natives  of 
tropical  regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Turbina  corymlidsa  (L.)  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  4:  81.     1838. 

Convolvulus  corymhosus  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  923.     1759. 
Convolvulus  domingensis  Desv.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  554.     1791. 
Convolvulus  sidaefolius  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  3:    99.     1818. 
Ipomoea  sidaefolia  Choisy,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Geneve,  6:  459.     1833. 
Ipomoea  antillana  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   84.     1900. 

High-climbing  or  trailing,  glabrous.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate,  entire, 
4-10  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base;  peduncles 
axillary,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer,  corymbosely  or  paniculately  several- 
many-flowered,  the  pedicels  slender;  sepals  oblong,  persistent,  the  3  inner  ones 
8-12  mm.  long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  two  outer;  corolla  white,  2.5-3  cm. 
long;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  about  half  as  long  as  the  longer  sepals,  1-seeded. 

Coppices,  walls  and  thickets,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Watling's 
Island  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  to  Guadeloupe  ;  Barbadoes  :  Jamaica  ;  Mexico  to 
northern  South  America.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Ipomoea  fastigiata  Sweet. 
Chkistmas-vine.     Christmas-flower. 


DICHONDEACEAE,  355 

Family  2.     DICHONDRACEAE  Dumont. 

DiCHONDRA  Family. 

Prostrate  or  creeping  slender  herbs,  with  nearly  orbicular,  cordate  or 
reniform,  petioled  entire  leaves,  and  small  solitary  axillary  peduncled  flow- 
ers. Sepals  nearly  equal.  Corolla  open-campanulate,  deeply  5-lobed. 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  villous,  deeply 
2-parted,  each  lobe  2-celled;  styles  2,  simple,  arising  from  the  bases  of  the 
ovary-lobes;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  of  two  pubescent,  2-valved  or  inde- 
hiscent,  1-2-seeded  capsules.     Only  the  following  genus. 

1.  DICHONDRA  Forst.  Char.  Gen.  39.     1776. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Greek,  two-grained,  referring  to  the  capsules.] 
About  5  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Dichondra 
repens  Forst. 

1.  Dichondra  carolinensis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:   136.     1803. 

Somewhat  pubescent,  or  glabrous;  stems  almost  filiform,  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  1.5-6  dm.  long.  Leaves  orbicular  to  reniform,  deeply  cordate,  6-30  mm. 
in  diameter,  palmately  veined,  the  petiole  often  much  longer  than  the  blade; 
flowers  '2-4  mm.  broad;  peduncles  filiform;  sepals  obtuse,  spatulate  or  obovate, 
villous;  corolla  yellow  to  white,  shorter  than  the  sepals,  its  lobes  ovate  to 
oblong;  capsule  3  mm.  high  or  less. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  soils,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Great  Exuma  and  Crooked  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Referred 
by  previous  authors  to  Dichondra  repens  Forst,     Carolina  Dichondra.     SHEEr-GRASs. 

Family  3.     CUSCUTACEAE  Dumort. 

Dodder  Family. 

White,  red  or  yellow  slender  parasites,  dextrorsely  twining,  the  leaves 
reduced  to  minute  alternate  scales.  Calyx  inferior,  5-lobed  or  5-parted 
(rarely  4-lobed  or  4-parted),  or  of  5  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  5-lobed 
(rarely  4-lobed),  the  tube  bearing  as  many  fimbriate  or  crenulate  scales  as 
there  are  lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  or  these  sometimes  obsolete. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  inserted  in  the  throat  or  sinuses 
above  the  scales;  anthers  short,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  2-celled,  the  sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  styles  2, 
tenninal,  separate,  or  rarely  united  below;  stigmas  linear  or  capitate.  Cap- 
sule globose  or  ovoid,  circumscissile,  irregularly  bursting  or  indehiscent, 
l--4-seeded.  Seeds  glabrous ;  embryo  linear,  terete,  cuiwed  or  spiral,  its  apex 
bearing  1-4  minute  alternate  scales ;  endosperm  fleshy ;  cotyledons  none. 

1.  ctrSCUTA   [Tourn.]   L.  Sp.  PI.  124.     1753. 

Characters  of  the  family.  The  filiform  twining  stems  are  parasitic  on 
herbs  and  shrubs  by  numerous  minute  suckers.  The  seeds  germinate  in  the 
soil  and  the  plantlet  attaches  itself  to  its  host,  its  root  and  lower  portion  soon 
perishing.  The  subsequent  nutrition  of  the  parasite  is  apparently  wholly 
through  its  suckers.     Indications  of  a  small  amount  of  green  coloring  matter, 


356  HYDEOPHYLLACEAE. 

possibly  chlorophyll^  have  been  observed  in  some  species.  [Name  from  the 
Arabic]  About  100  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species:  Cuscuta 
europaea  L. 

Capsule  circumscissile ;  corolla-lobes  obtuse  ;  plant  orange.  1.  C.  americana. 

Capsule  indehiscent ;  corolla-lobes  acute ;  plant  yellow.  2.  C.  pentagona. 

1.  Cuscuta  americana  L.  Sp.  PI.  124.     1753. 

Plant  orange,  the  stems  slender,  the  inflorescence  glandular.  Flowers 
short-pedicelled  in  dense  or  rather  loose  clusters;  calyx-lobes  5,  ovate-orbicular, 
obtuse;  corolla  about  2  mm.  long,  its  5  lobes  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube,  the 
broad  scales  fringed  all  around;  capsules  subglobose,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter, 
circumscissile  near  the  base. 

Parasitic  on  various  plants,  Frozen  Cay.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island, 
Cave  Cay,  Great  Exuma.  Acklin's,  Fortune  Island.  Grand  Turk  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.  Reported  by  Dolley  as  C.  ohtusiflora. 
Love- VINE. 

2.  Cuscuta  pentagona  Engelm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43:  340.     1842. 

Cuscuta  arvensis  Beyr.;  Hook.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  2:  77.     As  synonym.     1834. 

Plant  pale  yellow;  stems  filiform,  the  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  small 
clusters.  Calyx  broad,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse;  corolla  nearly  eampanulate, 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  tube,  their  tips  reflexed, 
the  scales  large,  ovate,  densely  fringed  all  around  with  short  irregular  processes; 
stamens  not  exserted;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary;  stigmas  capitate;  capsule 
depressed-globose,  indehiscent. 

Parasitic  on  various  weeds,  Great  Bahama.  Andros,  Eleuthera  and  Cat  Island  : — 
New  York  and  Canada  to  Florida  and  Texas  :  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico.  Referred 
by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  C  americana  L.     Field  Dodder. 

Family  4.     HYDROPHYLLACEAE  Lindl. 

Water-leaf  Family. 

Herbs,  mostly  hirsute,  pubescent  or  scabrous,  with  alternate  or  basal, 
rerely  opi30site  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  5-parted  flowers,  in  scorpioid 
cymes,  spikes  or  racemes,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  cleft 
or  divided.  Corolla  gamopetalous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  mostly  versatile, 
2-eelled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  annular,  or  none.  Ovary 
superior,  2-celled,  or  1-celled  with  2  placentas;  styles  2,  separate,  or  partly 
united;  stigmas  small,  terminal;  ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous. 
Capsule  1-2-celled,  mostly  loculicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  usually  pitted, 
rugose  or  reticulated;  endosperm  fleshy  or  cartilaginous;  embryo  small; 
cotyledons  half-terete  or  plano-convex.  About  17  genera  and  175  species, 
mostly  natives  of  w^estern  North  America. 

1.  MARIIiAUNIDrUM  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  434.     1891. 

Branching  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  the  flowers 
solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform.  5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  mostly  included,  borne  on  the 
corolla-tube.  Ovary  1-celled,  or  incompletely  2-celled;  ovules  numerous.  Pruit 
a  2-valved  capsule.  [In  honor  of  Dr.  Anton  Kerner,  Knight  of  Marilaun.] 
About  20  species,  natives  of  America,  the  following  typical. 


EHEETIACEAE.  357 

1.  Marilaunidium  jamaicense  (L.)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  434.     1891. 

Nama  jamaicense  L.  Syst.  ed.  10.  950.     1759. 

Annual,  much  branched,  the  branches  prostrate,  0.7-4  dm.  long.  Leaves 
thin,  spatulate  or  obovate,  1-5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  narrowed  to  a 
sessile,  somewhat  decurrent  base;  peduncles  6  mm.  long  or  less;  calyx-segments 
hirsute,  linear,  6-8  mm.  long;  corolla  white  or  purplish,  about  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  its  lobes  broad ;  capsule  oblong,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Waste  grounds,  Great  Bahama.  Little  Harbor  Cay,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Watling's,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Crooked  Island,  South  Caicos  and  Grand  Turk  : — 
Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Texas  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  Martinique  ;  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Curagao  ;  Mexico  to  Venezuela.     Jamaica  Weed. 

Family  5.     EHEETIACEAE  Schrad. 

Ehretia  Family. 

Shrubs,  trees  or  rarely  herbs,  wdtli  alternate,  estipulate,  simple  and 
mostly  entire  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  flowers  in  heads,  spikes  or  cymes. 
Calyx  2-5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  mostly  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  spreading.  Stamens  mostly  5,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube, 
the  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  superior,  1-4-celled;  styles  2,  distinct  or 
rarely  united,  or  4,  united  in  pairs;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  ca\dty  of  the 
ovary\  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seeds  1-4.  About  20  genera,  including  some  350 
species,  of  trojoical  and  warm-temperate  regions. 

Styles  twice  bifid. 

Calyx  wholly  adnate  to  the  large  drupe ;  corolla  large,  orange  to 

red  ;  trees.  1.  Sehesten. 

Calyx  rupturing  at  the  top  or  regularly  dentate,  not  wholly  adnate 

to  the  drupe;  shrubs  or  small  trees.  2.   Yarronia. 

Styles  bifid  or  connate. 

Corolla  salverform.  3.  Bourreria. 

Corolla  rotate.  4.  Rochefortia. 

1.  SEBESTEN  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:   177.     1763. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  broad  petioled,  entire  or  few-toothed  leaves, 
and  large  showy  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  tubular, 
3-5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  nearly  cylindric,  the  limb  speading, 
5-15-lobed.  iStamens  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes; 
anthers  sagittate.  Ovary  2-4-celled;  styles  usually  '2,  each  2-cleft;  stigmas 
capitate.  Drupe  ovoid,  adnate  to  the  accrescent  calyx  and  enclosed  by  it,  the 
stone  bony.  Seeds  without  endosperm.  [Name  Arabic,  originally  applied  to  a 
different  tree.]  About  12  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Sebesten  Sebestena  (L.)  Britton;  Small,  Fl.  Miami  158.     1913. 

Cordia  Sebestena  L.  Sp.  PI.  190.     1753. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  10  m.,  with  a  trunk  up 
to  1.5  dm,  in  diameter,  the  scaly  bark  dark  brown,  the  young  twigs  brown- 
hairy.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  thick,  8-20  cm.  long,  repand-dentate  or 
entire,  dark  green  and  scabrous  above,  paler  green  beneath,  acuminate,  acute 
or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  3-5  cm. 
long;  cymes  compound,  several-many-flowered;  pedicels  5-15  mm.  long;  calyx 
strigose,  cylindric,  1-1.8  cm.  long,  its  lobes  short;  corolla  orange,  its  tube  twice 


358  EHRETIACEAE. 

as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  liml)  2.5-4  cm.  broad;    drupe  round,  5-lobed,  wliite, 
pointed,  2-4  cm.  long,  the  flesh  thin. 

Scrub-lands,  Abaco,  North  Bimini,  Gun  Cay,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Long  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Inagua,  Grand  Turk,  Cay  Sal  and 
Water  Cay  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  to  Trinidad  ;  Mexico.  Catesby,  2  :  pi.  91. 
Geiger  Tree.     Anaconda.     Spanish  Coedia. 

2.  VARRONIA  P.  Browne,  Hist.  Jam.  172.     1756. 

Shrubs,  or  small  trees,  with  scabrous  or  pubescent  leaves,  the  small,  usually 
white  flowers  variously  clustered,  mostly  sessile  in  heads,  spikes  or  glomerules. 
Calyx  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  the  limb  4-5-lobed. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobeSj  mostly  included.  Ovary  4-celled.  Styles 
2-cleft;  stigmas  small,  capitate.  Fruit  a  small,  slightly  fleshy  drupe,  often 
little  longer  than  the  calyx-tube  and  sometimes  enclosed  by  it,  contain- 
ing 4  nutlets  or  fewer.  [In  honor  of  Marcus  Varro,  a  distinguished  Eoman, 
born  116  B.C.,  died  27  B.C.]  Seventy  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical America.     Type  species:  Lantana  corymbosa  L. 

Flowers  in  globose  heads. 

Calxy-teeth  filiform  ;  leaves  coarsely  serrate.  1.  V.  glohosa. 

Calyx-teeth  triangular  with  linear  tips ;  leaves  entire  or  with 

a  few  teeth.  2.   V.  hahamensis. 

Flowers  in  spikes. 

Leaves  linear-oblong  to  oblanceolate  ;  filaments  pilose  at  the 

base.  3.  V.  Brittonii. 

Leaves  spatulate-obovate  ;  filaments  glabrous.  4.  V.  lucayana. 

1.  Varronia  globosa  Jacq.  Enum.  14.     1760. 

Cordia  glohosa  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  3:  76.     1818. 

A  usually  much-branched  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  the  slender  twigs  hispid. 
Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  1.5-6  cm.  long,  rather  coarsely 
serrate,  short-petioled,  rough  and  papillose-hispid  above,  pubescent  and  strongly 
veined  beneath,  acute  or  bluntish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base; 
flowers  in  dense  globular  peduncled  heads,  the  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  calyx  hispid,  5-cleft,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  teeth  nearly  filiform;  corolla 
white,  about  6  mm.  long;-  drupe  red,  about  4  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands.  Andros,  New  Providence.  Long  Island,  and  Watling's  : — Florida ; 
Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cayman  Islands  ;  Curagao ;  Mexico  to 
northern  South  America.     Capitate  Varkonia. 

2.  Varronia  bahamensis   (Urban)   Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   310.     1909. 

Cordia  bahamensis  Urban,   Symb.   Ant.   1:    392.     1900. 

A  usually  much-branched  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  rarely  a  small  tree  3-4  m. 
high,  the  branches  slender,  the  young  shoots  appressed-setulose.  Leaves  various, 
linear-oblong  to  elliptic  or  obovate-elliptic,  '2-10  cm.  long,  0.5-5  cm.  wide,  acute, 
obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  entire  or  few- 
toothed,  subcoriaceous,  setulose-scabrous  above,  pilose  beneath,  at  least  on  the 
veins,  the  petioles  4-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter; 
flowers  capitate;  heads  several-many-flowered;  calyx  loosely  pubescent,  4-5- 
lobed,  the  lobes  triangular  with  slender  tips  2-3  mm.  long;  corolla  white,  sub- 
cylindric,  4-5-lobed,  3-4  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate,  obtuse;  drupe  ovoid,  obtuse, 
red  to  black,  about  4  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices  and  savannas,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  to  Andros,  Mariguana,  North  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Cuban  Cays  ; 
Anegada.  Recorded  by  Grisebach,  by  Mrs.  Northrop,  and  by  Dolley  as  Cordia  Lima 
R.  &  S.,  and  by  Hitchcock  as  Cordia  glohosa  H.B.K.,  and  Cordia  sp.  The  species  is 
composed  of  several  races  with  leaves  varying  from  linear  and  quite  entire  to 
broadly  ovate  or  obovate  and  slightly  toothed.     Rough  Varronia.     Cocobey. 


EHEETIACEAE.  359 

3.  Varronia  Brittdnii  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   311.     1909. 

Cordia  Brittonii  Macbride,  Contr.  Gray  Herb.  II.  49:   16.     1917. 

A  usually  much-branclied  shrub,  2.5  m.  high  or  less,  the  young  twigs 
puberulent.  Leaves  linear-oblong  or  oblaneeolate,  viscid  in  drying,  sparingly 
erenulate  or  entire,  rounded  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
puberulent  and  resinous-dotted  on  both  sides,  1.5-3  cm.  long,  the  petioles  only 
1-1.5  mm.  long;  spikes  slender,  peduncledj  densely  several-many-flowered, 
2-3  cm.  long;  calyx  2.5-3  mm.  long,  campanulate,  its  5  teeth  ovate-deltoid; 
corolla  white,  about  4  mm.  long,  its  5  lobes  irregularly  dentate;  filaments  short, 
pilose,  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube;  drupe  2-2.5  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island  and 
Long  Island  : — Cuba.  Recorded  by  Coker  as  Cordia  cylindrostachya  R.  &  S.,  and  re- 
ferred by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  C.  angustifolia  R.  &.  S.     Beitton's  Varronia. 

4.  Varronia  lucayana  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  311.     1909. 

A  much-branched  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  with  terete  branches,  the  young 
twigs  densely  puberulent.  Leaves  spatulate  or  narrowly  obovate,  thin,  2  cm. 
long  or  less,  crenate,  repand  or  subentire,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  apex, 
cuneate  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  puberulent  and  resinous-dotted  on  both  sides, 
the  petioles  1-2  mm.  long;  flowers  few,  in  terminal  spikes  1-1.5  cm.  long,  the 
peduncles  5-20  mm.  long;  calyx  campanulate,  its  5  teeth  ovate-triangular; 
corolla  white,  about  5  mm.  long,  its  5  unequal  lobes  irregularly  crenate;  fila- 
ments glabrous,  borne  near  the  top  of  the  corolla-1;ube ;  drupe  2.5-3  mm.  long. 

Rocky  plains,  Acklin's  Island,  Mariguana,  South  Caicos,  and  Inagua.  Endemic. 
Bahama  Varronia. 

3.  BOURRERIA  P.   Browne;    Jacq.  Enuin.   2,   14.     1760. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  alternate  petioled  entire  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  terminal  corymb-like  cymes.  Calyx  campanulate,  2-5-lobed,  the 
lobes  valvate.  Corolla  salverform,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  the 
^  corolla-tube,  the  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  sessile,  2-celled  or  incompletely 
4-celled;  styles  2-eleft  or  connate;  stigmas  flattened.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  thin 
flesh,  inclosing  4  bony  nutlets  ridged  on  the  back.  [Commemorates  J.  A. 
Beurer,  a  Nuremberg  apothecary.]  About  25  species  of  tropical  America.  Type 
species:  Bourreria  succulenta  Jacq. 

1.  Bourreria  ovata  Miers,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  IV.  3:  203.     1869. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  10  m.  high  or  perhaps  higher,  with  a  trunk 
sometimes  1.5  dm.  in  diameter,  the  bark  reddish-brown,  the  twigs  and  leaves 
glabrous  or  very  slightly  pubescent,  or  shoots  from  stumps  sometimes  ^^•ith 
pubescent  foliage.  Petioles  rather  stout,  4  cm.  long  or  less;  leaves  oblanceolate, 
oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  4-12  cm.  long,  subcoriaceous,  rounded  or  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base;  cymes  commonly  many -flowered, 
5-10  cm.  broad;  pedicels  short;  calyx  5-6  mm.  long,  irre^gularly  5-lobed; 
corolla  about  10  mm.  long,  its  lobes  nearly  orbicular;  styles  connate";  filaments 
glabrous;  drupe  orange-red,  10-15  mm.  in  diameter,  subglobose. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  the  Berry 
Islands  to  Grand  Turk,  Inagua,  the  Anguilla  Isles  and  Cay  Sal  : — Florida  ;  Cuba 

The  species  is  composed  of  a  number  of  races  with  the  leaves  varying  from 
oblanceolate  to  suborbicular ;  the  leaves  are  usually  quite  glabrous  but  those  on 
shoots  from  cut  stumps  are  pubescent.  The  species  is  distinct  from  B.  tomentosa 
(Lam.)  Griseb.  to  which  it  has  been  referred  by  Grisebach  and  by  Dolley  :  it  was 
referred  to  B.  havancnsis  Miers,  by  Hitchcock  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop,  and  recorded  by 
Schoepf  as  Ehretia  tinifolia  and  E.  Beureria.  Catesby,  2  :  pi.  79.  Closely  related  to 
B.  succulenta  Jacq.     Strong-back. 


360  BORAGINACEAE. 

4.  ROCHEFORTIA   Sw.   Prodr.    53.     1788. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  mostly  armed  with  short  spines,  the  leaves  entire, 
petioled,  often  fascicled,  the  small  flowers  cymose  or  glomerate.  Calyx  4-5- 
parted,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Corolla  subrotate,  the  tube  very  short,  the  4  or  5 
lobes  broad,  imbricated.  Stamens  4  or  5,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  exserted; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate.  Disc  thick.  Ovary  2-celled  or  falsely 
4-celled;  styles  2,  terminal,  filiform;  stigmas  dilated.  Drupe  fleshy,  globose, 
containing  4  hard  nutlets.  [Commemorates  Cesar  de  Eochefort,  a  French 
naturalist  of  the  seventeenth  century.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  West 
Indies  and  northern  South  America.     Type  species:   Eochefortia  cuneata  Sw. 

1.  Rochefortia  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y,  Bot.  Gard.  5:  317.     1907. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  4  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  6  dm.  thick,  the  bark 
scaly,  the  branches  spreading,  the  twigs  gray-green,  flexuous,  sometimes  with 
spines  4-6  mm.  long  at  the  nodes.  Young  foliage  sparingly  puberulent,  soon 
glabrous;  leaves  coriaceous,  obovate  to  orbicular,  2-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  to  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  midvein  prominent, 
the  few  lateral  veins  inconspicuous,  the  upper  surface  dark-green  and  dull  or 
faintly  shining,  the  under  surface  somewhat  lighter  green,  the  petioles  2-10 
mm.  long,  green  or  yellowish ;  cymes  axillary,  2-4-flowered,  their  peduncles 
pubescent,  5  mm.  long  or  less ;  calyx  sparingly  pubescent,  obconic,  about  4  mm. 
long,  its  5  lobes  nearly  orbicular,  eiliate ;  corolla  greenish-white,  6  mm.  long, 
cleft  to  about  the  middle,  its  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  filaments  about  as  long  as 
the  anthers;  ovary  ovoid,  about  3  mm.  long,  the  two  styles  erect  or  a  little 
incurved. 

Scrub-lands  and  rockv  coppices,  Watling's,  Crooked,  Acklin's  and  Fortune 
Islands.     Endemic.     Bahama  Rochefortia. 

Corclia  gerascanthoides  Kunth.  referred  to  by  Dolley  as  Bahamian,  has  not  been 
found  by  us  in  the  archipelago.     The  record  is,  presumably,  erroneous. 

Corclia  alha  (Jacq.)  R.  &  S.  is  doubtfully  recorded  as  Bahamian  by  Urban  (Symb. 
Ant.  4  :  516)  from  his  examination  of  a  barren  specimen,  which  proves  to  be  Sebesten 
Sebestena. 

Family  6.     BORAGINACEAE  Lindl. 

Borage  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  rarely  opposite  or  verticillate, 
estipulate,  mostly  entire  and  hispid,  pubescent,  scabrous  or  setose.  Flow- 
ers perfect,  usually  regular,  in  one-sided  scorpioid  spikes,  racemes,  cymes, 
or  sometimes  scattered.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-lobed,  5-cleft,  or  5-parted, 
usually  persistent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  mostly  regailar  and  5-lobed, 
rarely  irregular.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with 
them,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Disk  commonly  inconspicuous.  Ovary  superior,  of  2,  2-ovuled 
carpels,  entire,  or  the  carpels  commonly  deeply  2-lobed,  making  it  appear 
as  of  4,  1-ovuled  carpels ;  style  simple,  entire  or  2-clef t ;  ovules  anatropous 
or  amphitropous.  Fruit  mostly  of  4,  1-seeded  nutlets,  or  of  2,  2-seeded 
carpels.  Endospenn  fleshy,  copious,  or  none;  cotyledons  mostly  flat  or 
jDlano-convex ;  radicle  short.  About  85  genera  and  1,500  species,  of  w^ide 
distribution. 

Fruit  drupaceous. 

Fruit  hollowed  at  base  ;  coastal  canescent  shrub.  1.  Mallotonia. 

Fruit  not  hollowed  at  base  ;  Bahama  species  vines.  2.   Tourncfortia. 

Fruit  separating  into  nutlets.  3.  Heliotropium. 


BORAGINACEAE.  361 

1.  MALLOTONIA   [Griseb.]   Britton,  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  2:   47.     191o. 

Silvery-silky  shrubs  of  the  seacoast,  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  white 
flowers  in  dense,  1-sided  cymes,  the  fruits  almost  capitate.  Calyx  mostly  5- 
parted;  corolla  salverform,  the  5-lobed  limb  shorter  than  the  nearly  cylindric 
tube,  the  lobes  broad,  valvate.  Stamens  short,  included.  Style  simple.  Drupe 
dry  and  bony,  ovoid-conic,  hollowed  at  the  base,  2-pyrenous,  the  dissepiments 
solid.  [Latin,  related  to  Mallota.]  One  species,  or  perhaps  2,  of  tropical  and 
subtropical   distribution,  the   following  typical. 

1.  Mallotonia  gnaphalodes   (L.)    Britton,  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.   Gard.  2:    47.     1915. 

Eeliotropium  gnaphalodes  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  913.     1759. 
Tournefortia  gnaphalodes  E.  Br.;  R.  &  S.  Syst.  4:  538.     1819. 

A  somewhat  fleshy  shrub,  3-12  dm.  tall,  with  silky-tomentose  foliage,  much 
branched  and  often  forming  large  clumps,  the  twigs  densely  leafy.  Leaves 
numerous,  linear-spatulate,  4-10  cm.  long,  obtuse;  cymes  with  2-4  recurved 
branches;  calyx  campanulate,  its  lobes  2-3  mm.  long,  oblong;  corolla  surpassing 
the  calyx;   fruit  ovoid,  5  mm.  high,  black,  with  2  nutlets. 

Coastal  rocks  and  sands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Caicos  and  Turk's  Islands,  Inagua,  the  Anguilla  Isles,  Cay  Sal  and 
Water  Cay : — Bermuda ;  Florida ;  West  Indies ;  coast  of  tropical  Mexico.  Bay 
Lavender. 

2.  TOURNEFORTIA   L.    Sp.    PI.    140.     1753. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  vines,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and  small  secund 
flowers  in  terminal,  often  forked  cymes,  the  cyme-branches  usually  elongated. 
Calyx  persistent,  5-parted.  Corolla  mostly  salverform,  the  tube  cylindric, 
swollen  above,  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  in- 
cluded; filaments  short;  anthers  ovate  to  lanceolate.  Ovary  4-celled;  style 
terminal,  2-lobed  at  the  apex.  Drupe  small,  the  exocarp  fleshy  or  corky,  con- 
taining 4  nutlets  or  fewer.  [Commemorates  Joseph  Pitton  de  Tournefort, 
1656-1708,  renowned  French  botanist.]  Over  100  species,  of  tropical  and 
subtropical  regions.     Type  species:    Tournefortia  hirsiitissima  L. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent.  1.   T.  roluhilis. 

Leaves  densely  white-pubescent  beneath.  2.  T.  poliochros. 

1.  Tournefortia   volubilis  L.   Sp.   PI.   140.     1753. 

A  slender  woody  vine,  sometimes  3.5  m.  long,  the  branches  and  leaves 
pubescent,  puberulent  or  glabrate.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  oblong-lan<ieo- 
late,  '2-7  cm.  long,  thin,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at 
the  base,  the  slender  petioles  5-15  mm.  long;  inflorescence  slender-peduneled, 
of  several  very  slender,  secund  spikes  2-4  cm.  long;  calyx  about  1  mm.  long, 
its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  greenish-white^  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  its  lobes  linear-subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube;  anthers  ovate,  included; 
fruit  depressed,  2-3  mm.  broad,  of  2-4  rounded  nutlets. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices.  Berry  Islands,  Andres.  New  Providence  and  Eleu- 
thera  to  Caicos,  Grand  Turk,  Inagua,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  ;  Texas  :  Cuba  : 
St.  .Tan  to  Grenada  ;  Jamaica.  The  Bahama  plant  is  usually  less  pubescent  than  that 
of  Jamaica.     Slender  Green-leaved  Tournefortia.     Soldier-bush. 

24 


362  BOEAGINACEAE. 

2.  Tournefortia  poliochros  Spreng.  Syst.  1:  644.     1825. 

A  canesceut  slender  Avoody  vine  2  m.  long  or  less^  or  sometimes  shrubby. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  3-7.5  em.  long^  thin,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  rather  dark  green  and  densely  appressed- 
pubescent  above,  densely  white-pubescent  beneath,  the  petioles  5-15  mm.  long; 
inflorescence  rather  short-peduncled,  of  few  or  several  slender  secund  spikes 
3-7  cm.  long;  calyx  1-1.5  mm.  long,  pubescent,  its  lobes  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate;  corolla  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pubescent,  its  lobes  lance- 
olate, acute  or  acuminate;  anthers  included;  fruit  depressed,  3-4  mm.  broad, 
of  4  rounded  nutlets  or  fewer. 

Scrub-lands,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island : — 
Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica.  Referred  to  T.  tomentosa  Mill,  in  Bull.  N.  y.  Bet. 
Gard.  5  :  317.     White-leaved  Tourxefoetia. 

3.  HELIOTEOPIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Sp.  PI.  130.     1753. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  small  blue  or 
white  flowers,  in  scorpioid  spikes,  or  scattered.  Calyx-lobes  or  segments  lance- 
olate, ovate,  or  linear.  Corolla  salverform  or  funelform,  naked  in  the  throat,  its 
tube  cylindic,  its  lobes  imbricated,  plicate  or  induplicate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
included;  filaments  short,  or  none.  Stigma  conic  or  annular.  Fruit  2-4-lobed, 
separating  into  4,  1-seeded  nutlets,  or  into  2,  2-seeded  carpels.  [Greek,  sun- 
turning,  i.  e.,  turning  to  or  with  the  sun.]  About  125  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed.    Type  species:   Heliotropiuvi  europaeum  L. 

Nutlets  conic,  strongly  ribbed,  united  in  pairs  ;  flowers  pale  blue.        1.  H.  indicum. 
Nutlets  subglobose  or  ovoid,  smooth  or  rugose  ;  flowers  white  or 
nearly  white. 
Nutlets  united  in  pairs.  2.  H.  parviflorum. 

The  four  nutlets  separating. 

Plants  glabrous,  fleshy.  3.  H.  curassai-icum. 

Plants  pubescent. 

Annual  ;  flowers  spicate. 

Leaves  obtuse.  4.  H.  inundatum. 

Leaves  acute  or  short-acuminate.  5.  H.  Eggersii. 

Perennials. 

Flowers  short-spicate  ;   low  shrub.  6.  H.  teitiatum. 

Flowers  solitary   in   the  axils  ;   depressed  peren- 
nials. 
Plants  densely  covered  with  appressed  white 
hairs. 
Leaves  imbricated. 

Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic.  7.  H.  nanum. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  8.  H.  inaguense. 

Leaves  scattered,  linear.  9.  H.  diffusum. 

Plant  loosely  strigose.  10.  H.  ^^ashii. 

1.  Heliotroplum  indicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  130.     1753. 

Annual,  hirsute  or  hispid ;  stem  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  ob- 
tuse, rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  5-15  cm.  long,  repand  or  undulate- 
margined,  petioled;  flowers  blue,  4-6  mm.  broad,  sessile  in  terminal  dense 
bractless,  usually  solitary,  scorpioid  spikes;  calyx-segments  acute,  shorter  than 
the  strigose  corolla-tube;  style  very  shorty  deciduous;  fruit  deeply  2-lobed, 
glabrous,  about  2.5  mm.  long. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence,  near  Nassau  : — Florida,  the  West 
Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Naturalized  from  the  Old  World  tropics. 
Indian  Heliotrope. 

2.  Heliotroplum  parviflorum  L.  Mant.  2:  201.     1771. 

Annual,  or  sometimes  of  longer  duration,  loosely  pubescent,  branched,  2-8 
dm.  high,  or  vine-like  and  1  m.  long.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic,  7 


BORAGLNACEAE.  363 

cm.  long  or  less,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  petioles  5-15  mm,  long;  spikes  solitary  or  2  together,  slender,  5-15  cm. 
long;  calyx-lobes  acute;  corolla  white,  bearded  in  the  throat,  about  2  mm. 
broad,  its  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  fruit  didymous,  depressed,  3-4  mm. 
broad,  finely  pubescent. 

Waste  grounds,  street  sides,  coppices,  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Sturrup,  Little 
Harbor  Cay,  Nortli  Cat  Cay,  Andros,  New  I'rovidence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's,  Great  Guana,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Fortune 
Island,  East  Caicos  and  Inagua : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical 
America.     Horse-bush.     Sore-bush.     Scorpiox-tail. 

3.  Heliotropium  curassavicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  130.     1753. 

Annual,  fleshy,  more  or  less  glaucous,  diffuse,  the  branches  1.5-4.5  dm. 
long.  Leaves  linear,  or  linear-oblong,  entire,  inconspicuously  veined,  2-5  cm. 
long,  3-G  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  petioles,  or  the  upper  sessile; 
scorpioid  spikes  dense,  bractless,  mostly  in  pairs;  flowers  about  4  mm.  broad; 
calyx-segments  acute;  corolla  white  with  a  yellow  eye  or  changing  to  blue; 
stigma  umbrella-shaped;  anthers  acuminate;   fruit  globose. 

Salinas,  sea-beaclies,  margins  of  salt-ponds.  Gun  Cay,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Little  San  Salvador,  Cat  Island,  Watling's,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island, 
Fortune  Island,  Acklin's,  Grand  Turk,  Inagua,  and  Cay  Sal  : — ^Bermuda  ;  Florida  to 
Texas ;  coasts  of  the  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Seaside 
Heliotrope.     Foxd-weed. 

4.  Heliotropium  inundatum  Sw.  Prodr.  40.     1788. 

Annual,  often  branched  from  the  base,  1-6  dm.  tall,  the  stems  and  leaves 
gray-strigose.  Leaves  oblong  to  oval  or  oblong-spatulate,  2-5  cm.  long,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled;  spikes  1  or  few,  slender,  at 
length  3-6  cm.  long;  calyx  2-3  mm.  long,  its  lobes  linear-lanceolate;  coroUa 
white,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  lobes  lanceolate;  nutlets  subglobose,  about 
1  mm.  in  diameter. 

Dry  soil,  Acklin's  Island,  Inagua  : — Louisiana  to  California,  Panama  and  Para- 
guay ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Jamaica  :  Trinidad.  Recorded  from  Guade- 
loupe.    SleiNDE'B  Heliotrope.     Erroneously  called  Wild  Thyme. 

5.  Heliotropium  Eggersii  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  481.     1908. 

Annual,  branched  from  the  base,  procumbent,  2  dm.  long  or  less,  the 
pubescence  appressed  or  spreading.  Leaves  oblong-elliptic,  5-10  mm.  long, 
densely  sericeous,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  slender  petioles  1-3  mm.  long;  spikes  solitary  or  rarely  in  pairs,  4  cm.  long 
or  less,  many-flowered,  pilose;  sepals  unequal,  four  of  them  linear  and  1  mm. 
long,  the  fifth  oblong  and  1.5  mm.  long;  corolla  1.5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  sub- 
orbicular,  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  nutlets  about  1.3  mm.  in  diameter, 
strigose,  twice  as  wide  as  long. 

Fortune  Island.     Endemic.     Eggers'  Heliotrope. 

6.  Heliotropium  ternatum  Vahl,  Symb.  3:   21.     1794. 

Tournefortia  liumilis  L.  Sp.  PI.  141.     1753.     Not  S.  Jiumile  Lam.     1791. 

A  strigose-pubescent,  bushy-branched  shrub  6  dm.  high  or  less,  the  branches 
slender,  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile,  subverticillate  in  3  's, 
or  opposite,  or  alternate,  1-3  cm.  long,  1.5-8  mm.  wide,  acutish,  revolute- 
margined,  rough-strigose  on  both  sides;  flowers  white,  in  short  terminal  spikes; 
calyx  about  3  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute;  corolla-tube  somewhat  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  limb  3-4  mm.  wide;  nutlets  subglobose. 

Scrub-lands,  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Martinique  ;  con- 
tinental tropical  America.     Bushy  Heliotrope. 


364  YERBEXACEAE. 

7.  Heliotropium  nanum  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  61.     1902. 

Shrubby,  usually  mucli  branched,  densely  strigose-canescent,  8-15  cm. 
high,  the  branches  nearly  erect  or  ascending,  slender.  Leaves  oblong  or  elliptic, 
sessile,  appressed,  about  2  mm.  long,  acute;  flowers  solitary  at  the  axils, 
scattered,  a  little  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acute; 
corolla  white,  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  lobes  short,  ovate-oblong; 
stamens  borne  at  about  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube;  style  short;  stigma 
annular;   fruit  depressed-globose,  4-lobed,  separating  into  4  pubescent  nutlets. 

Savannas,  white-lands  and  sand  dunes,  Little  Harbor  Cay,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence.    Endemic.     Low  Ashy  Heliotrope. 

8.  Heliotropium  inaguense  Eritton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  122.     1905. 

A  low  shrub,  5-20  cm.  high,  intricately  much-branched,  very  densely 
appressed-strigose  all  over  with  nearly  Vvhite  hairs.  Leaves  opposite,  ascending 
or  appressed,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3-5  mm.  long,  about  1  mm. 
wide,  sessile,  acutish,  somewhat  revolute-margined,  mostly  longer  than  the 
internodes ;  flowers  few,  solitary  and  very  nearly  sessile  in  the  upper  axils ; 
sepals  similar  to  the  upper  leaves;  corolla  white,  its  tube  2  mm.  long,  its  5  ovate 
acute  lobes  about  1  mm.  long,  spreading;  stamens  nearly  sessile  on  the  corolla- 
tube  below  the  middle;  style  very  short,  stout;  stigma  4-lobed. 

White-lands,  scrub-lands  and  sand  dunes,  Exuma  Chain,  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island. 
Conceution  Island,  Little  San  Salvador,  Long  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Great  Ragged 
Island,  Caicos,  Turk's  Islands  and  Inagua.     Endemic.     Ixagua  Heliotrope.     White 

PUSSLEY. 

9.  Heliotropium  diffusum  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   122.     1905. 

Perennial  by  a  slender  deep  root.  Stem  slender,  4  cm.  high  or  less,  the 
bpanches  difi'usely  spreading,  very  slender,  longer  than  the  stem,  8  cm.  long  or 
less,  appressed-strigose ;  leaves  linear,  3-4  mm.  long,  about  1  mm.  wide,  sessile, 
acute,  appressed-strigose;  flowers  white,  minute,  enclosed  in  the  tufts  of  upper 
leaves;  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  2  mm.  long,  very 
hairy;  ovary  deeply  4-lobed;  fruit  4-lobed,  depressed,  about  1  mm.  wide,  and 
about  one  half  as  high  as  wide,  the  very  short  style  capped  by  a  broad  abruptly- 
tipped  stigma. 

Moist  scrub-lands.  Rum  Cay,  Acklin's,  Mariguana,  South  Caicos,  Grand  Turk, 
Sand  Cay,  Little  Inagua.     Endemic.     Diffuse  Low  Heliotrope. 

10.  Heliotropium   Nashii  Millsp.    Field    Mus.   Bot.   2:    309.     1909. 

Heliotropium  hrevicaule  Urban,  Repert.   13:    474.     1915. 

Diffusely  branched,  perennial,  the  branches  very  slender,  prostrate  or 
nearly  so,  the  young  twigs  appressed-pubescent.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate,  about 
2  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  wide,  acute,  appressed-pubescent  on  both  sides,  the 
margins  flat ;  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  upper  axils ;  calyx  a  little  more 
than  1  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish;  corolla  white,  1.5-2  mm. 
broad,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute;  fruit  about  1  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  Inagua.  near  Matthew  Town.  Endemic.  Referred  by  Hitchcock  to 
H.  microphyllum  Sw.     Nash's  Heliotrope. 

Family  7.     VERBENACEAE  J.  St.Hil. 

Vervaix  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  with  opposite  verticil- 
late  or  rarely  alternate  leaves,  and  perfect  irregular,  or  sometimes  regu- 
lar flowers,  in  sjDikes,  racemes,  cymes  or  panicles.     Calyx  inferior,  mostly 


A^EEBENACEAE.  365 

persistent,  usually  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-eleft.  Corolla  regiiiar,  or  2-lippecl, 
the  tube  usually  eylindric  and  the  limb  ^5-eleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
rarely  only  2,  or  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  superior,  2-4-celled  (rarely  S-10-celled),  composed  of  2  carpels, 
each  carpel  with  2  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovules,  thus  in  4-celled 
ovaries  1  ovule  in  each  cavity;  style  terminal;  stigmas  1  or  2.  Fruit  dry, 
separating  at  maturity  into  2—4  nutlets,  or  a  drupe  containing  the  2-4 
nutlets.  Endosperm  little  or  none,  or  rarely  fleshy;  embryo  straight. 
About  75  genera  and  1,300  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

A.  Inflorescence  centripetal,  in  spilces,  heads  or  racemes. 
Inflorescence  spicate  or  capitate. 

Spikes  terminal. 

Flowers  partly  buried  in  the  rachis  ;  stamens  2.  1.   Valerianoides. 

Flowers  not  buried  in  the  rachis  ;  stamens  4. 

Calyx  elongated,  eylindric  in  fruit.  2.  Bouchea. 

Calyx  globular  or  ovoid  in  fruit.  3.  Priva. 

Spilfes  axillary  and  terminal. 
Rachis  slender. 

Flowers  scattered  along  the  axis  ;  fruit  dry,  horned.    4.   Ghinia. 
Flowers  densely  or  loosely  capitate  or  spicate. 

Fruit  dry.  .5.  Lippia. 

Fruit  fleshy.  6.  Lantana. 

Rachis  thick  ;  flowers  capitellate.  7.  Nashia. 

Inflorescence  racemose  ;   racemes  peduncled. 

Drupe  2-pyrenous,  4-spermous  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  8.  Citharexi/lum. 

Drupe  4-pyrenous,  8-spermous  ;  stigma  4-lobed.  9.  Durunta. 

B.  Inflorescence  centrifugal,   cymose. 
Pyrenae  separate. 

Cymes  short-peduncled  ;  drupes  4-pyrenous.  10.  Callicarpa. 

Cymes  long-peduncled. 

Drupe  1-pyrenous,  4-locularis.  11.  Petitia. 

Drupe  2-pyrenous,  2-locularis.  12.  Pseudocarpidium. 

Pyrenae  cohering  in  pairs. 

Cymes  axillary,  short-peduncled  ;  spiny  shrub.  13.  Volkamcria. 

Cymes  terminal ;  unarmed  herbs  or  shrubs.  14.  Clerodendrion. 

C.  Inflorescence  in  pedunculate  thyrsoid  corymbs ;   fruit   cap- 

sular. 15.  Avicennia. 

1."  VALERIANOIDES  [Boerh.]  Medic.  Phil.  Bot.  1:  177.     1789. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate, 
toothed.  Flowers  spicate,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  bracts,  or  im- 
bedded in  excavations  of  the  thick  rachis.  Calyx  membranous  or  herbaceous, 
its  lobes  5,  usually  unchanged  at  maturity.  Corolla-tube  sometimes  slightly 
dilated  above,  the  limb  spreading,  5-lobed.  Stamens  2,  included;  anthers  with 
unappendaged  connectives;  staminodia  2,  small.  Ovary  2-celled.  Ovules  soli- 
tary in  each  cavity.  Fruit  included  in  the  calyx,  separating  into  2  nutlets. 
[Signifies  similarity  to  Valeriana,  but  this  is  obscure.]  'More  than  40  species, 
of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.     Type  species:    Verbena  jamaicensis  L. 

Shrub  ;  leaves  apically  serrate,  punctate  ;  spikes  short,  G-15  cm.      1.   V.  fruticosa. 
Herb  ;  leaves  serrate  throughout,  not  punctate  ;  spikes  long,  12- 

45  cm.  2.  Y.  jamaicensis. 

1.  Valerianoides  fruticosa  Millsp.  Field  Mus,  Bot.  2:  178.    1906, 

Stachytarpheta  fruticosa  B.  L.  Eobinson,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  51:  531.     1916. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  the  branches  slender,  the  twigs  4- 
sided.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  punctate, 
4-8  cm.  long,  serrate  above  the  middle,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base  into  petioles  5-10  mm,  long;  spikes  5-15  cm,  long,  3-4  mm.  thick;  bracts 


366  VEEBEXACEAE. 

ovate-lanceolate    or   lanceolate,    acuminate,    5-7   mm.   long;    calyx    compressed, 
2-eleft;   corolla  purple;   fruit  obpyriform,  about  6  mm.  long. 

Rocky  plains  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Rose  Island,  Cay  north  of  Wide 
Opening,  Eleuthera,  Rum  Cay,  North  Caicos,  Grand  Turk,  Cotton  Cay  and  Inagua. 
Endemic.     Bahama  Vervain. 

2.  Valerianoides  jamaicensis  (L.)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  509.     1891. 

Verbena  jamaicensis  L.  Sp.  PI.   19.     1753. 

Stachytarpheta  jamadcensis  Yahl,  Enum.  1:   206.     1805. 

Ahena  jamaicensis  Hitclic.  Eep.   Mo.   Bot.   Gard.  4:    117.     1893. 

Annual,  often  purplish,  witti  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate  foliage. 
Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  oblong,  ovate  or  oval,  2-8  cm.  long,  coarsely 
serrate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles  margined,  as  long  as  the  blades  or 
shorter;  spikes  stiff,  1.5-5  dm.  long;  bracts  imbricated^,  lanceolate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  5-8  mm.  long;  flowers  in  depressions  of  the 
rachis;  calyx-lobes  triangular  or  triangular-ovate;  corolla  blue,  somewhat 
irregular,  8-11  mm.  long,  its  tube  slightly  curved,  the  limb  8  mm.  broad; 
nutlets  3  mm.  long,  buried  in  the  rachis. 

Waste  places,  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great 
Bahama  and  the  Berry  Islands  to  Andros,  East  Caicos.  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — 
Bermuda ;  Florida :  West  Indies,  and  continental  tropical  America ;  Old  World 
tropics.     Jamaica  Vervain.     Blue-flower. 

2.  BOUCHEA   Cham.   Linnaea  7:    252.     1832. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  opposite  petroled  toothed  leaves,  and  small 
flowers  in  terminal  bracted  spikes  or  narrow  racemes.  Calyx  tubular,  5- 
toothed,  5-ribbed,  cylindric  in  fruit.  Corolla-tube  cylindric,  slender,  the  limb 
obliquely  spreading,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  nearly  equal.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
borne  on  the  corolla-tube  at  or  above  the  middle;  filaments  short;  anthers 
ovate.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  erect;  style  filiform,  sub- 
clavate  above.  Fruit  linear  or  oblong,  dry,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  separating 
into  2  linear  nutlets,  [Commemorates  P.  C.  Bouche  and  C.  D.  Bouche,  German 
gardeners.]  About  15  species  of  tropical  and  warm  temperate  regions. 
Type  species:  Verdena  Pseudogervao  St.  Hil. 

1.  Bouchea  prismatica    (L.)   Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  502.     1891. 

Verbena  prismatica  L.  Sp.  PI.  19.     1753. 

Bouchea  Ehrenhergii  Cham.  Linnaea  7:   253.     1832. 

Annual,  erect,  simple  or  few-branched,  finely  pubescent,  2-5  dm.  high,  the 
branches  ascending.  Leaves  ovate,  slender-petioled,  2-6  cm.  long,  serrate  all 
around,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subtruneate  at  the  base;  racemes  narrow, 
elongated,  often  2  dm.  long  or  longer;  pedicels  very  short,  about  1  mm.  long, 
erect;  calyx  narrowly  cylindric,  appressed  to  the  axis  of  the  raceme,  about  10 
mm.  long,  its  teeth  linear-subulate,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla 
violet  or  purplish,  about  10  mm.  long;  fruit  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

A  weed  in  waste  places.  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas 
and  Antigua  ;  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ;  Curagao  ;  Mexico  to  Venezuela.  Narrow-fruited 
Vervain. 

3.  PRIVA  Adans.   Fam.   PL  2:    505.     1763. 

Perennial  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  membranous,  toothed,  the 
flowers  in  slender  peduncled  racemes.     Calyx-tube  5-ribbed;    lobes  5.     Corolla 


VERBENACEAE.  367 

salverform,  its  tube  straight  or  incurved,  slightly  dilated  above,  its  limb 
spreading,  oblique,  slightly  2-lipped,  with  5  short  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didy- 
namous,  included;  anthers  with  parallel  or  slightly  divergent  sacs.  Ovary  2- 
celled,  each  cavity  with  more  or  less  well  developed  septa.  Ovules  2,  or  by 
abortion  1,  at  base  of  each  cavity.  Fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  separating  into 
2  nutlets.  [Name  unexplained.]  About  10  species,  of  tropical  distribution, 
the   following  typical. 

1.  Priva  lappulacea  (L.)  Pers.  Syn.  2:  139.     1806. 

Verbena  lappulacea  L.  Sp.  PL  19.     1753. 

Priva  ecJiinata  Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  Par.  7:  69.     1806. 

More  or  less  pubescent.  Stems  2-6  dm.  tall,  branching ;  leaves  ovate,  '2-10 
cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the 
petioles  much  shorter  than  the  blades;  racemes  loosely  flowered,  5-15  cm. 
long;  pedicels  1-2  mm.  long;  calyx  cylindric-prismatic,  2-3  mm.  long,  accres- 
cent, pubescent;  corolla  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx,  salverform,  with  short 
rounded  lobes;  fruit  ovoid-pyramidal,  5-7  mm.  long;  nutlets  included  m  the 
calyx,  spiny-tuberculate  on  the  back,  3-4  mm.  long. 

Waste  places,  coppices  and  cultivated  ground,  Abaco,  Andres,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Watling's,  Parrot  Cay  and  Inagua  :— Florida ;  W^st  Indies  :  Mexico  to 
Brazil.  Erroneously  referred  by  Dolley  to  Teucrium  wftatum  Sw.  Blr  \er^ai>. 
Cat's-tongue. 

4.    GHINIA  Schreb.  Gen.  19.     1789. 
[Tamonea  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  2:   659,  pJ.  268.     1775. 
Not  Aubl.  1:  441,  pi.  175.     1775.] 
Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  slender  stiff  branches,  opposite,  nearly  sessile, 
dentate  or  incised  leaves,  and  small  bracted  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary 
slender   spikes.     Calyx   tubular,    subtruncate,    5-ribbed,   the   ribs   excurrent   as 
short   teeth.    Gorolla  with   a   cylindrie  tube   slightly   enlarged  above,   and   an 
oblique,  spreading,  5-cleft  limb.     Stamens  4,  didynamous,  borne  on  the  corolla- 
tube,  included ;  anther-sacs  parallel,  the  connective  with  a  gland-like  appendage. 
Ovary  nearly  completely  4-celled;   ovule  1  in  each  cavity;   style  short;  stigma 
oblong.     Fruit  small,  hard,  mostly  4-horned,  4-celled.     Seeds  usually  4,  without 
endosperm.     [Guiana  name.]     Four  or  five  species,  of  tropical  America.     Type 
species:    Tamoyiea  spicata  Aubl. 

1.  Ghinia  curassavica  (L.)  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   174.     1906. 

Verbena  curassavica  L.  Sp.  PI.  19.     1753. 

Tamonea  curassavica  Pers.  Syn.  PI.  2:  139.     1806. 

Tamonea  scabra  Cham.  &  Schl.  Linnaea  5 :  99.     1830. 

Erect,  simple  or  branched,  roughish,  2.5-6  dm.  high,  slender.  Leaves 
ovate,  short-petioled,  membranous,  sparingly  puberulent,  2-4  cm.  long,  serrate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  base;  racemes  long-peduncled,  very 
slender,  the  flowers  distant;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  oblong, 
about  4  mm.  long,  distended  by  the  ripening  fruit  and  becoming  obconic,  its 
teeth  linear,  about  1  mm.  long;  corolla  5-6  mm.  long;  fruit  4-5  mm.  long,  its 
spines  1-2  mm.  long. 

A  weed  in  waste  places,  New  Providence : — Cuba ;  Mexico.  Spiny-fruited 
Vervain. 

5.  LIPPIA  L.   Sp.  PI.   633.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  or  rarely  alternate  leaves,  and 
small  bracted  flowers,  in  spikes  or  heads.     Calyx  small,  ovoid,  campanulate  or 


368  VERBENACEAE. 

compressed  and  2-TTinged,  2-4-toothed  or  2-4-cleft.  Corolla-tube  cylindric,  the 
limb  oblique^  somewhat  2-lipped,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didjnamous;  anthers 
ovate,  not  appendaged,  the  sacs  nearly  parallel.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  1  in 
each  cavity  J  style  short;  stigma  oblique  or  recurved.  Fruit  dry,  with  a  mem- 
branous exocarp,  at  length  separating  into  4  nutlets.  [Named  in  honor  of 
Auguste  Lippi,  1678-1703,  a  French  naturalist.]  About  100  species,  most 
abundant  in  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Lippia  americana  L. 

Shrubs,  erect  or  ascending. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate.  1.  L.  stoechadifolia. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  crenate.  2.  L.  geminata. 
Prostrate  or  ascending  herbs. 

Leaves  inconspicuously  veined.  3.  L.  nodifJora. 

Leaves  usually  prominently  veined.  4.  L.  reptans.  ' 

1.  Lippia  stoechadifolia   (L.)    H.B.K.  Xov.  Gen.  2:   265.     1818. 

Verhena  stoechadifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  19.     1753. 

Phyla  stoechadifolia  Small,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  36:  162.    1909. 

Shrubby,  loosely  appressed-strigose,  ascending  or  suberect,  usually  little 
branched,  2-4  dm,  high.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
rather  firm  in  texture,  2.5-6  cm.  long,  strongly  pinnately  veined,  sharply  and 
evenly  serrate,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short  petioles;  peduncles  axil- 
lary or  lateral,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves ;  heads  at  first  subglobose,  at 
length  oblong-cylindric,  1-2  cm.  long,  obtuse;  bracts  suborbicular,  mucronate; 
calyx  2-toothed,  compressed;  corolla  about  4  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  bracts, 
its  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Borders  of  fresh-water  pockets  and  ponds,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's,  Great  Exuma,  Long  Island  and  Fortune  Island  : — Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Guade- 
loupe ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico.     Mabsh  Lippia. 

2.  Lippia    geminata   H.B.K.   Xov.   Gen.   2:    266.     1818. 

Lippia  geminata  microphylla  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  495.     1861. 

An  aromatic,  densely  puberulent  shrub  1  m.  high  or  less,  usually  much 
branched,  the  branches  slender.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  1.5-7  cm.  long,  acute 
or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  crenate  or  erenulate,  puberulent, 
rugose  above,  the  petioles  3-8  mm.  long;  peduncles  axiliar^  mostly  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  heads  subglobose,  or  short-oblong,  8-12  mm.  long; 
bracts  ovate,  puberulent,  acute,  about  3  mm.  long,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
corolla;  calyx  2-toothed;  corolla  jDurple,  A'iolet  or  white,  its  tube  about  3  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Turk's  Islands  (according  to  Grisebach),  not  found  there  by  us  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Porto  Rico  ;  Antigua  to  Trinidad  :  continental  tropical  America.  Often  planted  for 
its  fragrant  foliage.  ^  Bushy  Lippia. 

3.  Lippia  nodiflora   (L.)   Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:   15.     1803. 

Verbena  nodiflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  20.     1753. 
Phyla  nodiflora  Greene,  Pittonia  4:  46.     1899. 

Minutely  and  rather  densely  puberulent,  herbaceous,  creeping,  or  the 
branches  ascending,  3-9  dm.  long.  Leaves  thickish,  spatulate,  oblanceolate, 
or  obovate,  1-6  cm.  long,  0.6-2.5  cm.  wide,  inconspicuously  veined,  mostly 
obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  cuneate  entire  base,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle; 
heads  at  length  cylindric  and  1-2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  purple  to  white,  little 
longer  than  the  bracts. 

Palmetto  lands  and  moist  waste  places.  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  New 
Providence,  Mariguana,  Acklin's,  Fortune  Island,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ; 
North  Carolina  to  Texas  ;  West  Indies  :  Mexico  to  northern  South  America  ;  warm- 
temperate  and  tropical  parts  of  the  Old  World.  Referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  and  by 
Coker  to  L.  canesccns  H.B.K.     Cape-weed.     Creeping  Lippia. 


VERBENACEAE.  369 

4.  Lippia  reptans  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:    263.     1818. 

Similar  to  L.  nodiflora,  densely  appressed-strigilose,  herbaceous,  the  stems 
prostrate  or  ascending,  2-5  dm.  long.  Leaves  obovate,  2-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or 
acutish  at  the  apex,  cuneate  at  the  base,  coarsely  and  sharply  dentate  above  the 
base,  usually  rather  prominently  veined,  the  petioles  5-10  mm.  long;  peduncles 
mostly  longer  than  the  leaves;  heads  ovoid,  becoming  subcylindric  and  2  cm. 
long  or  less;  corolla  -white. 

Margins  of  brackish  marshes,  savannas  and  pools,  Eleuthera  and  Inagua  : — Cuba 
to  St.  Croix  and  to  Barbadoes ;  Jamaica ;  Mexico  to  Brazil.  This  species  is,  ap- 
parently, not  certainly  distinct  from  the  preceding.     Larger  Creeping  Lippia. 

6.  LANTANA  L.  Sp.  PI.  626.     1753. 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  pubescent  foliage,  the  stems  sometimes 
armed  with  prickles.  Leaves  opposite,  toothed.  Flowers  in  dense  peduncled 
heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  membranous,  "uith  a  truncate  or  sinuate  border. 
Corolla-tube  slender,  often  curved,  sometimes  slightly  dilated  above,  the  limb 
more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  lobes  4  or  5.  Stamens  4,  didynamous;  filaments 
adnate  to  about  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary  2-celled;  stigma 
oblique;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  smallj  drupe-like.  Xutlets  2-- 
celled  or  separating  into  2  one-seeded  nutlets.  [Named  from  fancied  simi- 
larity to  Viburnum  Lantana.]  About  60  species,  natives  of  tropical  and 
warm  regions.     Type  species:  Lantana  Camara  L. 

Flowers  yellow  or  orange  or  changing  to  oi'ange  or  red,  not  in- 
volucrate. 
Leaves  ovate,  truncate  or  subtruncate  at  the  base  ;  straggling 

shrub.  1.  L.  ovatifoTia. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  erect  shrubs. 
Corolla  orange,  changing  to  red  ;  bracts  half  as  long  as 

the  corolla-tube.  2.  L.  Camara. 

Corolla  yellow,   changing  to  orange ;   bracts   one-third  as 

long  as  the  corolla-tube.  3.  L.  hahamcnsis. 

Flowers   white  to  lilac,  often  with  a  yellow   eye  or  throat,   in- 
volucrate. 
Leaves  2-4  cm.  long. 

Leaves  ovate  to  elliptic  or  obovate,  not  more  than  twice 

as  long  as  wide.  4.  L.  Involucrata. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  2.5  to  3  times  as  long  as 

wide.  5.  L.  demutata. 

Leaves  10  mm.  long  or  less.  6.  L.  hulsamifcra. 

1.  Lantana  ovatifolia  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  123.     1905. 

Stems  woody,  little  branched,  diffusely  spreading,  7  dm.  long  or  less,, 
bluntly  4-angled,  very  rough-pubescent  with  stiff  appressed  hairs.  Leaves 
ovate,  thick,  short-petioled,  5  cm.  long  or  less,  very  scabrous  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, rough-pubescent  with  stiff  hairs  beneath,  especially  on  the  4  to  6  prin- 
cipal veins  on  each  side  of  the  prominent  mid-vein,  acute  at  the  apex,  abruptly 
cuneate-narrowed  at  the  obtuse  or  subtruncate  base,  the  margin  low-crenate 
nearly  all  around;  petioles  rather  stout,  rough,  3-5  mm.  long;  peduncles 
axillary,  slender,  about  4  cm.  long,  smooth  or  nearly  so  when  old ;  corolla-tube 
orange-red,  the  limb  yellow,  about  6  mm.  broad;  fruit  subglobose,  about  4 
mm.  in  diameter,  black,  shining. 

Pine-lands,  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama  and  Andros : — Florida. 
Andros  plants  were  referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  L.  crocca  Jacq.  Ovate-leaved 
Lantaka. 

2.  Lantana   Camara  L.   Sp.  PI.   627.     1753. 

A  branching  shrub  1-1.5  m.  tall,  rigid-pubescent,  nearly  or  quite  unarmed. 
Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  4-12  cm.  long,  obtuse,  acute,  or  short-acuminate, 


370  VERBENACEAE. 

finely  crenate-serrate,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base;  bracts  oblong  to  lance- 
olate, 4r-7  mm,  long;  calj^x  very  thin,  3  mm.  long;  corolla  orange-yellow  or 
orange,  changing  to  red,  the  tube  about  1  cm.  long^  puberulent,  slightly 
curved,  barely  enlarged  alDOve  the  middle;  limb  6-8  mm.  wide;  drupes  black, 
about  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Waste  grounds,  Eleuthera,  Watling's,  Long  Island  and  Inagua : — Bermuda ; 
Georgia  to  Florida  and  Texas  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Re- 
ferred to  by  Coker  as  I/,  crocea  as  to  his  Eleuthera  plant.     I/Antana.     Red  Sage-bush. 

3.  Lantana  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  N,  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  450.     1905. 

Shrub  1  m.  high  or  less,  with  slender  striate  branches,  which  are  smooth 
or  sometimes  bear  minute  prickles  less  than  0.5  mm.  long,  the  twigs  minutely 
pubescent;  leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  varying  from  acute  to  blunt  at  the 
apex,  more  or  less  narrowed  at  the  base,  and  somewhat  deeurrent  on  the  petiole, 
minutely  short-pubescent  on  both  sides,  or  becoming  glabrous  above,  closely 
crenate,  the  primary  veins  rather  conspicuous  on  the  under  side;  "blades  5  cm. 
long  or  less,  1.5-2  cm.  wide;  petioles  very  slender,  2  cm.  long  or  less;  peduncles 
terminal  and  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  bracts  lanceolate,  acutish,  very 
pubescent,  about  4  mm. .long;  flowers  8-15  in  the  heads;  calyx  2  mm.  long, 
pubescent,  the  2  short  lips  about  equal ;  corolla  yellow,  changing  to  orange,  its 
tube  pubescent,  enlarged  above,  about  8  mm.  long,  its  limb  about  4  mm.  wide, 
irregularly  lobed;  fruit  globose,  black,  shining,  about  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's,  Rum  Cay.  Great  Exuma.  Long  Island,  Acklin's  and  North  and  East  Caicos  : — 
Cuban  Cays.  The  New  Providence  plants  were  referred  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  L. 
Camara,  and  by  Hitchcock,  Grisebach  and  Dolley  to  the  Jamaican  L.  crocea.  Erro- 
neously called  GOLDEN-EOD.    Bahama  Lantana. 

4.  Lantana  involucrata  L.  Cent.  PL  2:  22.     1756. 

Lantana  odorata  L.  Syst.  ed.  12,  418.    1767. 

A  pubescent,  much  branched  shrub,  6-15  dm.  high,  the  branches  stiff, 
nearly  terete.  Leaves  elliptic  or  ovate,  petioled,  1-4  cm.  long,  crenulate,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  scabrous  above^  pubescent  be- 
neath; peduncles  1-5  cm.  long,  slender;  heads  several-flowered,  involucrate  by 
several  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  3-6  mm.  long;  corolla  lilac  or  nearly 
white,  its  tube  6-8  mm.  long;  drupes  about  4  mm.  in  diameter;  drupes  blue, 
about  3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  thickets  and  pine-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Allen's 
Cay  and  Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk,  Little  Ambergris  Cay,  Inagua,  the  Anguilla 
Isles  and  Cay  Sal  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Guadeloupe ;  Ja- 
maica.    Wild  Sage.     Big  Sage. 

5.  Lantana  demutata  Millsp.   Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:    175.     1906. 

A  widely  branched  shrub,  1-2  dm.  high,  the  young  twigs  densely  puberu- 
lent, the  older  ones  glabrous.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  short-petioled, 
1-2  cm.  long,  crenate,  puberulent  on  both  sides,  rugose  and  scabrous  above; 
peduncles  slender,  puberulent,  2-4  cm.  long;  heads  5-8-flowered,  involucrate 
by  ovate  or  oblpng  obtuse  bracts  about  4.5  mm.  long;  flowers  white;  corolla- 
tube  about  3  mm.  long;    drupes  blue,  pubescent,  2-3  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  Harbor  Island,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Great  Exuma  and  Long 
Island.     Endemic.     Bahama  Sage-bush. 

6.  Lantana  balsamifera  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  123.     1905. 

A  shrub,  1.6  m.  high  or  less,  forming  large  masses,  with  a  balsamic  odor, 
the  slender  bluntly  angular  branches  ascending,  puberulent;  the  internodes 
short.  ^  Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate  elliptic  or  nearly  orbicular,  5-10  mm.  long,  5 
mm.  wide  or  less,  puberulent,  acute  or  obtuse,  firm,  crenulate,  rugose-reticulated 
above,  paler  and  rather  strongly  veined  beneath,  the  petioles  1-1.5  mm.  long; 


VERBENACEAE.  371 

peduncles  slender,  thickened  above,  8-15  mm.  long  in  fruit;  heads  about  6  mm. 
broad,  several-flowered;  bracts  lanceolate,  puberulent,  obtusish,  2.5-3  mm. 
long;  calyx  2-toothed,  pubescentj  1  mm.  long^  its  teeth  blunt;  corolla  purple, 
its  slightly  gibbous  tube  about  3  mm.  long,  its  spreading  limb  with  5  unequal 
obtuse  lobes ;  stamens  borne  near  the  top  of  the  corolla-tube,  the  anthers  as 
long  as  the  filaments  or  longer. 

Scrub-lands,  Little  Inagua.  at  Moujean  Harbor.     Endemic.     Ixagua  Sagk-bush. 

A  small-leaved  shrub,  growing  in  sand  alongside  typical  L,  involucrata  on  Whale 
Cay,  Berry  Islands,  appearing  very  distinct  from  it,  and  a  similar  specimen  from 
Eleuthera.  first  referred  by  us  to  this  species,  may  represent  another  race  or  species  ; 
these  specimens  are  barren. 

7.  NASHIA  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   176.     1906. 

Pubescent  aromatic  shrubs,  with  rather  stout  branches,  opposite  or  fascicled 
leaves  and  small  capitate  bracteolate,  white  or  greenish  flowers.  Calyx  short, 
annular,  subtruncate.  Corolla  tubular-campanulate,  its  limb  nearly  equally 
4-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  nearly  equal  in  length.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  small,  the  bony  nutlets  coherent.  [Dedicated  to  George 
Valentine  Nash.]  Two  or  three  species  of  the  Bahamas  and  Cuba,  the  follow- 
ing typical. 

1.  Nashia  inaguensis  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   177.     1906. 
Lippia  inaguensis  Urban,   Symb.   Ant.    7:    353.     1912. 

A  much-branched  shrub  2  ni.  high  or  less,  the  bark  gray,  the  branches 
widely  spreading,  the  young  twigs  densely  short-pubescent,  elliptic  to  obovate 
or  spatulate,  5-10  mm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rugose 
and  sparingly  pubescent  above,  tomentose  beneath,  the  margin  entire,  revolute, 
the  petioles  about  1  mm. ^  long;  heads  axillary,  sessile,  few-flowered;  bracts 
ciliate,  apiculate,  longer  than  the  flowers;  corolla  white,  about  2  mm.  long; 
drupes  pyriform,  about  4  mm.  long;  nutlets  smooth. 

Scrub-lands,  Inagua,  near  Matthew  Town.     Endemic.     Moujean  Tea. 

8.  CITHAREXYLUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  625.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  or 
axillary  spikes  or  racemes,  the  pedicels  subtended  by  minute  bracts.  Calyx 
narrowly  campanulate,  minutely  5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  salverform,  its 
limb  slightly  oblique,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4  or  5,  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube,  the 
fifth  one  mostly  sterile  or  rudimentary;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  sessile, 
incompletely  4-celled;  ovules  solitary,  anatropous;  stigma  '2-lobed.  Drupes 
berry-like,  the  fleshy  pulp  enclosing  a  bony  stone  which  separates  into  2,  2- 
seeded  nutlets.  [Greek,  fiddle-wood;  French,  bois  fidele.]  About  20  species, 
of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Citharexylum  spinosum  L. 

Flowers  subsessile  :  nutlets  2-celled.  1.  C.  fntticosum. 

Flowers  with  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  nutlets  1-celled.  2.  C.  caudatum. 

1.  Citharexylum  fruticosum  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1115.     1759. 

Citharexylum  cinereum  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  872.     1763. 
'       Citharexylum  villosum  Jacq.  Icon.  Ear.  1:   12.     1786. 

Citharexylum  suhserratum  Sw.  Prodr.  91.     1788. 

Citharexylum  hahamense  Millsp.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  450.     1905 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  10  m.,  with  a  trunk  up  to 
2  dm.  in  diameter,  the  nearly  smooth  bark  light  brown,  the  twigs  slender  and 


372  VERBENACEAE. 

angled,  the  foliage  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Leaves  oblong  to  obovate,  various, 
5-15  em.  long,  1-4  em.  Tvide,  acute,  obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex^  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  reticulate-veined,  shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  petioles 
2.5  em.  long  or  less;  spikes  slender,  5-12  cm.  long;  pedicels  1  mm.  long  or  less; 
calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  about  3  mm.  long;  corolla  white,  its  tube  some- 
what longer  than  the  calyx,  its  spreading  limb  about  6  mm.  wide;  drupe  sub- 
globose,  (d-10  mm.  in  diameter,  reddish  brown  to  black;   nutlets  2-celled. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco  and  Andros  to  Mariguana,  East  Caicos  and 
Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Guadeloupe  ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  Mrs. 
Northrop  to  C.  Berterii  Spreng,,  by  Colier  to  C.  quadrangulare  Jacq.  The  species 
consists  of  a  large  number  of  races,  the  leaves  varying  from  glabrous  to  pubescent 
and  from  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  occasionally  dentate.     Spicate 

FiDDLEWOOD.      LOXG   TOM. 

2.  Citharexylum  caudatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  872.     1763. 

Citharexylum  Berterii  Spreng.  Syst.  2:   763.     1825. 
Citharexylum  lucidum  Cham,  Linnaea  5:   97.     1830. 

A  shrub,  or  a  tree  up  to  20  m.  high,  the  nearly  terete,  slender  twigs 
glabrous.  Leaves  oblong,  rather  thin,  7-15  cm.  long,  mostly  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  shining  above,  dull  beneath,  the  petioles  1-2  cm. 
long;  racemes  narrow,  elongated,  4-8  dm.  long;  pedicels  1.5-3  mm.  long; 
calyx  campanulate,  about  3  mm,  long^  nearly  truncate;  corolla  white,  its  tube 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its  limb  spreading,  4-5  mm.  wide;  drupe 
globose-oblong,  black,  shining,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx;  nutlets  1-celled. 

Coastal  coppices,  Andros,  at  Conch  Sound  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ; 
Mexico.     Racemose  Fiddlewood. 

9.  DURANTA  L.  Sp.  PL  637.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  the  branches  sometimes  armed.  Leaves  opposite  or 
whorled,  entire  or  toothed.  Flowers  small,  in  elongated  or  short,  terminal  or 
axillary  racemes.  Calyx-tube  campanulate  or  tubular,  truncate  or  minutely 
5-lobed.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  its  tube  cylindric,  straight  or 
incurved,  its  limb  spreading,  oblique  or  of  5  equal  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didy- 
namous,  included;  anthers  with  unappendaged*  connectives,  the  sacs  distinct. 
Ovary  partially  or  imperfectly  8-celled.  Stigma  oblique,  sometimes  unequally 
4-lobed.  Ovules  solitary  or  2  in  each  cavity.  Drupe  included  in  the  calyx,  of 
4  nutlets.  Seeds  without  endosperm.  [In  honor  of  Castor  Durante,  a  physi- 
cian of  Rome.]     About  8  species,  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Duranta  repens  L.  Sp.  PI.  637.     1753. 

Duranta  Ellisia  Jacq.  Enum.  26.     1760. 
Duranta  Plumieri  Jacq.  Select.  Am.  186.     1763. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  reaching  a  height  of  6  m.,  with  glabrate  or  finely 
pubescent  foliage  and  unarmed  or  spiny,  slender,  often  drooping  or  trailing 
branches.  Leaves  numerous,  ovate-elliptic,  oval  or  obovate,  1.5-5  cm.  long, 
obtuse  or  apiculate,  entire  or  serrate  above  the  middle,  short-petioled ;  racemes 
5-15  em.  long,  recurving;  pedicels  1-5  mm.  long;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  angled, 
Its  lobes  acute,  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  lilac,  the  tube  surpassing  the 
calyx,  the  limb  7-9  mm.  broad;  fruit  yellow,  globular,  7-11  mm.  in  diameter, 
enclosed  by  the  accrescent  yellowish  calyx  which  is  produced  into  a  curved 
beak. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Acklln's  and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies 
and  Mexico  to  northern  South  America.     Pigeox-beery. 


VERBENACEAE.  373 

10.  CALLICARPA   L.   Sp.   PI.    111.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  leaves?,  and  small  blue  purple  or  white 
flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  short,  campanulate,  4-toothed  (rarely  5- 
toothed),  or  truncate.  Corolla-tube  short,  expanded  above,  the  limb  4-cleft 
(rarely  5-cleft),  the  lobes  equal.  Stamens  4,  equal,  exserted;  anther-sacs 
parallel.  Ovary  incompletely  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  laterally  at- 
tached, amphitropous ;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a 
berry-like  drupe,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  containing  1-4  nutlets.  [Greek, 
handsome  fruit.]  About  35  species  of  Asia_,  Africa  and  America.  Type 
species:   Callicarpa  americana  L. 

1.  Callicarpa  Hitchcockii  Millsp.   Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:    312.     1909. 

A  shrub,  2-3  m.  high,  with  weak  elongated  vine-like  branches,  the  slender 
twigs  densely  brown-scurfy.  Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblanceolate,  sub- 
coriaceous,  2-^3  cm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide,  revolute-margined,  rugose,  glabrous 
and  dark-green  above,  densely  brown-scurfy  beneath,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  the  petioles  about  4  mm.  long;  cymes  few-several- 
flowered,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx  glabrous,  obscurely  toothed; 
corolla  white;  fruit  subglobose,  bluish,  resinous-dotted,  about  5  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  pine-lands  and  savannas,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island  : — 
Cuban  Cays.  Referred  by  Hitchcock,  and  in  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  2  :  180,  to  C.  fulva 
A.  Rich.     BoAE-HOG  Bush. 

11.   PETITIA  Jacq.  Enum.  1,  12.     1760. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  large  opposite  entire  petioled  tomentulose  leaves, 
and  small  axillary  cymose-paniculate  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-toothed 
or  subtruncate.  Corolla  short-salverform,  the  limb  spreading,  4-cleft,  the  lobes 
imbricated.  Stamens  4,  borne  near  the  top  of  the  corolla-tube,  equal;  fila- 
ments very  short;  anthers  ovate.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity; 
style  2-cleft  at  the  apex.  Fruit  a  small  drupe,  the  endocarp  2-4-celled. 
[Commemorates  Francois  Petit,  1664-1741,  a  French  physician.]  Two  or 
three  iipecies  of  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Petitia    domingensis    Jacq.    Enum.    12.     1760. 

Petitia  Poeppigii  Schauer,  in  DC.  Prodr.  11:  639.     1847. 

A  tree,  up  to  '22  m.  high,  usually  much  smaller  or  sometimes  a  shrub,  the 
slender  twigs,  the  petioles  and  the  inflorescence  densely  brownish-tomentulose. 
Leaves  elliptic-oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  7-15  cm.  long,  rather  thin,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  dark  green,  dull  and 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  rusty-tomentulose  beneath,  the  slender  petioles 
7  cm.  long  or  less;  panicles  many-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter; 
calyx  about  1.5  mm.  long;  corolla  whitish,  its  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  its  limb  4-5  mm.  broad ;  flowers  fragrant ;  drupes  nearly  black,  globose 
to  obovoid,  4-5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Pine-barrons.  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Andros.  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera,  and  Cat  Island  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  :  Porto  Rico :  Jamaica  ; 
Cayman  Islands.     Recorded  from  St.  Croix.     Petitia.     Bastard  Stopper. 

12.  PSEUDOCARPIDIUM    MOlsp.    Field    Mus.    Bot.    2:    181.     1906. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  petioled  simple  subcoriaeeous,  spinulose- 
^entate  or  entire  leaves,  and  small  axillary  panicled  flowers.     Calyx  campanu- 


374  VERBENACEAE. 

late,  equally  5-dentate.  Corolla  tubular-funnelform  or  salverform,  the  limb 
2-lipped,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  exserted.  Ovary  at  length  4-celled;  style  simple; 
stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  dry  or  slightly  fleshy,  3-4-lobed.  [Greek^  false  carpid.] 
Six  known  species,  of  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas.  Type  species:  Vitex  ilicifolia 
A.  Rich. 

1.  Pseudocarpidium  Wrightii  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   182.     1906. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  5  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  and  the  inflores- 
cence puberulent,  the  bark  light  gray  or  nearly  white.  Leaves  elliptic  to 
obovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  ba?e,  spinulose-dentate,  glabrous^  shining  and  reticulate-veined 
above,  puberulent  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath,  the  petioles  3-5  mm.  long; 
panicles  peduncled,  several-many-flowered,  mostly  exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx 
2-3  mm.  long,  its  teeth  ovate,  acute;  corolla  violet,  about  4  times  as  long  as 
the  calyx;  fruit  depressed,  about  8  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  rounded. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros  and  Mangrove  Cay : — Cuba.  Recorded  by 
Mrs.  Northrop  as  Vitex  ilicifolia  A.  Rich.,  which  it  resembles.  Wright's  Pseudo- 
carpidium. 

13.  VOLKAMEEIA   L.   Sp.   PI.    637.     1753. 

A  vine-like,  spiny  shrub,  wdth  opposite  petioled  entire  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform, 
with  a  slender  tube,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  exserted,  somewhat  unequal. 
Style  filiform.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  subglobose  drupe,  the  2  nutlets  each 
2-celled.  [In  honor  of  J.  C.  Volkamer,  a  Nuremberg  botanist,  who  died  in 
1720.]     Only  the  following  species,  native  of  tropical  America. 

1.  Volkameria  aculeata  L.  Sp.  PI.  637.     1753. 

Clerodendron  aculeatum  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  500.     1861. 
Ovieda  aculeata  Hitchc.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   118.     1893. 

Climbing  to  a  length  of  3  m.  or  more,  or  nearly  erect,  the  slender  branches 
densely  puberulent,  armed  with  stout  oposite  spreading  spines  8  mm.  long 
or  less.  Leaves  thin,  slender-petioled,  oblong  to  elliptic-obovate,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,  2-5  cm.  long;  cymes  stalked,  few- 
several-flowered;  pedicels  slender,  puberulent,  6-14  mm.  long;  calyx  about  3 
mm.  long,  puberulent,  its  teeth  triangular-ovate,  acute;  tube  of  the  corolla 
about  18  mm.  long,  its  limb  about  12  mm.  broad;  stamens  purple;  drupe  4- 
grooved,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  New  Providence  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Cuba  to  Virgin  Gorda  and 
Martinique ;  Jamaica  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Prickly  Myrtle. 

14.   CLERODENDRUM  [Burm.]  L.  Sp.  PI.  637.     1753. 

Shrubs,  vines  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  flowers 
in  terminal  or  axillary  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.  Corolla 
salverform  or  funnelform,  the  tube  mostly  longer  than  the  5-lobed  limb. 
Stamens  4,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  exserted,  somewhat  unequal.  Stigma  2- 
lobed;  ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  a  drupe,  enclosing  4,  1-seeded  nutlets.  [Greek, 
tree  of  fortune.]  Probably  100  or  more  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical 
regions.    Tj'pe  species:  Clerodendrum  infortunatum  L. 


LAM  I  ACE  AE.  375 

1.  Clerodendrum  fragrans  Vent.  Jard.  Malm.  ijI.  70.    1S04. 

Ovicda  fragrans  Hitchc.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   118.     1893. 

Half -shrubby,  finely  pubescent,  6-15  dm.  high,  the  stout  branches  angled. 
Leaves  very  broadly  ovate,  1-2  dm.  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  nearly 
truncate  at  the  base,  coarsely  dentate,  long-petioled;  flowers  white^  fragrant, 
double  in  all  American  specimens  examined,  in  dense  terminal  cymes,  the 
corolla  about  2.5  cm.  broad;  calyx  5-cleft,  its  lanceolate  lobes  acuminate; 
corolla-lobes  rounded. 

Roadside,  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental 
tropical  America.  Naturalized  from  the  tropics  of  Asia.  Odorous  Clerodendkox. 
Wild  Jessamine. 

15.  AVICENNIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  110.     1753. 

Evergreen  trees,  sometimes  shrubby,  with  nodose  twigs,  opposite  entire 
leathery  leaves  without  stipules,  and  peduncled  clusters  of  white  braeted 
flowers.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  silky,  with  5  persistent  lobes.  Corolla  campanu- 
late,  its  short  tube  nearly  cylindric,  its  limb  spreading,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4, 
adnate  to  the  corolla-tube,  the  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  sessile,  1-celled;  ovules 
4,  on  a  central  placenta;  style  short,  2  lobed.  Fruit  capsular,  oblique,  apicu- 
late.  Seeds  without  endosperm,  usually  germinating  in  the  capsule.  [In 
honor  of  Avicenna  (980-1036)  of  Bokhara,  a  distinguished  oriental  physician.] 
Three  known  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  seacoasts.  Type  species: 
Avicennia  officinalis  L. 

1.  Avicennia  nitida  Jacq.  Enum.  25.     1760. 

A  tree,  up  to  about  16  m.  high,  with  shallowly  fissured  dark  scaly  bark, 
orange-red  within,  the  young  twigs  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  pubescent  when 
young,  soon  becoming  glabrous  above,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3-8  cm. 
long,  obtuse  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  finely  canescent  beneath,  narrowed  at  the 
base  into  short  petioles;  panicles  2-5  cm.  long;  corolla  10-14  mm.  broad,  its 
lobes  rounded;  capsule  oblong  or  elliptic,  2-5  cm.  long,  light  green,  slightly 
pubescent. 

In  mangrove  mud  and  shallows  of  the  sea,  throughout  the  archipelago  from 
Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  to  Grand  Turk,  Inagua  and  Cay  Sal  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida 
to  Texas ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Catesby,  1 :  pi.  85.  Black 
mangrove.     Green  Turtle  Bough. 

Family  8.     LAMIACEAE  Lindl. 

Mint  Family. 

Aromatic  punctate  herbs,  or  shrubs  (a  few  tropical  species  trees), 
mostly  with  4-sided  stems  and  simple  opposite  leaves;  stipules  none. 
Flowers  irregular,  perfect,  clustered,  the  inflorescence  typically  cymose, 
usually  bracteolate.  Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed 
(rarely  '4-toothed),  mostly  neiwed.  Corolla  with  a  short  or  long  tube, 
the  limb  4-5-lobed,  mostly  2-lipped,  regular  in  a  few  genera;  upper  lip 
2-lobed,  or  sometimes  entire;  low^er  lip  mostly  3-lobed.  Stamens  borne 
on  the  corolla-tube,  typically  4  and  didynamous,  sometimes  2,  rarely  equal; 
filaments  separate,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse, 
or  confluently  1-celled,  or  sometimes  of  a  single  sac.  Disk  usually  present, 
fleshy.  Ovary  4-lobed,  or  4-parted,  superior,  each  lobe  or  division  with  1 
mostly  anatropous  ovule;   style  arising  from  the  centre  of  the  lobed  or 


376  LAMTACEAE. 

parted  ovaiy,  2-lobed  at  the  summit.  Fruit  of  4,  1-seeded  nutlets.  Seed 
erect  (transverse  in  Scutellaria)  ;  endosperm  scanty,  or  none;  embryo 
mostly  straight;  radicle  short,  inferior.  About  160  genera  and  3,200 
species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Ovary  of  4  united  carpels,  4-lobed :  style  not  basal.  1.  Melosmon. 

Ovary  of  4  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  carpels  ;  style  basal. 

Calyx  with  a  crest  on  the  upper  side.  2.  Scutellaria. 

Calyx  without  a  crest. 

Corolla  distinctly  2-lipped,  the  lips  different,  the  upper  one 
concave. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Calyx-lobes  5.  3.  Leonurus. 

Calyx-lobes  8-10.  4.  Leonotis. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2.  5,  Salvia. 

Corolla  nearly  regular,  or  if  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  not  con- 
cave. 
Filaments  converging  under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla.      6.  Micromeria. 
Lower  pair  of  filaments  appressed  to  the  lower  lip  of  the 
corolla. 
Lobes  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal.  7.  Hyptis. 

Upper  lobe  of  the  calyx  broad,  decurrent.  8.  Ocimum. 

1.   MELOSMON  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  3:  85.     1837. 

Herbs  with  incised  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  the  white  or  blue  pedicelled 
flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaf -like  bracts.  Calyx  with  a  short,  lO-ribbed 
tube  and  5  long  nearly  equal  lobes.  Corolla  irregular,  the  upper  lip  small, 
the  lower  lip  3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  much  longer  than  the  lateral  ones. 
Stamens  4,  exserted.  Ovary  4-lobed,  of  4  partly  united  carpels;  style  not 
basal.  Nutlets  laterally  attached,  roughened  or  smooth.  [Greek,  of  uncertain 
application.]  A  few  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  America. 
Type  species:  Melosmon  hicolor  Eaf. 

1.  Melosmon  cubense  (Jacq.)  Small,  FL  SE.  U.  S.  1019,  1337.     1903. 

Teiicrium  cubense  Jacq.  Enum.  25.     1760. 

Annual  (?);  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate;  stems  often  branched  near 
the  base,  slender,  2-5  dm.  high,  the  branches  ascending.  Leaves  ovate  to 
spatulate  in  outline,  1-3  cm.  long,  incised,  the  lobes  mostly  entire ;  bracts  simi- 
lar to  the  leaves;  pedicels  2-5  mm.  long;  calyx  4-5,5  mm.  long,  its  linear- 
lanceolate  pubescent  acuminate  lobes  several  times  longer  than  the  tube; 
corolla  bluish-white,  11-14  mm.  long;  nutlets  about  2  mm.  long,  irregularly 
roughened. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  soils.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera  to 
Long  Island,  Inagua  : — Alabama.  Texas  and  Mexico  ;  Cuba.     ^YEST  Indian  Germander. 

2.  SCUTELLARIA  L.   Sp.   PI.   598.     1753. 

Bitter  herbs,  some  species  shrubby.  Flowers  blue  to  violet,  in  bracted, 
mostly  secund,  spike-like  racemes,  or  solitary  or  2-3  together  in  the  axils. 
Calyx  campanulate,  gibbous,  2-lipped,  the  lips  entire,  the  upper  one  with  a 
crest  or  protuberance  upon  its  back  and  often  deciduous  in  fruit.  Corolla 
recurved-ascending,  dilated  above  into  the  throat,  glabrous  within,  the  limb 
2-lipped;  upper  lip  arched,  entire  or  emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading  or  de- 
flexed,  its  lateral  lobes  small  and  somewhat  conne'cted  with  the  upper,  its 
middle  lobe  broad.  (Stamens  4,  didynamous^  all  anther-bearing,  ascending 
under  the  upper  lip,  the  upper  pair  somewhat  the  shorter,  their  anthers  2- 


LAMIACEAE.  377 

celled,  ciliate;  anthers  of  the  lower  pair  of  stamens  1-celled,  also  ciliate. 
Nutlets  papillose  or  tuberculate.  [Latin,  a  dish,  from  the  appendage  to  the 
fruiting  calyx.]  About  100  species  of  "wide  distribution.  Type  species: 
Scutellaria  peregrina  L. 

1.  Scutellaria  havanensis  Jacq.  Enum.  25.    1760. 

Scutellaria  cuhensis  A.  Rich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:  158.     1850. 
Scutellaria  longiflora  Small,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  437.     1905. 

Perennial;  stems  very  slender,  often  branched  near  the  base,  erect  or 
ascending,  3  dm.  high  or  less,  pubescent  or  puberulent.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
orbicular,  short-petioled,  3-9  mm.  long,  puberulent  on  both  sides,  few-toothed 
or  entire;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  on  ascending  peduncles  3-7  mm.  long; 
flowering  calyx  about  1.5  mm.  long;  corolla  dark  blue,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  the 
middle  lobe  of  the  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  lip  3-lobed;  fruiting  calyx 
about  3  mm.  long. 

Rocky  places,  red-lands  and  pine-lands,  Great  Bahama,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island, 
and  Great  Exuma  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico.     Skullcap. 

Scutellaria  purpurasccns  Sw.  mentioned  by  Hitchcock  as  occurring  on  Eleuthera 
was  not  found  in  his  collections  ;  the  record  is  probably  based  on  the  above  species. 

3.  LEONURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  584.     1753. 

Tall  herbs,  with  palmately  cleft,  parted  or  dentate  leaves,  and  small  white 
or  pink  flowers  verticillate  in  dense  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  tubular-campanu- 
late,  5-nerved,  nearly  regular  and  equally  5-toothed,  the  teeth  rigid,  subulate  or 
aristate.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  entire;  lower  lip  spreading 
or  deflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad,  obcordate  or  emarginate.  Anthers 
2-celled,  the  sacs  mostly  parallel.  Nutlets  3-sided,  smooth.  [Greek,  lion's- 
tail.]     About  10  species,  of  Europe  and  Asia.     Type  species :  Leonurus  Cardiaca  L. 

1.  Leonurus  sibiricus  L.  Sp.  PI.  584.     1753. 

Biennial,  puberulent  or  glabrate;  stem  6-18  dm.  high.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  3-parted  into  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  cleft  and  incised 
segments,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute,  the  uppermost  linear  or  lanceo- 
late; clusters  dense,  usually  all  axillary;  calyx  campanulate,  6  mm.  long,  gla- 
brous or  minutely  puberulent ;  corolla  purple  or  red,  densely  puberulent  without, 
8-12  mm.  long,  its  tube  naked  within;  anther-sacs  divergent. 

Waste  places.  New  Providence  and  Harbor  Island  : — Bermuda  :  Delaware  and 
Maryland :  West  Indies ;  continental  tropical  America.  Naturalized  from  the  Old 
World  tropics.     Lion's  tail.     Pipe-shank. 

4.  LEONOTIS  E.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  ed.  2,  3:   409.     1811. 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  the  leaves  opposite, 
broad,  toothed,  petioled,  the  flowers  in  dense  whorls,  short-pedicelled.  Calyx- 
tube  10-nerved,  oblique  at  the  mouth,  its  lobes  8-10,  unequal,  bristle-tipped. 
Corolla  yellow,  orange  or  scarlet,  2-lipped,  the  tube  dilated  above,  curved; 
upper  lip  erect,  rather  long;  lower  lip  with  3  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  scarcely 
longer  than  the  lateral.  Stamens  4;  filaments  all  anther-bearing;  anthers  2- 
celled;  sacs  diverging.  Nutlets  3-angled,  smooth.  [Greek,  lion's-ear.]  About 
12  species,  natives  of  Africa.     Type  species:  Leonotis  Leonitis   (L.)  R.  Br. 

25 


378  LAMIAOEAE. 

1.  Leonotis  nepetaefolia  (L.)  E.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew  ed.  2,  3:  409.     1811. 

Phlomds  nepetaefolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  586.     1753. 

Annual,  softly  pubescent.  Stems  3-20  dm.  tall,  rather  stout,  simple  or 
branched;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-deltoid,  4-12  cm.  long,  coarsely  crenate,  cuneate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base;  i1  ower-clusters  dense,  4-6  cm.  in  diameter;  pedicels 
1-2  mm.  long;  calyx  puberulent,  becoming  at  least  2  cm.  long,  its  tube  reticu- 
lated above  the  middle,  its  lobes  8,  awn-tipped;  corolla  scarlet  or  orange-yellow, 
2-2.5  cm,  long,  villous-hirsute,  its  tube  curved,  the  upper  lip  as  long  as  the  tube, 
the  lower  lip  much  shorter  than  the  upper,  with  3  narrow  lobes;  nutlets  3  mm. 
long,  sharply  angled. 

Waste  places,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera.  Acklin's  Island,  Mariguana,  Grand 
Turk  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Tennessee  to  Florida  and  Louisiana  ;  West  Indies  ; 
Texas  to  Brazil ;  Old  World  tropics.     Lign's-ear. 

5.  SALVIA  L.   Sp.   PI.   23.     1753. 

Herbs,  or  some  species  shrubs,  with  clustered  flowers,  the  clusters  mostly 
spiked,  racemed,  or  panicled.  Calyx  mostly  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped;  upper 
lip  entire  or  3-toothed;  lower  lip  2-cleft  or  2-toothed.  Corolla  strongly  2- 
lipped;  upper  lip  entire,  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft 
or  3-lobed.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2  (the  posterior  pair  wanting  or  rudi- 
mentary) ;  connective  of  the  anthers  transverse,  linear  or  filiform,  bearing  a 
perfect  anther-sac  on  its  upper  end^  its  lower  end  dilated,  capitate  or  sometimes 
bearing  a  small  or  rudimentary  one.  Nutlets  smooth,  usually  developing 
mucilage  and  spiral  tubes  when  wetted.  [Latin,  salvus,  safe,  from  its  healing 
virtues.]  About  500  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species:  Salvia  offi- 
cinalis L. 

Corolla  blue  to  white,  4-10  mm.  long. 

Leaves  cuneate-narrowed  at  base.  1.  S.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  rounded  or  cordate  at  base.  2.  S.  serotina. 

Corolla  red  or  scarlet,  2-2.5  cm.  long.  3.  8.  coccinea. 

1.  Salvia  occidentalis  Sw.  Prodr.  14.     1788. 

Annual;  stems  ascending,  decumbent  or  prostrate,  branched,  densely  pubes- 
cent at  least  above,  0.5-2  m.  long.  Leaves  ovate,  2-5  cm.  long,  serrate,  short- 
petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  subtruncate  at  the  base; 
panicles  narrow,  0.5-3  dm.  long,  the  clusters  few-flowered,  the  lower  ones  dis- 
tant, the  upper  close  together;  calyx  about  3  mm.  long  densely  glandular- 
pubescent,  ribbed,  the  upper  lip  obtuse,  the  lobes  of  tiix  'oAver  lip  acute; 
corolla  blue,  about  5  mm.  long,  its  tube  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx;  nutlets 
about  2  mm.  long. 

Waste  places  and  coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Eleuthera  and  Great  Exuma  : 
— Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America  ;  recorded  from  Bermuda. 
West  Indian  Sage. 

2.  Salvia  serotina  L.  Mant.  1:  25.     1767. 

Salvia  micrantha  Vahl,  Enum.  1:   235.     1805. 

Perennial,  finely  pubescent;  stems  1.5-7  dm.  tall,  much  branched.  Leaves 
ovate  or  orbicular-ovate,  1-4  cm.  long,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  slender-petioled ;  panicles  2-10  cm.  long;  calyx  longer 
than  the  pedicels,  glandular-hirsute,  becoming  5-8  mm.  long;  lips  about  h  as 
long  as  the  long-campanulate  tube;  corolla  6-10  mm.  long,  white  or  blue,  its 
tube  included;  style  glabrous;  nutlets  fully  2  mm.  long. 


LAMIACEAE.  379 

Waste  places  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  to  Andros,  The  Caicos,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West 
Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America.  Consists  of  many  races  differing  in  pubescence, 
the  corolla  blue  to  white.  Apparently  referred  to  S.  tenella  Sw.  by  Hitchcock. 
Erroneously  called  Catniof.  Listed  by  Dolley  as  Nepeta  Cataria  L.  Small  Whitk 
Sage. 

3.  Salvia  coccinea  Juss.  in  Murray,  Comm.  Gott.  1:  86.     1778. 

Annual,  softly  pubescent;  stems  erect,  3-7  dm.  tall,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched.  Leaves  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  3-6  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
crenate-serrate,  truncate  to  subcordate  at  the  base;  panicles  5-20  cm.  long; 
pedicels  2-6  mm.  long,  slender;  calyx  minutely  pubescent,  10-12  mm.  long,  its 
tube  many-ribbed,  the  upper  lip  reniform,  abruptly  pointed,  the  lower  lobes 
ovate-apiculate ;  corolla  deep  scarlet,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  puberulent,  the  tube  con- 
tracted above  the  base^  then  gradually  enlarged,  the  lower  lip  7-8  mm.  broad, 
merely  notched  at  the  apex;  nutlets  2.5  mm.  long,  slightly  variegated. 

Waste  places,  Watling's  Island,  at  Cockburn  Town  : — Bermuda  ;  South  Carolina 
to  Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Scar- 
let Sage.     Country  Belle. 

6.  MICROMERIA  Benth.  Bot.  Eeg.   15:   under  pi.  1282.     1829. 

Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  entire  or  dentate  leaves  and  small  axillary 
clustered  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  tubular,  its  tube  mostly  13-ribbed,  its  5 
lobes  nearly  equal.  Corolla  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  often  very  small;  lower 
lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  commonly  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  converging 
under  the  upper  corolla-lip ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent.  Ovary  4- 
carpellary;  style  basal.  Nutlets  smooth,  basally  attached.  [Greek,  referring 
to  the  small  flowers.]  Sixty  species  or  more,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:  Sahhatia  corymhosa  Moench. 

1.  Micromeria  Brownei  (Sw.)  Benth.  Lab.  372.     1834. 

Thymus  Broivnei  Sw.  Prodr.  89.     1788. 

Satureia  Brownei  Briquet,  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pflanzf.  4='=':  300.     1896. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stems  branched  near  the  base,  very 
slender,  the  branches  prostrate  and  creeping,  1-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  broadly 
ovate  or  orbicular,  5-12  mm.  broad,  crenulate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  1-6  mm.  long;  flowers  mostly 
solitary  in  the  axils;  pedicels  filiform,  3-12  mm.  long,  as  long  as  the  upper 
leaves  or  longer;  calyx  narrowly  turbinate,  4-5  mm.  long,  its  triangular-ovate, 
ciliolate  lobes  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  white,  7-8  mm.  long, 
its  upper  lip  ovate,  sometimes  emarginate. 

Moist  soils  at  fresh-water  holes,  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  southward  to  Crooked 
Island  : — Florida  ;  Jamaica.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Nepeta  coerulea  D.  West  Indian 
Thy  me. 

7.  HYPTIS  Jacq.  Coll.  1:  101.     1786. 

[Mesosphaerum  p.  Br.  Hist.  Jam.  257.     Ilyponym.     1756.] 

Herbs,  mostly  erect  and  branched,  the  leaves  usually  dentate,  the  flowers 
variously  clustered.  Calyx  tubular,  ovoid  or  campanulate,  equally  5-lobed,  the 
lobes  acute  or  aristate.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect  or  spreading,  the 
lower  saccate  and  drooping.  Stamens  4,  declined,  all  antheriferous,  the  fila- 
ments distinct,  the  anthers  2-celled.     Ovary  4-carpellary;  style  basal.     Nutlets 


380  LAMIACEAE. 

smootli    or   rough.     [Greek,   bent   backward.]     About    300    species,   mostly    of 
tropical  America.     Type  species:  Hyptis  verticillata  Jacq. 

Flowers  in  secund  spiked  cymes;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long.  1.  H.  peciinata. 

Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  ;  calyx  8-10  mm.  long.  2.  H.  suaveolens.  ' 

1.  Hyptis  pectinata  (L.)  Poit.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  7:  474.    1806. 

Nepeta  pectinata  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  1097.     1759. 

Perennial,  densely  puberulent ;  stems  erect,  3-20  dm,  high..  Leaves  ovate, 
2-8  cm.  long,  serrate,  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  the  petioles  4.5  cm.  long  or  less;  flowers  in  secund  spiked  cymules,  the 
inflorescence  elongated ;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  puberulent,  its  subulate  lobes 
nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  whitish,  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  the 
upper  lip  2-lobed,  the  lower  3-lobed;  nutlets  granular,  about  1  mm.  long. 

Waste  places.  Andros,  Cat  Island,  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  con- 
tinental tropical  America.     Pectinate  Hyptis. 

2.  Hyptis  suaveolens  (L.)  Poit.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  7:  472.    1806. 

Ballota  suaveolens  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1100.     1759. 

Annual?  Stem  stout,  often  much  branched,  loosely  pilose,  3-8  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-orbicular,  slender-petioled,  4  cm.  long  or  less,  acute  or 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  low-serrate,  sparingly 
pubescent  on  both  sides;  flowers  2-5  together,  nearly  sessile,  in  short-peduncled, 
axillary  clusters,  or  the  clusters  crowded  in  a  terminal  panicle  and  subtended 
by  small  leaves ;  calyx  campanulate,  strongly  ribbed,  at  length  8-10  mm.  long,  its 
subulate  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  5-6  mm.  long,  bluish. 

Waste  and  cultivated  soils.  New  Providence.  Eleuthera  and  Great  E^snma  : — West 
Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  ;  East  Indies.     Pilose  Hyptis.     Wild  Basil. 

8.  OCIMUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  597.     1753. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  erect  or  ascending  branched  stems,  usually 
dentate  petioled  leaves  and  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  deflexed  in  fruit,  its 
tube  campanulate  or  ovoid,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  unequal,  the  lower  ones  somewhat 
united.  Corolla  white  or  nearly  white,  its  tube  usually  shorter  than  the  calyx, 
its  lobes  nearly  equal.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  the  lower  pair  appressed  to  the 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla;  filaments  naked  or  appendaged.  Ovary  4-carpellary ; 
style  basal.  Nutlets  smooth  or  rugose.  [Greek,  odorous.]  About  40  species 
widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Ocimum 
basiliciim  L. 

1.  Ocimum  micranthum  Willd.  Enum.   Hort.  Berol.   630.     1809. 

Annual,  pubescent ;  stem  erect,  branched,  2-5  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  1-5  cm.  long,  serrate,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  subtruncate 
at  the  base,  the  petioles  5-20  mm.  long;  panicles  2-10  cm.  long;  flowers 
several  in  the  clusters;  pedicels  4-7  mm.  long;  calyx  puberulent,  6-7  mm. 
long  in  fruit,  the  upper  lip  concave,  the  lower  of  4  narrow  subulate-tipped 
lobes;  corolla  about  4  mm.  long,  its  tube  dilated  above,  its  upper  lip  with  '2 
rounded  lobes,  the  lower  lip  with  2  ovate  lateral  lobes  and  a  notched  middle 
one;  nutlets  about  1  mm.  long. 

Waste  and  cultivated  groimds,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — Florida  ;  West 
Indies  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico  to  continental  tropical  America.     Wild  Basil.     Potmargin. 

MaryuMum  vulgare  L.,  listed  by  Dolley,  has  not  been  found  by  our  collectors  on 
the  islands. 


SOLAN  ACE  AP].  381 

Family  9.     SOLANACEAE  Pers. 

Potato  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  with  alternate  or 
rarely  opposite  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular,  or  nearly  regular, 
cymose  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-lobed.  Corolla  gamopetalous, 
mostly  5-lobed,  the  lobes  induplicate-valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  tube,  all  perfect  in  the  following  genera;  anthers  various, 
2-celled,  apically  or  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled 
(rarely  3-5-celled) ;  ovules  numerous  on  the  axile  placentae,  anatropous  or- 
amphitropous ;  stj^le  slender,  simple;  stigma  terminal;  fruit  a  berry  or 
capsule.  Seeds  numerous;  endosperm  fleshy ;  cotyledons  semiterete.  About 
75  genera  and  1,750  species,  most  abundant  in  tropical  regions. 

Fruit  a  berry. 

Corolla  plicate. 

Berry  enclosed  in  the  accrescent  calyx.  1.  Phi/salm. 

Berry  not  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  2.  Solanuin. 

Corolla  not  plicate,  or  scarcely  plicate. 

Corolla  rotate.  3.   Capsicum. 

Corolla  salverform  to  funnelform. 

Stamens   unequal  ;   filaments   adnate  to   the  mouth   of  the 

corolla-tube.  4.  Lijcium. 

Stamens  equal  or  nearly  so  ;  filaments  adnate  to  about  the 

middle  of  the  corolla-tube.  5.  Cestrum. 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

Calyx  tubular,  at  length  circumscissile.  6.  Datura. 

Calyx  ovoid  or  campanulate,  5-cleft.  7.  Nicotiana. 

1.  PHYSALIS   L.  Sp.   PI.   182.     1753. 

Herbs,  sometimes  a  little  woody  below,  with  entire  or  sinuately  toothed 
leaves.  Peduncles  slender,  in  our  species  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx  campanu- 
late, 5-toothed,  in  fruit  enlarged  and  bladdery-inflated,  membranous,  5-angled, 
or  prominently  10-ribbed  and  reticulate,  wholly  enclosing  the  pulpy  berry. 
Corolla  often  with  a  brownish  or  purplish  center,  open-campanulate,  or  rarely 
campanulate-rotate,  plicate.  Stamens  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  corolla; 
anthers  oblong,  opening  by  longitudinal  slits.  Style  slender,  somewhat  bent; 
stigma  minutely  2-cleft.  Seeds  numerous,  kidney-shaped,  flattened.  [Greek, 
bladder,  referring  to  the  inflated  calyx.]  The  number  of  recognized  species 
is  about  50,  widely  distributed.     Type  species:  Phy sails  AlTiekengi  L. 

Fruiting  calyx  5-angled  :  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base.  1.  P.  anyiilata. 

Fruiting  calyx  5-winged  ;  leaves  cordate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the 
base. 

Glabrous,  or  nearly  so.  2.  P.  turhmata. 

Densely  pubescent.  3.  P.  puhescens. 

1.  Physalis  angulata  L.  Sp.  PI.  183.     1753. 

Physalis  LinMana  Dunal,  in  DC.  Prodr.  13^:  448.     1852. 

Erect,  4-9  dm.  high,  glabrous;  stem  angled;  leaves  ovate,  usually  with 
cuneate  base  and  long-acuminate  teeth,  5-6.5  cm.  long,  on  slender  petioles, 
thin,  the  veins  not  prominent;  peduncles  slender,  2-3  cm.  long,  erect,  in  fruit 
often  reflexed  but  seldom  exceeding  the  fruiting  calyx;  calyx-teeth  triangular 
to  lanceolate,  generally  shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  5-10  cm.  in  diameter; 
anthers  purplish  tinged;  fruiting  calyx  about  3  cm,  long,  ovoid,  not  promi- 
nently angled,  at  last  nearly  filled  by  the  yellow  berry. 

Waste  places,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  southern  United  States  ; 
West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.     Cut-leaved  Ground-Cherby.    Poppers. 


382  SOLANACEAE. 

2.  Physalis  turbinata  Medik.  in  Act.  Acad.  Theod.  Palat.  4:   188,  t.  5,  iig.  2. 

1780. 

Annual,  glabrous,  or  minutely  puberulent  when  young.  Stems  rather 
stout,  acutely  angled  and  divaricately  branched ;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  obtuse 
or  cordate  and  slightly  oblique  at  the  bas-e,  thin  and  dark  green,  repand-dentate, 
short-acuminate;  peduncles  shorty  in  fruit  about  1.5  cm.  long,  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  8-10  mm.  wide,  yellow  with  a  purplish  eye; 
fruiting  calyx  3-3.5  cm.  long,  long-attenuate,  almost  pyramidal,  deeply  retuse 
at  the  base. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  Acklin's  Island  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  ; 
southern  United  States ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Smooth 
Geound-Cherkv. 

3.  Physalis  pubescens  I..  Sp.  PI.  183.     1753. 

Physalis  harhadensis  Jaeq.  Misc.  2:   359.     1781. 

Annual,  pubescent  and  viscid.  Stems  tall  and  erect,  or  widely  spreading, 
acutely  3-4-angled;  leaves  3-6  cm.  long,  heart-shaped,  acute,  or  usually 
abruptly  acuminate,  sharply  repand-dentate,  pubescent  with  short  hairs;  pe- 
duncles short,  at  maturity  sometimes  2  cm.  long;  calyx  generally  densely 
viscid-hirsute,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  corolla  5-10  mm.  in  diameter, 
yellow,  with  a  purplish  eye;  anthers  purplish;  fruiting  calyx  2.5-3  cm. 
long,  attenuate,  reticulate,  retuse  at  the  base. 

Waste  grounds,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — West  Indies  :  continental  tropical 
and  temperate  America.     ?P.  curassavica  of  Schoepf.     Hairy  Ground-Cherry. 

2.  SOLANUM   L.   Sp.   PI.    184.     1753. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  stellate-pubescent,  sometimes  climbing.  Flowers 
cymose,  umbelliform,  paniculate,  or  racemose.  Calyx  campanulate  or  rotate, 
mostly  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  rotate,  the  limb  plaited,  5-angled  or  5- 
lobed,  the  tube  very  short.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla; 
filaments  short;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  connate  or  con- 
nivent  into  a  cone,  each  sac  dehiscent  by  a  terminal  pore,  or  sometimes  by  a 
short  introse  terminal  slit,  or  sometimes  also  longitudinally.  Ovary  usually 
2-celled;  stigma  small.  Berry  mostly  globose,  the  calyx  either  persistent  at 
its  base  or  enclosing  it.  [Name,  according  to  Wittstein,  from  solamen, 
quieting.]  About  900  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type  species: 
Solanum  nigrum  L. 

Pubescence  not  stellate. 

Plants  copiously  armed  with  long  slender  prickles.  1.   S.  aculeatissimum. 

Plants  unarmed.  2.  8.  nigrum. 

Pubescence  densely  stellate. 

Leaves  large,  lanceolate  to  obovate. 

Inflorescence  racemose.  3.  8.  hahamense. 

Inflorescence  corymbose. 

Inflorescence  terminal ;  plants  unarmed. 

Corolla-lobes  ovate.  4.  8.  r erb a sci folium. 

Corolla-lobes  lanceolate.  d.  S.  Blodgettii. 

Inflorescence  subaxillary  ;  plants  usually  with  some 

prickles.  ,  6.   8.  forvum. 

Leaves  minute,  not  over  3  mm.  long.  7.  8.  didymacanthum. 

1.  Solanum  aculeatissimum  Jacq.  Coll.  1:  100.     1786. 

Perennial,  slightly  woody,  usually  much  branched,  6-12  dm.  high,  some- 
what pilose,  or  becoming  glabrous,  the  branches,  petioles,  leaf-blades  and 
peduncles  armed  with  straight  yellow  prickles.  Leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate  in 
outline,  7-15  cm.  long,  pinnately  lobed  or  repand;  cymes  few-flowered,  lateral; 


SOLANACEAE.  383 

calyx  armed  -uith  stout  prickles,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  corolla,  its 
lobes  ovatej  acute;  corolla  "VA'hite,  about  12  mm.  broad;  anthers  ovate-lanceo- 
late; berry  globose,  scarlet,  glabrous,  1-2  em.  in  diameter. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Eleu- 
thera  and  Cat  Island  ;  recorded  from  Green  Turtle  Cay  : — southern  ITnited  States  ; 
Bermuda  ;  ^Yest  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Cockroach  Berry. 

2.  Solanum  nigrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  186.    1753. 

Solanum  nodiflorum  Dunal,  Hist.  Sol.  151.     1813.     Not  Jacq.  1793. 
Solanum  americanum  Mill.  Gard.  Diet,  ed,  8,  no.  5.     1768. 
Solanum  purpuratum  Bitter,  Eepert.  12:    85.     1913. 

Annual,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pubescent  with  simple  hairs,  3-8  dm.  high. 
Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  more  or  less  inequilateral,  2-8  cm.  long,  thin,  acute, 
acuminate  or  acutish  at  the  apex;  peduncles  lateral,  umbellately  3-10-flowered; 
pedicels  6-14  mm.  long;  flowers  8-10  mm.  broad;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the  berry;  filaments 
somewhat  pubescent;  anthers  obtuse;  berries  glabrous,  globose,  8-10  mm.  in 
diameter,  blacky   on  nodding  peduncles. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Bahama 
to  Watling's,  East  Caicos,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — all  temperate  and  tropical 
regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Consists  of  many  races  differing  in  length  of  pedicels 
and  size  of  flowers,  the  leaves  varying  from  entire  to  coarsely  toothed.  Recorded  by 
Hitchcock  as  Solanum  nigrum  oleraceum ;  by  Small  as  Solanum  gracile  Link.  Black 
Nightshade.     Ixk-berry.     Gooma-bdsh. 

3.  Solanum  bahamense  L.  Sp.  PI.  188.       1753. 

Solanum  haJiamense  lanceolatum  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  440.     1861. 
Solanum  suharmatum  Willd.  Enum.  Hort.  Berol.  240.     1809. 

A  prickly  or  unarmed  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  the  twigs,  leaves  and 
inflorescence  stellate  ]3uberulent,  the  prickles  slender.  Leaves  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 4-12  cm.  long,  slender-petioled,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
obtuse  and  often  oblique  at  the  base,  the  margin  entire  or  somewhat  undulate, 
the  veins  rather  distant;  peduncles  lateral,  longer  than  the  petioles;  inflores- 
cence racemiform,  sometimes  forked,  few-several-flowered;  pedicels  blender, 
thickened  upward,  6-12  mm.  long,  nodding  in  fruit;  calyx  1.5  mm.  long,  its 
lobes  ovate;  corolla  blue,  rarely  white,  10-15  mm.  broad;  berry  red,  globose, 
6-8  mm,  in  diameter. 

White-lands  and  scrub-lands  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco  and  Great 
Bahama  through  the  Biminis  and  Andros  to  Grand  Turk  Islands,  Ambergris  Cay  and 
Inagua  :— Florida  :  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica.  Consists  of  many  races,  unarmed 
or  very  prickly,  with  the  leaves  entire  or  toothed,  and  the  flowers  and  fruits  varying 
considerably  in  size.  Recorded  by  DoUey  and  by  Hitchcock  as  Solanum  ignaeum  L. 
Bahama  Solanum.     Canker-berry. 

4.  Solanum  verbascifolium  L.  Sp.  PI.  184.     1753. 

A  stellate-tomentulose  unarmed  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  rarely  forming  a 
small  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  1.5  dm.  in  diameter.  Leaves 
ovate  to  elliptic,  rarely  obovate,  1-3  dm.  long,  entire  or  very  slightly  repand, 
acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
stout  petioles  7  cm.  long  or  less ;  cymes  terminal,  several-many-flowered,  long- 
peduncled;  pedicels  stout,  6-12  mm.  long;  calyx  5-7  mm.  long,  densely  stel- 
late, its  lobes  triangular-ovate;  corolla  white,  10-15  mm.  wide,  its  lobes  ovate- 
oblong;  berry  subglobose,  1-2  cm.  in  diameter,  yellow. 

Waste  places,  scrub-lands,  coppices  and  old  fields,  throughout  the  archipelago 
from  Great  Bahama,  Abaco  and  Andros  to  Mariguana  and  Dellis'  Cay  (Caicos)  : — 
Florida  :  West  Indies  :  Mexico  and  Central  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.  Mullein- 
leaved  Solanum.     Wild  Tobacco.     Sal\-e-bush. 


384  SOLANACEAE. 

5.  Solanum  Blodgettii  Chapm.  Fl.  So.  U.  S.  349.     1860. 

An  unarmed  shrub,  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  the  branches  spreading_,  the  young 
tTvigs,  leaves  and  inflorescence  stellate-tomentulose.  Leaves  oblong,  .5-15  cm. 
long,  entire  or  undulate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  the 
base,  the  petioles  1-3  cm.  long;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  panicles 
dense,  short,  several-many-fiowered;  pedicels  3-7  mm.  long;  calyx  about  3 
mm.  long,  its  teeth  minute^,  deltoid;  corolla  white  or  blue,  its  lobes  linear  or 
linear-lanceolate,  6-7  mm.  long,  pubescent  without;  anthers  linear,  apically 
dehiscent;  ovary  glabrous;  berries  red,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands,  North  Cat  Cay,  Biminis  : — Florida.     Blodgett's  Solaxum. 

6.  Solanum  torvum  Sw.  Prodr.  47.     1788. 

A  stellate-tomentulose  shrub,  1-4  m..  high,  the  rather  stout  branches 
sparingly  armed  with  short  flattenedj  nearly  straight  prickles,  or  unarmed. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  in  outline^  5-20  cm.  long,  stout-petioled,  angular-lobed  or 
sinuate-margined,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  sometimes  with  a  few  prickles  on  the  petiole  and  on  the  midvein  be- 
neath, the  upper  surface  scabrous;  cymes  lateral,  short-peduncled,  several- 
flowered;  flowering  pedicels  slender,  glandular,  5-8  mm.  long,  thickening  in 
fruit;  calyx  glandular,  about  4  mm.  long,  5-cleft,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute; 
corolla  white,  5-cleft,  10-15  mm.  broad;  berry  globose,  10-14  mm.  in  diameter, 
yellow. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds  near  Nassau,  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  (accord- 
ing to  Grisebacli)  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Bushy  White 
Solanum. 

7.  Solanum  didymacanthum  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:    183.     1906. 

Branches  stellate-pilose,  prickly;  leaves  minute,  entire,  stellate-pilose  on 
both  surfaces.  Plants  shrubby,  branched,  1-2  m.  high;  prickles  needle-like, 
in  pairs  at  the  nodes,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves,  slightly  recurved, 
divaricately  horizontal,  reddish  brown,  thickened  at  the  base,  somewhat  less 
than  12  mm.  long;  leaves  fasciculate,  petiolate,  oblong  or  obovate,  entire, 
about  3  mm.  long,  the  base  acute,  the  apex  acute  or  obtuse;  inflorescence 
terminal,  solitary,  single-flowered;  peduncles,  calyx  and  corolla  stellate-pilose, 
unarmed;  calyx  5-dentate;  corolla  white,  5-partite,  the  lobes  liguliform,  about 
8  mm.  long,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  corolla;  ovary  globose;  style  filiform, 
longer  than  the  stamens;  berry  sessile,  globose,  compressed  at  the  base  and 
apex,  yellow,  translucent,  not  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Cat  Island  near  Port  Howe,  Great  Exuma  on  Haynes 
Roa^d.     Endemic.     Cat's-paw. 

3.  CAPSICUM  L.   Sp.   PI.   188.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  forking  stems.  Leaves  flat, 
entire  or  repand.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  small  cjTnes.  Calyx 
scarcely  accrescent,  somewhat  5-lobed.  Corolla  usually  white,  nearly  rotate, 
its  lobes  5,  imbricated.  Stamens  5,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers 
bluish,  the  sacs  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  stigma  club-shaped  or 
dilated.  Berries  red,  yellow  or  green,  often  nodding,  pungent.  Seeds  flattened. 
[Latin,  capsa,  a  box,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the  fruit  in  forms  of  the 
typical  species.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species:  Cap- 
sicum annuum  L. 


SOLANACEAE.  385 

1.  Capsicum  baccatum  L.  Mant.  1:   47.     1767. 

Shrubby,  more  or  less  pubescent.  Stems  1-3  m.  tall,  sometimes  vine-like, 
widely  branching;  leaves  ovate,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-5  em.  long^ 
acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  abruptly  narrowed  or  truncate  at  the  base; 
petioles  one  half  as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  pedicels  narrowly  club- 
shaped,  1-2  cm.  long;  calyx  2.5-3  mm.  long,  its  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube  or 
somewhat  shorter;  berries  globose  to  ellipsoid,  5-10  mm.  long,  red,  obtuse. 

Scrub-lands,  Little  Harbor  Cay,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  to  Mariguana, 
Dellis"  Cay  (Caicos),  Inagua  and  the  Anguilla  Isles: — southern  United  States;  West 
Indies ;  continental  tropical  America ;  Old  World  tropics.  C.  frutescens  of  Hitch- 
cock, from  Inagua,  and  of  Dolley,  is  this  species.     Bird  Pepper. 

4.  LYCIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  191.     1753. 

Shrubs,  or  woody  vines^  often  spiny,  with  small  alternate  entire  leaves, 
commonly  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils,  and  white  greenish  or 
purple,  solitary  or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  3-5-lobed  or  -toothed 
not  enlarged  in  fruit,  presistent.  Corolla-tube  short  or  slender,  the  limb  5 
lobed  (rarely  4-lobed),  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  5  (rarely  4)  ;  filaments  fill 
form,  sometimes  dilated  at  the  base;  anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent 
Ovary  2-eelled;  style  filiform;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Berry  globose 
ovoid,  or  oblong.  [Named  from  the  country  Lycia.]  About  75  species 
widely  distributed.     Type  species:   Lycium  afrum  L. 

1.  Lycium  spathulifdlium  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:   451.     1905. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  1.3  m.  high  or  less,  with  long  slender  drooping 
branches,  some  of  the  twigs  tipped  by  spines  2-4  mm.  long,  the  bark  gray. 
Leaves  2-4  together  at  the  nodal  cushions,  or  solitary,  spatulate,  fleshy,  entire, 
6-15  mm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  obtuse,  long-attenuate  from  above  the  middle 
to  the  base;  flowers  few,  solitary;  peduncle  filiform,  5  mm.  long,  gradually 
thickened  above;  calyx  campanulate,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  somewhat  scurfy,  its 
teeth  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  whitish-lanate ;  corolla  funnelform,  white,  its  tube 
4-5  mm.  long,  its  4  oblong  obtusish  lobes  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Coppices  at  upper  savannah,  Inagua ;  rocky  plains.  East  Caicos  and  Ambergris 
Cay.  Endemic.     Inagua  Lycium. 

5.  OESTRUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  191.     1753. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  entire  petioled  leaves,  the  mostly  yellow 
or  white  flowers  in  cymes  or  panicled.  Calyx  5-lobed  or  5-toothed.  Corolla 
salverform  or  funnelform,  the  tube  long,  slender,  the  5  lobes  spreading. 
Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  included;  filaments  filiform,  often  pilose 
below,  sometimes  with  a  tooth-like  appendage;  anthers  small,  their  sacs 
parallel.  Ovary  2-celled,  usually  short-stipitate ;  ovules  few;  style  filiform; 
stigma  dilated,  entire  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  small  berry.  Seeds  oblong,  smooth. 
[Greek,  hammer,  referring  to  the  filaments.]  Perhaps  150  species,  natives  of 
tropical  America.     Type  species:   Cestrum  nocturnum  L. 

1.  Cestrum  bahamense  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   123.     1905. 

A  shrub  3  m.  high  or  less,  glabrous  throughout,  the  bark  light  gray. 
Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-elliptic,  pale  green  on  both  sides,  but  slightly  darker 
green  above  than  beneath,  5-10  em.  long,  5  em.  wide  or  less,  firm  in  texture, 
acute  at  both  ends,  or  the  apex  obtusish,  faintly  7-9-veined  on  each  side  of  the 


386  SOLANACEAE. 

mid-vein;  petioles  slender,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  cymes  axillary,  few-several-flowered, 
their  peduncles  mucli  shorter  than  the  petioles;  pedicels  1.5-3  mm.  long; 
calyx  oblong-eampanulate  in  flower^  4  mm.  long,  its  teeth  triangular-lanceo- 
late, 1.5  mm.  long;  corolla-tube  greenish  yellow,  9-13  mm.  long,  narrowly  ob- 
conic,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  purplish,  4-5  mm.  long,  Avhite-lanose 
within;  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  just  below  the  lobes,  the 
free  part  of  the  filament  scarcely  longer  than  the  anther;  berry  blue-black, 
shining,  obovoid,  about  12  mm.  long,  5-6  mm.  thick;  fruiting  calyx  broadly 
obconic,  loosely  enclosing  the  narrowed  base  of  the  berry. 

Coppices,  savannas  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama  and  Abaco  to  Andres,  Cat 
Island  and  Long  Island  : — Cuban  Cays.  Referred  by  Grisebach,  Dolley,  Mrs.  Northrop 
and  Hitchcock  to  Oestrum  pallidum,  Lam.  ;  recorded  by  Coker  as  Solarium  havanense 
Jacq.  and  by  Schoepf  as  Cestrum  vespertinum.     Bahama  Cestrum. 

Cbstrum  diurnum  L.,  recorded  by  Dolley,  has  been  cultivated  on  New  Provi- 
dence. 

6.  DATURA  L.  Sp.  PI.  179.     1753. 

Tall  narcotic  herbs,  some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate 
petioled  leaves,  and  large  solitary  erect,  short-peduncled,  white  purple  or  violet 
flowers.  Calyx  elongated-tubular  or  prismatic,  its  apex  5-cleft  or  spathe-like, 
in  the  following  species  circuniscissile  near  the  base  which  is  persistent  and 
subtends  the  prickly  capsule.  Corolla  funnelform,  the  limb  plaited,  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  broad,  acuminate.  Stamens  included  or  little  exserted;  filaments 
filiform,  very  long,  inserted  at  or  below  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary 
2-celled,  or  falsely  4-celled;  style  filiform;  stigma  slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule 
4-valved  from  the  top,  or  bursting  irregularly.  [The  Hindoo  name,  dhatura.] 
About  12  species,  of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Datura  Stramonium  L. 

Spines  of  the  capsule  subulate. 

Capsules  erect.  1.  D.  Stramonium. 

Capsules  nodding.  2.  D.  Metel. 

Spines  of  the  capsule  short,  deltoid.  3.  D.  fastuosa. 

1.  Datura  Stramonium  L.  Sp.  PI.  179.     1753. 

Datura  Tatula  L.   Sp.   PI.   ed.   2,   256.     1762. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  the  young  parts  sparingly  pubescent;  stem  stout, 
3-15  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  mostly  narrowed  at 
the  base,  0.7-2  dm.  long,  irregularly  sinuate-lobed,  the  lobes  acute ;  flowers 
white,  about  1  dm.  high;  calyx  prismatic,  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the 
corolla;  capsule  ovoid,  erect,  densely  prickly,  about  5  cm,  high. 

Waste  places,  Great  Bahama,  Lignum  Vitae  Cay,  Eleuthera  and  Acklin's  Island  : — 
Bermuda  ;  temperate  and  tropical  America  ;  West  Indies ;  Old  World.  Thorn-Apple. 
Washwoman's  Bush. 

2.  Datura  Metel  L.  Sp.  PI.  179.     1753. 

Annual,  finely  glandular-pubescent,  1-3  m.  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate, 
acute,  inequilateral,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  1-2.5  dm.  long;  flow- 
ers white,  1.5-1.8  dm.  high;  calyx  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
capsule  globose  or  ovoid-globose,  nodding,  obtuse,  prickly  and  pubescent,  2.5-4 
cm.  in  diameter. 

Waste  grounds,  Andros  and  Inagua  : — southern  United  States ;  West  Indies ; 
Mexico  and  tropical  America ;   Old  World  tropics.     Prickly-bur, 

3.  Datura  fastuosa  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  932.     1759. 

Annual,  nearly  glabrous;  stem  erect,  branched,  1-2  m.  high.  Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  to   elliptic,   5-17   cm.   long,   acute   or   acuminate,   undulate   or 


SCROPHULAEIACEAE.  387 

repand-dentate,  the  slender  petioles  3-7  cm.  long;  calyx  about  6  cm.  long,  its 
ovate  lobes  acute  or  sbort-aeuniinate;  corolla  violet  without,  white  within, 
14-18  cm.  long;  capsule  ovoid,  erect,  4-6  em.  long,  its  stout  prickles  corrugated 
at  the  base. 

Waste  places  at  Port  Howe.  Cat  Island: — southern  T'nited  States;  West  Indies; 
continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Garden  Datura.     Bell-flower. 

7.  NICOTIANA    [Tourn.l    L.    Sp.   PI.    180.     1753. 

Viscid-pubescent  narcotic  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  large  alternate  entire  or 
slightly  undulate  leaves,  and  white  yellow  greenish  or  purplish  flowers,  in 
terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  ovoid,  5-cleft. 
Corolla-tube  usually  longer  than  the  limb,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anther- 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-celled  (rarely  4-celled) ;  style  slender; 
stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-valved,  or  sometimes  4-valved  at  the  summit. 
Seeds  numerous,  small.  [Named  for  John  Nicot,  French  ambassador  to 
Portugal,  who  sent  some  species  to  Catherine  de  Medici,  about  1560.]  About 
50  species,  mostly  natives  of  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Nicotiana  Tabacum  L.  Sp.  PI.  ISO.     1753. 

Annual,  1-2  m.  high,  little  branched  or  simple-stemmed.  Leaves  oblong 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  1-3  dm.  long,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  lower  ones  decurrent  on  the  stem;  calyx  about  12 
mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate;  corolla  funnelform,  about  5  cm.  long,  pi-nk,  its 
lobes  triangular-subulate;  capsule  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Spontaneous  in  waste  places.  Great  Bahama  : — widely  cultivated  and  spontaneous 
after  cultivation  in  warm  and  tropical  regions.     Native  of  South  America.     Tobacco. 

Family  10.     SCROPHULARIACEAE  Lindl. 

FiGwoRT  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect,  mostly  com- 
plete and  irregular  flowers  (corolla  wanting  in  one  species  of  Sy)2thi/ris). 
Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  4-5-toothed,  -cleft,  or  -divided,  or  sometimes 
split  on  the  low-er  side,  or  on  both  sides,  the  lobes  or  segments  valvate, 
imbricate  or  distinct  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  limb  2-lipped, 
or  nearly  regular.  Stamens  2,  4  or  5,  didynamous,  or  nearly  equal,  inserted 
on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers  2-celled;  the  sacs  equal, 
or  unequal,  or  sometimes  confluent  into  one.  Disk  present  or  obsolete. 
Pistil  1,  entire  or  2-lobed;  ovary  superior,  2-celled,  or  rarely  1-celled; 
ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous,  on  axile  placentae;  style  slender, 
simple ;  stigma  entire,  2-lobed  or  2-lamellate.  Fruit  mostly  capsular  and 
septicidally  or  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  mostly  numerous :  endospenn 
fleshy;  embryo  small,  straight  or  slightly  curved;  cotyledons  little  broader 
than  the  radicle.     About  165  genera  and  2,700  species,  widely  distributed. 

Upper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud,  or  wanting. 

Corolla-tube  with  a  sac  on  the  lower  side;  vines.  1.  Maurandya. 

Corolla-tube  without  a  sac. 

Flowers  cymose ;  our  species  a  shrub.  2.  RusseUia. 

Flowers  solitary,  racemose  or  spicate ;  herbaceous  plants. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4    (rarely  5)  ;   corolla  2-lipped 
or  nearly  regular. 


388  SCKOPHULAEIACEAE. 

Sepals  equal  or  nearly  so.  3.  Stemodia. 

Sepals  very  unequal. 

Corolla  nearly  regular.  4.  Bramia. 

Corolla  manifestly  2-Iipped.  5.  Mecardonia. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2  ;  corolla  of  only  1  lip  ;  minute 

herbs.  6.  Hemianthus. 

Lower  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud   (except  in 
Cupraria  and  Scoparia) . 
Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Corolla-lobes  5  ;  leaves  alternate.  7.  Capraria. 

Corolla-lobes  4  ;  leaves  opposite.  8,  Scoparia. 

Sepals  more  or  less  united  below  into  a  tube. 

Corolla  campanulate  to  funnelform  ;   capsule  not  enclosed 
in  the  calyx. 
Stamens  equal  or  nearly  so.  0.  Afzelia. 

Stamens  manifestly  didynamous.  10.  Agalinis. 

Corolla  salverform  ;  capsule  nearly  enclosed  by  the  calyx.    11.  Buchnera. 

1.   MAURu^DYA  Ort.  Hort.  Matr.  Dec.  21.     1797. 

Annual  or  perennial  vines,  the  leaves  alternate,  or  opposite  below,  flat, 
hastate,  angulate  or  coarsely  toothed.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals 
partially  united.  Corolla  shovs^y,  pink,  purple  or  violet,  irregular,  its  tube 
scarcely  gibbous  at  the  base,  with  2  often  pubescent  lines  or  plaits  in  the 
throat.  Stamens  4,  included;  filaments  thickened  at  the  apex;  anther-sacs 
often  confluent.  Styles  with  2  dilated  lobes  at  the  apex.  Ovules  numerous. 
Capsule  short,  opening  by  transverse  or  irregular  chinks.  Seeds  sometimes 
winged,  wrinkled  or  tuberculate.  [In  honor  of  Maurandy,  a  botanist  of 
Cartagena.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  America.  Type 
species:    Usteria  scandens  Cav, 

1.  Maurandya  antirrhinaeflora  H.  &  B.;  Willd.  Hort.  Berol.  pi  83.     1807. 
Antirrhinum  antirrJiiniflora  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  4:  113.     1893, 

A'ery  slender,  climbing  or  trailing,  sometimes  to  a  length  of  3  m.  or  more, 
glabrous  throughout.  Leaves  triangular-hastate,  acute,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  slen- 
der-petioled ;  peduncles  very  slender,  mostly  longer  than  the  petioles;  sepals 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla- tube ;  corolla  purple, 
1.5  cm.  long,  its  limb  much  shorter  than  its  tube;  capsule  depressed-globose, 
about  1  cm.  in  diameter. 

Roadsides,  walls  and  thickets,  New  Providence : — southwestern  United  States 
and  Mexico  ;  naturalized  in  Florida,  Bermuda  and  in  Jamaica.     RoviXG  Sailor. 

2.  RUSSELLIA    Jacq.    Enum.    6,    25.     1760. 

Shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  sometimes  reduced  to 
mere  scales,  and  cymose  or  panicled,  mostly  showy  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  ovate. 
Corolla  tubular,  or  tubular-funnelform,  the  tube  long,  the  lobes  short,  some- 
what unequal.  Stamens  4,  with  divergent  anther-sacs;  no  staminodes.  Cap- 
sule ovoid  to  globose.  [In  honor  of  Alexander  Eussell,  English  physician 
and  traveller,  who  died  in  1768.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  tropical 
America.     Type  species:   Bussellia  sarmentosa  Jacq. 

1.  Russellia  equisetiformis   Schl.  &   Cham.   Linnaea  6:    377.     1831. 

Bussellia  juncea  Zucc.  Flora  15:  Beibl.  99.     1832. 

A  glabrous,  much-branched  shrub,  4-12  dm.  high,  with  spreading  or  arch- 
ing striate  branches,  the  twigs  very  slender.  Leaves  of  the  stem  and  branches, 
or  most  of  them,  reduced  to  acute  scales  about  2  mm.  long,  those  of  sterile 


SCEOPHULARIACEAE.  389 

twigs  spatulate,  1.5  cm.  long  or  less;   calyx  about  4  mm.  long;   corolla  bright 
red,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate,  4-6  mm.  long;  capsule  ovoid. 

Roadsides.  New  Providence,  St.  George's  Cay,  Cat  Island.  Native  of  Mexico. 
Naturalized  in  Florida,  Bermuda,  Jamaica  and  from  Porto  Rico  to  Tortola  ;  Barbadoes. 

RUSSELLIA.       FOUKTAIN-PLANT. 

3.  STEMODIA  L.   Syst.   ed.   10,   1118.     1759. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  mostly  glandular-pubescent  and  odorous,  with  oppo- 
site or  verticillate  leaves,  the  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal,  often 
leafy-bracted  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  imbricated, 
nearly  distinct  and  equal.  Corolla  with  a  nearly  cylindric  tube  and  a  2- 
lipped  limb,  the  upper  lip  notched  or  entire,  erect,  external  in  the  bud,  the 
lower  3-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included;  filaments  filiform;  anther- 
sacs  distinct,  stipitate.  Ovules  many;  style  usually  2-lobed.  Capsule  2- 
valved,  the  valves  2-cleft.  Seeds  striate  or  reticulated,  small.  [Greek,  double 
stamens.]  About  30  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  the  follow- 
ing typical. 

1.  Stemodia  maritima  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1118.  1759. 

Perennial  (?),  pubescent  or  puberulent  and  somewhat  viscid,  usually 
much  branched,  6  dm.  high  or  less,  the  branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  leafy. 
Leaves  opposite,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  serrate,  sessile, 
acutish  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base;  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils, 
solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long;  corolla  purplish, 
longer  than  the  calyx,  its  upper  lip  nearly  entire. 

Moist  ground  and  marshes.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island, 
Watling's  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Mariguana,  Great  Exuma  : — Cuba 
to  Porto  Rico  ;  Jamaica  ;  Curasao  ;  South  America.  Recorded  by  Hitchcock  from  Cat 
Island  as  8.  durantifoHa  (L.)   Sw.     Coast  Stemodia. 

4.   BRAMIA  Lam.  Encycl.  1:  439.     1785. 

Diffuse  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite,  mostly  entire,  obtuse,  palmately 
veined  leaves,  and  small  peduncled  flowers,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx 
subtended  by  2  bracts,  5-parted,  the  upper  segment  the  broadest.  Corolla 
nearly  regular,  the  tube  cylindric,  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed.  Stamens 
4,  didynamous,  included.  Style  slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed.  Seeds 
numerous.  [From  Brami,  a  Malabar  name.]  About  20  species  of  warm  and 
tropical  regions.     Type  species:   Bramia  indica  Lam. 

1.  Bramia  Monnieri  (L.)  Drake,  PI.  Polyn.  Franc.  142.     1892. 

Lysimacliia  Monnieri  L.  'Cent.  PI.  2:  9.     1756. 

Gratiola  Monnieri  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  851.     1759. 

Herpestis  Monnieria  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:    366s     1818. 

Monniera  Brownei  Pers.  Syn.  2:  166.     1806. 

Monniera  Monniera  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  5:   292.     1894. 

Bacopa  Monniera  Wettst.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pflanz.  4^^:  77.     1891. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  fleshy;  stem  creeping,  rooting  at  the  nodes,  1.5-5  dm. 
long.  Leaves  spatulate  or  cuneate-obcordate,  sessile,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
entire,  or  sparingly  denticulate,  6-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  mainly  in  alternate 
axils,  2-bracteolate  at  the  summit,  in  fruit  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers 
pale  blue,  about   1    cm.  long;    upper   calyx-segment   ovate,   acute;    corolla  ob- 


390  SCEOPHULAEIACEAE. 

seurely  2-lipped;  stamens  nearly  equal;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
calyx. 

Wet  places,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  to  Wat- 
ling's  Island  and  Long  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  southeastern  United  States  ;  West  Indies ; 
continental  tropical  America  and  Old  World  tropics.     Monxier's  Hedge-hyssop. 

5.  MECARDONIA  Euiz  &  Pavon,  Syst.   164.     1798. 

Perennial,  erect  or  diffuse,  low  herbs,  with  opposite  serrate  pinnately 
veined  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  slender-peduncled  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
unequal,  the  upper  one  the  largest.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  emarginate. 
Stamens  4,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Disc  wanting.  Stigma  2- 
lobed.  Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous.  [Commemorates  Meca  y 
Cardona,  a  founder  of  the  Botanical  Garden  of  Barcelona.]  About  4  species 
of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Mecardonia  ovata  Euiz  & 
Pavon, 

1.  Mecardonia  procumbens    (Mill.)    Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.   1065,  1338.     1903. 

Erimis  procumhens  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  6.     1768. 

Glabrous,  usually  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  decumbent  or  sub- 
erect,  1.5-4  dm.  long.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  1-2  cm.  long,  serrate,  short- 
petioled,  darkening  in  drying;  peduncles  slender,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or 
longer,  sometimes  3  times  as  long;  upper  sepal  at  length  8-10  mm.  long; 
corolla  white  or  pink,  about  10  mm.  long;  capsule  oblong,  6-10  mm.  long. 

Sandy  coppices  and  clearings.  Great  Bahama  :- — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Croix ; 
Antigua  ;  "^Grenada  to  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ;  continental  tropical  America. 

6.  HEMIANTHUS  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  1:  119.  1817. 
Diminutive  prostrate  herbs,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  with  opposite 
entire  3-nerved  leaves,  and  minute  solitary,  nearly  sessile  or  peduncled 
flowers.  Calyx  deeply  cleft,  4-lobed.  Corolla  (in  our  species)  1-lipped,  the  lip 
3-lobed,  its  middle  lobe  somewhat  longer  than  the  lateral  ones.  Stamens  2, 
borne  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  with  a  basal  appendage; 
staminodes  none.  Style  2-cleft  above  the  middle.  Capsule  globose,  2-valved, 
membranous.  Seeds  several  or  many,  few-ribbed  and  transversely  striate. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  deficient  corolla.]  A  few  species  of  the  West  Indies 
and  the  eastern  United  iStates.     Type  species :  Hemiantlius  micranthemoides  Nutt. 

1.  Hemianthus  callitrichoides  Griseb.  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II.  8:  522.    1862. 
Hemiantlius  multiflorus  C.  Wright;  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  185.     1866. 

Glabrous ;  matted ;  stems  filiform,  2-4  cm.  long.  Leaves  elliptic,  membran- 
ous, sessile,  about  3  mm.  long,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex;  peduncles  fili- 
form, 1-3  mm.  long;  calyx  about  1  mm.  long;  lobes  of  the  corolla-lip  oblong. 

Creeping  on  wet  soil  and  mud,  Andros,  Cat  Island,  Acklin's  Island : — Cuba. 
Water-stabwort  Hemianthus. 

7.  CAPRARIA  L.   Sp.   PL   628.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  alternate,  longer  than  broad, 
toothed.     Flowers    on    axillary    pedicels.     Calyx    of    5    narrow,    almost    equal 


SCKOPHULARIACEAE.  391 

sepals.  Corolla  ^vhite,  cami^anulate,  with  5  flat  lobes.  Stamens  usually  4; 
anther-sacs  2,  divergent,  confluent.  Stigmas  dilated  or  2-lobed.  Capsule 
short,  '2-grooved,  loculieidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  reticulated.  [Latin,  from 
capra,  a  nanny-goat.]  About  4  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America, 
the  following  typical. 

1.  Capraria  biflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  628.     1753. 

Capraria  hiflora  pilosa  Griseb.  Fl.   Br.   W.   I.  427.     1861. 

Stems  3-9  dm.  tall,  branching,  sometimes  pubescent.  Leaves  oblanceolate, 
cuneate  or  oblong,  1-4  cm.  long,  acute,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle; 
pedicels  solitary  or  2  together,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  sepals  linear-lanceolate 
to  linear-subulate,  4-6  mm.  long;  corolla  about  1  cm.  long,  the  tube  campanu- 
late,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  capsules  oval  or  oval- 
ovoid,  about  as  long  as  the  tepals. 

Roadsides,  waste  grounds  and  costal  dunes,  Abaco  and  Andros  to  Grand  Turk, 
Ambergris  Cay  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  :  Florida,  Texas,  soutli  through  continental 
tropical  America  ;  \yest  Indies.     Goat- weed.     Stow-weed. 

8,  SCOPARIA   L.  Sp.   PI.    116.     1753. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  mostly  branched,  wath  opposite  or  verticillate,  punc- 
tate leaves,  and  small  bractless  pedicelled  flowers  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  the 
axils.  Calyx  4-5-parted,  the  segments  nearly  distinct,  imbricated.  Corolla 
nearly  rotate,  4-cleft,  densely  bearded  in  the  throat,  its  lobes  nearly  equal, 
obtuse.  Stamens  4,  nearly  equal;  filaments  filiform;  anther-sacs  distinct,  par- 
allel or  divergent.  Style  clavate  above;  stigma  truncate  or  notched;  ovules 
many.  Capsules  septicidally  dehiscent,  its  valves  entire,  membranous.  Seeds 
many,  angular.  [Latin,  a  broom.]  About  6  species,  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical America,  the  following  typical  one  also  widely  distributed  in  warm 
and  tropical  parts   of  the   Old  World. 

1.  Scoparia  dulcis  L.  Sp.  PI.  116.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  often  much  branched,  3-10  dm.  high,  the  branches 
slender.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  opposite  or  verticillate  in  3  's  or 
4's,  serrate  or  the  upper  ones  entire,  short-petioled,  acute  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  lower  2-3  cm.  long,  the  upper  smaller; 
pedicels  filiform,  as  long  as  the  upper  leaves  or  shorter,  often  borne  in  most 
of  the  axils;  sepals  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  acute,  sometimes  ciliolate,  about 
1.5  mm.  long;  corolla  white,  3-4  mm.  wide;  capsule  ovoid-globose,  a  little 
longer  than  the  sepals. 

Waste  places.  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma  : — southern  United  States  :  West 
Indies  ;  tropical  and  subtropical  continental  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.     Scoparia. 

9.   AFZELIA  Gmel.  Syst.  2:  927.     1791. 

Erect  branched  herbs,  mostly  with  opposite  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  1-2- 
pinnately  parted  or  dissected,  and  yellow  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in 
terminal  bracted  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-eleft  or  5-parted. 
Corolla  slightly  irregular,  campanulate  or  rotate,  the  tube  short,  the  limb  5- 
lobed,  the  lower  lobe  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  slightly  unequal;  fila- 
ments short,  villous,  at  least  near  the  base;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  parallel, 
distinct.     Capsule  acute  and  more  or  less  compressed  at  the  summit.     Seeds 


392  SCEOPHULARIACEAE. 

numerous,  reticulated.  [Named  for  Adam  Afzelius,  1750-1812,  botanical  pro- 
fessor at  Upsala.]  About  10  species,  of  tbe  southern  United  States  and 
Mexico,  the  following  typical  one  reaching  the  Bahamas. 

1.  Afzelia  cassioides  (Walt.)  Gmel.  Syst.  2:  927.     1791. 
Anonymos  cassioides  Walt.  Fl.   Car.   171.     1788. 

Puberulent,  much  branched,  0.5-1.2  m.  high,  the  very  slender  branches 
ascending.  Leaves  approximate,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  dissected 
into  filiform  segments;  flowers  in  long  narrow  racemes  terminating  the 
branches  and  usually  also  in  the  upper  axils;  pedicels  filiform,  3-7  mm.  long; 
calyx-tube  1  mm.  long,  the  lobes  filiform,  1-2  mm.  long;  corolla  glabrous,  about 
8  mm.  broad;   capsule  5-6  mm.  long,  its  acute  tip  flattened. 

Pine-lands  of  Great  Bahama  : — southeastern  United   States.     Afzelia. 

10.  AGALINIS  Eaf.  X.  Fl.  2:   61.     1837. 

Erect  herbs,  mainly  with  opposite  and  sessile  narrow  leaves.  Flowers 
showy,  usualy  large,  purple,  pink  or  white,  in  loose  bracted  racemes.  Calyx 
campanulate;,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed.  Corolla  somewhat  irregular,  campanulate, 
or  funnelform,  the  tube  broad,  the  limb  5-lobed,  slightly  2-lipped,  the  lower 
lobes  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  didynam.ous,  included;  filaments  pubes- 
cent; anthers  2-celled,  their  sacs  obtuse  or  mucronate  at  the  base;  style  fili- 
form. Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded.  Seeds  mostly  angled. 
Tyxje  species:  AgaUnis  palustris  Eaf. 

Pedicels  short,  not  longer  than  the  calyx.  1.  A.  Harperi. 

Pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer,  at  least  in  fruit.  2.  A.  spiciflora. 

1.  Agalinis  Harperi  Pennell;  Small,  Fl.  Miami  167,  200.     1913. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  little-branched,  8  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves 
narrowly  linear,  1.5-3.5  em.  long,  spreading;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  the 
lower  often  as  long  as  the  flowers;  racemes  8-20-flowered,  the  flowers  mostly 
opposite;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx,  2-3  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate,  about  1  mm.  long;  corolla  15-18  mm.  long,  pubescent  without, 
pinkish  purple,  with  2  yellow  lines  within,  the  lobes  rounded  or  truncate, 
ciliate;  stamens  woolly;  capsule  subglobose,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Borders  of  marshes  and  in  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros  and  Eleu- 
thera  : — Florida.  Reported  by  Mrs.  Northrop  and  also  by  Dolley  as  Oerardia  pur- 
purea L. ;  recorded  as  Gerardia  domingensis  Spreng.  In  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4 :  125. 

2.  Agalinis   spiciflora    (Engelm.)    Pennell,  Proc.   Acad.   Nat.  Sci.   Philad.  71: 

277.     1920. 

Gerardia  spicifom  Engelm.  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  5:   227.     1845. 

Annual,  fleshy,  glabrous,  branched  or  simple^  2-6  dm.  high,  erect  or 
usually  so  Leaves  linear,  1-4  cm.  long,  spreading;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper 
leaves,  but  much  smaller,  often  not  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  racemes  distantly 
4-12-flowered;  pedicels  4-12  mm.  long,  ascending,  longer  than  the  calyx, 
thickened  upward;  calyx-lobes  triangular,  about  1  mm.  long;  corolla  15-20 
mm.  long,  pink,  puberulent  without,  its  lobes  rounded  or  emarginate,  ciliate; 
stamens  woolly;  capsule  globose  or  ovoid-globose,  4.5-6  mm.  long. 

Marshy  places.  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — 
southern  T:'nited  States  :  Cuba.  Reported  by  Mrs.  Northrop  and  by  Coker  as  Gerardia 
maritima  Raf.,  and  as  Gerardia  purpurea  L.  bv  Dolley.     Marsh  Agalixis. 


LENTIBULARIACEAE.  393 

11.  B17CHNEEA  L.  Sp.  PL  630.     1753. 

Erect,  perennial  or  biennial,  strict  hispid  or  scabrous  herbs,  blackening  in 
drying,  the  lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  sometimes  alternate.  Flowers 
rather  large,  white,  blue,  or  purple,  in  terminal  bracted  spikes,  the  lower  com- 
monly distant.  Calyx  tubular,  or  oblong,  5-10-nerved,  5-toothed.  Corolla  sal- 
verform,  its  tube  cylindric,  somewhat  curved,  its  limb  nearly  equally  5-cleft, 
spreading,  the  lateral  lobes  exterior  in  the  bud.  Stamens  4,  didynamous; 
anther-sacs  confluent  into  1.  Style  slender,  thickened  or  club-shaped  above; 
stigma  small,  entire  or  emaiginate.  Capsule  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
numerous,  reticulated.  [Named  for  J.  G.  Buchner.]  About  30  species,  of 
warm  and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  BucJinera  americana  L. 

1.  Buchnera  elongata  Sw.  Prodr.   92.     1788. 

Stems  rough-hispidulous,  2-5  dm.  high,  simple  or  branched  above,  slender. 
Leaves  scabrous,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire,  the  basal  ones  obovate  or  oblong, 
short-petioled,  1-3  cm.  long,  those  of  the  stem  oblong  to  linear,  1,5-8  cm.  long; 
spikes  slender,  distantly-flowered ;  calyx  5-6  mm.  long,  hispidulous,  its  upper 
lobes  triangular,  acute;  corolla  blue  or  white,  9-12  mm.  long,  its  tube  some- 
what  pubescent;    capsules   ovoid,   5-7   mm.   long. 

Pine-lands  and  savannas,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Buchxeea. 

Verbascum  pulverulentum  Mill,  is  recorded  from  Green  Turtle  Cay,  Abaco,  by 
Herrick.  The  specimen  cannot  be  found  among  his  plants  nor  has  any  species  of  the 
genus  been  seen  by  our  collectors  in  the  archipelago. 

LixARiA  VULGARIS  Mill,  is  reported  by  Dolley  to  be  naturalized  in  the  Bahamas. 
While  this  may  be  possible  neither  Mr.  Brace,  nor  any  of  our  other  collectors,  has 
seen  the  plant  on  the  islands.     It  may  have  been  cultivated. 

Family  11.     LENTIBULARIACEAE  Lindl.* 

Bladderwort  Family. 

Aquatic  plants,  or  terrestrial  on  moist  gTound,  Avitli  the  leaves  basal 
and  tufted,  or  borne  on  branching  stems.  Scapes  erect.  Flowers  perfect, 
irregular.  Calyx  inferior,  2-5-parted.  Corolla  2-lipped,  spurred  or  sac- 
cate at  the  base.  Stamens  2 ;  anther-sacs  confluent  into  1.  Ovary  sujDerior, 
ovoid  or  globose,  1-celled,  with  a  free-central  placenta ;  ovules  numerous ; 
style  short  or  none ;  stigma  2-lamellate.  Fruit  a  capsule,  irregularly  burst- 
ing, or  dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  reticulate,  or  variously  sculptured  or 
appendaged;  endosperm  none.  About  16  genera  and  300  species,  widely 
distributed. 

Scape    with    scales,    or    bracts,    or    both,    1-many-flowered ;    calyx 
2-parted  ;  corolla  with  a  prominent  palate,  closing  the  throat. 
Pedicels   several   times   as  long   as   the  bracts   at   their   bases ; 
bractlets  none. 
Bracts  attached  by  the  base ;  lower  corolla-lip  faintly  lobed.      1.   Utricitlnria. 
Bracts  peltate  ;  lower  corolla-lip  divergently  3-lobed.  2.    SctiscapeJla. 

Pedicels  barely  if  at  all  exceeding  the  bracts  ;  a  pair  of  lateral 

bractlets  as  well  as  a  bract  at  the  base  of  each  pedicel.  3.  Stomoisia. 

Scape  naked.   1-flowered ;   calyx  o-parted  :   corolla  with   a  subulate 

palate  within  the  tube,  or  none,  the  throat  open.  4.  Pinguicula. 

*  Contributed  by  Dr.  John  H.  Barnhart. 
26 


394  LENTIBULARIACEAE. 

1.  UTRICULAKIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  18.     1753. 

Aquatic  herbs,  the  submersed  stems  with  finely  divided  leaves  bearing 
minute  bladders.  Flowers  racemose  or  solitary  at  the  summits  of  the  scapes, 
each  pedicel  with  a  single  bract  at  its  base.  Calyx  2-parted,  the  lobes  herb- 
aceous. Corolla  strongly  '2-lippedj  the  lower  lip  with  a  prominent  2-lobed 
palate.  [Latin,  utricuhis,  a  little  bag.]  About  75  species,  of  wide  distribu- 
tion.    Type  species:    Utricularia  vulgaris  L. 

Stems  free-floating ;  scapes  many-flowered ;  pedicels  recurved  in  fruit.      1.   U.  foHosa. 
Stems  creeping  on  the  bottom  in  shallow  water  ;  scapes  1-4-flowered ; 

pedicels  straight,  ascending  in  fruit.  2.   U.pumila. 

1.  Utricularia  foliosa  L.  Sp.  PL  18.     1753. 

Stems  elongate,  up  to  25  dm.  or  more  long,  free-floating  except  for  a 
single  point  of  attachment.  Leaves  3-10  cm.  long,  forked  at  the  base,  each 
fork  pinnately  dissected  into  numerous  capillary  segments,  often  copiously 
bladder-bearing;  scapes  solitary,  1-3  dm.  high,  10-20-flowered;  pedicels  re- 
curved in  fruit;  corolla  yellow,  15-20  mm.  broad;  spur  slenderly  conic,  shorter 
than  the  lower  lip;    capsules  few-seeded. 

Fresh  water  of  a  palmetto  swamp  at  Barnett's  Point,  Great  Bahama  : — Florida 
to  Louisiana  ;  Cuba  ;  Haiti ;  Jamaica.     Leafy  Bladderwort. 

2.  Utricularia  pumila  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  64.     1788. 

Stems  short,  creeping  on  the  bottom  in  shallow  water,  radiating  from  the 
base  of  the  scape.  Leaves  less  than  1  cm.  long,  dichotomously  divided  into 
few  capillary  segments,  bladder-bearing;  scapes  solitary  or  2  together,  5-12 
cm.  high,  1-4-flowered;  pedicels  erect-ascending  in  fruit;  corolla  yellow,  12-15 
mm.  broad;  spur  slenderly  conic  or  subulate,  equalling  or  usually  exceeding  the 
lower  lip;  capsules  many-seeded. 

In  shallow  water,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma : — 
eastern  United  States.  Specimens  from  Andros,  without  flowers,  were  doubtfully 
determined  by  Morong  as  U.  foliosa  L.  and  as  U.  gibha  L. ;  the  former  is  certainly, 
the  latter  probably,  referable  to  this  species.     Two-flowered  Bladderwort. 

2.  SETISCAPELLA  Barnh.  in  Small,  Fl.  Miami  170.     1913. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  with  short  root-like  branches  from  the  base  of  the  scape, 
the  delicate  and  evanescent  leaves  and  minute  bladders  rarely  seen.  Flowers 
in  zig-zag  racemes  or  solitary  at  the  summits  of  the  wiry  scapes,  each  pedicel 
with  a  single  peltate  bract  at  its  base.  Calyx  2-parted,  the  lobes  scarious, 
ribbed.  Corolla  2-lipped,  the  lower  lip  divergently  3-lobed,  with  a  prominent 
2-lobed  palate.  [Latin,  seta,  bristle,  and  scapus,  scape.]  About  12  species, 
in  Asia,  Africa  and  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Setiscapella  sutoulata  (L.)  Barnh.  in  Small,  Fl.  Miami  170.     1913. 

Utricularia  subulata  L.  Sp.  PI.  18.     1753. 

Stems  and  leaves  usually  evanescent  before  flowering-time.  Scapes  3-20 
cm.  high,  filiform,  bronze-colored,  1-12-flowered;  pedicels  ascending;  corolla 
yellow,  4-6  mm.  broad;  spur  appressed  to  the  lower  lip  and  nearly  or  quite 
equalling  it  in  length. 

In  mud,  near  Deep  Creeli,  Andros  : — eastern  United  States ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ; 
northern  and  eastern  South  America.     Zig-zag  Bladderwort. 


BIGNONIACEAE.  396 

3.  STOMOISIA  Eaf.  Fl.  Telliir.  4:    108.     1838. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  with,  short  root-like  branches  from  the  base  of  the  scape, 
the  delicate  and  evanescent  leaves  and  minute  bladders  rarely  seen.  Flowers 
racemose,  often  subscapose^  or  solitary  at  the  summits  of  the  slender  scapes, 
each  pedicel  with  a  bract  and  a  pair  of  bractlets  at  its  base.  Calyx  2-parted, 
the  lobes  thin  and  veiny.  Corolla  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  with  a  dis- 
tinct claw,  the  lower  consisting  chiefly  of  the  helmet-shaped,  laterally  com- 
pressed palate.  [Greek,  hairy  mouth.]  About  50  species,  of  wdde  distribu- 
tion, the  following  typical. 

1.  Stomoisia  cornuta  (Michx.)  Eaf.  Fl.  Tellur.  4:  108.     1838. 

Utricularia  cornuta  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:   12.     1803. 

Stem  and  leaves  inconspicuous,  rarely  seen.  Scapes  stiffly  erect,  1-4  dm. 
high,  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  approximate;  pedicels  usually  shorter  than  the 
bracts;  corolla  yellow,  the  lower  lip  12-15  mm.  long;  spur  subulate,  pendent, 
about  12  mm.  long. 

In  a  larg-e  sink-hole,  near  Deep  Creek,  Andros  : — eastern  North  America  ;  Cuba. 
Horned  Bladderwoet. 

4.  PINGUICULA  L.  Sp.  PI.  17.     1753. 

Terrestrial  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  and  the  entire  leaves  in  a  basal 
rosette.  Flowers  solitary  at  the  summits  of  the  naked  scapes.  Calyx  5-lobed, 
more  or  less  2-lipped.  Corolla  more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  spreading  limb 
sometimes  almost  equally  5-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved.  [Latin,  pinguis,  fat, 
the  leaves  of  some  species  being  greasy  to  the  touch.]  About  30  species,  of 
wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Pinguicula  vulgaris  L. 

1.  Pinguicula  pumila  Michx.  FL  Bor.  Am.  1:    11.     1803. 

Leaves  elliptic-obovate,  1-3  cm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base  but  scarcely  petioled,  faintly  veined.  Scapes  very  slender,  erect, 
0.5-2  dm,  high;  calyx-lobes  2-3  mm.  long,  oblong,  obtuse;  corolla  pale  violet 
or  white,  somew^hat  2-lipped  but  the  5  lobes  subequal,  1-2  cm.  broad;  spur 
subulate,  about  3  mm.  long,  longer  than  the  sac-like  base  of  the  corolla; 
capsule  subglobose,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

Savannas,  Andros  : — southeastern  United   States.     Low   Butterwort. 

Family  12.     BIGNONIACEAE  Pers. 

Trumpet-creeper  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  woody  vines,  a  few  species  herbaceous,  with  oppo- 
site (rarely  alternate)  leaves,  and  mostly  large  and  show^y,  clustered, 
more  or  less  irregular  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosepalous.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  5-lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped,  at  least  in  the  bud.  Anther- 
bearing  stamens  2  or  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk 
annular  or  cup-like.  Ovary  mostly  2-celled;  plancentae  parietal,  or  on 
the  partition-wall  of  the  ovary;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal,  anatropous; 
style   slender;   stigma   terminal,   2-lobed.      Capsule   2-valved.      Seeds   flat, 


396  BIGNONIACEAE. 

transverse,  winged  in  many  genera ;  endosperm  none ;  eo'tyledons  broad  and 
flat,  emarginate  or  2-lobecl;  radicle  short,  straight.  About  60  genera  and 
over  500  species  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the 
temperate  zones. 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  elongated,  terete. 
Corolla  funnelform. 

Leaves  simple  or  digitate.  1.   Tahehuia. 

Leaves  pinnate.  2.   Tecoma. 

Corolla  sliort-campanulate.  3.   Macrocatalpa. 

Capsule  short,  flat,  woody.  4.  Jacaranda. 

Fruit  indehiscent.  5.  Crescentia. 

1.  TABEBUIA  Gomez,  Obs.  2:   7,  ijI.  2.     1803. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled,  digitately  1-7-foliolate  or  simple 
leaves,  the  large  showy  flowers  in  terminal  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  tubular, 
variously  toothed  or  cleft.  Corolla  funnelform  or  funnelform-campanulate,  the 
limb  spreading,  slightly  2-lipped  or  nearly  regular,  the  5  lobes  rounded. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included;  filaments  slender,  curved;  anthers  oblong  or 
linear,  glabrous.  Ovary  sessile;  ovules  many,  in  2-several  series.  Capsule 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  nearly  terete,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  its  valves  mem- 
branous or  coriaceous,  convex.  Seeds  numerous,  winged.  [Brazilian  name.] 
Seventy-five  species  or  more,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Type  species: 
Bignonia  Tdbebuya  Veil. 

Leaflets  mostly  3,  green  on  both  sides  ;  lateral  leaflets  sessile  or 

nearly  so.  1.   T.  lepidota. 

Leaflets  mostly  5,   white-lepidote  beneath  ;   all  the  leaflets  peti- 

oled.  2.   T.  bahamensis. 

1.  Tabebuia  lepidota  (H.B.K.)   Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  42:   377.     1915. 

Bignonia  lepidota  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  3:    139.     1818. 

Tecoma  lepidota  DC.  Prodr.  9:  220.     184-5. 

A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  or  in  Cuba  sometimes  a  tree  up  to  about  6  m.  high, 
the  young  twigs  more  or  less  lepidote.  Leaves  mostly  3-foliolate,  rarely  1-2- 
foliolate,  or  those  of  shoots  5-foliolate;  petioles  1-2.5  cm.  long;  leaflets  oblance- 
olate  to  oblong-obovate,  about  5  cm.  long  or  less,  coriaceous,  rounded  or  retuse 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  terminal  one  stalked,  the  lateral  ones 
sessile,  all  somewhat  lepidote,  at  least  beneath;  flowers  usually  few,  pink,  5-7 
cm.  long;  calyx  lepidote,  oblique;  capsule  6-12  cm.  long. 

Scrub-lands.  Andros  : — ^Cuba.  The  specimens  are  incomplete  and  are  referred  to 
this  species  with  hesitation. 

2.  Tabebuia  bahamensis  (Northrop)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  42:  379.     1915. 

Tecoma  bahamensis  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:   65.     1902. 

Bignonia  pentaphylla  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  870.  1763.  Not  Tahebuia  penta- 
pJiylla  (Juss.)  Hemsl.     1882. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  the  young  twigs  lepidote.  Leaves 
3-5-foliolate,  long-petioled;  leaflets  oblong  to  elliptic,  stalked,  2-7  cm.  long, 
entire,  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  base,  densely 
white-lepidote  beneath,  sparingly  lepidote  or  elepidote  above;  panicles  several- 
flowered;  pedicels  rather  stout,  brown-lepidote,  12  mm.  long  or  less;  calyx 
narrowly  campanulate,  brown-lepidote,  irregularly  2-lipped,  1-1.5  cm.  long; 
corolla  pink,  4-6  cm.  long,  its  lobes  rounded,  slightly  undulate;  capsule  8-12 
cm.  long,  about  7  mm.  thick. 

Scrub-lands,  pine-lands  and  coppices.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  South  Bimini  and 
Andros  to  Crooked  Island.  North  Caicos  and  Inagua  :-^Cuba.  Beef-bush.  Guxwood. 
Abo\'e-alt..  White  Cedar.  Referred  by  Grisebach  and  by  Dolley  to  Tecoma  Leu- 
coxylon  Mart.     Catesby,  1  :  vl-  37. 


BIGNONIACEAE.  397 

2.  TECOMA  Juss.  Gen.  139.     1789. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite,  pinnate  or  rarely  simple  leaves,  and  large 
flowers  racemose  or  panicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Calyx  tubular- 
eampanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  funnel form-campanulate,  the  limb  slightly 
2-lipped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  nearly  equal.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Ovary 
sessile  or  nearly  sessile;  ovules  mostly  in  one  series  on  the  placentae.  Capsule 
linear,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded,  the  seeds  winged.  [From  the 
Aztec  name  Tecomaxochitl.]  About  10  species^  natives  of  tropical  and  warm- 
temperate  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Tecoma  stans  (L.)  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  3:  144.     1818. 

Bignonia  stans  L.  iSp.  PI.  ed.  2,  871.     1763. 
Stenolobium  stans  Seem.  Journ.  Bot.  1:  88.     1863. 

A  shrub,  or  small  tree  up  to  about  8  m.  high,  glabrous  throughout.  Leaves 
1-3  dm.  long,  petioled;  leaflets  5-13,  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic, 
short-stalked,  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
base;  racemes  several-many-flowered;  pedicels  slender,  1  cm.  long  or  less; 
calyx  3-5  mm.  long,  its  teeth  triangular-ovate,  acute;  corolla  bright  yellow, 
8.5-5  cm.  long,  the  cylindrie  part  of  its  tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
its  lobes  broad;   capsule  1-2  dm.  long,  5-6  mm.  in  diameter,  beaked. 

Waste  places,  scrub-lands  and  borders  of  coppices,  New  Providence.  Cat  Island, 
Watling's  Island,  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  continental  tropical  America 
and  the  West  Indies.     Trumpet-flower.     Yellow  Elder. 

3.  MACROCATALPA  Britton,  Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  19:    8.     1918. 

[Catalpa,  sect.  Macrocatalpa  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  191.     1866.] 

Trees,  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  simple,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
slender-petioled  entire  leaves,  and  medium-sized  flowers  panicled  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches.  Calyx  closed  in  bud,  2-cleft  at  anthesis.  Corolla  mem- 
branous, obliquely  campanulate,  the  short  tube  much  expanded  above,  the 
limb  2-lipped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad,  obtuse,  undulate.  Stamens  2,  in- 
eluded,  the  filaments  slender,  the  anthers  glabrous;  staminodia  3,  small.  Ovary 
sessile;  style  filiform;  stigma  2-lamellate;  ovules  in  several  series.  Capsule 
linear,  very  long,  subterete.  Seeds  compressed,  linear,  long-pilose.  [Greek, 
great  Catalpa.]  Two  or  three  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies,  the  follow- 
ing typical. 

1.  Macrocatalpa  punctata   (Griseb.)   Britton,  Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  19:   8. 
1918. 

('l)Echites  macrocarpa  A,  Eich,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:   94.     1850. 
Catalpa  punctata  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  192.     1866. 

A  tree,  sometimes  10  m.  high,  the  branches  spreading,  the  young  shoots 
puberulent.  Leaves  opposite  or  some  of  them  verticillate  in  3  '^s,  oblong  to 
elliptic,  subcoriaceous,  5-7  cm.  long,  obtuse,  rounded,  or  acutish  at  the  apex, 
mostly  rounded  at  the  base,  finely  reticulate-veined  beneath  and  lepidote- 
puncticulate  when  young,  dull  and  glabrous  above,  the  petioles  1-3  cm.  long, 
puberulent  when  young;  panicles  few-several-flowered,  slender-peduncled; 
pedicels  very  slender,  8-20  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  lepidote,  obtuse,  about  7  mm. 
long;  corolla  light  yellow  with  orange  and  brown  bands  in  the  throat,  1.2-2  cm. 
long;   capsule  3-4  dm.  long. 

Coppices,  Andros  : — Cuba.     Cuban  Catalpa.  . 


398  BIGXOXIACEAE. 

[Macrocatalpa  longissima  (Jacq.)  Britton  (Catalpa  longissima  Jacq.) 
is  reported  by  Hitelieock  from  Cat  Island^  and  a  speciment  of  the  species  so 
labeled  is  in  his  collections.  We  judge,  hoTvever,  that  there  is  an  error  in  this 
report  and  in  the  labeling  of  the  specimen,  as  Prof.  Hitchcock  admits  the 
possibility  of  error  and  does  not  remember  the  exact  locality  where  the  speci- 
men may  have  been  collected^  nor  could  we  find  the  tree  in  passing  over  his 
exact  route  with  the  native  who  accompanied  him.  The  Jamaica  specimen 
in  his  collection  is  a  counterpart  of  the  one  labeled  Cat  Island.  Prof.  Eoth- 
rock,  who  was  with  him,  returns  no  specimen  from  Cat  Island  though  his  col- 
lections contain  a  counterpart  of  Prof.  Hitchcock's  from  Jamaica.] 

4.  JACARANDA  Juss.  Gen.  138.     1789. 

Trees,  with  opposite,  mostly  bipinnate  leaves,  and  showy  panicled  blue 
or  violet  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular-campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla 
obliquely  f  unnelf  orm,  the  tube  cylindric  below,  expanded  above,  the  limb  some- 
what 2-lipped,  with  5  spreading  rounded  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
included;  anthers  glabrous;  staminodium  about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  clavate, 
usually  villous.  Ovary  2-celled,  sessile;  ovules  borne  in  1  or  2  series.  Capsule 
oblong  to  siiborbicular,  compressed,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  its  flat  valves  cori- 
aceous or  ligneous.  Seeds  flat,  winged.  [Brazilian  name.]  About  20  species, 
natives  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Jacaranda  coerulea  (L.)  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  446.     1861. 

Bignonia  coerulea  L.  Sp.  PI.  625.     1753. 

Jacaranda  caroliniana  Pers.  Syn.  2:  174.     1806. 

Jacaranda  haliamensis  E.  Br.  Bot.  Mag.  under  yl.  2327.     1822. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  12  m.,  the  foliage  glabrous. 
Leaves  evenly  bipinnate^  petioled,  often  3  dm.  long;  pinnae  4-13  pairs,  stalked; 
leaflets  17-35,  obliquely  oblong,  sessile,  1-2.5  cm.  long,  acutish  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  panicle  many-flowered,  1-2  dm.  long,  puberulent; 
pedicels  short;  calyx  puberulent,  5-6  mm.  long,  its  teeth  triangular,  acute; 
corolla  puberulent,  about  4  cm.  long;  capsule  oval,  glabrous,  4-6  cm.  long, 
emarginate. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Great 
Guana  Cay,  and  Great  Esuma  : — Cuba  :  recorded  from  Martinique.  Boxwood.  Cancer- 
TKEE,     What  o'clock.     Catesby,  1 :  pi.  If2. 

5.  CRESCENTIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  626.     1753. 

Trees,  with  glabrous  simple  alternate  or  fascicled  leaves,  and  large, 
solitary  or  clustered,  lateral  or  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  leathery,  closed  in  bud, 
2-parted  or  5-cleft  at  anthesis.  Corolla  with  a  subcampanulate  swollen  tube 
and  an  oblique  lacerate  or  5-lobed  limb.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included  or 
a  little  exserted;  anthers  glabrous.  Ovary  1-celled,  sessile;  ovules  many,  on 
2  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  globose  or  ovoid,  large,  indehiscent,  the  shell 
hard.  Seeds  numerous,  wingless,  compressed,  borne  on  spongy  placentae. 
[Commemorates  Petrus  de  Crescentius,  a  celebrated  Italian,  born  in  1230.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Crescentia  Cujete  L.  Sp.  PI.  626.     1753. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  10  m.^  the  trunk  up  to  2 
dm.  in  diameter,  with  long  spreading  branches.     Leaves  spatulate  to  oblance- 


MAETYNIACEAE.  399 

olate,  fascicled,  5-15  cm.  long,  obtuse,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  to  the  nearly  sessile  base;  flowers  stout-peduncled;  calyx  2-2.5  cm. 
long,  its  lobes  broad,  rounded  or  obtuse;  corolla  yellowish-purple,  5-6  cm. 
long,  its  lobes  lacerate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  fruit  subglobose  to  oval, 
1.5-3  dm.  in  diameter,  its  rind  hard. 

Jumbie  Hole,  Acklin's  Island : — Florida ;  West  Indies ;  continental  tropical 
America.     Often  planted  for  its  valuable  fruit.     Calabash. 

Family  13.     PEDALIACEAE  Lindl. 
PEDALiu:\r  Family. 

Mostly  herbs,  often  mucilaginous,  the  leaves  opposite  or  the  upper 
alternate,  and  axillaiy,  solitary  or  sometimes  fascicled,  perfect  irregular 
flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  o-parted.  Corolla  with  a  subcylindric  tube  and 
a  usually  short,  obscurely  2-lipped,  5-lobed  limb.  Stamens  mostly  4  and 
didynamous,  included;  anthers  dorsifixed,  the  sacs  parallel,  or  in  some 
genera  distinct.  Disk  fleshy.  Ovary  sessile,  2-4-celled;  ovules  several  or 
many,  anatropous;  style  filiform.  Fruit  vai-ious.  Seeds  without  endo- 
sperm. About  14  genera,  including  some  45  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World. 

1.  SESAMUM  L.  Sp.   PL   634.     1753. 

Herbs,  usually  erect,  the  lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper  alternate,  or  all 
sometimes  alternate,  the  violet  to  white,  short-peduncled  flowers  solitary  in  the 
axils.  Calyx  5-parted.  Tube  of  the  corolla  oblique  at  the  base,  somewhat 
gibbous,  the  limb  5-lobed,  slightly  2-lipped,  the  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  anthers  sagittate.  Ovary  2- 
eelled;  ovules  many  in  each  cavity,  superimposed  in  a  single  series.  Fruit 
an  oblong,  4-sided  loculicidal  capsule.  [Arabic  name.]  About  12  si>ecies, 
natives  of  tropical  Africa  and  Asia,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Sesamum  orientale  L.  Sp.  PI.  634.     1758. 

Sesamum  indicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  634.     1753. 

Erect,  simple  or  branched,  more  or  less  pubescent,  0.7-2  m.  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  7-15  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  papillate  beneath,  the  petioles  1-5  cm.  long;  peduncles 
about  4  mm.  long;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  about  1  cm.  long;  corolla  pale  rose, 
2-3  cm.  long;  capsule  linear-oblong,  short-beaked,  4-grooved,  2-3  cm.  long. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation,  Eleuthera  and  Cat  Island: — Florida;  West  Indies 
and  continental  tropical  America.     Native  of  the  East  Indies.     Sesamew    Benny-seed. 

Family  14.     MAETYNIACEAE  Link. 

UXICORX-PLANT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  or  the  upper  alternate,  and  perfect  irreg- 
ular flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  4-5-cleft  or  4-5-parted,  or  sometimes  split  to 
the  base  on  the  lower  side.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  irregular,  the  tube  oblique, 
the  limb  slightly  2-lipped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  the  2  upper  ones 
exterior  in  the  bud.  Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  2,  or  the 
posterior  pair  sterile;   anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 


400  ACANTHACEAE. 

Ovary  1-cellecl,  with  2  parietal  placentEe  expanded  into  broad  surfaces,  or 
2-4-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  tlae  plaeentee  or  by  false  partitions;  ovules 
anatropous;  style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-lamellate.  Seeds  eom- 
jDressed;  endosperm  none;  embryo  large;  cotyledons  fleshy,  flat;  radicle 
short,  straight.     Three  genera  and  about  12  species,  mainly  tropical. 

1.  MARTYNIA  L.  Sp.  PL  618.     1753. 

Coarse  glandular-j)ubescent  and  viscid  strong-scented  herbs,  with  long- 
petioled  leaves,  and  large  flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes.  Calyx  1-2- 
bracteolate  at  the  base,  campanulate,  inflated,  deciduous.  Corolla  funnelform- 
campanulate.  Anthers  gland-tipped,  their  sacs  divergent.  Ovary  1-celled,  the 
2  parietal  placentae  intruded  and  expanded  in  the  center  of  the  cavity  into 
broad  surfaces  bearing  the  ovules  in  1  or  2  rows.  Fruit  an  incurved  beaked 
loculicidally  2-valved  capsule,  the  exocarp  somewhat  fleshy,  the  endoearp 
fibrous,  woody,  crested  below  or  also  above,  4-celled  by  the  extension  of  the 
placentae.  iSeeds  numerous,  tuberculate.  [Named  for  John  Martyn,  1693- 
1768,  profesor  of  botany  at  Cambridge,  England,]  About  8  species,  natives 
of  America.     Type  species:   Martynia  annua  L, 

1.  Martynia  annua  L.  Sp.  PI.  618.     1753. 

Martynia  diandra  Glox.  Obs.  Bot.  14.     1785. 

Aascid-pube?cent,  branched,  5-8  dm.  high,  the  stem  and  branches  rather 
stout.  Leaves  thin,  flaccid,  opposite,  long-petioled,  ovate-orbicular,  8-15  cm. 
long,  sinuate-dentate,  palmately  veined,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base; 
racemes  short-peduncled,  several-flowered;  pedicels  1-2  cm.  long,  slender, 
thickening  and  recurved  in  fruit;  calyx  very  deeply  5-cleft,  about  1.5  cm,  long, 
its  segments  acute;  stamens  2;  corolla  pink,  or  nearly  white,  3-5  cm,  long, 
its  rounded  lobes  purj^le-blotched;  capsule  obliquely  o\ci:l,  compressed,  2-2.5 
cm.  long,  viscid,  tipped  with  a  hooked  beak  about  3  mm.  long. 

Waste  places,  Nassau,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  to  Porto  Rico,  St.  Thomas  and 
Antigua :  Martinique  and  Bequia  ;  continental  tropical  America.  Small-fkuited 
Maetynia. 

Family  15.     ACANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Acanthus  Family. 

Herbs,  or  some  tropical  genera  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite 
simple  estipulate  leaves,  and  in-egiilar,  or  nearly  regular,  jDerfect  flowers. 
Calj'x  inferior,  persistent,  4-5-parted  or  4— 5-cleft,  the  sepals  or  segments 
imbricated.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  nearly  regularly  5-lobed,  or  2-lipped. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  2  only;  anther-sacs  longitu- 
dinally dehiscent.  Disk  annular,  or  eup-like.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2-10 
in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous;  style  filiform,  simple;  stigmas 
1  or  2.  Capsule  dry,  2-celled,  loculicidally  elastically  2-valved,  Seeds  not 
winged,  borne  on  curved  projections  (retinaeula)  from  the  placentas,  the 
testa  close,  mostly  roughened,  often  developing  spiral  threads  and  mucilage 
when  wetted.  About  175  genera  and  2,000  species,  natives  of  temperate 
and  tropical  regions. 

Herbs  or  shrubs. 

Stamens  4,  didynamous. 

Caulescent  herbs  or  shrubs. 

Flowers  in  densely  bracted  terminal  spikes,  1.  Blechnm. 

Flowers  solitary  or  cymose.  2.  RueUia. 

Acaulescent  herbs  with  spicate  flowers,  3.  Gerardia. 


ACANTHACEAE.  401 

Fertile  stamens  only  2. 

Shrubs  with  opposite  spines;  staminodia  2.  4.  Anthacanthus. 

Unarmed  herbs  or  shrubs  ;  staminodia  none. 

Seeds  6-12.  5.  Androyraphia. 

Seeds  2-4. 

Capsule  oblong.  6.  Justicia. 

Capsule  ovate  or  orbicular.  7.  Diapcdium. 

Twining  vines  :   flowers  solitary,  axillary,   subtended  by  2  large 

bracts  ;  stamens  4.  8.  Thunbergia. 

1.  BLECHUM  P.  Br.;   Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  9:    2G9.     1807. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  repand-dentate  or  entire,  petioled  leaves^  and  small 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes,  the  large  foliaceoiis  bracts  imbricated.  Calyx 
5-parted,  the  slightly  unequal  segments  linear-subulate.  Corolla  with  a  slender 
tube  little  expanded  above  and  a  spreading,  nearly  equally  5-lobed  limb,  the 
lobes  rounded.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  borne  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the 
corolla-tube;  anthers  oblong,  their  sacs  parallel.  Ovules  few  or  several  in 
each  ovary-cavity;  style  with  a  subulate  apex.  Capsule  ovate  or  suborbicular 
with  a  short,  narrowed  base.  Seeds  orbicular.  [Xame  Greek,  originally  ap- 
plied to  some  different  plant.]  About  4  species,  natives  of  tropical  America. 
Type  species:  Euellia  Bleclmm  L. 

1.  Blechum  Brownei  Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  9:   270.     1807. 

Annual,  puberulent,  erect  or  ascending,  2-7  dm.  high,  branched,  the 
branches  slender.  Leaves  ovate,  thin,  petioled,  2-7  cm.  long,  acute  at  the 
apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base;  spikes  dense,  4-sided,  3-6  cm.  long; 
bracts  ovate,  pinuately  veined,  1-1.5  cm.  long,  loosely  strigose  and  ciliate, 
acutish  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base ;  corolla  whitish,  a  little  longer  than 
the  subtending  bract;   capsule  oblong,  puberulent,  about  6  mm.  long. 

Waste  places  in  good  soil,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera : — 
West  Indies  and  continental   tropical  America  ;   Philippine  Islands.     Blechum. 

2.  RUELLIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  634.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  mostly  pubescent,  with  entire  or  rarely  dentate 
leaves  and  large  flowers,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils,  or  cymose  in 
terminal  panicles.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted,  the  segments  narrow.  Corolla 
funnelform  or  salverform,  the  tube  usually  narrow,  slightly  enlarged  above, 
the  limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Anther- 
sacs  not  mucronate  at  the  base.  Apex  of  the  style  recurved;  stigma  simple,  or 
of  2  unequal  lobes.  Capsule  oblong  or  club-shaped.  Seeds  compressed,  ovate 
or  orbicular,  attached  by  their  edges  to  the  retinacula.  [Named  for  I.  De  la 
Euelle,  1474-1537,  an  early  French  herbalist.]  About  200  species,  mainly  of 
tropical  America.     Type   species:    Bnellia  tuherosa  L. 

1.  Euellia  tulberosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  635.     1753. 

Eoots  narrowly  fusiform,  clustered;  stem  erect  or  ascending,  branched  or 
simple,  2-6  dm.  high,  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  10  cm.  long 
or  less,  undulate,  finely  pubescent,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  cymes 
several-flowered,  peduncled ;  bracts  narrow,  small ;  calyx  hispid-pubescent,  its 
linear  lobes  12-20  mm.  long;  corolla  purple,  4-6  cm.  long,  its  tube  rather 
abruptly  expanded  above;  capsules  puberulent,  about  1.5  cm.  long. 

Shaded  grounds,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  and  Cat  Island  : — southern  United 
States :  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.     Tuberous  Ruellia. 


402  ACANTHACEAE. 

3.  GERARDIA  [Plum.]  L.  Sp.  PL  610.     1753. 

[Stenandrium  Nees,  in  Lindl.  Introd.  Nat.  Syst.  ed.  2,  444.     1836.] 

Low  and  small  pubescent  perennial  herbs,  acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  the 
leaves  in  a  basal  tuft,  the  pink  or  purple  flowers  spieate  on  bracted  scapes. 
Calyx -lobes  5,  narrow,  nearly  equal.  Corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  enlarged  into 
a  slightly  curved  throat,  the  oblique  5-lobed  limb  spreading,  the  lobes  unequal 
and  imbricated.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included,  the  anthers  1-celled.  Ovules 
2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary;  stigma  2-lobed,  Capsule  fusiform  or  narrowly 
oblong.  Seeds  flattened,  rough  or  pubescent.  [Commemorates  John  Gerardi, 
1545-1607,  famous  English  herbalist.]  About  25  species,  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical America,     Type  species:   Gerardia  tuberosa  L. 

Bracts  linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  3-7  mm.  long ;  leaves 

entire.  1.  O.  droseroides. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  the  lower  1  cm.  long ;  leaves  repand-dentate  or 

undulate.  2.  G.  hracteosa. 

1.  Gerardia  droseroides   (Nees)    Blake,  Ehodora  20:    68.     1918. 

Stenandrium  droseroides  Nees,  in  DC  Prodr.  11 :  284.     1847. 

Pubescent  all  over  with  soft  hairs.  Basal  leaves  forming  small  tufts, 
membranous,  oblong,  entire,  3-4.5  cm.  long,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  the 
petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  scapes  slender,  8-15  cm.  high;  spikes 
slender,  several-many-flowered;  bracts  linear  to  linear-lanceolate^  3-7  mm, 
long,  acuminate;  calyx-lobes  linear,  2-3  mm.  long;  corolla  white,  its  tube  3-4 
mm.  long,  about  as  long  as  the  lips;  filaments  very  short;  capsule  oblong, 
acute,  glabrous,  4-5  mm.  long;  seeds  suborbicular. 

Pine-lands,  Abaco  and  New  Providence  : — Cuba.     Sundew  Gerardia. 

2.  Gerardia  bracteosa  Britton  &  Millspaugh,  ?p.  nov. 

Pubescent  all  over  with  long  soft  hairs.  Basal  leaves  in  large  tufts,  7  cm. 
long  or  less,  firm  in  texture,  the  flat  petioles  of  the  larger  ones  as  long  as  the 
blades  or  longer,  the  blades  oblong  to  oblong-obovate,  2-3.5  cm.  long,  8-18  mm. 
wide,  undulate  or  nearly  entire,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base;  scapes  rather  stout,  10-20  cm.  high,  naked  toward  the  base,  but  floriferous 
for  nearly  two-thirds  their  length;  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  8-12  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  linear,  acute  about  6  mm.  long; 
corolla  pink,  about  17  mm.  long,  the  tube  somewhat  shorter  than  the  larger 
lobes  of  the  limb;  anthers  nearly  sessile;  capsule  oblong,  about  8  mm.  long; 
seeds  suborbicular. 

Fields  and  coppices,  Mariguana  (P.  Wilson  7lf72,  type;  7U0). 

Apparently  the  same  as  Egger's  3969,  from  Acklin's  Island,  referred  by  Lindau 
to  Stenandrium  rupestre   (Sw.)   Nees  =  Gerardia  tuberosa  L.     Bracted  Gerardia. 

4.  ANTHACANTHUS  Nees;  DC.  Prodr.  11:  460.     1847. 

Slender,  much-branched  shrubs  armed  with  opposite  axillary,  curved  or 
straight  spines,  the  leaves  small,  entire,  often  fascicled  in  the  axils,  the  solitary 
or  fascicled  flowers  axillary,  slender-peduncled.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Tube  of  the 
small  corolla  cylindric,  somewhat  enlarged  above,  the  limb  spreading,  unequally 
5-lobed.  Stamens  2;  filaments  short;  anthers  oblong,  2-celled;  staminodia  '2, 
clavate  or  filiform.  Style  filiform;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 
Capsule  oblong,  stipitate.  Seeds  4  or  fewer,  compressed,  tubercled.  [Greek, 
spiny  flower.]  About  6  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies.  Type  species: 
Justicia  spinosa  Jaeq. 


ACANTHACEAE.  403 

1.  Anthacanthus  spinosus  (Jacq.)  Nees,  in  DC.  Prodr.  11:  460.    1847. 

Justicia  spinosa  Jacq.  Enum.  11.     1760. 

A  shrub,  erect  or  diffuse,  2  m.  high  or  less,  the  long  slender  branches 
pubescent  or  glabrous,  the  stiff  subulate  spines  more  or  less  recurved,  4-12  mm. 
long.  Leaves  coriaceous,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  ovate  to  oblong,  elliptic  or 
oblanceolate,  3-20  mm.  long,  obtuse,  acute  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral  venation  ob- 
scure, the  petioles  very  short ;  flowers  few  or  solitary  at  the  axils ;  peduncles 
6-10  mm.  long;  calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate,  acute;  corolla  purple 
or  violet,  puberulent  or  glabrous,  its  tube  about  8  mm.  long,  its  oblong  lobes 
about  as  long  as  the  tube;  style  filiform,  about  10  mm.  long;  capsule  about 
2  cm.  long;  seeds  wrinkled,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  thickets,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Great  Bahama  and 
Andres  to  Eleuthera.  Watling's  Island.  Caicos  Islands  and  Inagua  : — Jamaica  ;  Cuba 
to  Virgin  Gorda,  and  Martinique.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop,  by  Coker.  and  by 
Lindau  as  A.  acicularis  (Sw.)  Nees,  which  is  known  to  us  only  from  Jamaica.  Races 
differ  in  pubescence,  in  size  and  shape  of  leaves,  and  in  length  of  spines.     Prickly  Bush. 

0.   ANDROGRAPHIS  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Ear.  3:  77,  116.     1832. 

Herbs,  erect  or  diffuse,  the  small  flowers  in  panicles  or  cymes,  with  small 
bracts  and  bractlets.  Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  with  a  short  tube,  somewhat 
expanded  above  and  a  2-lipped  limb.  Stamens  2;  filaments  sometimes  bearded 
above;  anthers  2-celled.  Capsule  linear  to  oblong,  scarcely  stipitate.  Seeds 
6-12,  flattened.  [Greek,  bearded-stamens.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the 
East  Indies.     Type  species:  AndrograpMs  panicnlata  (Burm.)   Nees. 

1.  Andrographis  paniculata  (Burm.)  Nees;  Wall.  PI.  Asiat.  Ear.  3:  116.    1832. 

Justicia  paniculata  Burm.  Fl.  Ind.  9.     1768. 

Annual,  erect,  glabrous  below,  glandular  above,  3-6  dm.  high,  simple  or 
branched,  the  stem  4-sided.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mem- 
branous, 4-10  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
short  petioles;  racemes  commonly  numerous,  slender,  often  branched,  or  pan- 
iculate ;  flowers  secund,  distant,  purple ;  pedicels  slender,  4-8  mm.  long ;  calyx 
about  3  mm.  long,  its  segments  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  3-4  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx;  capsule  about  1.5  cm.  long. 

Waste  grounds  on  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Dominica  to  Barbadoes  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Panama ;  naturalized  from  the  East  Indies.     Axdrographis. 

6.  JUSTICIA    [Houst.]    L.  Sp.   PI.   15.     1753. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  the  flowers  variously  clustered. 
Calyx  deeply  cleft,  its  segments  narrow,  nearly  equal.  Corolla-tube  mostly 
shorter  than  the  2-lipped  limb,  the  upper  lip  '2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft.     Stamens 

2,  borne  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers  2-celled;  staminodes  none;  lower 
anther-sac  minutely  appendaged.  Style  filiform;  ovules  2  in  each  ovary- 
cavity.  Capsule  oblong.  [In  honor  of  James  Justice,  a  Scotch  gardener.] 
Over  100  species,  of  tropical  distribution.     Type  species:  JuMicia  Adhatoda  L. 

1.  Justicia  carthaginensis  Jacq.  Enum.   11.     1760. 

Herbaceous,  erect,  branched,  0.5-1.5  m.  high,  the  branches  and  leaves  gla- 
brous or  very  sparingly  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate,  membranous, 
5-12  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  some- 


404  ACANTHACEAE. 

what  decurrent  on  tlie  petioles;  flowers  violet  to  purple^  in  dense  terminal 
bracted  spikes  3-7  em.  long;  bracts  oblong,  pubescent  or  ciliate,  12  mm.  long 
or  less,  the  lo^^er  pointed,  the  upper  truncate  and  euneate;  braetlets  narrower 
than  the  bracts;  calyx-segments  lanceolate,  about  1  cm.  long;  corolla-tube 
about  1.5  em.  long,  the  upper  lip  about  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  lower  some- 
what longer;  capsule  1.5-2  cm.  long,  acute,  pubescent. 

Waste  places,  New  Providence  and  Long  Island  : — Hispaniola  ;  St.  Thomas  to 
Barbadoes  and  Grenada  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Justicia. 

7.  DIAPEDIUM   Konig;    Konig   &   Sims,   Ann.    Bot.    2:    189.     1805. 

[DiCLiPTERA  Juss.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris  9:   267.     1807.] 

Herbs,  with  entire  petioled  leaves^  and  blue,  red,  or  violet  flowers  sub- 
tended by  involucres  of  2-4  bracts,  the  inflorescence  mostly  cymose  or  spieate, 
the  involucres  subtending  1  flower  or  several.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  the  lobes  linear 
or  subulate.  Corolla-tube  slender,  slightly  enlarged  above;  upper  lip  erect, 
concave,  interior  in  the  bud;  lower  lip  spreading,  entire  or  3-toothed.  Stamens 
2;  anther-sacs  parallel,  sometimes  unequal,  separated  by  a  narrow  connective. 
Style  filiform;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  flattened,  ovate 
or  suborbicular,  2-4-seeded.  Placentae  separating  elastically  from  the  walls 
of  the  capsule.  Seeds  compressed,  nearly  orbicular.  About  60  species,  of 
warm  and  tropical   regions.     Type   species:    Justicia   chinensis  L. 

1.  Diapedium  assurgens   (L.)   Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  485.     1891. 

Justicia  assurgens  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  850.     1759. 

Dicliptera  assurgens  Juss.  Ann.  lMus.  Paris  9:  269.     1807. 

Erect,  often  much  branched,  glabrous  or  somewhat  puberulent,  3-15  dm. 
high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  4-10  cm.  long  or  the  upper  smaller, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles 
slender;  flowers  in  small  bracted  clusters,,  in  slender  interrupted,  simple  or 
branched  spikes  5-15  cm.  long;  bracts  lanceolate  or  spatulate,  8-15  mm.  long; 
calyx  about  4  mm.  long,  its  linear-lanceolate  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube  or 
longer;  corolla  scarlet  or  red,  2-2.5  cm.  long,  its  tube  curved,  its  lips  lance- 
olate; capsule  5-6  mm.  long. 

Waste  grounds,  scrub-lands  and  thickets,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco 
and  Great  Bahama  to  the  Anguilla  Isles  and  Crooked  Island  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ; 
continental  tropical  America.     Diapedium.     Erroneously  called  Honeysuckle. 

8.  THUNBERGIA  Eetz.  Phys.  Sallsk.  Handl.   1:    163.     1776. 

Herbs  or  herbaceous  vines,  with  opposite,  mostly  hastate  or  cordate  leaves, 
and  large  2-bracted  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  racemes.  Bracts 
foliaceous,  large.  Calyx  short,  annular.  Corolla  with  an  oblique,  more  or  less 
flattened  tube  enlarged  above,  and  a  spreading  5-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  rounded, 
contorted,  nearly  equal.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  borne  near  the  base  of  the 
corolla-tube,  the  filaments  thickened  below,  the  anthers  with  an  apiculate  con- 
nective. Disk  fleshy.  Ovary  fleshy;  style  dilated  at  the  apex;  ovules  2  in 
each  cavity.  Capsule  coriaceous,  globose,  abruptly  beaked,  loculicidally  dehis- 
cent. [Commemorates  Karl  P.  Thunberg,  1743-1828,  eminent  Swedish  travel- 
ler and  botanist.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics.  Type 
species:  Thunhergia  capensis  Retz. 

Petioles  not  wing-margined.  1.   T.  fragrans. 

Petioles  wing-margined.  2.   T.  alata. 


MYOPQRACEAE.  405 

1.  Thunbergia  fragrans  Eoxb.  PI.  Corom.  1:  47.     1795. 

Thunhergia  voluhilis  Pers.  Syn.  2:  179.     1806. 

A  slender,  finely  pubescent  vine,  often  2  m.  long,  usually  climbing.  Leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  remotely  few-toothed  toward  the 
base  or  entire,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  subtruncate,  hastate  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  the  slender  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  peduncles  rather  stout,  2-7  cm.  long; 
bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent,  acuminate,  1.5-2  cm.  long; 
calyx  deeply  cleft,  much  shorter  than  the  bracts;  corolla  white,  2.5-3  cm,  long, 
its  lobes  crenate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  capsule  depres'sed-globose,  pubes- 
cent, about  8  mm.  in  diameter,  tipped  by  a  stout  subulate  beak  1-1,5  cm.  long. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation.  New  Providence  near  Nassau  : — Cuba  to  Porto 
Rico,  Tortola  and  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica.     Naturalized  from  Asia,     White  Thunbergia. 

2.  Thunbergia  alata  Bojer;   Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  2591.     1825. 

A  pubescent  vine,  usually  not  more  than  1  m.  long,  trailing  or  climbing. 
Leaves  ovate  or  triangular-ovate,  4-8  cm.  long,  remotely  few-toothed  or  entire, 
acute  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  hastate  at  the  base,  the  wing-margined  petioles 
as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  peduncles  slender,  mostly  longer  than  the 
petioles;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  pubescent,  about  1,5  cm. 
long;  calyx  cleft  to  about  the  middle;  'corolla  yellow  or  white,  usually  with  a 
purple  eye,  2.5-4  cm.  long;  capsule  depressed-globose,  pubescent,  8-10  mm,  in 
diameter,  its  stout  beak  about  1  em.  long. 

Waste  places  near  Nassau,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Trinidad  ; 
Jamaica  ;  IMexico  to  continental  tropical  America,  Naturalized  from  eastern  Africa, 
Winged  Thunbekgia. 

Family  16.     MYOPORACEAE  Lindl. 

Myoporum  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  estipulate  leaves, 
and  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular  flowers,  solitaiy  or  clustered  in  the 
axils.  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted.  Corolla  g-amopetalous,  its  limb  2-lipped 
or  oblique.  Stamens  4,  mostly  didynamous,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  the 
filaments  filiform.  Ovary  usually  2-celled;  style  terminal;  stigma  terminal 
and  small;  ovules  1  in  each  ovary-cavity.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Five  genera  and 
80  species  or  more,  most  Australian,  only  the  following  American. 

1.  BONTIA  L.  Sp.  PI,  638.     1753. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  wdth  alternate  narrow  fleshy  entire  pointed  leaves,  and 
rather  small,  purplish  peduncled  flowers,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils. 
Calyx  5-parted,  the  segments  imbricated.  Tube  of  the  corolla  straight,  cyliu- 
dric,  the  limb  deeply  2-lipped,  the  posterior  lip  concave,  2-cleft,  the  anterior 
lip  recurved,  3-clef t,  its  middle  lobe  densely  bearded.  Stamens  4,  didynamous ; 
filaments  thickened  and  villous  near  the  base.  Ov^ary  2-celled;  ovules  4  in 
each  cavity,  superimposed  in  pairs;  style  very  slender.  Drupe  ovoid,  the  exo- 
carp  fleshy,  the  endocarp  bony,  '2-celled.  Seeds  small,  ovoid^  with  little  endo- 
sperm. [Commemorates  Peter  Bontius,  a  Dutch  naturalist  and  traveller  of  the 
seventeenth  century.]     A  monotypic  West  Indian  genus. 

1.  Bontia  daphnoides  L.  Sp,  PI,  638.     1753. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  9  m.  high,  nearly  glabrous  throughout, 
with  terete,  rather  slender  twigs.     Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  falling 


406  PL  ANT  AGIN  ACE  AE. 

away  from  the  twigs  in  drying^  10  cm.  long  or  less,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  slender  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral  venation  ob- 
scure, the  petioles  1-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  slender,  1-3  cm.  long;  calyx-seg- 
ments broadly  ovate,  subulate-tipped,  about  3  mm.  long,  ciliolate;  corolla  about 
2  cm.  long,  yellow,  purple-blotched^  or  the  lip  purple  within;  drupe  pointed, 
yellow,  1-1.5  cm.  long. 

Scrub-lands  and  palmetto-lands,  Great  Bahama,  South  Caicos,  Grand  Turk : — 
Cayman  Islands  ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Barbadoes  ;  Curagao  ;  Aruba  ;  Guiana.  Bontia. 
Erroneously  called  Olive. 

Order  5.     PL  ANT  AGIN  ALES. 

Onh^  the  following  family: 

Family  1.     PLANTAGINACEAE  Lindl. 

Plantain  Family. 

Herbs,  with  basal,  or,  in  the  caulescent  species,  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  perfect  polygamous  or  monoecious  flowers,  bracteolate 
in  spikes  or  heads,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  4-parted,  infericrr,  persistent, 
the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla  hypogynous,  scarious  or  membranous, 
mostly  marcescent,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4  or  2  (only  1  in  an  Andean  genus), 
inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  filiform,  exserted  or 
included;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  sessile,  superior,  1-2-celled,  or  falsely  3— 4-eelled.  Style  filiform, 
simjDle,  mostly  longitudinally  stigmatic.  Ovules  1-several  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary,  peltate,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  pyxis,  circumscissile  at  or  below 
the  middle,  or  an  indehiscent  nutlet.  Seeds  1-several  in  each  ca\dty  of  the 
fruit;  endosperm  fleshy;  cotyledons  narrow;  radicle  short,  mostly  straight. 
Three  genera  and  over  225  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  PLANTAGO  L.  Sp.  PI.   112.     1753. 

Leafy-stemmed,  short-stemmed  or  acaulescent  herbs,  with  opposite,  alter- 
nate or  basal  leaves,  bearing  axillary  or  terminal  spikes  or  heads  of  small 
greenish  or  purplish  flowers  (flowers  solitary  in  a  few  exotic  species).  Calyx- 
segments  equal,  or  two  of  them  larger.  Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  cylindric, 
or  constricted  at  the  throat,  the  limb  spreading  in  anthesis,  erect,  spreading  or 
reflexed  in  fruit,  4-lobed  or  4-parted.  Stamens  4  or  2.  Ovary  2-celled,  or 
falsely  3-4-celled;  ovules  1-several  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis, 
mostly  2-celled.  Seeds  various,  sometimes  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  side. 
[The  Latin  name.]  Over  200  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type 
species:  Plantago  major  L.     The  following  are  acaulescent  weeds. 

Leaves  ovate;  seeds  many.  *  1.  P.  major. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  ;  seeds  2.  2.  P.  lanceolata. 

1.  Plantago  major  L.  Sp.  PI.  112.     1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  rootstock  short,  thick,  erect.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  mostly  ovate,  entire,  or  coarsely  dentate,  2.5-25  cm.  long,  3-11- 
ribbed;  scapes  0.5-9  dm.  high;  spike  linear-cylindric,  usually  dense,  com- 
monly blunt,  5-25  cm.  long,  6-8  mm.  thick;  flowers  perfect,  proterogynous; 
sepals  broadly  ovate  to  obovate,  scarious  margined,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  obtuse  or  subacute,  5-16-seeded  pyxis;   stamens  4. 

Roadsides  and  waste  places,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : 
— ^Bermuda  ;  United  States  ;  West  Indies  ;  Central  and  South  America.  Naturalized 
from  the  Old  World.     Gkeater  Plantain. 


EUBTACEAE.  407 

2.  Plantago  lanceolata  L.  Sp.  PI.  113.     1753. 

Perennial  or  biennial^  pubescent;  rootstock  short,  erect,  with  tufts  of 
brown  hairs  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  narrowly  olDlong-lanceolate, 
shorter  than  the  scapes,  entire,  acute  or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed  into 
petioles,  3-5-ribbed,  5-30  cm.  long;  scapes  slender,  channeled,  sometimes  7.5 
dm.  tall;  spikes  dense,  at  first  ovoid,  becoming  cylindric,  blunt  and  1-10  cm. 
long  in  fruit,  8-12  mm.  thick;  flowers  perfect,  proterogynous;  sepals  ovate, 
with  a  narrow  green  midrib  and  broad  scarious  margins,  the  two  lower  ones 
commonly  united;  corolla  glabrous;  filaments  w^hite;  pyxis  oblong,  very  obtuse, 
2-seeded,  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx,  circumscissile  at  about  the  middle. 

Roadsides,  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  North  America  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica.  Nat- 
uralized from  tlie  Old  World.     Ribwoijt. 

Order  6.     RUBIALES. 

Corolla  gamopetalous.  Anthers  separate,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the 
corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them  (one  fewer  in  Linnaea  of  the  Capri- 
foliaceae)  or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  compound,  inferior,  adnate  to  the 
calyx-tube.  Ovules  1  or  more  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Leaves  opposite 
or  verticillate. 

Leaves  stipulate,  usually  blackening  in  drying.  Fam.  1.  Rubiaceae. 

Leaves  usually  estipulate,  not  blackening  in  drying.  Fam.  2.  Caprifoliaceae. 

Family  1.     RUBIACEAE  B.  Juss. 

Madder  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  simple,  opposite  or  sometimes  verticil- 
late,  mostly  stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect,  often  dimorphous  or  trimor- 
phous,  regular  and  nearly  symmetrical  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  various.  Corolla  funnelform,  club-shaped,  eampanulate, 
or  rotate,  4-5-lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  its  tube  or  throat.  Ovary  1-10-celled; 
style  simple  or  lobed;  ovules  1-^  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  capsule,  berry, 
or  drupe..  Seeds  various;  seed-coat  membranous  or  crustaceous;  endo- 
sperm fleshy  or  horny  (rarely  wanting  in  a  few  genera)  ;  cotyledons  ovate, 
cordate,  or  foliaceous.  A  large  family  of  some  340  genera  and  about  6,000 
species,  of  wide  distribution. 

^.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  with  several  or  many  ovules  ;  seeds  several  or  many. 
Fruit  dry,  capsular. 

Herbs.  1.  Oldenlandia. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Seeds  wingless  ;  leaves  linear,  grooved.  2.  Rachicallis. 

Seeds  winged  ;  leaves  broad.  3.  Exostema. 

Fruit  pulpy,  baccate. 
Fruit  2-celled. 

Flowers  in  cymes.  4.  Cosasia. 

Flowers  solitary. 

Corolla-lobes  5,  convolute.  5.  Randia. 

Corolla-lobes  4,  valvate.  6.  Cateahaea. 

Fruit  5-celled.  7.  Hamelia. 

B.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  with  a  single  ovule  ;  seeds  solitary. 
Ovule  pendulous. 

Filaments  wholly  or  partly  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube. 

Calyx-limb  deciduous,  though  often  tardily  so.  8.   Guettarda. 

Calyx-limb  persistent,  crowning  the  fruit.  9.  Stenostomum. 

Filaments  not  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube. 

Inflorescence  terminal,  or  sometimes  also  axillary.  10.  Erithalis. 

Inflorescence  axillary. 


408  EUBIACEAE. 

Stamens  esserted,  filaments  distinct.  11.  Phialanthus 

Stamens   included,  filaments  monadelphous  at  base. 
Calyx-tube  ovoid,   limb   5-dentate ;    corolla-lobes 

yalvate.  12.  Chiococca. 

Calyx-tube  oblong,  limb  4-partite  ;  corolla-lobes 

imbricated.  13.  Scolosanthus. 

Ovule  not  pendulous. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricated.  14.  Strumpfia 

Corolla-lobes  valvate. 

Ovule  or  seed  with  a  basal  attachment.  15.  Psychotria 

Ovule  or  seed  with  a  lateral  attachment. 

Shrubs  or  trees  ;  fruit  a  syncarp.  16.  Alorinda. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  ;  fruit  not  syncarpous. 

Stipules  relatively  small  or  inconspicuous,  more 
or  less   cleft. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  carpels  neither  dehiscent 

nor  separating.  17.  Ernodea. 

Fruit  not   drupaceous,   carpels  .  dehiscent   or 
separating. 
Fruit  septicidal,    both    carpels   ventrally 

dehiscent.  18.  Borreria. 

Fruit  separating  into  carpels,  one  dehis- 
cent the  other  indehiscent.  19.  Spermacoce. 
Stipules     foliaceous,     usually     resembling     the 

leaves.  20.   Galium. 

1.  OLDENLANDIA   L.    Sp.    PL    119.     1753. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leases,  and  small  white  or  pink  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
obovoid  or  subglobose,  the  limb  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  rotate  or  salverform, 
4-5-lobed.  Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers 
oblong.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  2-lobed. 
Capsule  small,  ovoid,  top-shaped  or  hemispheric,  wholly  adnate  to  the  calyx- 
tube,  loculicidally  dehiscent  at  the  summit.  Seeds  angular,  not  peltate;  endo- 
sperm fleshy;  embryo  club-shaped.  [Named  for  H.  B.  Oldenland,  a  Danish 
botanist.]  About  175  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution.  Type  species: 
Oldenlandia  corymhosa  L. 

1.  Oldenlandia  callitrichioides  Griseb.  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  II.  8:  506.     1862. 

Stems  filiform,  creeping,  glabrous,  2-10  cm.  long,  rooting  at  the  nodes. 
Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  very  thin,  petioled,  the  blades  1-4  mm.  long,  glabrous 
or  with  a  few  long  hairs^  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  contracted  into  slender 
petioles  of  about  the  same  length;  stipules  minute  or  obsolete;  peduncles  soli- 
tary in  the  axils,  filiform,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves;  calyx  4-5-toothed, 
the  teeth  ovate  to  lanceolate,  bearing  a  few  long  hairs,  much  shorter  than 
the  tube;  corolla  white,  funnelform,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  4  or  5  lobes  shorter 
than  the  tube;   capsule  turbinate,  about  2  mm.  long. 

Moist  ground.  Rum  Cay  : — Cuba  ;  Guadeloupe.  Recorded  from  St.  Croix.  Small 
Oldenlandia. 

2.   RACHICALLIS  DC.  Prodr.  4:  433.     1830. 

A  low,  white-wooly,  densely  and  intricately  branched  shrub,  with  small 
opposite  fleshy  linear  imbricated  leaves,  persistent  connate  stipules,  and 
small  opposite  sessile  solitary  flowers  half-inclosed  by  the  stipular  sheaths. 
Calyx-tube  very  short,  its  4  lanceolate  teeth  with  smaller  accessary  ones 
between  them.  Corolla  salverform,  with  4  oblong  imbricated  lobes.  Stamens 
4;  filaments  short.  Ovary  2-celled,  half -superior ;  styles  thick,  slightly  2-lobed; 
ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  capsular;  seeds  angled.  [Greek, 
beauty  of  rocky  shores.]     A  monotypic  genus. 


EUBIACEAE.  409 

1.  Rachicallis  americana    (Jaeq.)    Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:    92.     1893. 

Hedyotis  americana  Jacq.  Enum.  12.     1760. 
Hedyotis  rupestris  Sw.  Prodr.  29.     1788. 
Rachicallis  rupestris  DC.  Prodr.  4:  434.     1830. 

Eigid,  erect,  or  prostrate,  the  short  stout  twigs  densely  woolly^  bearing 
the  leaves  in  tufts  at  the  ends.  Leaves  bright  green,  4-9  mm.  long,  about  1 
mm.  wide^  thick,  grooved  on  the  back,  glabrous,  sharply  mucronate;  stipules 
broadly  ovate,  mucronate,  densely  pubescent  and  ciliate;  corolla  5-6  mm.  long, 
villous-pubescent,  its  obtuse  lobes  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  tube.  Plant 
fragrant  when  dry. 

Maritime  rocks  and  coastal  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago : — Cuba  ;  His- 
paniola  ;  Jamaica  ;  the  Caymans  ;  Cozumel.  Reported  from  Bermuda,  perhaps  erro- 
neously.    Hog-bush.     Sandfly-bush.     Saltwater-bush.     Sda-weed.     Wild  Thyme. 

3.  EXOSTEMA  Eich. ;  H.  &  B.  PL  Aeq.,  1:   131.     1808. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  deciduous  stipules,  and 
solitary  or  panicled  flowers.  Calyx-tube  cylindric  to  turbinate,  with  5  linear 
lobes.  Corolla  salverform,  the  slender  tube  elongated,  the  limb  with  5  long 
imbricated  lobes.  Stamens  5,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments 
filiform,  long;  anthers  narrowly  linear,  basifixed,  exserted.  Ovary  2-celled; 
style  filiform,  exserted;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  2-valved 
capsule,  many-seeded;  seeds  broadly  winged.  [Greek,  exserted  stamens.] 
Thirty  species  or  more,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Exostema 
parvifiorum  A.  Eich. 

1.  Exostema  caribaeum  (Jaeq.)  E.  &  S.  Syst.  5:  18.     1819. 

Cincliona  carihaea  Jacq.  Enum.  16.     1760. 

A  glabrous  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  8  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
1  dm.  in  diameter,  the  bark  bitter.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  elliptic,  rather 
thin,  3-8  cm.  long,  1-3  cm.  wide,  acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  few  lateral  veins  obscure^  the  slender 
petioles  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  blades;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, about  1.5  mm.  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils;  peduncles  slender, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx  clavate-cylindric,  4-5  mm.  long,  its  teeth 
short;  corolla  white  or  pinkish,  its  tube  2-3  cm.  long,  slightly  longer  than 
the  lobes;  anthers  long-exserted;  capsule  oblong,  smooth,  woody,  10-15  mm. 
long. 

Coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco, 
Great  Bahama  and  Andros  to  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Anegada,  St.  Martin 
and  Grenada;  Jamaica;  Central  America  and  northern  South  America.     Princewood. 

4.  CASASIA   A.   Eich.   in   Sagra,   Hist.    Cub.    11:    9.     1850. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  terete  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  leathery;  stipules 
deciduous.  Flowers  perfect,  in  short-peduncled  cymes.  Calyx  turbinate  or 
campanulate,  truncate  or  with  5  or  6  obtuse  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  white 
or  yellow,  salverform  or  nearly  rotate^  pubescent  in  the  throat,  its  lobes  5  or  6, 
spreading,  contorted.  Stamens  5  or  6,  adnate  to  the  mouth  of  the  corolla- 
tube;  anthers  sessile.  Disk  cup-like.  Ovary  1-2-celled;  styles  stout.  Ovules 
numerous  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  thick  pulpy  berry.  Seeds  numerous,  angled, 
flattened,  the  testa  somewhat  fibrous.  [In  honor  of  Luis  de  las  Casas,  Cap- 
tain General  of  Cuba.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies.     Type  species:   Casasia  calophylla  A.  Eich. 

27 


410  RUBIACEAE. 

1.  Casasia  clusiaefolia  (Jacq.)  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  505.    1908. 

Gardenia  clusiaefolia  Jacq.  Coll.  5:  37.     1796. 
Genipa  clusiaefolia  Griseb.  Fl,  Br.  W.  I.  317.     1861. 

A  branching  shrub;  1-3  m.  tall,  the  foliage  glabrous,  turning  black  in 
drying.  Leaves  clustered,  leathery,  obovate  to  cuneate,  5-15  cm.  long,  rounded 
or  retuse  at  the  apex,  lustrous,  often  mucronate,  entire,  short-petioled;  calyx- 
tube  8-10  mm.  long,  turbinate,  the  lobes  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube ; 
corolla  fleshy,  glabrous,  its  tube  1.5-2  cm.  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  tube;  berries  ovoid  to  obovoid,  5-7  cm.  long. 

Coastal  rocks,  Berry  Islands,  the  Biminis,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  to 
Watling's,  Caicos,  Inagua  and  the  islands  of  ttie  Cay  Sal  Bank  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda ; 
Cuba.     Seven-year  Apple.     Catesby,  1 :  pi.  59. 

5.  RAISTDIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1192.     1753. 

Evergreen,  often  spiny  shrubs  or  trees,  T^ith  oposite  leaves  and  perfect 
solitary,  usually  axillary  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  4.  Corolla  funnelfomi,  salver- 
form  or  campanulate,  its  lobes  5,  convolute.  Stamens  5,  adnate  to  the  throat 
of  the  corolla;  filaments  short  or  nearly  T\'anting.  Disk  annular  or  cushion- 
like. Ovary  2-celled  or  very  rarely  3-4-celled;  ovules  several  or  many  in  each 
cavity;  styles  usually  united,  stout,  terminating  in  a  club-shaped,  spindle- 
shaped  or  rarely  cleft  stigma.  Berry  usually  2-celled.  Seeds  free  or  in  a 
pulp;  testa  thin,  the  endosperm  horny.  [In  honor  of  Isaac  Rand,  English 
apothecary.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  tropical  regions.  Type  species: 
Randia  mitis  L. 

1.  Randia  mitis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1192.     1753. 

Bandia  aculeata  L.  Sp.  PL  1192.     1763. 

A  virgate  branching  shrub,  1-3  m.  tall,  or  a  small  tree  up  to  7  m.  high, 
usually  spiny,  the  foliage  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  often  clustered,  spatu- 
late,  obovate,  elliptic,  oval  or  suborbicular,  1-5  cm.  long,  narrowed  into  short 
petioles;  flowers  axillary,  short-stalked;  calyx-lobes  triangular  or  ovate; 
corolla  white,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  lobes  oblong,  shorter  than  the  tube;  berries 
subglobose  or  oval,  w^hite,  8-12  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco,  Great  Bahama 
and  Andros  to  Turk's  Islands  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies  and 
Mexico,     Races  differ  in  size  and  shape  of  leaves  and  in  size  of  fruit.     Box  Beiar. 

6.  CATESBAEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  109.     1753. 

Spinescent  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  terete  twigs  and  small  glabrous, 
often  fascicled  leaves,  the  small  stipules  deciduous.  Flowers  white,  solitary 
and  short-peduncled  in  the  axils.  Calyx  subcampanulate,  with  4  narrow  per- 
sistent lobes.  Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  its  4  lobes  valvate.  Stamens 
4,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-celled;  stigma  2-lobed.  Ovules 
several  or  many.  Fruit  a  white  berry.  Seeds  with  fleshy  endosperm.  [In 
honor  of  Mark  Catesby,  1679-1749,  traveller  and  naturalist.]  About  8  species, 
natives  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:   Catesbaea  spinosa  L. 

Flowers  very  large,  drooping.  1.  C.  spinosa. 
Flowers  very  small,  nearly  concealed  among  the  leaves. 

Leaves  3-10  mm,  long,  suborbicular  to  oblanceolate.  2.  C.  parviflora. 

Leaves  8-13  mm.  long,  linear  to  obovate-spatulate.  3.  C.  foliosa. 


RUBIACEAE.  411 

1.  Catesbaea  spinosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  109.     1753. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  2-3  cm.  high,  or  a  small  tree  up  to  5  m.  high,  with  very- 
spiny  slender  branches,  the  opines  opposite,  axillary,  1.5-3.5  cm.  long.  Leaves 
ovate-elliptic,  thin,  0.6-3  cm.  long,  acute  or  acutish  at  both  ends,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  spines,  skort-petioled;  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the 
leaves,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  subulate;  corolla  10-15  cm. 
long,  yellow,  nodding,  the  very  slender  tube  tapering  into  the  throat  above  the 
middle,  the  short  lobes  ovate,  acute;   berry  globose  to  ovoid,  1.5-5  cm.  long. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  and  Long  Island  : 
— Cuba.  Catesby,  2  :  pi.  100.  Large-floavered  Catesbya.  Prickly -apple.  Spanish 
Gdava. 

2.  Catesbaea  parviflora  Sw.  Prodr.  30.     1788. 

Cates'baea  campanulata  iSagra;  DC.  Prodr.  4:  401.     1830. 

Catesbaea  parviflora  septentrionalis  Krug  &  Urban;   UrbaUj  Symb.  Ant, 

1:  429.     1899. 
Catesbaea  fasciculata  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:    66.     1902. 

A  much-branched  shrub;  2  m.  high  or  less,  the  branches  long  and  slender, 
usually  copiously  armed  with  slender  spines  5-20  mm.  longj  rather  densely 
leafy.  Leaves  coriaceous,  obovate  to  suborbicular  or  oblanceolate,  3-10  mm. 
long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles;  flowers 
sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils;  calyx-teeth  subulate;  corolla  about  6  mm. 
long,  its  4  lobes  obtuse;  berry  globose,  white,  about  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

White-lands,  savannas  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Berry  Islands,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Eleuthera.  Little  San  Salvador,  Exuma  Chain  to  Great  Ragged  Island,  Green 
Cay  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ;  Jamaica.     Small-flowered  Catesbya. 

3.  Catesbaea  foliosa  Millsp.  Field.  Mus.  Bot.  2:  312.     1909. 

A  stout-branched,  spreading  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  with  or  without  spines, 
the  bark  loose  and  grayish-white;  branchlets  densely  and  minutely  resinous, 
setose.  Leaves  thick,  8-13  mm.  long,  2-6  mm.  wide,  linear- spatulate  to 
obovate,  dark  green,  subsessile,  the  apex  obtuse,  rarely  mucronulate,  the 
margin  revolute,  the  upper  surface  appearing  as  if  varnished;  flowers  pedicel- 
late; calyx-teeth  subulate,  obtuse,  about  1  mm.  long,  minutely  setulose;  berry 
white,  globose,  2-3  mm.  in  diameter;  seeds  reddish,  ovate,  umbonate  in  the 
center  on  both  sides. 

White-lands  and  scrub-lands.  Conception  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay, 
Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Grand 
Turk,  Ambergris  Cay  and  Inagua.  Referred  to  in  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  2  :  167  as 
C.  campamilata,  and  possibly  a  large-leaved  race  of  the  preceding  species  though  ap- 
pearing distinct.     Leafy  Catesbya. 

7.    HAMEIiIA  Jacq.  Enum.  2,  16.     1760. 

Shrubs,  or  small  trees,  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  petioled  leaves,  nar- 
row deciduous  stipules,  and  red  or  yellow  flowers  secund  on  the  branches  of 
terminal  compound  cymes.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  to  turbinate,  its  5  short  lobes 
persistent.  Corolla  tubular,  or  narrowly  campanulate,  constricted  at  the  base, 
the  limb  5-lobed,  the  lobes  short,  imbricated.  Stamens  5,  borne  near  the  base 
of  the  corolla;  filament  short;  anthers  basifixed,  linear,  scarcely  exserted,  or 
included,  the  connective  appendaged.  Ovary  5-celled;  style  filiform;  stigma 
narrowly  fusiform;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity.  Berry  small,  ovoid,  5- 
lobed,  5-celled.  Seeds  very  small,  angled.  [In  honor  of  H.  L.  du  Hamel  de 
Monceau,  1700-1782,  French  botanist.]  About  25  species  of  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical America.     Type  species:  Hamelia  erecta  Jacq. 


412  EUBIACEAE. 

1,  Hamelia  erecta  Jacq.  Ennm.   16.     1760. 

Hamelia  patens  Jacq.  Enum.  16.     1760. 

A  shrub;  or  small  tree  up  to  about  4  m.  high,  with  slender  branches,  the 
tTvigs,  leaves  and  inflorescence  jDuberulent.  Leaves  opposite,  or  verticillate  in 
3  's  to  5  's,  thin,  elliptic  to  ovate-elliptic,  5-15  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  slender  petioles  one-fourth  to 
one-half  as  long  as  the  blades;  stipules  lance-subulate,  2-3  mm.  long;  cymes 
3-5-rayed ;  flowers  numerous,  very  short-pedicelled ;  corolla  crimson  to  scarlet, 
tubular,  12-20  mm.  long,  its  lobes  very  short;  berries  dark  red  or  purple,  5-6 
mm.  long,  a  little  produced  beyond  the  calyx. 

Coppices,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America. 
Scarlet  Hamelia. 

8.  GUETTARDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  991.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules,  the  axillary 
cymo&e,  or  sometimes  solitary  flowers,  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx 
with  an  ovoid  or  globose  tube,  the  limb  tubular,  rarely  persistent,  mostly  trun- 
cate or  irregularly  toothed.  Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  elongated,  sometimes 
curved,  the  limb  with  4-9  obtuse  imbricated  lobes.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
corolla-lobes,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube;  filaments  very  short  or  none;  anthers 
linear.  Ovary  4-9-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  style  filiform; 
stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  drupaceous.  [In  honor  of  Jean  Etienne 
Guettard,  1715-1786,  French  botanist.]  Sixty  species  or  more,  mostly  of 
tropical  America.     Type  species:    Guettarda  speciosa  L. 

Leaves  coriaceous. 

Leaves  scabrous  above;  fruit  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  1.   O.  scahra. 

Leaves  smooth  above  ;  fruit  9-12  mm.  in  diameter.  2.   G.  Krugii. 

Leaves  chartaceous  or  membranous. 

Leaves  strongly   reticulate-veined,  and  densely  pale-pubescent 
beneath  :  corolla  1-3  cm.  long. 
Inflorescence  several-many-flowered. 

Leaves  9-12  cm.  long,  acute  at  apex  ;  corolla  2  cm.  lono^.      3.   G.  Nas7iu. 
Leaves  5  cm.  long  or  less,  rounded  at  apex ;  corolla  1  cm. 

long.  4.   G.  Taylori. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils  :  corolla  3  cm.  long.  5.  G.  inagnensis. 

Leaves  not  reticulate-veined,  finely  pubescent  or  glabrate  be- 
neath ;  corolla  about  6  mm.  long.  6.   G.  elUptica. 

1.  Guettarda  scabra  (L.)  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  2:  218.     1819. 

Matthiola   scahra   L.    Sp.    PI.    1192.     1753. 

A  shrub  or  tree  up  to  10  m,  high,  the  young  twigs  villous-tomentose. 
Leaves  elliptic  to  ovate  or  obovate,  coriaceous,  3-15  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  short- 
pointed  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  subcordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  usually 
very  rough  (rarely  becoming  smooth)  above,  densely  reticulate-veined  and 
finely  pubescent  beneath,  the  stout  pubescent  petioles  0.5-2  cm.  long;  stipules 
triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  2-3  mm.  long;  peduncles  few-flowered,  2-10  cm. 
long;  calyx  finely  pubescent,  about  3  mm.  long;  corolla  1.5-2  cm.  long, 
appressed-pubescent;  white^  its  oblong  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube;  fruit 
globose,  red,  finely  pubescent,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter,  the  calyx-limb  at  length 
wholly  deciduous.     Flowers  fragrant. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleu- 
thera.  Cat  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Mariguana.  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba 
to  Virgin  Gorda  and  Martinique;  Jamaica;  continental  tropical  America.  G.  speciosa 
of  Schoepf.  ?     Rough  Velvet-seed.     Vel%'et-beeby. 


EUBIACEAE.  413 

2.  Guettarda  Krugii  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  1:  431.     1899. 

A  shrub,  1-4  m.  high,  in  Porto  Rico  sometimes  becoming  a  tree  up  to  10 
m.  high,  the  twigs  stout,  the  young  ones  densely  tomentulose,  the  older  gray 
and  glabrous.  Stipules  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  brownish  villous,  deciduous; 
leaves  ovate  to  suborbicular  or  elliptic-obovate,  coriaceous,  or  those  of  shoots 
subehartaceous,  obtuse,  rounded  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at 
the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous  above,  densely  pubescent,  strongly  and  densely 
reticulate-veined  beneath,  3-11  cm.  long,  the  stout,  villous  and  tftmentose 
petioles  6-15  mm.  long,  or  those  of  shoots  larger  and  longer-petioled;  cymes 
1-few-flowered  in  the  upper  axils;  peduncles  1  cm.  long  or  less;  calyx  brown- 
ish villous,  5-6  mm.  long,  its  limb  irregularly  subtruncate;  corolla  white,  ap- 
pressed-villous,  about  1.5  cm.  long,  its  lobes  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
tube;   fruit  globose,  densely  tomentulose,  9-12  mm.  in  diameter. 

Scrub-lands  and  rocky  coppices,  Abaco,  Eleuthera,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island  and 
Watling's  to  Grand  Turk,  Ambergris  Cay  and  Inagua  :— Porto  Rico.  Recorded  by 
Hitclicock  as  G.  calyptrata  A.  Ricti.  Some  of  our  specimens  are  barren  and  are  re- 
ferred to  this  species  with  hesitation.     Kuug's  Velvet-sekd.     Fkogwood. 

3.  Gruettarda  Nashii  Britton  &  Millspaugh,  sp.  nov. 

A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  slender  branches,  the  young  twigs, 
petioles  and  peduncles  densely  tomentulose.  Stipules  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
appressed-villous,  deciduous,  10-12  mm.  long;  leaves  elliptic  to  elliptic-obovate, 
or  rhombic-elliptic,  chartaceous,  9-12  cm.  long,  sharply  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  pubescent  on  the  veins  but  otherwise  glabrous 
above,  densely  reticulate-veined  and  pilose-tomentulose  beneath,  the  rather 
slender,  tomentulose  petioles  1.5-2  cm.  long;  peduncles  axillary,  rather  slender, 
tomentulose,  2.5-3.5  cm.  long;  cymes  8-12-flowered,  their  branches  1-2  cm. 
long;  flowers  sessile;  calyx  tomentulose,  obliquely  truncate,  6-7  mm.  long; 
bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  calyx;  corolla  white,  appressed-pubescent  with 
long  hairs,  2  cm.  long,  the  oblong  obtuse  lobes  about  one-fourth  as  long  as 
the  tube. 

Scrub-lands,  Matthew  Town,  Inagua   (Nash  d  Taylor^  1369).     Nash's  Velvet-seed. 

4.  Guettarda  Taylori  Britton  &  Millspaugh,  sp.  nov. 

A  small  tree,  up  to  4  m.  high,  with  slender  branches,  the  young  twigs 
densely  tomentulose.  Stipules  broadly  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse,  densely  tomentu- 
lose and  appressed-villous,  8-10  mm.  long;  leaves  elliptic,  ovate-elliptic  or 
obovate,  membranous,  3-5  cm.  long,  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  the  base;  pubescent  on  the  veins,  but  otherwise  glabroui 
above,  densely  tomentulose,  appressed-villous  on  the  veins,  and  reticulate- 
veined  beneath,  the  slender  villous  petioles  8-12  mm.  long;  peduncles  slender, 
axillary,  tomentulose,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles;  cymes  compact,  5-8- 
flow'ered;  flowers  sessile;  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  calyx;  calyx  tomentu- 
lose, 5  mm.  long,  pointed  in  bud;  corolla  white,  appressed-strigose,  1  cm.  long, 
its  lobes  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Matthew  Town,  Inagua  {Nash  c€  Taylor,  918).     Taylor's  Velvet-seed. 

5.  Guettarda  inaguensis  Britton  &  Millspaugh,  sp.  nov. 

A  small  tree,  up  to  4  m.  high,  with  slender  stiff  straight  glabrous 
branches,  the  young  twigs  tomentose.  Leaves  membranous,  broadly  elliptic, 
3-5  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  cordate  to  truncate  at  the  base, 
sparingly  .pubescent  with  Jong  scattered  hairs  above,  densely  tomentulose, 
finely  reticulate-veined  and  appressed-villous  on  the  midvein  beneath,  the 
rather  stout,  villous  petioles  5-10  mm.  long;  stipules  ovate,  obtuse,  tomentu- 
lose and  villous,  about  8  mm.  long,  deciduous ;  flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the 
axils:  calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  2-lobed,  5-6  mm.  long,  densely  pubescent; 


414  EUBIACEAE. 

corolla  nearly  3  cm.  long,  densely  pubescent,  its  very  slender  tube  5-6  times 
as  long  as  the  oblong  lobes;  fruit  subglobose^  densely  puberulent,  10-11  mm. 
in  diameter. 

Matthew  Town,  Inagua  (Nash  c£-  Taylor,  919).     Ixagua  Velvet-seed. 

6.  Guettarda  elliptica  iSw.  Prodr.  59.     1788. 

A  siirub  or  a  tree  up  to  8  m.  high,  with  slender  branches,  the  young  twigs 
loosely  pubescent.  Leaves  chartaceous,  elliptic  to  ovate-elliptic  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  2-7  cm.  long,  obtuse,  acutish  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  narrowed, 
obtuse,  or  (on  young  shoots)  rarely  subcordate  at  the  base,  sparingly  pubes- 
cent or  glabrate  above,  finely  appressed-silky  beneath,  the  petioles  3-8  mm. 
long,  or  those  of  shoot-leaves  longer;  stipules  lanceolate,  4-10  mm.  long; 
peduncles  slender,  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  few-several-flowered; 
bracts  lanceolate  or  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long, 
puberulent,  nearly  truncate;  corolla  white  or  yellowish-white,  above  6  mm. 
long,  silky-pubescent,  its  4  oblong  lobes  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  tube; 
fruit  globose,  red,  turning  black,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter,  the  calyx-limb  at  length 
deciduous. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco,  Great  Bahama 
and  Andros  to  the  Caicos  Islands  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica ;  Hispani- 
ola  ;  Mona  ;  St.  Thomas.     Common  Velvet-seed. 

9.  STENOSTOMUM  Gaertn.  f.  Fr.  &  Sem.  3:  69.     1805. 

Mostly  glabrous  shrubs  or  trees,  often  resinous,  with  opposite  leaves  and 
small,  se?sile  or  short-pedicelled  flowers  secund  on  the  branches  of  axillary 
peduncled  cymLS.  Calyx-tube  mostly  ovoid,  its  4-5-toothed  or  nearly  truncate 
limb  persistent.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  its  4  or  5  lobes  imbricated. 
Stamens  4  or  5,  borne  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short  or  filiform; 
anthers  linear.  Ovary  2-6-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity;  style  slender; 
stigma  capitate  or  lobed.  Fruit  a  small,  2-6-celled  drupe.  [Greek,  narrow 
mouth.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies.  Type  species:  Steno- 
stomum.  lucidum  (Sw.)  Gaertn.  f. 

Leaves  thin,  manifestly  petioled.  1.  8.  lucidum. 
Leaves  thick,  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  elliptic  to  obovate-oblong,  3  cm.  long  or  less.                     2.  8.  mj/rtifoUum. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  4-9  cm.  long.  3.  8.  densiflorum. 

1.  Stenostomum  lucidum  (Sw.)  Gaertn.  f.  Fr.  «S:  Sem.  3:   69.     1805. 

Laugeria  lucida  Sw.  Prodr.  48.     1788. 

Antirrhoea  lucida  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  2:   100.     1873. 

A  smooth-barked  tree,  5-13  m.  high,  or  often  a  shrub,  with  slender  spread- 
ing glabrous  gray  branches.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  chartaceous,  glabrous, 
4-10  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
bright  green,  shining,  pinnately  veined,  the  petioles  4-10  mm.  long;  stipules 
narrowly  lanceolate,  puberulent,  about  8  mm.  long;  inflorescence  glabrous, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  leaves,  the  branches  of  the  cyme  few,  very  slen- 
der; flowers  sessile;  calyx  turbinate,  5-toothed,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  the  teeth 
rounded;  corolla  white,  4-5  mm.  long,  with  5  rounded  lobes;  drupe  oblong, 
red  to  black,  5-7  mm.  long,  crowned  by  the  calyx-limb. 

Coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island  to  Great 
Ragged  Island,  Inagua  and  Mariguana  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix  ;  .Jamaica  ; 
recorded  south  to  Trinidad.     Shinikq  Stenostomum. 


BUBIACEAE.  415 

2.  Stenostomum  myrtifolium  Griseb.  Fl,  Br.  W.  I.  334.     1861. 

Antirrhoea  myrtifolia  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  1:  440.     1899. 

A  mucli-branched,  resinous  rigid  shrub^  6-13  dm.  high,  the  young  twigs 
pubescent.  Leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  coriaceous,  viscid, 
oblong  to  elliptic  or  elliptic-obovate,  3  cm.  long  or  less,  8-17  mm.  wide, 
obtuse  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  finely 
reticulate-veined,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  stout  puberulent  petioles  about 
2  mm.  long;  stipules  deltoid-ovate;  peduncles  2-3-flowered,  pubescent,  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  flowers  sessile;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long,  the  limb  5- 
toothed;  corolla  white,  6-8  mm.  long,  its  5  oblong  obtuse  lobes  much  shorter 
than  the  tube;  drupe  globose-ellipsoid,  black,  4  mm.  long. 

White-lands,  pine-lands,  coppices,  and  scrub-lands.  Berry  Islands,  North  Bimini, 
Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  to  North  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Cuban  Cays. 
Myrtle  Stenostomum. 

3.  Stenostomum  densiflorum  Griseb.  Cat.  PL  Cub.  132.     1866. 

Laugeria  densiflora  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  93.     1893. 
Giiettarda  densiflora  Maza,  Ann.  Soc.  Esp.  Hist.  Nat.  23:   290.     1894. 

A  shrub,  usually  1-3  mm.  high,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree  up  to  5  m. 
high,  the  bark  smooth,  the  slender,  glabrous  branches  ascending.  Leaves 
coriaceous,  viscid-resinous  at  least  when  young,  oblong  to  elliptic-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  dull  and  paler  beneath,  the 
petioles  very  short,  the  short-ovate  stipules  connate^  ciliate,  persistent;  pe- 
duncles several-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  the  cyme  usually 
2-forked;  flowers  sessile;  calyx  about  1  mm.  long;  corolla  about  4  mm.  long, 
its  oblong  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  drupe  globose  or  globose-ellipsoid, 
pink  to  blue-black,  3-4  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands    and    coppices,    Abaco,    Andros,    New    Providence : — Cuba.      Viscid 

STEXOSI     .^lUM.  • 

10.  ERITHALIS  P.  Br.;    L.  Syst.  ed.   10,  930.     1759. 

Glabrous  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  broad,  dark  green,  opposite  petioled 
leaves,  connate  stipules,  and  small  flowers  in  corymbose  panicles.  Calyx-tube 
globose  to  ovoid,  the  short  limb  truncate  or  4-5-toothed.  Corolla  nearly  rotate 
or  salverform,  its  5-10  narrow  lobes  valvate,  recurved  or  spreading.  Stamens 
5-10,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  basifixed, 
narrow.  Ovary  5-10-celled;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity,  pendulous;  style 
stout.  Fruit  a  small  drupe,  containing  5-10  nutlets.  [Greek,  very  green.] 
About  6  species,  of  the  West  Indies,  Florida  and  Central  America.  Type 
species:  Erithalis  fruticosa  L. 

1.  Erithalis  fruticosa  L.  loc.  cit.     1759. 

Erithalis  odorifera  Jaeq.  Select.  Am.  72.     1763. 

A  shrub,  6  dm.  to  4  m.  high,  or  a  tree  up  to  8  m.  high,  with  terete 
branches.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong,  obovate  or  suborbieular,  subcoriaceous, 
dark  green,  shining,  4-15  cm.  long,  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex, 
mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles  4-16  mm.  long;  stipules  connate, 
mucronate,  the  sheath  persistent,  1-2  mm.  long;  panicles  peduncled,  several- 
many-flowered;  calyx  1-2  mm.  long,  the  limb  repand-denticulate;  corolla  4-10 
mm.  long,  deeply  5-parted,  its  lobes  linear-oblong;  anthers  as  long  as  the 
filaments  or  longer;    drupe   globose   or   depressed-globose,   5-10-furrowed,  '2-5 


416  EUBIACEAE. 

mm.  in  diameter^  black  when  mature.     Consists   of  many   races,   differing  in 
size  of  tlie  plant,  leaves,  fruit  and  flowers,  and  length  of  the  calyx-limb. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices  and  coastal  thickets,  throughout  the  archipelago  : — Flor- 
ida;  West  Indies;  Central  America.  In  Bulletin  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  452,  E.  odorifera 
was  referred  to  as  distinct  from  E.  frwticosa,  but  the  differences  observed  do  not 
now  appear  to  be  sufficient  to  maintain  the  two  as  species.  Referred  to  E.  rotundata 
Griseb.  by  Mrs.  Northrop.     Black  Toech. 

11.  PHIALANTHUS  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  335.     1861. 

Eesiniferous  shrubs  or  small  trees^  with  terete  branches,  coriaceous  oppo- 
site short-petioled,  oblong  to  lanceolate  leaves,  and  small  axillary  clustered, 
sessile  or  short-pedicelled  flowers,  the  stipules  connate.  Calyx  turbinate,  with 
4  or  5  persistent  lobes.  Corolla  funnelform,  its  4  or  5  lobes  obtuse,  valvate. 
Stamens  4  or  5,  borne  on  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary  2-celled;  style 
filiform ;  s-tigma.  obtuse ;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  drupaceous. 
[Greek,  urn-flower.]  Four  known  West  Indian  species.  Type  species:  Phia- 
lanthus  myrtilloides  Griseb. 

1.  Phialanthus  myrtilloides  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  335.     1861. 

A  shrub,  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  1-3  m.  high.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblong- 
spatulate,  1.5-5  cm.  long,  0.5-2  cm.  wide,  obtuse  or  bluntly  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral  venation 
almost  wholly  obscure;  fascicles  of  flowers  mostly  opposite,  very  short- 
peduncled;  calyx-tube  narrowly  turbinate,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  the  4  persistent 
thin,  oblong  to  spatulate,  obtuse  lobes  2-2.5  mm.  long. 

Coppices,  pine-lands,  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island.  Ex- 
uma,  Crooked  and  Fortune  Islands,  the  Inaguas  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Cuba.  Myrtle 
Phialanthus.     Candlewood. 

12.  CHIOCOCCA  P.  Br.;   L.  Syst.   ed.   10^917.     1759. 

Woody  vines,  or  shrubs,  with  broad  opposite  subcoriaceous  or  chartaceous 
leaves,  broad  stipules,  and  small,  yellow  or  white  flowers  in  axillary,  simple  or 
compound  racemes.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  to  turbinate,  the  limb  5-toothed,  per- 
sistent. Corolla  funnelform  or  narrowly  campanulate,  with  5  valvate  re- 
flexed  or  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  5^  borne  toward  the  base  of  the  corolla- 
tube;  filaments  mostly  pubescent,  connate  at  the  base;  anthers  linear,  basi- 
fixed,  not  exserted.  Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  3-celled;  style  filiform;  ovules 
solitary  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Drupe  flattened,  leathery,  Avhite.  Seed- 
coat  membranous;  endosperm  fleshy.  [Greek,  snowberry.]  About  10  species, 
natives  of  Florida,  Bermuda  and  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Chiococca 
racemosa  L. 

Leaves  bright  green,  mostly  4-8  cm.  long ;  corolla  bright  yellow  ; 

fruit  6-8  mm.  broad.  1.  C.  alba. 

Leaves  dark  green,  mostly  2—4  cm.  long ;  corolla  white  or  purple  to 

pale  yellow  ;  fruit  about  5  mm.  broad.  2.  G.  pinetorum. 

1.  Chiococca  alba   (L.)    Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.   Gard.  4:   94.     1893. 

Lonicera  alha  L.  8p.  PI.  175.     1753. 

Chiococca  racemosa  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  917.     1759. 

Chiococca  parvifolia  Wullsehl.;  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  337.     1861. 

A  glabrous  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  with  slender  spreading  branches,  or  a 
vine   5  m.   long   or  more.     Leaves  elliptic,   oblong,   ovate   or   ovate-lanceolate, 


EUBIACEAE.  417 

2-8  cm.  long,  acute,  acuminate  or  bluntish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral  veins  few  and  obscure^  the  slender  petioles 
4-12  mm.  long;  racemes  several-many -flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves,  or 
longer,  or  shorter;  corolla  5-lobed  nearly  to  the  middle,  yellow,  6-9  mm.  long; 
drupes   bright  white,   orbicular,   5-8  mm.   broad. 

Coppices,  scrub-lands  and  pine-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco, 
Great  Bahama  and  Andros  to  Mariguana,  North  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West 
Indies ;  continental  tropical  America.  Consists  of  many  races  differing  in  size  of 
corolla,  shape  of  leaves  and  with  calyx-teeth  deltoid  to  deltoid-lanceolate,  the  anther 
tips  either  included  or  somewhat  exserted  beyond  the  coroUa-tube.  West  Indian 
Snowberry.     Snakeroot. 

2.  Chiococca  pinetorum  Britton;  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:   171.     1906. 

A  vine,  creeping  or  low-climbing,  sometimes  1.5  m.  long,  usually  shorter. 
Branches  short;  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  small,  2-4.5  cm.  long, 
varying  from  acute  to  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  coriaceous, 
dark  green  and  shining  above,  paler  and  clull  beneath,  the  midvein  impressed 
on  the  under  side,  the  lateral  veins  few  and  obscure,  the  petiole  slender,  2-3 
mm.  long;  racemes  few-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  or  about  equalling 
them;  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  or  sometimes  a  little  longer;  calyx 
campanulate  2  mm.  long;  corolla  funnelform-campanulate^  about  5  mm.  long, 
white  or  purple  changing  to  yellow;  berry  white,  somewhat  compressed,  4-6 
mm.  in  diameter. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence.  Cat 
Island  and  Watling's  : — Florida.     Pineland  Snowberry. 

13.  SCOLOSANTHUS  Vahl,  Eclog.  1:   11.     1796. 

Shrubs,  often  spiny,  with  opposite  petioled  coriaceous  leaves,  and  small 
or  minute,  axillary_,  solitary  or  clustered,  peduncled  flowers.  Calyx-tube  short, 
the  limb  4-clef t,  the  lobes  narrow.  Corolla  small,  funnelf orm,  its  4  short 
spreading  lobes  imbricated.  Stamens  4,  included,  the  filaments  filiform,  the 
anthers  linear.  Ovary  2-celled;  style  slender,  pilose;  stigma  notched  or  2- 
elef t ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  ovary-ca\aty,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  small  drupe. 
[Greek,  curved  flower,,  of  no  obvious  application.]  About  7  species,  natives  of 
the  West  Indies.     Type  species:  Scolosanthns  versicolor  A^ahl. 

1.  Scolosanthus  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  452.     1905. 

An  intricately  branched,  somewhat  resinous  shrub,  8  dm.  high  or  less, 
with  gray-brown  bark,  the  young  twigs  greenish,  densely  papillose,  4-angled, 
armed  with  slender  scattered  pungent  solitaiy  spines  1  cm.  long  or  less. 
Leaves  opposite  or  fascicled,  2-5  mm.  long,  thick,  papillose,  ovate  to  elliptic, 
revolute-margined,  obtuse,  very  short-petioled,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath; 
flowers  not  seen;  fruits  solitary,  oblong  to  globose,  white,  soft,  2-4  mm.  long. 

Coppices  and  pine-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island.  Endemic. 
Bahama  Scolosanthus. 

14.  STRUMPFIA  Jacq.   Enum.    8,   28.     1760. 

A  low,  much-branched  shrub,  with  linear,  revolute-margined,  coriaceous, 
very  short-petioled  leaves  verticillate  in  3  's,  and  erow^ded  near  the  ends  of  the 
short-jointed  branches,  the  small  white  flowers  in  short  axillary  racemes,  the 
small  stipules  persistent.  Calyx  ovoid,  the  limb  5-cleft,  the  lobes  persistent. 
Corolla  deeply  5-cleft,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  imbricated,  the  tube  very  short. 
Stamens   5,  borne   at  the   base   of  the  corolla-tube;    filaments   short,   slightly 


418  RUBIACEAE. 

united  at  the  base;  anthers  narrowly  oblong,  connate.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules 
1  in  each  cavity,  erect,  anatropous;  style  pubescent;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a 
small  fleshy  drupe,  containing  1  or  2  stones.  Seed  oblong;  endosperm  fle&hy; 
embryo  minute.  [Named  for  Karl  Strumpf,  professor  in  Halle.]  A  mono- 
typic  West  Indian  genus. 

1.  Strumpfia  maritima  Jaeq.  Enum.  28.     1760. 

A  shrub  2  m.  high  or  less,  the  rather  stout  twigs  densely  pubescent  or 
puberulent,  scarred  by  the  persistent  stipule-bases.  Leaves  1-2.5  cm.  long, 
apiculate,  pubescent  when  young,  the  margins  revolute  so  as  to  meet  and  cov^er 
the  under  surface;  peduncles  pubescent,  2-10  mm.  long;  calyx  about  1  mm. 
long;  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  acute;  corolla  pubescent,  3-4  mm.  long, 
its  short  tube  campanulate,  its  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube;  drupes 
white  or  red,  3-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coastal  rocks  and  rocky  plains,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco,  Great 
Bahama  and  Andros  to  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  Cozu- 
mel.     Strumpfia. 

15.  PSYCHOTRIA  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  929.     1759. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  rarely  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  or  rarely  verticillate 
leaves,  the  stipules  persistent  or  deciduous,  the  small  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbs  or  panicles,  rarely  in  axillary  fascicles.  Calyx  short,  the  limb  4-5- 
toothed.  Corolla  funnelform  or  subcampanulate,  the  limb  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes 
valvate.  Stamens  5,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  the  filaments  mostly  short,  the 
anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  erect,  anat- 
ropous;  style  short  or  elongated;  stigma  2-cleft.  Fruit  a  globose  to  oblong 
drupe  containing  2  pyrenae,  smooth,  angled  or  ribbed.  Seed  convex;  endo- 
sperm fleshy  or  cartilaginous.  [Greek,  to  give  life,  from  supposed  medicinal 
properties.]  A  very  large  genus,  containing  500  species  or  more,  natives  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species:  Psychotria  asiatica  L.,  of 
Jamaica. 

Fruit  subdidymous,  broader  than  long;  pyrenae  angled.  1.  P.  piibescens. 
Fruit  ellipsoid  ;  pyrenae  furrowed. 

Panicles  sessile.  2.  P.  undata. 

Panicles  stalked.  3.   P.  Ugustrifolia. 

1.  Psychotria  pubescens  Sw.  Prodr.  44.     1788. 

Myrstiphylhim  puhescens  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   95.     1893. 

A  shrub,  3  m.  high  or  less,  rarely  a  small  tree  5  m.  high,  the  branches 
slender,  sometimes  constricted  at  the  nodes,  the  twigs,  leaves  and  inflorescence 
finely  pubescent  or  puberulent,  rarely  glabrous.  Leaves  membranous,  elliptic 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  7-15  cm.  long,  acuminate  at  the  apes,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  prominently  pinnately  veined,  the  slender  petioles  8-18  mm,  long,  the 
subulate  geminate  stipules  united  by  their  broad  bases;  panicles  peduncled, 
usually  many-flowered;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx  about  1  mm.  long,  its  teeth 
ovate;  corolla  yellow,  whitish  or  pinkish,  4-5  mm.  long,  usually  puberulent 
outside,  pubescent  in  the  throat,  its  oblong  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  drupe 
subglobose,  black,  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  the  pyrenae  angled. 

Pine-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — 
Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  ;  St.  Kitts ;  Jamaica.     Hairy  Wild  Coffee. 


RUBIACEAE.  419 

2.  Psychotria  undata  Jaeq.  Hort.  Schoen.  3:  5.     1798. 

Fsychoiria  lanceolata  Nutt.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  I.  5:  290.     1822. 
Myrstiphyllum  undatum  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   95.     1893. 

A  shrub,  0.5-3  m.  high,  the  twigs,  leaves  and  inflorescence  usually  gla- 
brous, sometimes  pubescent.  Leaves  elliptic  to  oblong-elliptic,  chartaceous, 
6-12  cm.  long;,  strongly  pinnately  veined,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  bright  green  abov3,  pale-green  beneath_,  the  slender  petioles  15  mm. 
long  or  less,  the  stipules  connate-sheathing,  deciduous;  panicle  sessile,  several- 
many-flowered;  flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  calyx  about  1  mm,  long,  its 
limb  nearly  truncate;  corolla  white,  about  4  mm.  long,  its  lobes  shorter  than 
the  tube;  drupe  red,  ellipsoid,  blunt,  5-7  mm.  long;  pyrenae  grooved. 

Pine-lands,  scrub-lands  and  coppices,  tliroughout  the  arcliipelago  from  Abaco, 
Great  Batiama,  the  Biminis  and  Andros  to  Watling's  and  Long  Island  : — Florida  and 
the  West  Indies ;  Central  America.     ?P.  asiatica  of  Schoepf.     Wild  Coffee. 

3.  Psychotria  li^strifdlia  (Northrop)  Millsp.  Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  172.     1906. 

Myrstiphylhim   ligustrifolhim  Northrop,  Mem.   Torr.   Club   12:    68.     1902. 
Psychotria  haJiamensis  Millsp.;   Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.   Gard.  3:    451. 
1905. 

A  nearly  glabrous  shrub,  rarely  more  than  2.5  m.  high.  Leaves  thin, 
lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  broadest  at  or  above  the  middle,  narrowed  to  the 
apex  and  to  the  petiole,  slightly  pilose  beneath,  especially  along  the  mid-rib; 
stipules  large,  orbicular,  dimidiate-sheathing,  apiculate ;  inflorescence  panicu- 
late, peduncled,  4-chotomous,  exceeded  by  the  leaves;  calyx  with  5  short  deltoid 
teeth;  corolla-tube  glabrous  without,  bearded  in  a  ring  at  the  insertions  of 
the  filaments  within,  its  lobes  5,  elliptic,  acute,  strongly  deflexed,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  tube;  fruit  ellipsoid,  red,  about  5  mm.  long;  pyrenae  plano- 
convex, grooved. 

Pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco.  Great  Ba- 
hama, the  Biminis  and  Andros  to  Mariguana,  North  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Florida  ; 
Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola ;  Porto  Rico.     Smooth  Wild  Coffee. 

16.  MORINDA  L.  Sp.   PI.   176.     1753. 

Shrubs,  vines  or  trees,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves,  and  mostly  per- 
fect, white  or  red  flowers  in  dense  terminal  or  axillary  capitate  clusters.  Calyx 
truncate  or  obscurely  toothed.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  its  4-7  lobes 
valvate.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  the  short  filaments  adnate  to 
the  throat  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  mostly  2-celled;  styles  connate;  stigmas 
slender;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  ascending.  Fruit  a  fleshy  syncarp.  [Latin, 
Indian  Mulberry.]  Forty  species  or  more,  of  tropical  distribution,  the  follow- 
ing typical. 

1.  Morinda  Royoc  L.  Sp.  PI.  176.     1753. 

A  shrub,  3  m.  high  or  less,  with  slender  straggling  branches,  or  a  vine  up 
to  7  m.  long,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout.  Leaves  oblong  to  oblong- 
oblanceolate,  thin,  but  somewhat  fleshy,  5-10  cm,  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  darkening  in  drying,  the  petioles 
5-10  mm.  long,  the  broad  persistent  stipules  subulate-tipped ;  flowers  white 
or  pinkish,  in  axillary,  short-peduncled  heads;  corolla  6-8  mm.  long,  its  oblong 
lobes  shorter  than  the  tube;  syncarp  subglobose,  8-25  mm.  in  diameter,  yellow. 

Coastal  rocky  plains,  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  Eleuthera  : — Florida  ; 
Cuba  :  Hispaniola  ;  Jamaica  ;  Bonaire  ;  Curacao  :  Aruba  ;  South  Mexico  to  Colombia  ; 
recorded  from  Bermuda.     Called  Rhubarb.     Wild  Mulberry. 


420 


EUBIACEAE. 


1. 

E.  littoraUs. 

o 
3.' 

E.  angusta. 
E.  Cokeri. 

4. 

E.  Mill  spa  ughii. 

5. 

E.  Taylori. 

6. 

E.  NashU. 

17.   ERNODEA*  Sw.  Prodr.  29.    1788. 

Glabrous^,  or  somewhat  pubescent,  low  shrubs,  the  branches  erect,  decum- 
bent or  trailing,  with  opposite,  linear  to  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile  leaves,  the 
stipules  connate  into  a  sheath;  flowers  small,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils. 
Oalyx-tube  short,  the  limb  4-6-parted,  the  lobes  triangular  to  linear  or  subulate, 
persistent.  Corolla  white  to  pink,  the  tube  nearly  eylindric,  the  4-6  lobes  nar- 
row, revolute,  valvate.  Ovary  2-celled;  style  slender;  stigma  subcapitate; 
ovules  1  in  each  ovary-cavity.  Drupe  fleshy,  grooved,  containing  2  cartilag- 
inous, 1-seeded  pyrenes.  [Greek,  a  shoot  or  off -shoot.]  Only  the  following 
species  are  known.     Type  species:  Ernodea  littoraUs  Sw. 

Calyx-lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  fruit  or  longer. 

Leaves   lanceolate  to   elliptic,    oblaneeolate   or   oblong-lanceo- 
late, 5-10  mm.  wide. 
Corolla    white    to    pink ;    leaves    relatively    broad ;    plant 

mostly  of  coasts.  .     _  _. 

Corolla    red   to  scarlet ;   leaves   relatively   narrow ;    plant 
mostly  of  pine-lands. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-3  mm.  wide. 
Calyx-lobes  much  shorter  than  the  fruit. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate.  6-8  mm.  wide. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear  to  linear-oblanceolate,  1-3  mm.  wide. 
Leaves  bristle-tipped  ;  calyx-lobes  half  as  long  as  the  fruit. 
Leaves   merely  mucronate ;   calyx-lobes   one-third   as   long 
as  the  fruit. 

1.  Ernodea  littoralis  Sw.  Prodr.  29.     1788. 

A  glabrous  or  glandular-puberulent  shrub,  1-16  dm.,  high,  erect,  or  nearly 
or  quite  prostrate,  the  branches  4-angled,  usually  densely  leafy.  Leaves  3-5- 
nerved,  shining,  somewhat  fleshy,  oblong,  elliptic,  linear-oblong  or  oblaneeolate, 
2-3.5  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide;  entire  or  glandular-serrulate;  stipules  1.5-2 
mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube;  corolla  white 
or  pink,  its  tube  1-1.5  cm.  long;  fruit  subglobose,  yellow,  4-6  mm.  in  diameter, 
about  as  long  as  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  calyx-lobes. 

Coastal  rocks  and  sands  within  the  influence  of  ocean  spray,  throughout  the 
archipelago  from  Great  Bahama,  Abaco  and  Andros  to  Mariguana  and  Inagua  : — 
Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  Anegada  ;  St.  Croix  :  Guadeloupe ;  Jamaica.  Races 
differ  in  habit,  pubescence,  size  and  width  of  leaves.     Common  Erxode.v. 

2.  Ernodea  angusta  Small,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  438.     1905. 

Similar  to  prostrate  races  of  E.  littoraUs,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Leaves 
linear,  coriaceous,  2-4  cm.  long,  1.5-6  mm.  wide;  calyx-lobes  linear -lanceolate, 
acute,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube;  corolla  mostly  pink  or  red  to 
scarlet,  its  tube  8-10  mm.  long;  fruit  oval,  5-6  mm.  long. 

Coastal  pine-lands  of  Garden  Cay,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — 
Florida.     Pixelaxd  Ernodea, 

3.  Ernodea    Cokeri   Britton;    Coker    in    Shattuck,    The    Bahama    Islands    264. 

1905. 

Stems  very  slender,  trailing,  branched,  finely  pubescent,  3-9  dm.  long. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  2-3  cm.  long,  1-3  mm,  wide,  acute,  rough-pubescent, 
1-nerved.  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles;  stipules  about  2  mm.  long; 
fruit  globose-obovoid,  about  4  mm,  long;  calyx-lobes  subulate,  6-7  mm.  long; 
fruit  oval,  about  5  mm.  long. 

Trailing  on  sand  dunes  and  in  scrub-lands  of  Abaco,  Great  Bahama  and  Andros. 
Endemic.     Coker's  Ernodea. 

*  For  a  study  of  the  species  and  races  see  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club 
35:  203-8.     1908. 


RUBIACEAE.  421 

4.  Ernodea  Millspaughii  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.   Club  35:    207.     1908. 

A  shrub,  6-12  dm.  liigh_,  the  twigs  and  leaves  glabrous.  Leaves  oblong- 
oblanceolate,  sharply  pointed,  2-3  cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  the  short  broad 
stipules  cuspidate;  flowering  calyx  obovoid,  about  3  ram.  long,  the  triangular 
lobes  only  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  ovary;  corolla  white,  1  cm. 
long,  its  lobes  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube ;  fruit  nearly  oval,  5  mm. 
long,  the  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  1.5-2  mm.  long. 

Coastal  sands  of  Long  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  and  Grand  Turk.  Endemic. 
MiLLSPAUGH's  Ernodea. 

5.  Ernodea  Taylori   Britton,  Bull.   Torr.   Club  35:    208.     1908. 

Spreading,  with  long  slender  branches,  glabrous.  Leaves  narrowly  linear, 
stiff,  1.5-2,5  cm.  long^  1.5-2  mm.  wide,  revolute-margined,  spinulose-tipped, 
the  stipules  triangular-subulate;  flowers  not  seen;  fruit  golden-yellow,  oval,  5 
mm.  long,  the  calyx-lobes  narrowly  linear,  2  mm.  long. 

On  white-lands  at  Tenados,  Inagua.     Endemic.     Taylor's  Ernodea. 

6.  Ernodea  Nashii  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  35:  '208.     1908. 

Pros'trate,  glabrous  throughout,  the  branches  6  dm.  long,  or  more,  the 
branchlets  erect  or  ascending,  0.5-2  dm.  high,  the  twigs  very  densely  clothed 
with  leaves.  Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  leathery  in  texture,  2-2.5  cm.  long, 
2-3  mm.  wide,  mucronulate ;  flowering  calyx  4.5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  acute,  1.5 
mm.  long;  corolla  1.5  cm.  long,  its  lobes  w^hite  within,  brown  without,  about 
one-third  as  long  as  the  tube ;  fruit  ovoid-oval,  5  mm.  long,  the  persistent 
acute  calyx-lobes  1.5  mm.  long. 

White-lands  at  Moujean  Harbor,  Little  Inagua  and  at  the  west  end  of  that 
island.  Endemic.     Nash's  Ernodea. 

18.  BORRERIA  G.  F.  W.  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  79.     1818. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  entire  leaves, 
the  stipules  sheathing,  the  flowers  perfect,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  axillary 
or  terminal  clusters.  Calyx-tube  obovoid  or  turbinate,  its  lobes  persistent, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  small  teeth.  Corolla  w^hite,  pink  or  blue,  funnel- 
form  or  salverform,  the  lobes  4,  valvate,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  adnate  to  the 
corolla-tube,  sometimes  up  to  its  throat.  Disk  obsolete  or  cushion-like.  Ovary 
2-eelled;  styles  wholly  or  partially  united;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity, 
amphitropous.  Fruit  leathery  or  crustaceous,  the  2  carpels  opening  along 
their  inner  faces.  [In  honor  of  W.  Borrer,  British  lichenologist.]  About  90 
species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions.  Type  species:  Borreria  suave- 
olens  Meyer. 

Annual  herbs. 

Calyx-teeth  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube.  1.  B.  laevis. 

Calyx-teeth  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  2.  B.  ocimokles. 

Shrubs  or  woody  perennial  herbs. 

Stems  more  or  less  pubescent :  leaves  ciliate. 

Stem-pubescence  short,  stiff.  .S.   /?.  thj/mifolia. 

Stem-pubescence  loose,  floccose.  4.  B.  inaguensis. 

Stems  glabrous  ;  leaves  not  ciliate  or  but  slightly  ciliate. 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  1.5-3  mm.  wide;  corolla  4.5-5  mm. 

long.  5.  B.  saxicola. 

Leaves  linear,  0.8-1.2  mm.  wide  ;  corolla  2.5-4  mm.  long. 

Calyx-lobes  long-ciliate  ;  corolla  4  mm.  long.  6.  B.  Wilsonii. 

Calyx-lobes  glabrous  ;  corolla  2.5  mm.  long  or  less. 
Leaves  firm  in  texture,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  internodes 

of  branches  short;  calyx-lobes  mostly  2  or  3.  7.  B.hahamcnsis. 

Leaves  thin  in  texture,  1-3  cm.  long ;  internodes  of 

branches  elongated;  calyx-lobes  4.  8.   B.  savannarum. 


422  KUBIACEAE. 

1.  Borreria  laevis  (Lam.)  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  349.     1861. 

Spermacoce  laevis  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  1:  273.     1791. 

Slightly  pubescent,  branched^  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  1.5-3 
dm.  long^  somewhat  angled.  Leaves  oblong  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles,  pin- 
nately  veined;  stipular  sheath  subtruneate,  bearing  several  bristles  4-6  mm. 
long;  flowers  white,  about  3  mm.  wide,  capitate-clustered  in  the  axils;  calyx- 
lobes  4,  ovate,  minute;  fruit  obovoid,  about  2  mm.  long;  seeds  oblong,  striate. 

Sink-holes,  pine-lands  and  meadows,  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence  to  Wat- 
ling's  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Button- 
weed. 

2.  Borreria  ocimoides  (Burm.  f.)  DC.  Prodr.  4:  544.     1830. 

Spermacoce  ocimoides  Burm.  f.  Fl.  Ind.  34.     1768. 

Borreria  parviflora  G.  F.  W.  Meyer,  Prim.  Fl.  Esseq.  83.     1818. 

Annual,  6  dm.  high  or  less,  slenderj  erect  or  sometimes  diffusely  branched, 
glabrous,  the  stem  and  branches  4-angled.  Leaves  linear  to  oblong-elliptic,  or 
the  lower  spatulate,  0.5-2.5  cm.  long,  1-8  mm.  wide,  acute,  short-petioled ; 
stipular  sheath  with  setaceous  teeth  2-3  mm.  long;  glomerules  several-many- 
flowered,  6-8  mm.  in  diameter;  calyx-teeth  4,  subulate,  about  0.7  mm.  long; 
corolla  white,  a  little  shorter  than  the  calyx-teeth,  its  lobes  ovate;  fruit 
ellipsoid  to  obovoid,  pubescent,  nearly  1  mm.  long. 

South  Caicos,  Mariguana  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  ; 
East  Indies.     Slender  Borreria. 

3.  Borreria  thymifolia  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.W.  I.  350.     1861. 

Perennial,  suffrutescent;  stems  bushy -branched,  forming  clumps  up  to  1 
m.  broad,  3.5  dm.  high  or  less,  the  internodes  short,  the  4-angled  branches 
loosely  rather  stiff-pubescent.  Leaves  linear,  channeled,  stiff,  ciliate,  2-6  mm. 
long,  sessile,  the  apex  spinulose-apiculate ;  smaller  leaves  are  commonly 
fascicled  in  the  axils  of  the  larger  ones;  stipular  sheath  ciliate;  flowers  few 
together  in  small  terminal  heads  subtended  by  the  upper  leaves;  calyx-lobes 
2  or  3,  oblong-lanceolate,  sparingly  ciliate,  acute;  corolla  whitCj  about  3  mm. 
long,  its  lobes  deltoid-ovate. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Turk's  Islands.     Endemic. 

4.  Borreria  inaguensis  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

Intricately  branched  from  a  stout  woody  root,  forming  clumps  4  dm. 
in  diameter  or  more,  about  2  dm.  high,  the  branches  very  slender,  4-angled, 
loosely  soft-pubescent,  the  internodes  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
linear,  rather  stiff,  channeled,  ciliolate,  1.5-3  mm.  long,  spinulose-tipped, 
often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils;  flowers  few  or  solitary  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches  subtended  by  the  upper  leaves;  calyx-lobes  4,  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  1  mm.  long,  with  minute  accessary  teeth;  corolla  white, 
nearly  2  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse. 

Scrub-lands,  Moujean  Harbor,  Little  Inagua   (Nash  <&  Taylor,  21U). 

5.  Borreria  saxicola  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

Shrubby,  loosely  branched,  3-4  dm.  high,  the  twigs  slender,  glabrous, 
4-sided,  the  internodes  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  linear-oblong, 
glabrous,  rather  firm  in  texture,  10-18  mm.  long,  1.5-3  mm.  wide,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly  narrowed  toward  the  base,  usually  with  smaller 
ones  fascicled  in  the  axils;  stipular  sheath  sparingly  puberulent,  the  stipules 
short,  acute;  flowers  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  subtended  by  the  upper 
leaves;  calyx-teeth  3  or  4,  triangular-lanceolatej  acuminate,  glabrous,  1.5-2 
mm.  long;  corolla  4.5-5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate,  obtuse. 

Loose  rocky  soil,  South  Caicos  (type,  Millspaugh,  92J^2).     Endemic. 


EUBIACEAE.  423 

6.  Borreria  Wilsonii  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

Perennial  with  a  tap-root  1.5-2  dm.  long,  bushy-branched,  about  1.5  dm. 
high  and  as  broad  as  high,  the  slender  quadrangular  twigs  glabrous  or  very 
nearly  so,  the  internodes  about  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  somewhat  longer. 
Leaves  linear,  glabrous,  4-7  mm.  long^  about  1  mm.  wide,  apiculate,  shining, 
straight  or  somewhat  curved  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils;  stipular 
sheath  with  a  few  subulate  teeth;  flowers  few  together  at  the  ends  of  the 
twigs;  calyx-lobes  4,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  long-ciliate,  1.5  mm.  long;  corolla 
4  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate,  obtuse. 

Castle  Island   (Wilson,  7787).     Endemic. 

7.  Borreria  bahamensis  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

A  low  much-branched  glabrous  shrub,  1.5-3.5  dm.  high,  the  internodes 
mostly  less  than  2  cm.  long.  Leaves  linear^  rather  stiff,  8-15  mm.  long, 
mucronate,  0.5-1.5  mm.  wide,  usually  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils; 
stipular  sheath  few-toothed;  flowers  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches, 
subtended  by  the  upper  leaves,  the  heads  about  5  mm.  in  diameter;  calyx- 
lobes  2  or  3,  rarely  4;  corolla  white,  2-2.5  mm.  long,  its  lobes  ovate,  acute. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soil,  Cat  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Fortune  Island,  Rum  Cay,  Am- 
bergris Cay  and  Inagua.  Type  from  Crooked  Island  (Brace,  Jf7Jf9).  Recorded  by 
Hitchcock  as  B.  tJiymocephala  Griseb.,  and  listed  by  Coker  as  Bourreria  thymifolia. 
Endemic. 

8.  Borreria  savannarum  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

A  much  branched  glabrous  shrub  3-10  dm.  high^  with  very  slender, 
elongated,  4-angled  branches,  the  internodes  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  linear-filiform,  1-3  cm.  long,  about  0.5  mm.  wide,  thin  in  texture, 
apiculate,  darkening  in  drying,  often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils; 
stipular  sheath  with  several  subulate  teeth;  flowers  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  the  heads  3-4  mm.  in  diameter,  subtended  by  the  uppermost  leaves; 
calyx  with  4  linear  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  corolla  white,  2.5  mm. 
long,  its  lobes  ovate,  obtuse. 

Savannas,  Inagua  (type  Nash  &  Taylor,  1320)  ;  also  on  Acklin's  Island  and  For- 
tune Island.     Endemic. 

19.  SPERMACOCE  L.  Sp.   PI.    102.     1753. 

Herbs,  with  4-sided  stems,  opposite  stipulate  leaves,  and  small  white 
flowers,  in  dense  axillary  and  terminal  clusters.  Calyx-tube  obovoid,  or  ob- 
eonic,  its  limb  4-toothed.  Corolla  funnelform,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity;  style 
slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  slightly  2-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  didymous, 
of  2  carpels,  one  dehiscent,  the  other  usually  indehiscent.  Seeds  oblong, 
convex  on  the  back;  endosperm  horny;  embryo  central;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 
[Greek,  seed-point,  from  the  sharp  calyx-teeth  surmounting  the  carpels.]  Two 
or  three   species,  natives   of  America.     Type  species:    Spermacoce  tenuior  L. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  2-6  mm.  wide.  1.  S.  tenuior. 

Pubescent  with  long  hairs  ;  leaves  8-20  mm.  wide.  2.  S.  tetraquetra. 

1.  Spermacoce  tenuior  L.  Sp.  PI.  102.     1753. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Stems  simple  and  erect  or  more  or  less  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  1-3  dm.  long;  leaves  linear,  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  narrowed 
into  short  petioles;   calyx-lobes  subulate  or  lanceolate-subulate;   corolla  white, 


424  EUBIACEAE. 

twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes,  its  lobes  broad,  rounded,  the  fruit 
about  2  mm.  long. 

Waste  grounds  and  sink-holes,  throughout  the  archipehigo  from  Abaco,  Great 
Bahama  and  Andres  to  Watling's.  Crooked,  Inagua  and  Caicos  Islands : — Bermuda  ; 
southern  United   States  ;   West  Indies  and  continental  tropical   America. 

2.  Spermacoce  tetraquetra  A.  Eich.  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  11:   29.     1850. 

Stouter  and  larger  than  S.  tenuior,  sometimes  6  dm.  high,  densely  pubes- 
cent nearly  all  over  with  long,  whitish  hairs.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  strongly  veined,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the 
base.  2-8  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide  or  less;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate^  acuminate; 
corolla  white,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-lobes;   fruit  about  2  mm.  long. 

Waste  grounds,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Inagua  : — Bermuda  (naturalized)  ; 
Cuba. 

20.  GALIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  105.     1753. 

Herbs,  with  4-angled  slender  stems  and  branches,  apparently  verticillate 
leaves,  and  small  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  or  terminal  cjTues  or  panicles. 
Flowers  perfect,  or  in  some  species  dioecious.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  globose, 
the  limb  minutely  toothed,  or  none.  Corolla  rotate,  4-lobed  (rarely  3-lobed). 
Stamens  4,  rarely  3 ;  filaments  short ;  anthers  exserted.  Ovary  2-celled ;  ovules 
one  in  each  cavity.  Styles  2,  short;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  didymous^  sepa- 
rating into  2  indehiscent  carpels,  or  sometimes  only  1  of  the  carpels  maturing. 
Endosperm  horny;  embryo  curved;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  [Greek,  milk,  from 
the  use  of  G.  verum  for  curdling.]  About  250  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
The  leaves  are  really  opposite,  the  intervening  members  of  the  verticils  being 
stipules.     Type  species:   Galium  Molhtgo  L. 

1.  Galium  bermudense  L.  Sp.  PI.  105.     1753. 

Galium  liispidulum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:   79.     1803. 
Eelhiinium  hermudense  Britten,  Journ.  Bot.  47:    42.     1909. 

Perennial,  much  branched,  hirsute,  hispid  or  nearly  glabrous,  3-6  dm. 
high.  Lfeaves  in  4's,  1-nerved,  oval,  mucronate,  rather  thick,  6-20  mm.  long, 
3-8  mm.  wide,  the  margins  more  or  less  revolute  in  drying;  flowers  few, 
terminating  the  branchlets,  white;  pedicels  6-8  mm.  long,  rather  stout,  becom- 
ing defiexed  in  fruit;  fruit  fleshy,  minutely  pubescent,  about  4  mm.  broad. 

Pine-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama.  Andros.  New  Providence  and 
Eleuthera  : — Bermuda  :  southeastern  Ignited  States.  Plants  glabrous  or  very  pubes- 
cent.    Reported  by  Dolley  as  Galium  Jiijpocarpium. 

Order  7.     CAMPANULALES. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  the  corolla  gamopetalous,  or  petals  sometimes 
separate  in  Cucurbitaceae.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  (fewer 
in  the  Cucurbitaceae);  anthers  united  (except  in  Ambrosiaceae).  Ovary 
inferior. 

Flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads :  juice  mostly  milky. 
Endosperm    none ;    flowers    regular,    monoecious    or 

dioecious  ;  our  species  vines.  Fam.  1.   Cucurbitaceae. 

Endosperm  present,  fleshy  ;  flowers  perfect,  irregular. 

Stigma  not  indusiate.  Fam.  2.  Lobeltaceae. 

Stigma  indusiate.  Fam.  3.  Goodexiaceae. 

Flowers  in  involucrate  heads. 


CUCURBITACEAE.  425 

Flowers  all  expanded  into  rays  (ligulate)  :  juice  milky.        Fam.  4.  Cichoriaceae. 
Flowers  all  tubular,  or  the  outer  expanded  into  rays  ; 
juice  very  rarely  milky. 
Stamens  distinct,  or  nearly  so.  Fam.  5.  Ambrosiaceae. 

Stamens  united    by    their    anthers    into    a    tube 

around  the  style.  Fam.  6.  Carduaceae. 

Family  1.     CUCURBITACEAE  B.  Juss. 

Gourd  Family. 

Herbaceous  vines,  usually  with  tendrils.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
general^  palmately  lobed  or  dissected.  Flowers  mona?eious  or  dioecious. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovaiy,  its  limb  usually  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbri- 
cated. Petals  usually  5,  inserted  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  separate,  or 
united  into  a  gamopetalous  corolla.  Stamens  mostly  3  (sometimes  1),  2  of 
them  with  2-celled  anthers,  the  other  with  a  1-celled  anther;  filaments  short, 
often  somewhat  monadelphous.  Ovary  1-3-celled;  style  terminal,  simple, 
or  lobed ;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  pepo,  indehiscent,  or  rarely  dehiscent 
at  the  summit,  or  bursting  irregularly;  or  sometimes  dry  and  membranous. 
Seeds  usually  flat;  endosperm  none.  About  90  genera  and  700  species, 
mainly  of  tropical  regions. 

Ovules  horizontal. 

Anther-sacs  flexuous.  1.  Momordica. 
Anther-sacs  straight  or  curved,  not  flexuous. 

Stamens  3  ;  an  annular  disk  at  the  base  of  the  style.  2.  Melothria. 

Stamens  2  ;  disk  none,  or  obscure.  3.  Anguria. 

Ovules  ascending.  4.  Cayaponia. 

1.  MOMORDICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1009.  1753. 
Herbaceous,  climbing  or  prostrate  vines,  with  simple  or  forked  tendrils, 
and  dioecious  or  monoecious  mostly  yellow  flowers,  the  staminate  solitary  or 
clustered,  the  pistillate  solitary.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  5-lobed  calyx,  a  nearly 
rotate,  5-parted  or  5-lobed  corolla,  and  usually  3  stamens  with  short  distinct 
filaments.  Pistillate  flowers  with  calyx  and  corolla  like  those  of  the  staminate, 
a  1-celled  ovary  with  3-placentae,  the  numerous  ovules  horizontal,  the  style 
slender,  the  stigmas  3.  Fruit  ovoid  to  cylindric,  3-valved  or  indehiscent. 
[Latin,  of  uncertain  application.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World 
tropics.     Type  species:   Momordica  Balsamina  L. 

1.  Momordica   Charantia   L.   Sp.   PI.    1009.     1753. 

Stem  slender,  more  or  less  pubescent^  1-2  m.  long,  with  simple  filiform 
tendrils  opposite  the  leaves.  Leaves  thin^  reniform  or  suborbicular  in  outline, 
4-12  cm.  broad;,  deeply  pedately  5-7-lobed,  glabrate  or  pubescent,  the  lobes 
dentate,  acute  or  obtuse,  the  slender  petioles  3-6  cm.  long;  peduncles  with  an 
ovate  entire  cordate  bract  at  or  below  the  middle;  sepals  oval  or  ovate,  3-4.5 
mm.  long;  corolla-segments  obtuse  or  emarginate,  L5-2  cm.  long,  yellow; 
fruit  ovoid  or  oblong,  bright  yellow,  tubercled,  2-12  cm.  long;  seeds  flat, 
12-16  mm.  long. 

Waste  grounds.  New  Providence  at  Nassau  : — southern  United  States ;  West 
Indies  and  continental  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics.  Recorded  by  Dolley  as 
Momordica  Balsamina  L.     Wild  Balsam-Apple. 

2.  MELOTHRIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  35.     1753. 
Slender  vines,  with  simple  or  rarely  bifid  tendrils,  thin  leaves,  and  small, 
white  or  yellow,  monoecious  flowers,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  pistillate  often 
28 


426  CUCURBITACEAE. 

solitary.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-tootlied.  Corolla  campanulate,  deeply  5-parted. 
Stamens  3  in  the  staminate  llowers,  tlie  anthers  distinct  or  slightly  united,  the 
pistil  "wanting  or  rudimentary.  Fertile  flowers  with  1  pistil;  ovary  ovoid, 
constricted  below  the  corolla;  placentae  3;  ovules  numerous;  style  short; 
stigmas  3,  linear.  Fruit  small,  berry-like,  pulpy.  [From  the  Greek  for  some 
vine,  probably  Bryonia  cretica.']  About  64  species^  natives  of  warm  and 
tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Melothria  pendida  L. 

1.  Melothria  guadalupensis  (Spreng.)  Cogn.  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  3:  580.     1881. 

Bryonia  guadalupensis  Spreng.  Syst.  3:   15.     1826. 
Melothria  pervaga  Griseb.   Fl.  Br.  W.   I.    289.     1860. 

A  slender  glabrous  vine,  sometimes  2  m.  long,  climbing  by  filiform 
tendrils.  Leaves  various^  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  3-7  cm.  long, 
scabrous,  repand  or  3-5-lobed  with  the  middle  lobe  often  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base; 
petioles  slender,  1—4  cm.  long;  staminate  racemes  few-flowered,  peduncled; 
peduncle  of  the  pistillate  flower  2-4  cm.  long;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  minute; 
corolla  short-villous,  about  4  mm.  broad,  its  lobes  obtuse;  pepo  ovoid,  1-1.5 
em.  long,  red  or  purple. 

Pine-lands  and  cultivated  grounds,  A'baco.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  : — West 
Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.     Guadaloupe  Ceeeping-Cucumbee. 

3.    ANGUEIA  Jacq.  Enum.  9,  31.     1760. 

Climbing  vines,  with  slender  simple  tendrils,  the  leaves  various,  the 
polygamous  flowers  mostly  small,  clustered  at  the  end  of  a  long  peduncle,  the 
calyx  and  corolla  of  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  similar.  Calyx  with  an 
elongated,  more  or  less  swollen  tube  and  a  5-cleft  or  5-toothed  limb.  Corolla 
5-parted,  rotate.  Staminate  flowers  with  2  included  stamens,  the  filaments 
short,  the  anther-sacs  narrow.  Pistillate  flowers  with  2  rudimentary  stamens, 
an  ovoid  ovary,  a  slender  2-cleft  style,  the  stigmas  2-cleft.  Fruit  many- 
seeded,  ovoid  or  oblong.  [Greek^  similar  to  water  melons.]  Species  40  or 
50,  all  American.     Type  species:  Anguria  pedata  Jacq. 

1.  Anguria  pedata  Jacq.  Enum.  31.     1760. 

Anguria  Keithii  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:   69.     1902. 

A  glabrous  monoecious  vine,  trailing  or  climbing,  3  m.  long  or  longer,  the 
root  elongated,  the  stem  grooved,  somewhat  woody  below.  Leaves  deeply  5-7- 
divided,  reniform-orbicular  in  outline,  usually  divided  into  3  short-stalked 
segments,  the  2  lateral  ones  again  2-3-divided,  the  segments  lanceolate  or 
oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  few-toothed  or  entire;  peduncles  slender,  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves ;  staminate  racemes  several-flowered ;  pedicels  5-16  mm. 
long;  calyx  ovoid,  5-7  mm,  long,  its  tube  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute,  one-third 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals  orange,  1-1.5  cm.  long;  pistillate 
flowers  solitary  or  in.  pairs;  fruit  ovoid,  short-beaked,  about  3  cm.  long. 

Coppices,  Conch  Sound,  Lisbon  Creek  and  Mangrove  Cay,  Andros,  Eleuthera  : — 
Cuba  to  Porto  Rico;  recorded  from  Panama.  Referred  to  by  Dolley  as  Cucumis 
Anguria  L. 

4.  CAYAPONIA  Manso,  Enum.  Subst.  Bras.  31.     1836. 

Climbing  herbaceous  vines,  with  entire  toothed  lobed  or  palmately 
divided  leaves,   simple   or    divided   tendrils,   and    rather   large^   monoecious    or 


LOBELIACEAE.  427 

dioecious,  mostly  panieled  or  racemose  flowers.  Calyx  campam;late,  its  limb 
5-eleft.  Corolla  5-parted,  rotate  or  subcampanulate.  Staminate  flowers  with  3 
distinct  stamens,  the  anther-sacs  flexiious,  the  rudimentary  ovary  3-lobed. 
Pistillate  flowers  often  with  3  rudimentary  stamens;  ovary  3-celled;  ovules 
1  or  2  in  each  cavity;  style  3-cleft,  the  3  stigmas  dilated.  Fruit  rather  small, 
slightly  fleshy,  mostly  3-seeded.  [Brazilian  name.]  About  60  species  of  trop- 
ical and  subtropical  America,  one  in  tropical  Africa.  Type  species:  Cayaponia 
diffusa  Manso? 

Calyx  3-4  mm.  long,  its  teeth  triangular  ;  corolla-lobes  3-5  mm.  long.  1.  C  racemosa. 
Calyx  6-9  mm.  long,  its  teeth  lanceolate  ;  corolla-lobes  12-15  mm.  long.     2.  C.  americana, 

1.  Cayaponia  racemosa  (Sw.)  Cogn.  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  3:   768.     1881. 

Bryonia  racemosa  Sw.  Prodr.  116.     1788. 

Trianosperminn  racemosum  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  112.     1866. 

A  somewhat  woody,  often  high-climbing  vine,  up  to  7  m.  long,  the  stem 
and  branches  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate-orbicular  in  outlinej  6-13  cm.  long, 
variously  lobed,  or  the  upper  entire  or  nearly  so,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  cordate  or  subreniform  at  the  ba?e,  scabrous  above,  puberulent  or  his- 
pidulous  beneath,  the  rather  slender  petioles  2-7  cm.  long;  flowers  racemose 
or  racemose-paniculate,  distant;  pedicels  3-6  mm.  long;  calyx  campanulate, 
3-4  mm.  long^  its  teeth  triangular-ovate,  very  small;  corolla  about  1  cm. 
broad;   pepo  oblong,  red,  1-2  cm.  long. 

Coppices  and  clearings,  Abaco,  New  Providence: — Cuba  to  Tortola ;  Tobago; 
Trinidad  and  continental  tropical  America.     Racemose  Cayaponia. 

2.  Cayaponia  americana  (Lam.)  Cogn.  in  DC.  Mon.  Phan.  3:  785.     1881. 

Bryonia  americana  Lam.  Encycl.  1:  498.     1785. 

A  long  vine,  glabrous,  similar  to  C.  racemosa,  the  leaves  various,  3-5- 
lobed  or  nearly  entire,  the  petioles  2-7  cm.  long.  Flowers  few^  clustered  in 
short  racemes  or  panicles,  or  sometimes  solitary;  pedicels  2-6  mm.  long;  calyx 
campanulate-cylindric,  6-9  mm.  long,  its  teeth  lanceolate,  2-4  mm.  long; 
corolla  2-3  cm.  broad;  pepo  oblong  to  ellipsoid,  14-18  mm.  long. 

Coppice,  Conch  Sound,  Andros  : — ^Cliba  to  Tortola  and  St.  Vincent.  Recorded  by 
Mrs.   Northrop  as  Trianosperma  racemosum.     Paxicleo  Cayaponia. 

Family  2.     LOBELIACEAE  Dumort. 

Lobelia  Family. 

Herbs,  or  in  tropical  regions  rarely  shrubs  or  trees,  often  with  milky 
sap  which  contains  a  narcotie-aeid  poison,  with  alternate  estipnlate 
simple  entire,  toothed  or  pinnately  parted  leaves,  and  solitary  spicate 
racemose  or  paniculate  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb 
5-lobed  or  5-parted,  the  lobes  equal  or  unequal.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  ir- 
regular, often  bilabiate,  its  tube  open  on  one  side  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
base,  its  limb  5-lobed ;  stamens  5,  inserted  with  the  corolla ;  filaments  some- 
times cohering  into  a  tube ;  anthers  united.  Ovary  2-5-celled ;  style  single ; 
stigma  fringed;  ovules  numerous,  sessile,  horizontal,  anatropous.  Fruit 
a  1-5-celled  capsule,  or  a  berry.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  smooth  or  fur- 
rowed testa.  Endosperm  fleshy.  About  20  genera  and  600  species,  of  wide 
geographic  distribution 


428  GOODEXIACEAE. 

1.  LOBELIA  L.  Sp.  PL  929.     1753. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs),  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and 
racemose  spicate  or  paniculate,  often  leafy-bracted,  red  yellow  blue  or  white 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  hemispheric  or  ovoid,  adnate  to  •  the  ovary. 
Corolla-tube  straight,  oblique,  or  incurved,  divided  to  the  base  on  one  side, 
2-lipped  in  our  species,  the  lobe  on  each  side  of  the  cleft  erect  or  recurved, 
turned  away  from  the  other  3  which  are  somewhat  united.  Stamens  free 
from  the  corolla-tube,  monadelphous,  at  least  above,  2  or  all  the  5  anthers  with 
a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  tips,  3  of  them  usually  larger  than  the  other  2,  all  united 
into  a  tube  or  ring  around  the  style.  Ovary  2 -celled,  the  2  placentae  many- 
ovuled;  stigma  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Cap?ule  loculicidally  2-valved.  [Named 
after  Matthias  de  L'Obel,  1538-1616,  a  Flemish  botanist.]  About  250  species 
of  wide  geographic  distribution.     Type  species:  Lobelia  Dortmanna  L. 

1,  Lobelia  lucayana  Britton  &  Millspaugh,  sp.  nov. 

Annual,  slender,  pilose  with  strap-shaped  hairs.  Stems  simple,  scapiform, 
erect,  3-12  cm.  high;  basal  leaves  rosulate,  small,  1-2  cm.  long,  ovate  or 
orbicular,  obtuse,  attenuate  to  the  petiole,  crenate-dentate,  the  teeth  mucronu- 
late;  cauline  leaves  infrequent,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  sessile  or  short- 
petioled;  racemes  few-flowered,  2-7  cm.  long;  flowers  long-pedicelled,  the 
pedicels  slender,  much  longer  than  the  bracts;  corolla  blue,  about  4  mm.  long, 
bilabiate,  the  tube  elongate-cylindric,  deeply  fissured;  inferior  lip  3-lobed,  the 
lobes  equal;  superior  lip  2-lobed,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  divergent;  mature  cap- 
sule 3  m.m.  long;  seeds  orbicular,  biconvex,  about  2.5  mm.  in  diameter,  dark 
and  shining. 

Type  from  North  Caicos,  in  the  vicinity  of  Kew,  Wilson  7713  in  herb.  N.  Y. 
Botanical  Garden  :  shady  places  in  rich  soil,  Watling's  Island  at  the  southeast  end. 
Habitally  like  L.  Feayana  A.  Gray,  of  southern  Florida,  but  in  our  species  the  seeds 
are  lenticular,  dark  brown  and  polished,  while  in  L.  Feayana  they  are  oblong  and 
tuberculate.     Bahama  Lobelia. 

Family  3.     GOODENIACEAE  Dumort. 

GooDEXiA  Family. 

Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  wath  w^atery  sap.  Leaves  alternate  or 
sometimes  opi^osite,  without  stipules,  entire,  toothed  or  rarely  pinnatifid. 
Flow^ers  perfect.  Calyx  5-toothed,  an  entire  border,  or  sometimes  obsolete. 
Corolla  5-lobed,  split  on  one  side.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  the  anthers  opening 
lengthwise.  Ovary  mostly  inferior,  1-2-celled;  styles  usually  united. 
Stigma  surrounded  wdth  an  indusium.  Ovules  1  or  2,  or  more  in  each 
cavity,  mostly  erect  or  ascending.  Fruit  dupaceous,  berry-like  or  capsular. 
Seeds  usually  one  in  each  cavity;  embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  the  fleshy 
endosperm.     About  12  genera  and  over  200  species,  mostly  Australian. 

1.  SCAEVOLA  L.  Mant.  2:    145.     1771. 

Fleshy  stout  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  mostly 
entire  leaves,  the  flowers  irregular,  axillary,  in  dichotomous  cymes  or  rarely 
solitary.  Calyx  5-lobed,  or  a  mere  border.  Corolla  white  or  blue,  its  lobes 
winged,  its  tube  split  to  the  base  on  one  side,  villous  within.  Stamens  epi- 
gynous.     Ovary  inferior  or  nearly  so,  2-celled  or  rarely  1-celled;   stigma  sur- 


CICHOEIACEAE.  429 

rounded  by  a  ciliate  indusium.  Ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  or  2  in  1-eelled 
ovaries,  erect.  Berry  with  a  fleshy  exocarp  and  a  bony  or  woody  endocarp. 
[Latin,  referring  to  the  irregular  flowers. J  About  60  species,  mostly  Austra- 
lian, the  following  typical. 

1.  Scaevola  Plumierii  (L.)  A^ahl,  Symb.  2:  36.    1791. 

Lobelia  Plumierii  L.  Sp.  PL  929.    1753. 
Scaevola  Lobelia  Murr.  Syst.  ed.  13,  178.     1774. 

Perennial,  nearly  glabrous,  more  or  less  shrubby,  6-15  dm.  high,  much 
branched  and  straggling.  Leaves  alternate,  obovate,  4—6  cm.  long,  entire, 
shining,  narrowed  into  very  short  winged  petioles,  or  nearly  sessile,  with  a 
tuft  of  silky  hairs  in  each  axil;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes 
much  broader  than  high,  rounded;  corolla  glabrous  without,  about  2.5  cm,  long, 
the  tube  shorter  than  the  lobes,  the  lobes  nearly  linear,  with  broad  crisped 
wings;  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube,  hanging  through  the  cleft; 
berry  oval,  black,  juicy,  2-seeded,  10-14  mm.  long. 

Coastal  rocks  and  sands,  throughout  the  archipelago  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West 
Indies  and  Caribbean  Mexico;  tropical  Africa.  Inkberry.  Black  Soap.  Catesby, 
1 :  pi.  79. 

Family  4.     CICHORIACEAE  Reichenb. 

Chicory  Family. 

Herbs  (two  Pacific  Island  genera  trees),  almost  always  with  milky, 
acrid  or  bitter  juice,  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  yellow,  rarely  pink, 
blue,  purple,  or  white  flowers  in  involucrate  heads  (anthodia).  Bracts  of 
the  involucre  in  1  to  several  series.  Receptacle  of  the  head  flat  or  flattish, 
naked,  scaly  (paleaceous),  smooth,  pitted,  or  honeycombed.  Flowers  all 
alike  (heads  homogamous),  perfect.  Calyx-tube  completely  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  (pappus)  of  scales,  or  simple  or  plumose  bristles,  or  both, 
or  wanting.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  with  a  short  or  long  tube,  and  a  strap- 
shaped  (ligulate)  usually  5-toothed  limb  (ray).  Anthers  connate  into  a 
tube  around  the  style,  the  sacs  sagittate  or  auricled  at  the  base,  not  tailed, 
usually  appendaged  at  the  summit,  the  simple  pollen-grains  usually  12- 
sided.  Ovary  1-celled;  ovule  1,  anatropous;  style  veiy  slender,  2-cleft,  or 
2-lobed,  the  lobes  minutely  papillose.  Fruit  an  achene.  Seed  erect;  endo- 
sperm none;  radicle  narrower  than  the  cotyledons.  About  70  genera  and 
1,500  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Achenes  truncate.  1.   Sonchus. 

Achenes  narrowed  or  bealied  at  the  summit.  2.  Lactuca. 

1.  SONCHUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  793.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  succulent  herbs,  with  alternate,  mostly  auriculate- 
clasping,  entire  dentate  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  prickly-margined  leaves,  and  large 
or  middle-sized,  peduncled,  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers. 
Involucre  ovoid  or  campanulate,  usually  becoming  thickened  and  more  or  less 
conic  at  the  base  when  old,  its  bracts  herbaceous  or  membranous,  imbricated 
in  several  series,  the  outer  successively  smaller.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays 
truncate  and  5-to6thed  at  the  apex.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style- 
branches  slender.     Achenes  oval,  oblong,  or  linear,  more  or  less  flattened,  10- 


430  AMBROSIACEAE. 

20-ribbed,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the  base,  truncate.  Pappus  of  very  copious 
soft  white  simple  capillary  bristles,  usually  falling  away  connected,  sometimes 
with  1  or  2  stouter  ones  which  fall  separately.  [The  Greek  name  of  the  Sow- 
thistle.]  About  45  species,  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species:  Sonchus 
oleraceus  L. 

1.  Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  Sp.  PL   794.     1753. 

Annual,  with  fibrous  roots;  stem  leafy  below,  nearly  simple,  3-30  dm. 
high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled,  lyrate-pinnatifid,  10-25  cm.  long,  the 
terminal  segment  commonly  large  and  triangular,  the  margins  denticulate  with 
mucronate  or  scarcely  spiny  teeth;  upper  leaves  pinnatifid,  clasping  by  an 
auricled  or  sagittate  base;  uppermost  leaves  often  lanceolate  and  entire; 
heads  several  or  numerous,  pale  yellow,  18-30  mm.  broad. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  fields,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  the  Biminis,  New 
Providence  and  Eleuthera  to  Acklin's  Island  and  Grand  Turk  : — Bermuda ;  the 
United  States  to  continental  tropical  America ;  West  Indies.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.     Sow-Thistlb. 

2.  LACTUCA  L.  Sp.  PL  795.     1753. 

Tall  leafy  herbs,  with  small  panicled  heads  of  yellow,  white  or  blue 
flowers,  and  alternate  leaves.  Involucre  cylindric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in 
several  series,  the  outer  shorter,  or  of  1  or  2  series  of  principal  nearly  equal 
inner  bracts,  and  several  rows  of  short  outer  ones.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Rays  tuncate  and  5-toothed  at  the  summit.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base. 
Style-branches  mostly  slender.  Achenes  oval,  oblong  or  linear,  flat,  3-5-ribbed 
on  each  face,  narrowed  above  or  contracted  into  a  narrow  beak,  which  is  some- 
what expanded  at  the  summit  into  a  small  disk  bearing  the  copious  soft 
capillary,  white  or  brown  pappus-bristles.  [The  ancient  Latin  name,  from  lac, 
milk,  referring  to  the  milky  juice.]  About  95  species,  natives  of  the  northern 
hemisphere.     Type  species:   Lactuca  sativa  L. 

1.  Lactuca  intybacea  Jacq.  Ic.  Rar.  1:  16.  pJ.  162.    1786. 

Annual,  glabrous;  stem  terete,  simple  and  leafy  below,  paniculately 
branched  and  nearly  leafless  above,  3-10  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  0,5-2  dm. 
long,  runcinate  or  irregularly  lobed  and  toothed,  the  lower  oblanceolate  or 
obovate,  petioled,  the  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile  and  clasping;  heads 
solitary  or  in  small  clusters  on  the  branches,  distant,  short-peduncled ;  invo- 
lucre narrowly  cylindric,  10-12  mm.  long,  its  outer  bracts  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
broadly  scarious-margined,  much  shorter  than  the  linear  acute  inner  ones; 
rays  yellow  or  Avhite;  achenes  linear,  muricate,  3  mm.  long;  pappus  white, 
plumose. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  ground.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Conception  Island, 
Great  Exuma,  Long  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Grand  Turk.  Inagua  and  Anguilla  Isles  : 
— Florida  ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  to  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ;  Margarita  ;  Curagao  ;  Bonaire  ; 
Mexico  to  Venezuela.     Wild  Lettuce. 

Family  5.     AMBROSIACEAE  Reichenb. 

Ragweed  Family. 

Herbs,  monoecious,  or  sometimes  dioecious,  many  of  them  weeds,  rarely 
shrubby,  with  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower  opposite,  and  small  heads  of 
greenish  or  white  flow^ers  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  few,  separate  or 


AMBROSIACEAE.  431 

united  bracts,  the  pistillate  heads  sometimes  larger  and  nut-like  or  bur-like. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same,  or  in  separate  heads.  Re- 
ceptacle chaffc'y.  Pistillate  flowers  wdth  no  corolla,  or  this  reduced  to  a 
short  tube  or  ring;  calyx  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary,  its  limb  none,  or  a 
mere  border;  style  2-cleft.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  funnelform  tubular 
or  obconic  4-5-lobed  corolla;  stamens  mostly  5,  separate,  or  their  anthers 
merely  connivent,  not  trul}^  syngenesious,  with  short  inflexed  appendages; 
ovary  rudimentary;  summit  of  the  style  often  hairy  or  penicillate.  Eight 
genera  and  about  60  species,  mostly  natives  of  America. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  different  heads. 

Bracts  of  staminate  involucres  distinct.  1.  Xanthium. 

Bracts  of  staminate  involucres  united.  2.  AmJjrosia. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  heads.  3.  Iva. 

1.  XANTHIUM  L.  Sp.  PL  987.     1753. 

Monoecious  annual  branching  coarse  rough  or  spiny  herbs,  with  alternate 
lobed  or  dentate  leaves,  and  rather  small  heads  of  greenish  discoid  flowers,  the 
staminate  ones  capitate-clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  pistillate 
a.xillary.  Staminate  heads  with  a  short  involucre  of  1  to  3  series  of  distinct 
bracts;  receptacle  cylindric,  chaffy;  corollas  tubular,  5-toothed;  anthers  not 
coherent,  mucronate  at  the  apex;  filaments  monadelphous;  style  slender,  un- 
divided. Pistillate  heads  of  an  ovoid  or  oblong,  closed  involucre,  covered  with 
hooked  bristles,  1-2-beaked,  2-celled,  each  cavity  containing  one  obovoid  or 
oblong  achene;  corolla  none;  pappus  none;  style  2-cleft,  its  branches  exserted. 
[Greek,  yellow,  from  its  yielding  a  yellow  hair-dye.]  About  '25  species,  of 
wide  geographic  distribution.     Type  species:   Xanthium  strumarium  Linn. 

I.  Xanthium  chinense  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  ed.  8,  no.  4.     1768. 

Xanthium  longirostre  Wallr.  Beitr.  Bot.  1^:  237.     1844. 

Hispidulous,  1  m.  high  or  less.  Leaves  broadly  ovate-reniform  in  outline, 
slender-petioled,  8-15  cm,  long  and  about  as  wide  as  long,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  rather  thin,  coarsely  irregularly  toothed  and  usually  3-5-lobed, 
scabrous  on  both  sides,  the  base  triangular-cuneate ;  staminate  heads  numer- 
ous, about  5  mm.  in  diameter;  fruit  oblong,  its  body  2  cm.  long  or  less,  5.5-8 
mm.  thick,  hispidulous  and  glandular  or  sometimes  glabrous;  bristles  rather 
slender,  3-4.5  mm,  long,  hispidulous  toward  the  base;  beaks  stout,  4-6  mm. 
long,  somewhat  incurved. 

Waste  places  in  New  Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  Cuba  to  Tortola  and  Martinique  : 
Jamaica  ;  United  States  and  Central  America.  Reported  by  Dolley  and  by  Hitchcock 
as  X.  strumarium  L.     West  Indian  Cocklebur. 

2.  AMBROSIA  L.  Sp.   PI.   987.     1753. 

Monoecious  (rarely  dioecious)  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite, 
mostly  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  green  flowers,  the  staminate 
spicate  or  racemose,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils. 
Involucre  of  the  pistillate  heads  globose,  ovoid  or  top-shaped,  closed,  1-flow- 
ered,  usually  armed  with  4-8  tubercles  or  spines;  coroUa  none;  stamens  none; 
style-branches  filiform ;  achenes  ovoid  or  obovoid ;  pappus  none.  Involucre  of 
the  staminate  heads  mostly  hemispheric  or  saucer-shaped,  5-12-lobed,  open, 
many-flowered;    receptacle   nearly  flat,   naked,   or  with  filiform   chaff;    corolla 


432  AMBEOSIACEAE. 

funnelform,  5-toothed;  anthers  scarcely  coherent,  mucronate-tii^ped;  style  un- 
divided, penicillate  at  the  summit.  [The  ancient  classical  name.]  About  15 
species,  mostly  natives  of  America.     Type  species:  Ambrosia  maritima  L. 

Annual ;  erect ;  pubescent  or  puberulent.  1.  A.  paniculata. 

Perennial ;  repent ;  hirsute  or  hispid.  2.  A.  hispida. 

1.  Ambrosia  paniculata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  183.     1803. 

Annual,  pubescent  or  puberulent,  paniculately  branched^  3-12  dm,  high. 
Leaves  thin,  1-2-pinnatifid,  petioled,  5-8  em.  long,  the  upper  alternate,  the 
lower  mostly  opposite,  pale  or  cauescent  beneath,  the  lobes  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, obtuse  or  acute;  racemes  of  sterile  heads  numerous,  2-12  cm.  long,  the 
involucres  hemispheric^  about  3  mm.  broad,  crenate;  fertile  heads  few,  obovoid 
or  subglobose,  2-3  mm.  long,  short-beaked,  pubescent. 

Waste  places  at  Nassau,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hlspaniola  ;  Jamaica  ; 
continental  tropical  America.  Referred  by  Dollej'  and  by  Hitchcock  to  A.  artemisiae- 
folia  L,     Southern  Ragweed. 

2.  Ambrosia  hispida  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  743.    1814. 

Ambrosia  crithmifolia  DC.  Prodr.  5:   525.     1836. 

Perennial,  hirsute  or  hispid;  stems  branched  at  the  base,  the  branches 
diffusely  spreading  or  ascending,  2-8  dm.  long,  leafy.  Leaves  opposite,  2-3- 
pinnately  divided,  rather  firm  in  texture,  4-12  cm.  long,  short-petioled ;  racemes 
of  sterile  heads  elongated,  mostly  solitary,  the  involucres  spiny-pubescent; 
fertile  heads  clustered,  2.5-3  mm.  long,  short-beaked,  usually  tubercled. 

Sea-beaches,  throughout  the  archipelago  : — Florida  :  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto 
Rico ;  Virgin  Gorda  to  Barbadoes  ;  Mexico.     Sweet-bay.    Bay  Geranium.    Bay  Tansy. 

3.  iVA  L.   Sp.  PI.   988.     1753. 

Puberulent  or  scabrous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  thick  opposite  leaves,  or  the 
upper  alternate,  and  small  nodding,  axillary  and  solitary,  spicate  racemose  or 
paniculate  heads  of  greenish  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  cup-shaped,  its 
bracts  few,  rounded.  Eeceptacle  chaffy,  the  linear  or  spatulate  chaff  envelop- 
ing the  flowers.  Marginal  flowers  1-6,  pistillate,  fertile,  their  corollas  short, 
tubular  or  none.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  sterile^  their  corollas  fuunelform,  5- 
lobed,  their  styles  undivided,  dilated  at  the  apex.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base, 
yellow,  scarcely  coherent  with  each  other,  tipped  with  mucronate  appendages. 
Achenes  compressed,  obovoid,  glabrous.  Pappus  none.  [Named  after  Ajuga 
Iva,  from  its  similar  odor.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  America.  Type 
species:  Iva  annua  L. 

Involucres  about  5  mm.  broad  ;  plant  glabroug  ;  leaves  mostly 

alternate.  1.  /.  imhricata. 

Involucres  3-4  mm.  broad  ;  plant  pubescent ;  leaves  opposite.      2.   /.  cheiranthifoUa. 

1.  Iva  imbricata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  232.     1788. 

Perennial  by  woody  roots,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout,  fleshy;  stem 
3-6  dm.  high,  simple,  or  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  all  but  the  lowest  alter- 
nate, sessile,  oblong-spatulate,  or  lanceolate,  obtusish,  mucronulate,  entire,  or 
rarely  serrate,  obscurely  3-nerved,  the  larger  3-5  cm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide; 
heads  short  peduncled  or  nearly  sessile,  the  upper  ones  longer  than  their  sub- 
tending leaves;  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  about  5  mm.  broad,  its  bracts 
6-9,  somewhat  imbricated  in  2  series;  fertile  flowers  2-4,  their  corollas  tubular, 
the  staminate  ones  much  more  numerous. 

Sea-strands.  Great  Bahama.  Great  Harbor  Cay,  Andros.  New  Providence  and 
Inagua  : — Virginia  to  Florida  and  Louisiana ;  Cays  of  northern  Cuba.     Beach  Iva. 


CARDUACEAE. 


433 


2.  Iva  cheiranthifolia  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  4:   276.     1820. 

A  much-branehed  shrub^  1-2  m.  Mgh,  the  slender  twigs,  the  leaves  and  the 
involucres  densely  and  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite,  narrowly  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate  or  the  lower  obovate^  3-9  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-nervedj  the  petioles  3-15  mm.  long^  the  upper  ones 
much  smaller;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  involucres;  heads  nodding,  numerous; 
involucre  3-4  mm.  broad,  its  bracts  3-5,  nearly  orbicular;  fertile  flowers  3-5; 
staminate  flowers  5-8. 

Waste  places  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama,  the  Berry  Islands,  the  Biminis, 
Andres,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  to  Long  Island : — Cuba.     Bush  Iva. 

Family    6.     CARDUACEAE    Neck. 

Thistle  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  (some  tropical  forms  trees),  with  watery  or  res- 
inous (rarely  milky)  sap,  and  opposite  alternate  or  basal  estipulate 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  pistillate,  or  neutral,  or  sometimes  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  borne  on  a  common  receptacle,  forming  heads,  subtended 
by  an  involucre  of  few  to  many  bracts  arranged  in  one  or  more  series. 
Receptacle  naked,  or  with  chaffy  scales  subtending  the  flowers,  smooth, 
or  variously  pitted  or  honeycombed.  Calyx-tube  completely  adnata  to 
the  ovary,  the  limb  (pappus)  of  bristles,  awns,  teeth,  scales,  or  crown- 
like, or  cup-like,  or  wanting.  Corolla  tubular,  usually  5-lobed  or  5-cleft, 
the  lobes  vah'ate,  or  that  of  the  marginal  flowers  of  the  head  expanded 
into  a  ligule  (ray)  ;  when  the  ray-flowers  are  absent  the  head  is  said  to  be 
discoid ;  when  present,  radiate ;  the  tubular,  flowers  form  the  disk.  Stamens 
usually  5,  borne  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  their  anthers 
united  into  a  tube  (syngenesious),  often  appendaged  at  the  apex,  some- 
times sagittate  or  tailed  at  the  base;  pollen-grains  globose,  often  rough  or 
prickly.  Ovary  1-celled;  ovule  1,  anatropous;  style  of  fertile  flowers  2- 
clef t ;  stigmas  marginal ;  style  of  sterile  flowers  commonly  undivided.  Fmit 
an  achene.  Seed  erect;  endosperm  none;  embryo  straight;  hypocotyl  in- 
ferior. About  800  genera  and  not  less  than  10,000  species,  of  wide  geo- 
graphic distribution. 


Perfect  flowers  with  regular  corollas. 

Stigmatic  lines  at  the  base  of  the  stigma  or  below 
the  middle. 
Stigmas  filiform  or  subulate,  hispidulous. 
Stigmas  more   or   less   clavate,    papillose-puberu- 
lent. 
Stigmatic  lines  extending  to  the  tip  of  the  stigma 
or  to  the  appendages. 
Anthers  without  elongated  appendages  at  the  tip. 
Anther-sacs  tailed  at  the  base. 
Anther-sacs  not  tailed  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  naked. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  well  imbricated. 
Stigmas  of  the  perfect  flowers  with 

terminal  appendages. 
Stigmas  of  the  perfect  flowers  with 
truncate,  hairy  or  papillose  tips. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  little  if  at  all 
imbricated    except   when    the    broad 
outer  overlap  the  inner. 
Receptacle  chaffy  :  bracts  of  the  involucre 
herbaceous,  sometimes  foliaceous. 
Anthers    with    elongated,    cartilaginous,    mostly 
connate  appendages. 
Perfect  flowers,  or  all,  with  bilabiate  corollas. 


Tribe        I.  Vernoxieae. 
Tribe      II.  Eupatorieab. 

Tribe      IV.  Inuleae. 

Tribe  III.  Astere.4e. 

Tribe  VI.  Helenieae. 

Tribe  VII.   Sexecioneae. 

Tribe       V.   Heliantheab. 

Tribe  VIII.  Cynareae. 

Tribe  IX.  Mutisieae. 


434 


CARDUACEAE. 


Tribe  I.     Veexonieae. 
Pappus  of  2  series  ;  bracts  of  involucre  usually  not  appendaged. 


1.  Vernonia. 


Tribe  II.     Eupatoeieae. 

Pappus  of  scales. 

Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 

Involucre  of  more  than   4   bracts,   5— many-flowered. 

Involucre  of  4   (rarely  more)   bracts,  4-flowered. 


2.  Ageratum. 


Eupatorium. 
Mikania. 


Tribe  III.     Asteeeae. 

Ray-florets  present ;  plants  not  dioecious. 
Ray-florets  ligular. 

Ligules  yellow :   pappus  copious,   ray-achenes   flattened.      5.  Chrysopsis. 
Ligules  white  or  colored  (not  yellow). 
Involucral  bracts  in  3-5  series. 

Ligules  long  and  narrow  ;  bracts  mainly   herba- 
ceous. 6.  Aster. 
Ligules  short  and  broad  :  bracts  not  herbaceous.      7.   Gundlachla. 
Involucral  bracts  in  1-2  series. 

Ligules  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk.  8.  Erigeron. 

Ligules  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk.  9.  Leptilon. 

Ray-florets  tubular;  pappus  2-serial.  10.  Eschenhachia. 

Ray-florets  wanting;  plants  dioecious.  11.  Baccharis. 


Tribe  IV.     Ixuleae. 

Bracts  broad  ;  plants  leafy  throughout. 
Bracts  narrow  ;  plants  leafy  only  at  the  base. 


12.  Plnchea. 

13,  Sachsia. 


Tribe  V.     Heliantheae. 

Disk-florets  perfect  but  not  fruit-producing. 
Achenes  not  flattened. 

Fruit  unarmed  ;   achenes  quadrangular. 
Fruit  armed  with  hooked  prickles. 
Achenes  markedly  flattened. 
Disk-florets  fruit-producing. 

Ray-florets  persistent  on  the  achenes. 

Ray-florets  not  persistent  on  the  achenes  or  wanting. 

Pappus  a  mere  crown  or  cap,  or  of  few  teeth,  awns  or 
bristles. 
Achenes  not  compressed. 

Chaff  of  the  receptacle  mere  awns  or  bristles. 
Chaff  of  the  receptacle  concave  or  clasping. 
Pappus  of  slender  caducous  awns. 
Pappus  wanting. 

Achenes  sharp-edged,  4-6-angled. 
Achenes  of  the  disk  neither  sharp-edged, 
margined  nor  winged. 
Achenes  acutely   4-angled. 
Achenes  indistinctly  4-angled. 
Achenes  of  the  disk  broadly  white-winged. 
Achenes  markedly  flattened  parallel  with  the  invo- 
lucral bracts. 
Involucre  single. 
Involucre  double. 

Pappus  of  2  short  comuate  awns. 
Pappus  of  2-4  long  barbed  awns. 
Pappus  of  numerous  plumose  ciliate  scales. 


14.  Tetranthus. 

15.  Acanthospermum. 

16.  Parthenium. 

17.  Crassina. 


18.  Verhesina. 
10.  Melanthera. 
20.  Isocarpha. 


21.  Borrichia. 

22.  Wedelia. 

23.  Ximenesia. 


24.  Synedrella. 

25.  Salmea, 

26.  Bidens. 

27.  Tridax. 


Tribe  VI.     Helexieae. 
glands ;    bracts    of    the    involucre 


Plant-tissues    without    oil 

united  below. 
Plant-tissues  with  oil  glands  ;  bracts  separate. 
Involucral  bracts  2-seriate ;  pappus  a  crown. 
Involucral  bracts  1-seriate. 

Pappus  of  copious  capillary  bristles. 
Pappus  of  a  few  sharp  awns. 


28.  Flaveria. 

29.  Neotht/mopsis. 

30.  Porophyllum. 

31.  Pedis. 


Tribe  VII.     Senecioneae. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  markedly  overlapping. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  slightly  if  at  all  overlapping. 

Achenes  elongated,  sharply  5-ribbed. 

Achenes  short,  pilose-striate. 


32.  Neurolaena. 


33.  Emilia. 

34.  Erechthites. 


CARDUACEAE.  435 

Tribe  VIII.     Cynareab. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  spined  at  the  apex  ;  leaves  prickly.         35.  Cirsium. 

Tribe  IX.     Mutisieae. 

Heads  homogamous ;    achenes   conic,   pubescent;   leafy   shrubs.    36.  Anastraphia. 
Heads  heterogamous  ;  achenes  5-ribbed,  rostrate ;  herbs.  37.  Chaptalia. 

1.  VERNONIA  Schreb.   Gen.  PI.  2:    541.     1791. 

Erect  branching  perennial  herbs,  or  some  tropical  species  shrubby,  with 
alternate  (rarely  opposite),  entire  or  toothed,  sessile  or  petioled  leaves,  and 
discoid  cymose-paniculate  heads  of  purple,  pink,  or  white  tubular  flowers.  In- 
volucre hemispheric,  campanulate  or  oblong-cylindric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in 
several  or  many  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  regular,  5-cleft. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base,  not  caudate.  Style-branches  subulate,  his- 
pidulous  their  whole  length.  Achenes  8-10-ribbed,  truncate.  Pappus  in  2 
series,  the  inner  of  numerous  roughened  capillary  bristles,  the  outer  of  much 
shorter  small  scales  or  stout  bristles.  [oSTamed  after  William  Vernon,  English 
botanist.]  Over  500  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  warm-temperate  regions, 
most  abundant  in  South  America.  Type  species:  Vernonia  novehoracensis  (L.) 
Willd. 

Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs. 

Heads  scorpioid,   solitary   in  the  axils   of  the  upper  leaves ; 
canescent  or  toraentulose  shrubs. 
Leaves  broadest  at  or  near  the  middle,  not  conspicuously 

attenuate  at  the  base.  1.  Y.  arbuscula. 

Leaves  broadest  above  the  middle,  attenuate  at  the  baso. 

Leaves  broadly  obcordate.  2.  V.  ohcordata. 

Leaves  spatulate  to  elliptic.  3.   V.  hahamensis. 

Heads  cymose,  long-peduncled  ;  plant  nearly  glabrous ;  leaves 

elongated-linear;  herbaceous  perennial.  4.  V.insularis. 

Annual  herb  ;  heads  in  terminal  cymes.  5.  V.  cinerea. 

1.  Vernonia  arbuscula  Less.  Linnaea  6:  664.     1831. 

Vernonia  arctata  Gleason,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:    185.     1906. 

A  shrub,  up  to  8  dm.  high,  usually  lower,  more  or  less  branched,  the  main 
branches  nearly  erect,  the  twigs  tomentose,  rather  densely  leafy.  Leaves  ellip- 
tic to  oblong-obovate,  1-2  cm.  long,  acute  or  mucronate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  obtuse  at  the  base,  tomentose  beneath,  glabrate  above,  the  petioles  3-7  mm. 
long;  heads  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  several  or  numerous,  sessile  or 
ehort-peduncled ;  involucre  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  its  bracts  lanceolate, 
tomentose;  achenes  2.5  mm.  long,  pubescent;  pappus  nearly  white. 

Pine-lands  of  New  Providence  and  Andros.  Endemic.  Recorded  as  V.  taha- 
mensis  by  Coker  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop.  The  plant  was  erroneously  attributed  to 
Mauritius  by  Lessing.  (See  Ekman,  West  Indian  Yernoniae  58).  Low  Bushy 
Vernonia. 

2.  Vernonia  obcordata  Gleason,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:   187.     1906. 

A  much-branched  shrub  6-9  dm.  high,  the  branches  crooked,  the  young 
twigs  angled,  tomentose.  Leaves  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  broadly 
obcordate,  1.5  cm.  long  or  less,  about  as  wide  as  long,  grey-tomentose,  espe- 
cially beneath,  narrowed  into  petioles  about  5  mm.  long;  heads  few,  sessile 
among  the  leaves,  8-13-flowered ;  involucre  campanulate,  4-5  mm.  long,  its 
bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  tomentose,  acute;  achenes  hirsute,  about  2  mm.  long; 
pappus  yellow. 

Rocky  scrub-lands  at  Moujean  Harbor,  Little  Inagua.  Endemic.  Inagua 
Vernonia. 


436  CAEDUACEAE. 

3.  Vemonia  bahamensis  Griseb.  El.  Br.  W.  I.  352.     1861. 

A  shrub,  0.5-2  m.  bigh,  dicbotomously  branched,  the  twigs  and  leaves 
pale-tomentulose.  Young  twigs  angled;  leaves  spatulate  to  elliptic,  1.5-5  cm. 
long,  entire,  obtuse^  mucronate  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slender 
petioles  5-10  mm.  long;  heads  few,  sessile  on  the  twigs  among  the  upper 
leaves,  7-13-flowered;  involucre  campanulate,  3-4  mm.  long,  its  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  tomentose,  imbricated  in  few  series;  achenes  hirsute,  2-2.5 
mm.  long;   pappus  nearly  white,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  rocky  plains  and  white-lands,  Crooked  Island,*  F'ortune  Island, 
Acklin's  Island,  Castle  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Cotton  Cay  and  Salt  Cay, 
Turk's  Islands  and  Inagua.     Endemic.     Bahama  Verxonia. 

4.  Vemonia  insularis  Gleason,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:    184.     1906. 

Perennial  by  a  horizontal  rootstock;  stem  erect,  glabrous,  or  puberulent 
above,  1  m.  high  or  less,  simple  or  little-branched.  Leaves  narrowly  linear- 
oblong,  6-10  cm.  long,  8-12  mm.  wide,  entire,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so, 
acutish  or  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base; 
heads  4-25,  cymose,  the  peduncles  4  cm.  long  or  less;  involucre  about  5  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  glabrous,  acuminate,  the  outer  lanceolate,  the  inner  oblong; 
achenes  2  mm.  long,  striate;  pappus  tawny^  6  mm.  long,  the  outer  bristles 
minute. 

Pine-lands  of  Great  Bahama  and  Abaco.     Endemic.     Loxg-leaved  Vernonia. 

5.  Vemonia  cinerea  (L.)  Less.  Linnaea  4:  291.     1829. 

Conyza  cinerea  L.  Sp.  PI.  862.     1753. 

Annual,  simple  or  little-branched,  erect,  3-10  dm.  high,  appressed-pubes- 
cent,  leafy  nearly  to  the  base.  Leaves  flaccid,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  repand  or 
entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  the  lower  petioled,  4-7  cm.  long,  the  upper  much 
smaller  and  sessile ;  heads  numerous,  slender-peduncled,  in  terminal  compound 
leafless  cymes;  involucre  about  3.5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate, 
sharply  acuminate,  pubescent,  the  outermost  minute;  flowers  purple;  achenes 
pubescent;  pappus  white. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  New  Providence  and  North  Caicos  : — Florida, 
West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America ;  Old  World  tropics.  Herbaceous 
Verxonia. 

2.  AGERATUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  839.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  mostly  toothed  leaves,  the 
small  heads  in  terminal  corymbs  or  cymes,  the  flowers  all  tubular.  Involucre 
eampanulate  or  subhemispheric,  its  narrow  bracts  nearly  equal,  imbricated  in 
2  or  3  series,  sometimes  with  1--3  smaller  outer  ones.  Eeceptacle  flat  to  conic. 
Corolla  5-toothed,  white,  blue,  violet  or  purple.  Anthers  linear  to  oblong. 
Achenes  5-angled.  Pappus  of  awned  or  awnless  scales,  distinct  or  connate. 
[Greek  name  of  some  similar  plant.]  About  25  species,  mostly  of  tropical 
distribution.     Type  species:   Ageratiim  conyzoides  L. 

1.  Ageratum  latifolium  Cav.  Icon.  4:  33.  pZ  357.    1797. 

Ageratum  muticum  Griseb.  El.  Br.  W.  I.  356.     1861. 

Loosely  villous  or  pubescent,  erect  or  ascending,  annual,  simple  or  branched, 
1-6    dm.    high.     Leaves    ovate,    membranous,    2-5    em.    long,    crenate-dentate, 

*  Hitchcock's  reference  to  the  species  on  Cat  Island  is,  apparently,  an  error, 
his  label  reads  "  Crooked  Island." 


CARDUACEAE.  437 

acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex^  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  slender 
petioles  5-15  mm.  long;  heads  several  in  the  corymb;  peduncles  5-10  mm,  long; 
involucre  about  4  mm.  high,  its  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  flowers  violet 
or  white ;  pappus  scales  lanceolate,  ciliolate,  awnless  or  some  of  them  bristle- 
tipped,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  fields,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  to 
Acklin's  Island,  Caicos  and  Turk's  Islands  and  Ina^ua  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Hispanionla  ; 
continental  tropical  America.  Specimens  from  New  Providence  and  Harbour  Island, 
referred  by  Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  49  :  463)  to  Ageratum  conuzoides 
inaequipalcacciim  Hieron.,  do  not  appear  to  be  specifically  distinct  from  A.  latifoUiim. 

Recorded  by  Schoepf,  DoUey,  Hitchcock  and  Mrs.  Northrop  as  A.  conyzoides  L., 
which  it  closely  resembles.     Wild  Ageratum.     Goat-bush. 

3.  EUPATORIUM  [Tourn.]  L.  Sp.  PI.  836.     1753. 

Erect  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  or  sometimes  alter- 
nate, often  punctate  leaves,  andj  in  most  species,  cymose-corymbose  discoid 
heads  of  white,  blue  or  purple  flowers.  Involucre  oblongs  ovoid,  campanulate, 
or  hemispheric,  the  bracts  imbricated  in  2-several  series.  Receptacle  naked. 
Corolla  regular,  its  tube  slender,  its  limb  5-lobed  or  5-toothed.  Anthers  obtuse 
and  entire  at  the  base,  appendiculate  at  the  apex.  Style-branches  elongated, 
flattened,  or  thickened  above,  stigmatic  at  the  base.  Achenes  5-angled,  trun- 
cate. Pappus  of  numerous  capillary,  usually  scabrous  bristles  arranged  in  1 
row.  [ISTamed  for  Mithridates  Eupator.  i.  e.,  of  a  noble  father.]  Over  500 
species,  mostly  of  warm  or  tropical  regions.  Type  siiyeciesiEupatorium  canna- 
iinum  L. 

Leaves  dissected  into  filiform  segments. 

Heads  not  secund  ;  plants  copiously  pubescent. 
Heads  secund  :  plants  essentially  glabrous. 
Leaves  entire  or  dentate. 

Scales  of  the  campanulate  involucre  in  1-3-series. 
Plants  glabrous. 
Plants  finely  pubescent. 
Scales  of  the  cylindric  involucre  imbricated  in  several  sieries. 
Scales   without   densely   pubescent   tips ;    leaves    entire, 
serrate,  or  crenulate. 
Leaves  acute  or  acuminate,  serrate. 
Leaves  rounded  or  obtuse,  entire  or  crenulate. 

Involucre    2—2.5    mm.    thick ;    scales    narrow,    3- 

striate. 
Involucre  3-4  mm.  thick  ;  scales  broad.  5-striate. 
Scales    with    densely    pubescent    tips ;    leaves    coarsely 
crenate. 

1.  Eupatorium  capillifolium    (Lam.)    Small,  Mem.  Torr.   Club  5:    311.     1S94. 

Artemisia  capillifolia  Lam.  Encyc.  1:  267.     1783. 
Eupatorium  foeniculaceum  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  3:   1750.     1804. 

Erect,  paniculately  much  branched,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Artemisia,  the 
stem  finely  pubescent,  1-3  m.  high.  Leaves  crowded,  dissected  into  filiform 
segments,  alternate,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  heads  very  numerous, 
about  3  mm.  high,  short-peduncled,  racemose-paniculate,  3-6-flowered;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  in  about  2  series,  linear,  cuspidate,  narrowly  scarious-margined, 
glabrous;   flowers  greenish  vrhite. 

Moist  places,  in  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco.  North  Cat  Cay. 
Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Eleuthera.  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island 
and  Fortune  Island  : — Bermuda  ;   southern   United   States  :   Cuba.     Dog-fexnel. 

2.  Eupatorium  leptophyllum  DC.  Prodr.  5:    176.     1836. 

Erect,  usually  much  branched  above,  4-15  dm.  high,  similar  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  but  glabrous.     Leaves  numerous,  mostly  alternate,  dissected  into 


1. 

2 

E. 
E. 

capillifolium. 
leptophyllum. 

3. 
4. 

E. 
E. 

havanense. 
villosiim. 

5. 

E. 

odoratum. 

6. 
7. 

E. 
E. 

hahamense. 
lucayanum. 

8. 

E. 

corymhosum. 

438  CARDUACEAE. 

filiform  segments;  heads  mimerous,  3.5-4.5  mm.  high,  short-peduncled,  in 
terminal  secund  racemes  2-10  cm.  long;  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  about 
2  series,  linear,  cuspidate  or  aristate;  flowers  nearly  white. 

Border  of  marsh  at  Adelaide,  New  Providence  : — South  Carolina  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba. 
Smooth  Dog-fenxel. 

3.  Eupatorium  havanense  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  4:    128.     1820. 

Eupatorium  ageratifolium  DC.  Prodr.  5:  173.     1836. 

iShrubbj,  branched,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  branches  spreading.  Leaves 
opposite,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  or  deltoid-ovate,  2-8  cm.  long,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse, coarsely  dentate  or  crenate-dentate,  obtuse  to  subcordate  at  the  base, 
petioled;  heads  commonly  numerous;  involucre  10-30-flowered,  4-5  mm.  high; 
its  bracts  linear  to  linear-spatulate ;  flowers  white;  achenes  2-3  mm.  long. 

Coppices,  pine-lands  and  scrub-lands,  Abaco.  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New 
Providence,  Eleuthera  : — Cuba ;  Texas  and  Mexico.     Cat-tongdb.     Havana  Thorough- 

WOET. 

4.  Eupatorium  villosum  Sw.  Prodr.  111.     1788. 

A  branching  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  the  leaves  and  branches  tomentulose. 
Leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate,  1.5-7  cm.  long,  obtuse,  repand-dentate  or 
entire;  heads  small,  usually  numerous;  involucre  about  3  mm.  high,  8-15- 
flowered,  its  liracts  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse;  flowers  white  or  purplish; 
achenes  1.5-2  mm.  long. 

Scrub-lands,  coppices  and  pine-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  to 
Crooked  Island  and  Atwood  Cay  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  and  the  Cayman  Islands. 
Velvety  Thoroughwobt.     Jackmada. 

5.  Eupatorium  odoratum  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1205.     1759. 

Eupatorium  conyzoides  Vahl,  Symb.  3:    96      1794. 

Shrubby,  much  branched,  more  or  less  pubescent,  erect,  or  in  thickets  half- 
climbing,  1-3  m.  high.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  5-15  cm.  long, 
3 -nerved,  dentate,  often  with  large  acute  teeth,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  usually 
cuneate  at  the  base,  the  slender  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  heads  in  terminal 
corymbs  5-10  cm.  broad,  cylindric,  8-12  mm.  long;  involucre-bracts  imbricated 
in  about  4  series,  striate-nerved,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  shining,  all  obtuse,  or 
the  inner  acute  or  acutish;  flowers  10-20,  white  to  blue;  achenes  rough-angled. 

Rocky  plains  and  scrub-lands  from  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera 
southward  to  Cay  Sal  islets  and  the  Caicos  group  : — southern  United  States  ;  West 
Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.  Recorded  from  Bermuda.  Bushy  Tropical 
Thoroughwort.     Tonka-bean.     Bitter-bush.     Erroneously  called  Vanilla. 

6.  Eupatorium  bahamense  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:   70.     1902. 

Shrubby,  branched,  1-1.6  m.  high,  the  twigs  puberulent.  Leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  rather  firm  in  texture,  punctate,  glabrous  or  sparingly  puberulent, 
2-7  cm.  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate  to  subtruncate  at  the  base,  entire  or 
sparingly  crenate,  3-nerved,  the  petioles  2  cm.  long  or  less;  corymbs  dense, 
2-5  cm.  broad,  the  heads  sessile  or  short-peduncled;  involucre  cylindric,  8-10 
mm.  high,  2-2.5  mm.  thick,  its  scales  imbricated  in  4  or  5  series,  oblong  to 
la'nceolate,  obtuse,  3-nerved;  flowers  pale  blue  or  lavender;  achenes  3-4  mm. 
long,  3-5-angled,  tapering  to  the  base. 

Sand-dunes,  coppices  and  scrub-lands.  Little  Harbor  Cay  of  the  Berry  Islands, 
Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  and  Great  Guana  Cay  of  the  Exuma  Chain. 
Endemic.  Recorded  by  Dolley  and  by  Eaton  and  Setchell  as  E.  integrifoUum  Bert. 
Bahama  Thoroughwort. 


CARDUACEAE.  439 

7.  Eupatorium  lucayanum  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

A  much-branched  shrub,  4-6  dm.  high,  the  young  branches  finely  puberulent. 
Leaves  ovate,  short-petioled,  4  cm.  long  or  less^  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  entire-margined,  puberulent,  at  least  on 
the  veins  beneath,  copiously  punctate,  somewhat  fleshy,  3-nerved,  the  puberu- 
lent petioles  3-7  mm.  long;  corjTnbs  dense,  3-6  cm.  broad,  the  heads  sessile  on 
their  branches;  involucre  obiong-cylindric,  7-9  mm.  high,  3-4  mm.  thick,  its 
scales  in  5  or  6  series,  suborbicular  to  oblong,  obtuse,  puberulent,  strongly 
5-striate ;  floAvers  lilac  or  pale  purple ;  achenes  narrowly  obpyramidal,  about 
4  mm.  long. 

Rocky  soil  and  coastal  rocks,  Abaco,  Frozen  Cay,  Berry  Islands,  Acklin's  Island, 
Crooked  Island,  Mariguana  and  East  Caicos.  Type  from  Mariguana  {Wilson,  7^25). 
Recorded  by  Dolley  and  by  Hitchcock  as  Eupatorium  repandum  ^Yilld. 

8.  Eupatorium  corymbosum  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  2:   799.     1775. 

Eupatorium  atripUci folium  Lam.  Encycl.  2:  407.     1788. 
Eupatorium  repandum  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  3:   1767.     1804. 

A  shrub  about  6  dm.  high,  the  young  shoots,  petioles  and  branches  of  the 
inflorescence  densely  puberulent.  Leaves  firm  in  texture,  slightly  fleshy,  4.5 
cm.  long  or  less,  the  blades  reniform-cordate  to  suborbicular,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  mostly  about  as  wide  as  long,  coarsely  crenate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
above,  puberulent  and  pitted  beneath  with  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the 
lateral  veins  few;  corymbs  several,  dense,  3-4  cm.  broad,  the  heads  sessile  on 
the  short  branches;  involucre  cylindric  with  a  somewhat  narrowed  base,  6-7 
mm.  high,  1.5-2  mm.  thick;  scales  in  four  series,  oblong  to  linear-oblong, 
strongly  striate-nerved,  obtuse,  their  tips  pubescent;  flowers  light  purple; 
achenes  obpyramidal,  3-3.5  mm.  long;  pappus  brownish. 

Sand-dunes,  Clarence  Town  and  Water  Cay,  Long  Island  : — Porto  Rico  to  Tor- 
tola  ;  Virgin  Gorda  ;  St.  Croix  ;  Martinique  ;  northern  South  America. 

4.  MIKANIA  Willd.  Sp.  PL  3:   1742.     1804.' 

Herbaceous  twining  vines,  or  some  tropical  species  shrubs,  with  opposite, 
petioled  leaves,  and  discoid,  mostly  cymose-paniculate  heads  of  white  or  pink 
flowers.  Heads  4-flowered.  Involucre  oblong,  of  4  slightly  unequal  narrow 
bracts.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Corolla  regular,  its  tube  slender,  the  limb 
cam.panulate,  5-cleft.  Anthers  entire  and  obtuse  at  the  base.  Style-branches 
elongated,  acutish.  Achenes  truncate,  5-angled.  Pappus  of  numerous  capil- 
lary roughish  bristles  in  1  or  2  series.  [In  honor  of  J.  G.  Mikan,  1743-1814, 
professor  at  Prague.]  About  150  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species: 
MiTcania  Jiastata    (L.)    Willd. 

1.  Mikania  scandens  (L.)  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  3:  1743.     1804. 

Eupatorium  scandens  L.  Sp.  PI.  836.     1753. 
Mikania  hatatifolia  DC.   Prodr.   5:    197.     1836. 
MiJcania  orinocensis  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  4:   134.     1820. 
Willoughhya  scandens  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  372.     1891. 
Willughaetja  heterophylla  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  1170,  1338.     1903. 

A  vine,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  1.5-4.5  m.  long.  Leaves  ovate  or  hastate, 
deeply  cordate,  acuminate,  repand  or  obtusely  dentate,  5-10  cm.  long,  2-5  cm. 
wide;   petioles  slender,  shorter  than  the  blades;   heads  in  compound   clusters 


440  CARDUACEAE. 

borne  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  involucre  about  6  mm.  long,  its  bracts  lance- 
olate, acuminate  or  apiculate;  flowers  white  or  pink;  achenes  resinous. 

Marshes.  Gi'eat  Bahama,  Andros,  and  New  Providence : — eastern  continental 
North  America  ;  \Yest  Indies ;  continental  America  south  to  Argentina.  Climbing 
Hempweed. 

"5.  CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt.;  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  2:  333.     1824. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  sessile  entire  leaves,  or  the  basal  ones 
dentate,  and  large  many-flowered  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow 
flowers  (rays  wanting  in  some  western  species)^  loosely  corymbose,  or  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre  campanulate  to  hemispheric,  its  bracts 
narrow,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  usually 
flat,  foveolate.  Ray-flowers  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  mostly  all  perfect.  Pappus 
double  in  both  the  disk-  and  ray-flowers,  the  inner  of  numerous  rough  capillary 
bristles,  the  outer  of  smaller  or  minute  scales  or  bristles.  Achenes  flattened, 
oblong-linear  or  obovate.  .Style-branches  narrow,  somewhat  flattened,  their 
appendages  linear  or  subulate.  [Greek,  golden  aspect.]  About  20  species,  of 
North  America  and  Mexico.     Type   species:    I^iula  gossypina  Michx. 

1.  Chrysopsis  graminifolia  (Michx.)  Ell.  loc.  cit.  334.     1824. 

Inula  graminifolia  Michx.  El.  Bor.  Am.  2:   122.     1803. 

Slender,  corymbosely  branched  above.  Leaves  3-5-nerved,  shining,  the 
basal  ones  7-30  cm.  long,  4-10  mm.  wide,  the  upper  much  smaller,  and  the 
uppermost  subulate  and  erect;  heads  several  or  numerous,  about  1  cm.  broad, 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  glabrate; 
achenes  linear-fusiform. 

Pine-lands  of  Great  Bahama : — southeastern  United  States.  Grass-leaa^ed 
Golden  Aster. 

6.  ASTER   L.  Sp.   PI.   872.     1753. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual,  mostly  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  corymbose  or  paniculate  (rarely  racemose  or  solitary)  heads  of  both 
tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric,  campanulate  or  turbinate, 
its  bracts  various,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  exterior  usually  smaller 
and  shorter.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  generally  foveolate.  Ray-flowers  white, 
pink,  purple,  blue,  or  violet,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  tubular,  perfect,  their 
corollas  5-lobed,  usually  yellow  and  changing  to  red,  brown,  or  purple.  Anthers 
obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages 
subulate,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute.  Pappus-bristles  slender,  numerous,  sca- 
brous or  denticulate,  usually  in  1  series,  sometimes  in  2  series.  Achenes 
mostly  flattened  and  nerved.  [Greek,  star.]  A  genus  of  not  less  than  250 
species,  most  abundant  in  North  America.     Type  species:  Aster  Amellus  L. 

Rootstocks  tuberous. 

Inflorescence  sub-racemose  or  narrowly  thyrsoid  ;  leaves  oblong.    1.  .4.  lucayanus. 
Inflorescence  corymbose ;  leaves,  except  lower,  reduced  to  ap- 

pressed  scales.  2.  A.  adnatus. 

Rootstocks  not  tuberous  ;  roots  of  thick  fibres. 
Leaves  all  linear,  fleshy. 

Involucral  bracts  abruptly  acute.  3.  A.  Bracet. 

Involucral  bracts  gradually  acuminate.  4.  A.  exilis. 

Leaves  not  fleshy  ;  the  basal  ones  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate.    5.  A.  hahamensis. 


CAEDUACEAE.  4dl 

1.  Aster  lucayanus  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  143.     1906. 

Rootstock  short,  tuber-like;  stems  erect,  5-7  dm.  high.  Leaves  reticulate- 
veined,  entire,  sessile  (basal  ones  not  seen),  the  lower  oblanceolatOj  obtuse,  those 
above  the  middle  of  the  stem  lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  2-3.5 
cm.  long,  5-8  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  inflorescence  similar,  smaller;  'heads 
racemose  or  racemose-campanulate,  about  2  cm.  broad;  peduncles  slender, 
sericeous;  involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  its  bracts  loose,  narrowly  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  sericeous,  the  inner  5-7  mm.  long;  rays  purple,  2  mm. 
wide;  achenes  sericeous,  3  mm.  long,  half  as  long  as  the  whitish  pappus. 

Pine-lands  of  Great  Bahama.     Endemic.     Pine-i^vxd  Aster. 

2.  Aster  adnatus  Nutt.  Jour.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  7:  82.     1834. 

Rootstock  tuberous;  stem  2-8  dm.  high,  hispidulous,  branched.  Leaves 
various,  the  basal  ones  obovate,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  those  of  the  stem  numerous, 
oblong  to  lanceolate,  3-12  mm.  long,  scabrous,  sessile,  those  of  the  branches 
reduced  to  very  small  scales;  heads  few,  terminating  the  branches;  involucre 
4-6  mm.  high,  its  linear  bracts  with  slightly  spreading  green  tips;  rays 
numerous,  violet,  7-10  mm.  long;   achenes  glabrous. 

Pine-lands  of  Great  Bahama  : — southeastern  United  States.      Scale-leaved  Aster. 

3.  Aster  Bracei  Britton;   Small,  Fl.  Miami  190.     1913. 

Annual?  Fleshy,  glabrous,  roots  several  coarse  fibres;  stem  rather 
slender,  often  zigzag,  branched  above,  the  branches  divaricately  ascending; 
leaves  all  narrowly  linear,  thick^  entire,  acute,  somewhat  narrowed  toward  the 
clasping  base,  the  lower  ones  and  those  of  shoots  10  cm.  long  or  less,  3-4  mm. 
wide,  the  upper  much  shorter,  those  of  the  branches  few,  linear-subulate,  very 
small ;  heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  slender  branches ;  involucre 
campanulate-cylindric,  3-4.5  mm.  high ;  bracts  in  3  or  4  series,  light  green, 
linear  to  linear-lanceolate,  abruptly  acute  or  short-acuminate;  rays  pinkish, 
4-5  mm.  long;  achenes  1-1.5  mm,  long,  rough  on  the  angles. 

Brackish  marshes  and  savannas,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence:— Florida;  Cuba.     Recorded  as  A.  tenuifoUus  by  Coker.     Brace's  Aster. 

4.  Aster  exilis  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  2:  344.     1824. 

Annual,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  erect,  3-12  dm.  high,  usually  much 
branched,  the  branches  slender.  Stem-leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  2-10 
cm.  long,  entire,  acute,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  2-5  mm.  wide,  those  of  the  branches 
subulate,  2-10  mm.  long,  1he  basal  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled;  heads 
usually  many,  loosely  panicled ;  involucre  5-6  mm.  high,  its  linear-subulate, 
appressed  bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series ;  rays  several^  2-4  mm.  long, 
purplish  or  white,  longer  than  the  pappus;  achenes  pubescent. 

Wet  grounds,  Andros  : — southeastern  United  States  ;  Cuba.     Slim  Aster. 

5.  Aster  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  41:   14.     1914. 

Stout,  fibrous-rooted,  slightly  fleshy,  glabrous,  3-20  dm.  high.  Lower 
leaves  and  those  of  sterile  shoots  with  sheathing  petioles  4-7  cm.  long,  the 
blades  oblong  to  linear-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  4-8  cm. 
long,  5-20  mm.  wide,  sparingly  crenate-dentato  or  entire,  narrowed  into  the 
petiole,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral  veins  obscure;  upper  stem-leaves 
linear,  entire,  6  cm.  long  or  less,  those  of  the  branches  nearly  subulate,  3-12 
mm.  long;  heads  numerous,  paniculate;  involucre  nearly  cylindric,  6-8  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  linear,  acuminate,  about  0.7  mm.  wide,  green  with  scarious 
margins,  or  the  inner  merely  green-tipped;  rays  purple,  4-5  mm.  long;  achenes 
columnar,  2.5  mm.  long,  the  angles  roughened;  pappus  brownish,  twice  as  long 
as  the  achene. 

Moist  grounds  and  marshes.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  Eleuthera  and  Cat  Island  : — • 
Cuba.     Bahama  Aster. 

29 


442  CAEDUACEAE. 

7.    GUNDLACHIA  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  16:  100.     1880. 

Somewhat  viscid,  leafy  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire,  linear  to  oblance- 
olate  leaves,  and  numerous  small  heads  of  both  discoid  and  radiate  white 
flowers  in  terminal  thyrses  or  compound  corymbs.  Eay-flowers  few^  pistillate; 
disk-flowers  somewhat  more  numerous,  perfect.  Involucre  obconic,  its  bracts 
coriaceous,  imbricated  in  4  or  5  series,  the  outer  much  shorter  than  the  inner. 
Achenes  nearly  terete,  5-nerved.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles. 
[In  honor  of  John  Gundlach,  1810-1896,  traveller  and  naturalist.]  A  few 
species,  natives  of  the  West  Indies.  Type  species:  GundlacMa  domingensis 
(Spreng.)  A.  Gray. 

1.  GundlacMa  corymbosa  (Urban)  Britton;  Boldingh,  Fl.  Ned.  West-Ind.  391. 
1913. 

Gundlachia  domingensis  corymhosa  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  406.     1903. 

Nearly  glabrous,  viscid  above,  bushy-branched,  6-12  dm.  high.  Leaves 
oblanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  3-8  cm.  long,  5-20  mm.  wide,  fleshy,  obtuse 
and  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  emarginate  or  mucronulate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
short-petioled,  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral  veins  few  and  obscure; 
corymbs  dense,  convex^  3-10  cm.  broad;  heads  short-peduncled;  involucre  about 
5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  acute  or  acutish,  the  outer  ovate,  the  inner  linear- 
lanceolate;  rays  spreading,  4-5  mm.  long. 

Sand-dunes,  scrub-lands,  pine-lands  and  borders  of  saline  marshes.  Andros,  Eleu- 
thera  to  Acklin's.  Grand  Turk  and  Inagua  : — Porto  Rico :  Anegada  ;  Saba  :  Barbuda  ; 
Desirade  :  Montserrat ;  Curagao  ;  Aruba.    Hoese-bush.    Broom-bush.    Soldier's-bush. 

8.  ERIGERON  L.  Sp.  PI.  863.     1753. 

Branching  or  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  corymbose, 
paniculate  or  solitary,  peduneled  heads,  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  (rarely  all 
tubular)  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  narrow, 
nearly  equal,  imbricated  in  but  1  or  2  series  in  most  species.  E-eceptacle  nearly 
flat,  usually  naked.  Eay-flowers  usually  numerous,  white,  violet  or  purple, 
pistillate.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  tubular,  perfQct,  their  corollas  mostly  5-lobed. 
Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  more  or  less  flattened, 
their  appendages  short,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse.  Achenes  flattened,  usually 
2-nerved.  Pappus-bristles  fragile,  slender,  scabrous  or  denticulate,  in  1  series, 
or  often  an  additional  outer  shorter  series.  [Greek,  early-old,  alluding  to  the 
early  hoary  pappus.]  A  genus  of  some  130  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Type  species:   Erigeron  acre  L. 

1.  Erigeron  quercifolium  Lam.  Tabl.  Encyc.  3:   258.     1823. 

Perennial,  pubescent;  stems  1-7  dm.  high,  commonly  branched  above, 
erect,  slender.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate,  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  4-12 
cm.  long,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  ob- 
lanceolate to  lanceolate,  distant,  smaller,  mostly  sessile;  heads  rather  few; 
involucre  about  3  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute  or  acuminate;  rays  many, 
white  or  purplish,  3-4  mm.  long. 

Moist  grounds,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  : — 
Florida.     Referred  to  E.  tenuis  T.  &  G.  by  Dolley.     Southern  Fleabane. 


CARDUACEAE.  443 

9.  LEPTILON   Raf.  Am.   Month.   Mag.  2:    268.     1818. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  small  racemose,  thyrsoid  or  panicled  heads 
of  white  flowers,  the  rays  small,  usually  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk 
or  none.  Involucre  mostly  campanulate,  its  narrow  bracts  in  2  or  3  series. 
Receptacle  naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate;  disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas 
usually  4-lobed  or  4-toothed,  the  anthers  obtuse  at  the  base;  style-branches 
somewhat  flattened,  their  appendages  short.  Achenes  flattened.  Pappus  of 
numerous  simple  fragile  bristles  in  1  series.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  small 
heads.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  America  and  As-ia.  Type  species: 
Erigeron  divaricatum  Michx. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  very  pubescent ;  plant  hirsute.  1.  L.  linifolium. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout.  2.  L.  pusillum. 

1.  Leptiion  linifdlium  (Willd.)  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  1231,  1340.     1903. 

Erigeron  linifolius  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  3:   1955.     1804. 

Hirsute;  stem  slender,  branched  or  simple,  7  dm.  high  or  less.  Leaves 
linear  or  linear-spatulate,  1.5-10  cm.  long,  the  upper  entire,  sessile,  the  lower 
mostly  incised-serrate,  and  petioled;  heads  paniculate  or  subracemose,  several 
or  numerous ;  involucre  about  5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acuminate,  pilose; 
achenes  glabrous;   pappus  tawny,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Waste  grounds,  New  Providence  at  Nassau  : — Bermuda  ;  southeastern  United 
States  ;  Cuba  ;  Old  World  tropics  and  subtropics.     Hairy  Horseweed. 

2.  Leptiion  pusillum   (Nutt.)   Britton,  Torreya  14:   198.     1914. 

Erigeron  pusilliis  Nutt.  Gen.  2:    148.     1818. 

Stem  glabrate,  7-30  dm.  high,  the  larger  plants  paniculately  much 
branched.  Leaves  usually  ciliate,  the  basal  and  lower  spatulate,  petioled, 
mostly  entire,  2-10  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  those  of  the  stem  linear  and 
mainly  entire;  heads  few  or  numerous,  about  4  mm.  broad;  involucre,  2-3  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  glabrate,  often  purplish-tipped;  rays  numerous, 
white,  shorter  than  the  pappus  and  mostly  shorter  than  their  tubes. 

Pine-lands,  cultivated  grounds,  sandy  soil  and  scrub-lands,  Great  Bahama, 
Abaco  and  Andros  to  Watling's  Island,  NoTth  Caicos  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  :  conti- 
nental eastern  North  America  ;  West  Indies.  Formerly  included  in  Erigeron  cana- 
densis L,,  and  thus  recorded  by  previous  authors.     Smooth  Horseweed. 

10.  ESCHENBACHIA   Moench,   Meth.   573.     1794. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  mostly  corymbose  or  panicled  heads  of 
tubular  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate,  several-many-flowered,  its  narrow 
bracts  imbricated  in  2-several  series,  the  outermost  usually  much  smaller  than 
the  others.  Receptacle  convex  or  flat,  mostly  naked.  Marginal  flowers  pistil- 
late with  narrow  or  filiform,  2-3-toothed  corollas;  disk-flowers  tubular,  perfect, 
5-toothed.  Anthers  obtuse  at  the  base.  Achenes  flattened,  their  sides  nerve- 
less or  1-nerved.  Pappus  of  1  or  2  series  of  bristles.  [Commemorates  J.  F. 
Eschenbach,  German  botanist]  Perhaps  50  species,  of  tropical  and  warm- 
temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Erigeron  aegyptiacum  L. 


444  CARDUACEAE. 

1.  Eschenbachia  lyrata   (H.B.K.)   Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Conysa  lyrata  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  4:   70.     1820. 

Perennial,  erect,  branched,  viscid-pubescent,  4-9  dm.  higb,  the  branches 
ascending.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  obovate^  coarsely  dentate,  4-8  cm.  long, 
obtuse,  narrowed  into  margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  much  smaller  than  the 
lower,  oblong  to  obovate,  dentate  or  lyrate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  heads  few  or 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  slender-peduncled ;  involucre  campanulate, 
about  8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear,  acuminate. 

Waste  grounds,  Long  Island,  at  Clarence  Town ;  Great  Exuma,  near  George- 
town : — Cuba  ;  Mexico  to  Colombia.     Sticky-weed. 

11.  BACCHARIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  860.     1753. 

Dioecious  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small^  paniculate  or  corymbose 
heads  of  tubular  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate  or  oblong,  its  many  bracts 
imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  com- 
monly foveolate.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  slender,  that  of  the  staminate 
tubular,  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  nar- 
row or  subulate,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  smooth,  exserted,  those  of  the 
sterile  flowers  rudimentary,  tipped  with  an  ovate  pubescent  appendage. 
Achenes  more  or  less  compressed,  ribbed.  Pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers 
copious,  capillary,  that  of  the  sterile  flowers  short.  [Named  for  Bacchus; 
originally  applied  to  some  different  shrubs.]  About  300  species,  all  American, 
most  abundant  in  South  America.       Type  species:  Baecharis  ivi folia  L. 

Leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  the  lower  often  dentate.  1.   B.  angusiifoUa. 
Leaves  obovate  to  elliptic  or  oblanceolate. 

At  least  the  lower  leaves  dentate.  2.  B.  haUmifolia. 

Leaves  all  entire.  3.  B.  dioica. 

1.  Baecharis  angustifolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:   125.     1803. 

A  branching  shrub,  2.5  m.  high  or  less,  the  foliage  resinous.  Leaves  mostly 
linear,  sessile,  1-8  cm.  long,  entire,  or  the  lower  denticulate;  heads  numerous, 
glomerate  in  peduncled  clusters,  or  solitary ;  involucre  of  the  staminate  heads 
campanulate,  about  2.5  mm.  high,  that  of  the  pistillate  ones  oblong,  4-5  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish;  achenes  about  1  mm. 
long;  pappus  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre. 

Borders  of  marshes,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — south- 
eastern United  States.     NAEitow-LEAVED  Groundsel-bush. 

2.  Baecharis  halimifdlia  L.  Sp.  PI.  860.     1753. 

A  branching  glabrous  r.hrub,  1-3  dm.  high,,  the  branchlets  angled,  some- 
times minutely  scurfy.  Leaves  thick,  those  of  the  stem  and  larger  branches 
2-7  cm.  long,  1-5  cm.  wide,  those  of  the  branchlets  oblanceolate,  short-petioled 
or  sessile,  entire,  or  few-toothed  toward  the  apex;  heads  in  terminal  peduncled 
clusters  of  1-5,  those  of  the  sterile  plant  nearly  globose  when  young,  the  bracts 
of  the  involucre  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  glutinous,  appressed,  the  inner  ones  of 
the  pistillate  heads  lanceolate,  acute  or  acutish;  pappus  bright  white,  6-8  mm. 
long,  much  exceeding  the  involucre. 

Borders  of  marches.  Great  Bahama.  Andros,  New  Providence : — Coast  of  the 
eastern  and  southeastern  United  States.  The  Andros  specimen  (Brace  5203)  may  rep- 
resent the  variety  angustior  DC,  abundant  in  Cuba.     Grouxdsel-bush. 


CARDUACEAE.  445 

3.  Baccharis  dioica  Vahl,  Symb.  3:  98,     1794. 

Baccharis  Valilii  DC.  Prodr.  5:  411.     1836. 

GlabrouS;  branched,  2  m.  high  or  less,  shrubby,  somewhat  glutinous,  the 
twigs  striate,  densely  leafy,  sometimes-  granular.  Leaves  obovate  or  cuncate- 
obovate,  2-4  cm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  obtuse  or  subtruncate  and  mucronulate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  petioles,  the  midvein  rather  promi- 
nent, the  lateral  venation  obscure;  heads  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs: 
involucre  4-7  mm.  high,  its  bracts  oblong,  imbricated  in  4  or  5  series;  pappus 
of  the  pistillate  heads  about  as  long  as  the  corollas;  achenes  10-ribbed, 
glabrous. 

Scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  St.  Croix ;  Montserrat ; 
Jamaica.     Vahl's  Grouxdsel-bush.     Broom-bush. 

12.   PLUCHEA  Cass.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1817:  31.     1817. 

Pubescent  or  glabrous  herbs,  or  some  tropical  species  shrubby,  with 
alternate  dentate  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  tubular  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbose  cymes.  Involucre  ovoid,  campanulate,  or  nearly  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  appressed,  herbaceous,  imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Outer  flowers  of  the  head  pistillate,  their  corollas  filiform,  3-cleft  or 
dentate  at  the  apex.  Central  flowers  perfect,  but  mainly  sterile,  their  corollas 
5-cleft.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base,  the  auricles  caudate.  Style  of  the 
perfect  flowers  2-cleft  or  undivided.  Achenes  4-5-angled.  Pappus  a  single 
series  of  capillary  scabrous  bristles.  [Named  for  the  Abbe  N.  A.  Pluche,  of 
Paris.]  About  35  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
Type  species:   Conyza  marilandica  Michx. 

Plants  shrubby.  1,  P.  oclorata. 
Plants  herbaceous. 

Perennial ;  leaves  sessile.  2.  P.  foetida. 

Annual  ;  leaves  petioled.  3.  P.  purpurascens. 

1.  Pluchea  odorata   (L.)  Cass.  Diet.  Sci.  Xat.  4:  3.     1826. 

Conyza  odorata  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1213.     1759. 

A  densely  and  finely  pubescent  shrub,  up  to  3  m.  high.  Leaves  oblong, 
entire,  or  undulate-serrate  with  small  blunt  teeth,  8-20  cm.  long,  1.5-5  cm. 
wide,  rather  dark  green,  loosely  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  above, 
finely  and  densely  pubescent  and  pale  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles  1-4  cm.  long;  corymbs  mostly  large; 
peduncles  and  involucre  densely  pubescent ;  involucre  about  5  mm.  high,  its 
bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute  to  acuminate;  flowers  creamy  pink  or  whitish. 

Rocky  scrub-lands,  coppices  and  clearings  throughout  the  archipelago  from 
Great  Bahama  and  Andros  to  Grand  Turlv  and  Inagua  : — 'Bermuda  ;  Florida  :  West 
Indies;  Mexico  to  northern  South  America.  Bushy  Flbabane.  Wild  Tobacco. 
Sour-bush.     Cough-bush. 

2.  Pluchea  foetida  (L.)   B.S.P.  Prelim.  Cat.  N.  Y.  28.     1888. 

Baccharis  foetida  L.  Sp.  PI.  861.     1753. 
Pluchea  hifrons  DC.  Prod.  5:   451.     1836. 

Perennial ;  stem  simple  or  sparingly  branched  at  the  summit,  puberulent 
and  slightly  viscid,  4-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
sharply  denticulate,  sessile,  pubescent  or  puberulent,  5-10   cm.  long,   1-4  em. 


446  CABDUACEAE. 

wide,  reticulate-veiny;  clusters  of  heads  compact,  leafy-bracted;  involucre  5-6 
nini.  high,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  viscid-puberulent. 

Marshy  places,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  : — southeast- 
ern Tnited  States  to  Texas  and  North  Mexico  ;  Cuba.     Perennial  Maesh  Fleabane. 

3.  Pluchea  purpurascens  (Sw.)  DC.  Prodr.  5:  452.     1836. 

Conyza  purpurascens  Sw.  Prodr.  112.     1788. 

Herbaceous,  annual ;  stems  rather  stout,  finely  pubescent  at  least  above, 
simple  or  branched^  3-12  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly 
finely  pubescent  or  glabrate,  dentate  or  crenate-dentate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  5-12  cm.  long,  the  petioles  3  cm. 
long  or  less,  the  upper  ones  smaller,  nearly  sessile ;  heads  usually  numerous ; 
involucre  4-5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  pubescent; 
flowers  pink. 

Bracliish  swamps  and  borders  of  coppices,  Great  Bahama  and  Andros  to  For- 
tune Island  and  Inagua  :— southeastern  United  States  ;  Bermuda  ;  West  Indies,  south 
to  Guadeloupe ;  Mexico  and  Central  America.  Reported  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  P.  cam- 
phorata  DC.  to  which  it  is  closely  related.     Annual  Marsh  Fleabane. 

13.  SACHSIA  Griseb.  Cat.  PI.  Cub.  150.     1866. 

Perennial  seapose  herbs,  with  tufted  basal  serrate  leaves  and  loosely 
corymbose  or  panicled  small  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  the  rays 
white.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  acute, 
rigid,  the  outer  successively  smaller.  Eeceptacle  naked,  flat  or  convex,  Eay- 
flowers  fertile,  with  filiform  2-3-toothed  corollas;  disk-flowers  tubular,  regu- 
lar, fertile,  or  the  inner  sterile.  Achenes  compressed,  4-5-angled;  pappus  a 
single  series  of  capillary  barbed  bristles.  [In  honor  of  F.  G.  J.  von  Sachs, 
German  plant  physiologist.]  Four  known  species  of  Cuba,  Florida  and  the 
Bahamas,     Type  species:  SacJisia  polycephaJa  Griseb. 

1.  Sachsia  bahamensis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  408.     1903. 

Scape  slender,  erect,  villous  at  the  base,  rough-glandular  above,  bearing 
2-5  very  small  and  distant  leaves.  Basal  leaves  several,  spatulate  to  oblong- 
obovate,  firm  in  texture,  7  cm.  long  or  less,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base  into  short  petioles,  repand-dentate,  minutely  glandular  and  sparingly 
pubescent  beneath;  inflorescence  loosely  corymbose-paniculate;  peduncles  slen- 
der, mostly  longer  than  the  heads;  involucre  about  7  mm.  high,  its  bracts  in 
about  6  series,  the  outer  ovate  to  lanceolate,  densely  glandular,  the  inner  nar- 
rowly linear;  outer  flowers  in  several  series,  their  filiform  corollas  3 -toothed; 
achenes  linear,  striate,  about  2  mm.  long;  short-pilose;  pappus  yellowish-white, 
about  4  mm.  long. 

Pine-lands  and  savannas  of  Great  Bahama,  Andros  and  New  Providence : — 
Florida.     Bahama  Sachsia. 

14.  TETRANTHUS   Sw.  Prodr.   116.     1788. 

Small  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  leaves,  and  very  small  discoid 
heads  solitary  and  peduncled  in  the  axils,  usually  4-flowered,  with  2  flowers 
fertile  and  2  sterile.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  4,  sometimes  with  4  minute  ex- 
terior ones.  Receptacle  naked.  Corolla  tubular  with  a  somewhat  campanulate 
5-lobed  limb.  Anthers  obtuse.  Achenes  oblong,  angled  or  striate;  pappus 
short,  crown-like.  [Greek,  four-flowered.]  Four  known  species,  natives  of 
the  West  Indies.     Type  species:  Tetrantlius  Uttoralis  Sw. 


CAEDUACEAE.  447 

1.  Tetranthus  bahamensis  Britton,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5:   318.     1907. 

Stems  smooth,  slender,  creeping,  3-6  cm.  long.  Leaves  ovate,  about  4  mm. 
long  and  3  mm.  wide,  obtuse  at  tlie  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
glabrous  on  both  sides,  the  veins  very  obscure,  the  petioles  about  3  mm.  long, 
sparingly  pilose;  heads  solitary,  4-flowered,  on  sparingly  pilose  peduncles, 
about  1  cm.  long;  involucre  bracts  4,  obovate,  about  1.5  mm.  long,  and  1  mm. 
wide,  3-nerved,  sparingly  pilose  without  and  slightly  ciliate;  corolla  about  1 
mm.  long,  glabrous,  the  lobes  slightly  shorter  than  the  tube;  anthers  large, 
apiculate;  style  glabrous,  0.5  mm.  long,  its  branches  glandular-pilose;  achenes 
bluntly  quadrangular,  glabrous,  0.5  mm.  loDg. 

In  crevices  of  rocks  under  shrubs,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Marj- 
guana.     Endemic.     Bahama  Tetranthus. 

15.  ACANTHOSPERMUM    Schrank,    PI.    Ear.    Hort.    Monac.    pL    53.     1819. 

Annual  rather  coarse  herbs,  with  pubescent  foliage  and  erect  or  creeping 
stems,  opposite  broad^  often  leathery,  toothed  leaves,  and  radiate  but  incon- 
spicuous heads,  axillary  to  leaf-like  bracts.  Involucre  double,  an  outer  one 
of  flat  herbaceous  bracts,  and  an  inner  one  of  several  smaller  bracts  which 
become  bur-like  and  fall  away  enclosing  an  achene  at  maturity.  Receptacle 
concave  or  convex.  Eay-flowers  few,  in  1  series,  the  rays  very  small,  yellowish, 
concave  or  hooded.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  sterile.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base. 
Achenes  broadest  above  the  middle,  slightly  curved.  Pappus  wanting.  [Greek, 
thorn-seed,  from  the  prickly,  bur-like  fruits.]  About  3  species,  natives  of 
tropical  America.     Type  species:  AcantJiospermiim  hrasilium  Schrank. 

1.  Acanthospermum  humile   (Sw\)   DC.  Prodr.  5:   522.     1836. 

Melampodium  humile  Sw\  Prodr.  114.     1788. 

A^illous-pubescent,  branched,  erect,  3-9  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate,  2-4  cm. 
long,  very  coarsely  dentate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subtruncate 
at  the  base,  the  broadly  margined  petioles  1-2  cm,  long,  often  coarsely 
toothed;  heads  sessile  or  nearly  so;  pistillate  flowers  3-7;  inner  bracts  of  the 
involucre  bearing  short  hooked  prickles  and  2  rigid  subulate  beaks  2-3  mm. 
long. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds  near  Nassau,  New  Providence  : — south- 
eastern United  States  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Cnlebrita  ;  St.  Martin  ;  Tobago  ;  Jamaica. 
Spiny-bur. 

16.   PAHTHENIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  988.     1753. 

Erect,  mostly  pubescent  or  canescent  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate 
white  or  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  obtuse,  appressed,  nearly  equal.  Eeceptacle 
convex  or  conic,  chaffy,  the  chaff  membranous,  surrounding  the  disk-flowers. 
Eay-flowers  about  5,  pistillate,  fertile,  their  ligules  short,  broad,  2-toothed  or 
obcordate.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  sterile,  their  corollas  5-toothed,  the  style 
undivided.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  compressed,  keeled  on  the 
inner  face,  margined,  bearing  the  persistent  rays  on  the  summit.  Pappus  of 
2-3  scales  or  awns.  [Greek,  virgin,]  About  10  American  species.  Type 
species:   Parthenium  EysteropJiorus  L. 


448  CAEDUACEAE. 

1.  Parthenium  Hysterophonis  L.  Sp.  PI.  988.     1753. 

Annual,  strigose-pubescent  or  somewhat  villous,  usually  much  branched, 
3-7  dm.  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  in  outline,  1-2-pinnately  parted  into 
linear  or  lanceolate,  toothed  or  pinnatifid  segments,  thin,  and  flaccid;  heads 
numerous^,  5-6  mm.  broad;  involucre  saucer-shaped,  its  bracts  concave,  the 
outer  ones  rhombic,  the  inner  broader;  ray-flowers  few;  rays  reniform,  white, 
about  1  mm.  wide;  achenes  obovate,  about  1  mm.  long. 

Waste  places  and  pine-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  to  Watling's 
Island,  Long  Island  and  Inagua  : — Bermuda  ;  United  States  to  continental  tropical 
America  ;  West  Indies.     Santa  Maeia, 

17.  CRASSINA  Scepin,  Acido  \eg.  42.     1758. 

[ZiXNiA  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1221.    1759.] 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs^  some  species  shrubby,  with  opposite  entire,  or 
sparingly  serrate,  mostly  narrow  and  sessile  leaves,  and  large  or  middle-sized 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Eay-flowers  pistillate,  yellow  or 
variegated,  persistent  on  the  achene.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile;  corolla 
cylindraceous;  its  lobes  villous.  Involucre  eampanulate  to  nearly  cylindric,  its 
bracts  obtuse,  dry^  firm^  appressed,  imbricated  in  3  series  or  more,  the  outer 
gradually  shorter.  Eeceptacle  conic  or  cylindric,  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending 
and  enwrapping  the  disk-flowers.  Style-branches  elongated,  not  appendaged. 
Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers  somewhat  3-angled,  those  of  the  disk  flattened. 
Pappus  of  few  awns  or  teeth.  [In  honor  of  Paul  Crassus,  an  Italian  botanist 
of  the  16th  century.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  western  America.  Type 
species:    Chrysogonum  penivianum  L. 

1.  Crassina  multiflora  (L.)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  331.     1891. 

Zinnia  multifiora  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1269.     1763. 

Annual,  erect,  simple  or  branched,  1-6  dm.  high,  the  branches  nearly  erect, 
sparingly  hispid.  Leaves  lanceolate,  rough-hispid,  thin,  entire,  2-7  cm.  long, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  nearly  sessile  i3ase;  peduncles 
thickened  upward,  1-6  cm.  long;  involucre  eampanulate,  about  1.5  cm.  high,  its 
bracts  oblong,  dark-margined  above;  rays  obovate,  1-2  cm.  long;  receptacle- 
scales  obtuse,  entire;   disk-achenes  1-awned. 

Bahamas,  collected  by  Swainson  : — Cuba  to  Porto  Rico  and  Guadeloupe  ;  Mexico 
to  Brazil  and  Peru,     Zinnia. 

18.  VERBESINA  L.  Sp.  PL  901.     1753. 

Erect  or  diffuse,  branching,  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves, 
and  small  peduncled  terminal  and  axillary  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate 
whitish  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  eampanulate,  its  bracts 
imbricated  in  about  2  series,  nearly  equal,  or  the  outer  longer.  Eeceptacle  flat 
or  convex,  chaffy,  the  chaff  awn-like,  subtending  the  achenes.  Eay-flowers 
pistillate,  fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  mostly  fertile,  their  corollas  tubular, 
4-toothed  or  rarely  5-toothed.  Anthers  entire  or  minutely  2-toothed  at  the 
base.  Achenes  thick,  those  of  the  rays  3-sided,  those  of  the  disk  compressed. 
Pappus  none,  or  of  a  few  short  teeth.  [Xame  changed  from  Verbena.] 
About  4  species,  the  following  typical. 


CABDUACEAE.  449 

1.  Verbesina  alba  L.  Sp.  PI.  902.     1753. 

Eclipta  erccta  L.  Mant.  2:   286.     1771. 
EcHpta  alba  Hassk.  PI.  Jav.  Eav.  528.     1848. 

Annual,  appressed-pubescent,  erect  or  diffuse,  1.5-9  dm.  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminatej  denticu- 
late or  entire,  narrowed  to  a  sessile  base,  or  the  lower  petioled,  2-12  cm.  long, 
4-20  mm.  wide;  heads  commonly  numerous,  6-12  mm.  broad,  nearly  sessile,  or 
slender-peduncled;  rays  short,  nearly  white;  anthers  brown. 

Wet  or  moist  soil,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma  and  Long  Island  : — Bermuda  ; 
the  United  States  from  New  York,  Illinois  and  Nebraska,  southward  to  temperate 
South  America ;  West  Indies ;  all  warm  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Eci.ipta. 

19.  MELANTHERA  Rohr,  Skrift.  Nat.  Selsk.  2:  213.     1792. 

Perennial  herbs,  often  quite  woody^  wdth  opposite  petioled  dentate,  some- 
times hastate  leaves,  and  peduneled  heads  of  small  white  yellowish  or  violet 
tubular  flowers.  Involucre  low-hemispheric,  its  few  ovate  to  lanceolate,  nearly 
equal  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series.  Receptacle  convex  or  low-conic,  scaly. 
Corollas  subcylindric,  with  an  expanded  throat,  5-toothed.  Anthers  sometimes 
black,  truncate  or  subsagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  long.  Achenes 
4-angled;  pappus  of  distinct  caducous  awns.  [Greek,  black  anther.]  About  10 
species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.     Type  species:   Bidens  nivea  L. 

1.  Melanthera  deltoidea  Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  2:  107.    1803. 

Melanthera  hrevi folia  0.  E.  Schulz,  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  7:   123.     1911. 
Melanthera  crenata  O.  E.  Schulz,  loc.  cit.     1911. 

Sparingly  appressed-pubescent,  scabrate,  branched,  5-8  dm.  high,  the 
branches  ascending.  Leaves  ovate  or  hastate-ovate,  scabrate,  2-7  cm.  long, 
serrate,  incised  or  crenate,  acute,  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  0.5-3  em.  long;  heads  slender-peduneled, 
solitary  or  few  together^  6-8  mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  3-4.5  mm.  long,  obtuse  or  aeutish;  corolla  white,  5-6  mm.  long. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  throughout  the  archipelago  from  Abaco.  Great 
Bahama  and  Andros  to  Watling's.  Fortune  Island  and  the  Cay  Sal  bank  : — Florida  ; 
Cuba  ;  Jamaica.  Referred  by  Schcepf  to  Bidens  nivea  L.,  by  Mrs.  Northrop  to  Amcllua 
aspera  (Jacq.)  Kuntze.  Recorded  by  Hitchcock  as  Eleutheranthera  ruderalis.  Con- 
sists of  several  races  differing  in  leaf-form  and  serration,     Medanthera. 

2.  Melanthera  hastata  (Walt.)  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  107.     1803. 

AtJianasia  hastata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  201.     1788. 

Similar  to  M.  deltoidea,  but  with  acute  or  acuminate  involucre-bracts,  the 
fruiting  heads  about  10  mm.  in  diameter,  the  leaves  often  more  deeply  incised 
or  lobed. 

Water  Cay,  Cay  Sal  Bank : — southeastern  United  States ;  Cuba ;  Mexico  to 
Panama.     Hastate  Melanthera. 

20.   ISOCARPHA  R.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  12:  110.     1817. 

Branched  slender  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  or  toothed 
leaves,  and  many-flowered,  small  heads  of  tubular  white,  perfect  and  fertile 
flowers,  solitary  or  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches.  Involucre-bracts  im- 
bricated in  2-4  series,  slightly  unequal.     Receptacle  oblong  or  conic,   chaffy, 


450  CARDUACEAE. 

the  chaff  enveloping  the  flowers.  Corollas  regular,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Anthers 
truncate,  entire.  Achenes  glabrous,  truncate,  angled;  pappus  none.  [Greek, 
equal  chaff.]     About  5  species,  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Isocarpha  oppositifolia   (L.)  E.  Br.;  DC.  Prodr.  5:  107.     1836. 

Galea  oppositifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1179.     1763. 
IsocarpJia  angustata  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  376.     1861. 

Perennial,  usually  pubescent,  stem  rather  stiff,  divaricately  branched,  3-6 
dm.  high.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile  or  nearly  so^  linear  to  lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
entire,  acutish  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  heads  solitary  or 
few  together  at  the  ends  of  slender  naked  peduncle-like  branches;  involucre 
4-5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  oblong,  strongly  striate,  acute  and  mucronate. 

White-lands  and  rocky  places,  Andros,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Great  Exuma,  Long 
Island,  Great  Ragged  Island  and  Atwood  Cay  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Tobago :  Trinidad ; 
Curagao ;  Margarita;  Texas  through  Mexico  to  Venezuela.     Boston  Catnep. 

21.  BORRICHIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:    130.     1763. 

Fleshy,  more  or  less  canescent,  branching  shrubs  of  the  seacoast,  with 
opposite,  entire  or  denticulate,  cuneate  oblong  spatulate  or  obovate,  1-3-nerved 
leaves,  and  terminal  large  long-peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate 
yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  slightly  unequal,  imbricated 
in  2  or  3  series,  the  inner  ones  coriaceous.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy,  the  chaff 
rigid,  concave,  subtending  or  enwrapping  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistil- 
late, fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  the  corolla  tubular,  5-toothed,  the  style- 
branches  elongated,  hispid.  Achenes  of  the  ray-flowers  3-sided,  those  of  the  disk- 
flowers  4-sided.  Pappus  a  short  dentate  crown.  [Xamed  for  Olaf  Borrick,  a 
Danish  botanist.]  About  5  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species:  Buph- 
thahnum  fnitescens  L. 

1.  Borrichia  arborescens   (L.)  DC.  Prodr.  5:   489.     1836. 

BupMlialmum  arhorescens  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1227.     1759. 

Borrichia  argenfea  DC.  Prodr.  5:  489.     1836. 

Borrichia  glahrata  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  1263,  1340.     1903. 

A  branching  shrub,  1.3  m.  high  or  less,  densely  white  silky-canescent,  or 
green  and  glabrous.  Leaves  fleshy,  oblanceolate  to  spatulate,  entire,  6  cm. 
long  or  less,  6-15  mm.  wide,  acute  or  obtuse  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  the  base,  sessile,  obscurely  veined;  heads  mostly  solitary,  rarely  2 
together;  peduncle  2-5  cm.  long;  involucre  1-1.5  cm.  high,  its  bracts  obtuse, 
or  acute,  appressed;  rays  few,  6-9  mm.  long. 

Coastal  rocks  and  sands  and  margins  of  brackish  ponds  throughout  the  archi- 
pelago : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  to  Anegada  and  Guadeloupe ;  Yucatan. 
Foliage  either  white-canescent  or  green  and  glabrous,  sometimes  on  the  same  plant. 
Bay  Marigold.     Sea  Ox-eye.     Sea-bush.     Catesby,  1 :  pi.  93. 

22.   WEDELIA  Jacq.  Enum.  8,  28.     1760. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  toothed  or  entire  leaves,  and  peduncled 
heads  of  both  radiate  and  discoid  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  ovoid  to  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  in  about  2  series,  the  outer  somewhat  foliaceous.  Receptacle 
flat  or  convex,  its  scales  enveloping  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate. 
Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  tubular  with  a  cylindric  to  campanulate 
limb.     Achenes  oblong  to  obovate,  smooth,  pilose  or  tubercled,  truncate  or  conic 


CARDUACEAE.  451 

at  the  top;  pappus  cup-like,  toothed  or  divided,  or  obsolete.  [Commemorates 
George  Wolfgang  Wedel,  1645-1721,  Professor  at  Jena.]  About  50  species,  of 
warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:    Wedelia  fruticosa  Jacq. 

Herbaceous,  prostrate  with  erect  branches,  nearly  glabrous,  some- 
what fleshy.  1.  W.  trilohata. 
Erect,  shrubby,  strigose-hairy.                                                                       2.   W.  bahamensis. 

1.  Wedelia  trUobata  (L.)  Hitchc.  Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  99.    1893. 

Silphium  trilohatum  ,L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1233.     1759. 
Wedelia  carnosa  L.  C.  Rich,  in  Pers.  Syn.  2:  490.     1807. 
Stemmodontia  trilobata  Small,  Fl.  iSE.  U.  S.  1262,  1340.     1903. 

Herbaceous,  prostrate  or  with  ascending  branches,  sparingly  strigose- 
pubescent,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  3-10  dm.  long.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy, 
elliptic  to  obovate,  2-12  cm.  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex^  dentate,  often 
several-lobed,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  triplinerved  and  pinnately 
veined,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  2-14  cm. 
long;  involucre  7-12  mm.  long,  its  bracts  oblong-obovate,  foliaeeous;  rays 
about  10,  bright  yellow,  10-15  mm.  long;  achenes  5  mm.  long,  tuberculat^. 

Moist  places  along  the  coast.  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  Hon- 
duras to  Colombia.     Teailixg  Wedelia. 

2.  Wedelia  bahamensis  (Britten)  O.  E.  Schulz,  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  7:  106. 

1911. 

Stemmodontia  iahamensis  Brittou,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard  4:    126.     1905. 

Perennial,  erect,  densely  strigose-pubescent  all  over,  pale  green,  6-10  dm. 
tall,  the  branches  striate.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate,  5-12  cm.  long,  1.5-3  cm. 
wide,  acute  to  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  rather  firm 
in  texture,  spa,ringly  low-serrate  or  entire,  3-nerved  above  the  base,  the  short 
stoutish  petioles  mostly  not  over  1  cm.  long;  heads  solitary  or  2  or  3  together, 
on  erect  peduncles  2  or  3  cm,  long;  outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong  to 
ovate-oblong,  apiculate  or  acutish,  about  9  mm.  long,  faintly  many-nerved,  a 
little  longer  than  the  inner;  rays  bright  yellow,  oblong,  1  cm.  long  or  less, 
emarginate,  about  3  times  as  long  as  wide;  achenes  linear,  appressed-pubes- 
cent,  at  least  3.5  mm.  long. 

Coastal  thickets,  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Eleu- 
thera  to  Caicos  and  Grand  Turk.  Endemic.  Recorded  by  Grisebach,  Dolley  and 
Hitchcock  as  W.  huphthahnoidcs  Griseb.  Bahama  Wedelia.  Roxg-bush.  Erro- 
neously called  Marigold.     Catesby,  1 :  pi.  92. 

23.  XIMENESIA  Cav.  Icon.   2:    60.     1793. 

Pubescent  caulescent  herbs,  with  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  simple, 
toothed  or  somewhat  laciniate  leaves,  and  solitary  or  few,  radiate  showy 
peduncled  heads.  Involucre  rather  flat,  of  narrow  spreading  bracts.  Recep- 
tacle convex,  chaffy.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  numerous,  the  rays  yellow. 
Disk-flowers  numerous,  perfect,  fertile.  Anthers  somewhat  sagittate  at  the 
base.  Style-branches  with  slender  pubescent  appendages.  Achenes  flat, 
winged.  Pappus  of  short  and  straight  awns.  [In  honor  of  Joseph  Ximenes, 
a  Spanish  botanist.]     About  4  species,  natives  of  America,  the  following  typical. 


452  CARDUACEAE. 

1.  Ximenesia  encelioides  Cav.  Icon.  2:  60.     1793. 

Verbesina  encelioides  Benth.  &  Hook.;  A.  Gray,  Bot.  €al.  1:   350.     1876. 

Annual;  stem  densely  puberulent,  mucli  branched,  3-6  dm.  high.  Leaves 
deltoid-ovate  or  deltoid-lanceolate,  thin,  5-10  cm.  long,  acuminate,  acute  or 
blunt  at  the  ajDex,  coarsely  dentate,  or  even  laciuiate,  green  and  minutely 
pubescent  above^  pale  and  densely  caneseent  beneath,  all  alternate,  or  the  lowest 
opposite,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  naked  or  wing-margined  petioles,  which 
are  often  provided  with  dilated  appendages  at  the  base;  heads  several  or 
numerous,  2.5-5  cm.  broad;  involucre  hemispheric,  about  12  mm.  high,  its 
bracts  lanceolate,  caneseent;  rays  12-15,  bright  golden  yellow,  3-toothed; 
achenes  of  the  disk-flowers  obovate,  winged,  pubescent,  their  pappus  of  2  subu- 
late awns,  those  of  the  ray-flowers  rugose,  thickened,  often  wingless. 

Waste  grounds,  Eleuthera,  Fortune  Island.  Great  Ragged  Island  : — southwestern 
United  States  and  Mexico;  introduced  into  Key  West  (Florida),  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico,     Golden  Crownbeaed. 

24.  SYNEDRELLA  Gaertn.  Fr.  et  Sem.  2:   456.     1791. 

Annual  pubescent  herbs,  with  opposite  dentate  petioled  leaves,  and  small, 
solitary  or  glomerate,  axillary  or  terminal  heads  of  radiate  and  discoid  flowers. 
Involucre  oblong,  of  few  bracts,  the  outer  1  or  2  foliaceous,  the  inner  pale- 
aceous. Receptacle  small,  the  searious  narrow  chaff  subtending  the  disk- 
flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  with  a  filiform  tube  and  a  short  2-3-toothed 
limb;  disk-flowers  perfect,  the  corolla  tubular,  4-cleft.  Ray-achenes  com- 
pressed, 2-winged,  the  wings  produced  into  awns,  those  of  the  disk-flowers 
narrower,  2-3-aristate.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  clustered  flower-heads.]  Two 
known  species,  natives  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Synedrella  nodiflora  (L.)   Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  456.     1791. 

Verbesina  nodiflora  L.  Cent.  PI.  1:  28.     1755. 

Vcacou  nodiflorum  Hitchc.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:    100.     1893. 

Stem  appressed-pubescent  above,  glabrate  below,  rather  widely  branched, 
3-8  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  ovate  to  elliptic,  3-10  cm.  long,  triplinerved,  low- 
serrate,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short  margined  petioles, 
loosely  appressed-pubescent  above,  rather  densely  appressed-pubescent  beneath; 
heads  few  or  several  together  in  nearly  sessile,  axillary  or  terminal  clusters; 
involucre  about  8  mm.  high,  its  1  or  2  outer  bracts  pubescent,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, the  inner  narrower,  glabrous;  achenes  4-5  mm.  long,  those  of  the  ray- 
flowers  with  ascending  marginal  bristles  and  2  short  awns,  those  of  the  disk- 
flowers  with  2  subulate  awns. 

Waste  places,  Abaco,  New  Providence  and  Crooked  Island  : — Florida  ;  West  In- 
dies and  continental  tropical  America.     Nodeweed. 

25.  SAIiMEA  DC.   Cat.   Hort.   Monsp.   140.     1813. 

Shrubs  or  woody  vines,  the  branches  terete  or  nearly  so,  the  leaves  oppo- 
site and  petioled.  Heads  small,  corymbose,  discoid.  Involucre  campanulate 
or  turbinate,  its  bracts  appressed,  imbricated  in  few  series.  Receptacle  conic, 
its  scales  enveloping  the  flowers.  Flowers  white,  all  perfect  and  fertile; 
corollas  with  a  narrowly  campanulate  or  funnelform  limb.  Achenes  laterally 
compressed,  mostly  margined  or  narrowly  winged.  Pappus  of  2  awns.  [In 
honor  of  Count  Salm-Salm,  patron  of  Palermo.]  About  7  species,  of  Mexico 
and  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:  Salmea  Eupatoria  DC. 


CARDUACEAE.  453 

1.  Salmea  petrobioides  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  375.     1861. 

A  inueli-branched  shrub,  2  m.  high  or  less,  the  twigs  slender,  erect-ascend- 
ing, glabrous.  Leaves  obovate  or  ellii3tic-obovate,  '2-5  em.  long,  8-25  mm. 
wide,  rounded  or  apiculate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  fleshy, 
the  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral  veins  obscure,  the  petioles  1.5-3  mm.  long; 
heads  numerous;  in  terminal  compound,  nearly  flat-topped  corymbs ;  involucre 
glutinous,  narrowly  campanulate,  about  4  mm.  high^  its  bracts  in  2  series, 
oblong  to  oval,  obtuse,  the  outer  much  smaller  than  the  inner;  receptacle 
acute;  achenes  oblong,  glabrous  except  at  the  apex. 

Coastal  rocks,  white-lands,  sand-dunes  and  coppices,  throughout  the  archipelago 
from  Abaco.  Great  Bahama  and  the  Biminis  to  Cat  Island,  Long  Island  and  Grand 
Caicos  : — Cuban  Cays  ;  Cayman  Islands.     Bushy  Salmea.     Shanks.     Catesby,  1 :  pi.  72. 

26.  BIDENS  L.  Sp.  PI.  831.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  serrate  lobed  divided  or  dis- 
sected leaves,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  and  mostly  large  heads  of  both 
tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  or  the  rays  none,  or  rudimentary.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate or  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  series,  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the 
base;  the  outer  often  foliaceous  and  much  larger  than  the  inner.  Eeceptacle 
flat  or  nearly  sO;  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Rays,  when 
present,  neutral,  mostly  entire,  yellow  in  our  species.  Disk-flowers  perfect, 
fertile,  their  corollas  tubular,  o-toothed.  Anthers  entire^  or  minutely  sagit- 
tate at  the  base.  Style-branches  with  short  or  subulate  tips.  Achenes  flat, 
quadrangular  or  nearly  terete,  cuneate,  oblong,  or  linear.  Pappus  of  2-6  teeth 
or  subulate  awns,  upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed  or  hispid.  [Latin,  two- 
toothed,  referring  to  the  achenes.]  About  75  species  of  wide  geographic  dis- 
tribution.    Type  species:   Bidens  tripartitus  L. 

Achenes  4-awned  ;   rays  yellow,  small;  leaves  pinnatisect.  1.   B.  cynapiifoUa. 

Achenes  2-awned  ;   rays  .white  or  none  ;  leaves  3-5  pinnately  di- 
vided. .  2.  B.  pilosa. 

1.  Bidens  cynapiifolia  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  4:  235.    1820. 

Annual;  stem  quadrangular,  erect,  branched,  0.2-2  m.  high.  Leaves  thin, 
petioled,  1-3-pinnately  dissected  into  ovate  or  oblong,  toothed  or  lobed  seg- 
ments; heads  usually  numerous^  long-peduncled,  4-8  mm.  broad;  involucre 
narrow,  its  outer  bracts  linear_,  ascending,  nearly  as  long  as  the  broader  erect 
inner  ones;  rays  3-4,  yellow,  short,  sometimes  none;  achenes  curved,  linear, 
4-angled,  narrowed  upward,  7-17  mm.  long,  the  outer  ones  commonly  shorter 
than  the  inner ;  pappus  of  4-6  downwardly  barbed,  slightly  spreading  awns, 
much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  New  Providence  and  Eleuthera  : — West  Indies  ; 
continental  tropical  America.  Recorded  by  Dolley  and  by  Hitchcock  as  B.  hipinnata 
L.,  which  it  resembles.    Beggar-ticks. 

2.  Bidens  pilosa  L.  Sp.  PL  832.     1753. 

Coreopsis  leucantha  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1282.     1763. 
Bidens  leucantha  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  3:  1719.     1804. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  3-10  dm.  high,  more  or  less 
branched.  Leaves  petioled,  3-divided,  their  segments  ovate  to  lanceolate,  2-8 
cm.  long,  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  uppermost  sometimes  undivided; 
involucre  campanulate,  about  8  mm.  high,  its  outer  bracts  linear-oblong,  usually 


454  CARDUACEAE. 

shorter  than  the  inner;  rays^  when  present,  white,  1-2  cm.  long,  '2-3-lobed; 
achenes  fusiform,  unequal^  the  inner  longer  than  the  involucre;  pappus  of  2-4 
yellow,   downwardly  barbed  awns. 

Waste  and  cultivated  ground,  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  South 
Cat  Cay,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Fortune  Island  and  East  Caicos  : — southern  United 
States  ;  West  Indies  and  Bermuda ;  continental  tropical  America.  White  Beggab- 
TiCKS.     Shephebd's-needlb. 

27.  TRIDAX  L.  Sp.  PI.  900.     1753. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  opposite,  dentate  or  incised  leaves  and  long-pe- 
duncled  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  the  disk-flowers  perfect  and 
fertile,  the  ray-flowers  pistillate,  the  rays  often  3-lobed.  Involucre  ovoid  to 
hemispheric,  its  nearly  equal  bracts  in  few  series,  or  the  outer  smaller  than 
the  inner.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers. 
Anthers  auricled  at  the  base  or  sagittate.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers 
subulate-appendaged.  Achenes  silky- villous.  Pappus  of  many  aristate 
plumose  scales.  [Greek^  referring  to  the  o-lobed  rays.]  About  a  dozen 
species,  natives  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Tridax  procumbens  L.  Sp.  PI.  900.     1753. 

Hirsute,  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending, 
slender,  2-5  dm.  long.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  2-6 
cm.  long,  incised-dentate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  cuneate  at 
the  base;  peduncles  solitary,  terminal,  1-3  dm.  long;  involucre  subcampanu- 
late,  about  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  hispid,  the  inner  elliptic,  the  outer  lanceo- 
late; rays  nearly  white;   achenes  about  2  mm.  long. 

Waste  places.  Lignum  Vitae  Cay,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island  and 
Fortune  Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Grenada  ;  continental  tropical  America.  Recorded 
by  Hitchcock  as  Amellus  aspera   (Jacq.)   Kuntze.     Twdax. 

28.   FLAVERIA  Juss.;  J.  F.  Gmel.  Syst.  2:  1269.     1791. 

Glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent^  light  green,  annual  or  perennial  herbs, 
with  opposite  sessile  leaves,  and  small,  1-several-flowered,  usually  sessile,  oblong, 
densely  cymose-capitate  heads  of  tubular,  or  both  tubular  and  radiate,  yellow 
or  yellowish  flowers.  Involucre  of  2-5  narrow,  nearly  equal,  appressed  bracts, 
sometimes  with  1  or  2  additional  small  exterior  ones.  Receptacle  small,  naked. 
Ray-flower  commonly  one,  pistillate,  fertile,  sometimes  wanting.  Disk-flowers 
1-15,  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  5-toothed.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base. 
Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  truncate.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
8-10-ribbed.  Pappus  none.  [Latin,  flavus,  yellow,  from  its  dyeing  properties.] 
Type  species:  Flaveria  chilensis  J.  F.  Gmel. 

1.  Flaveria  linearis  Lag.  Gen.  et  Sp.  Nov.  33.     1S16. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  somewhat  woody,  usually  branched, 
erect  or  decumbent,  3-9  dm.  long.  Leaves  linear,  entire,  3-7  cm.  long,  1-6  mm. 
wide;  heads  commonly  numerous,  in  terminal  corymbose  cymes,  short-pe- 
duncled;  involucre  narrow,  about  4  mm.  high,  its  principal  bracts  about  5, 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute;  ray-flower  usually  only  one,  its  ligule  3-4  mm. 
long. 

Coastal  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Joulter's  Cays,  Andros.  New  Providence, 
Water  Cav  on  Cay  Sal  bank  : — Florida ;  Cuba  ;  Alacran  Shoals  ;  Yucatan.  The  Cay 
Sal  bank  plant  is  of  a  broad-leaved  race.     Nakeow-leaved  Flaveria. 


CARDUACEAE.  455 

29.  NEOTHYMOPSIS  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

[Thymopsis  Benth.  in  Benth.  &  Hook.  Gen.  PL  2:  407.     1873. 
Not  Jaub.  &  Spach,  1843.] 

Low  diffuse,  annual  or  peyennial,  hirsute  or  puberulent  herbs,  with  oppo- 
site small  broad  leaves,  and  few-flowered,  small  heads  of  tubular  flowers,  the 
outer  pistillate  the  inner  perfect.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  nearly  equal, 
hirsute  or  ciliolate.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Corolla  of  pistillate  flowers 
slender,  2-3-toothed,  shorter  than  the  style,  minutely  2-4-toothed;  corolla  of 
perfect  flowers  with  a  campanulate,  4-toothed  limb.  Anthers  obtuse  at  the 
base,  entire.  Achenes  oblong,  nearly  terete,  striate.  Pappus  a  fringed 
crown  of  several  scales.  [Greek,  new — Thymopsis.']  Only  the  two  following 
species  are  known.     Type  species:    Tetranthus  tJiymoides  Griseb. 

Plants  hirsute-hispid  throughout ;  flowers  10  in  a  head ;  awned.  1.  N.  Wrightii. 

Plants  slightly  pubescent ;  flowers  5  in  a  head ;  perennial.  2.  N.  Brittonii. 

1.  Neothjonopsis  thymoides  (Griseb.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Tetranthus  thymoides  Griseb.  Cat.  PL  Cub.  286.     1866. 

Thymropsis  Wrightii  Be«th.  loc.   cit.     1873. 

Thymopsis  thymoides  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  254.     1907. 

Annual;  stems  very  slender,  little  branched,  1-3  dm.  long,  short-hirsute. 
Leaves  ovate,  10  mm.  long  or  less,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into 
petioles,  hirsute-hispid;  heads  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils,  about  10-flowered; 
involucre  of  5  or  6  oblong,  obtuse,  hirsute  bracts  about  3  mm.  long. 

Moist  places,  Acklin's  Island  and  Mariguana : — Cuba. 

2.  Neothymopsis  Brittonii  (Greenm.)  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

Thymopsis  Brittonii  Greeum.  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  3:   453.     1905. 

Perennial;  stems  several,  erect  or  ascending,  slender,  4-10  cm.  long, 
puberulent.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate  to  somewhat  spatulate,  4-8  mm.  long,  one- 
half  as  broad,  obtuse,  entire,  revolute-margined,  narrowed  below  to  a  short 
petiole,  sparingly  puberulent  to  glabrous,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  glandu- 
lar-punctate beneath;  heads  terminating  the  stem  and  branches,  sessile,  about 
3  mm.  high,  5-flowered;  involucre  of  5  (4)  oblong  obtuse,  navicular,  or  some- 
what obtusely  carinate-concave,   ciliolate  green  bracts. 

Moist  places,  New  Providence  and  Great  Exuma.     Endemic. 

30.  POROPHYLLUM  Vaill;   Adans.  Fam.  PL  2:    122.     1763. 

Herbs,  or  some  species  shrubby,  glanduliferous,  glabrous  and  often  glau- 
cous. Leaves  alternate,  or  the  lower  opposite,  toothed  or  entire.  Heads 
corymbose  or  solitary,  long-stalked.  Involucre  narrowly  campanulate  or  cylin- 
dric,  its  bracts  5-9.  Receptacle  small,  not  chaffy.  Ray-flowers  none.  Disk- 
flowers  perfect  and  fertile;  corollas  with  a  slender  tube  and  narrowly  cam- 
panulate limb.  Achenes  linear,  many-striate,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Pappus 
of  copious  capillary  roughish  bristles  in  1  or  2  series.  [Greek,  porose-leaved.] 
About  25  species,  of  warm-temperate  and  tropical  America,  the  following 
typical. 


466  CARDUACEAE. 

1.  PorophyUum  Porophyllum   (L.)   Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  3==:   168.     1898. 

Cacalia  Porophyllum  L.  Sp.  PI.  834.     1753. 

Porophyllum  ruderale  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  379.     1861.     Not  Cass.,  1826.     • 

Annual;  stem  erect,  often  mucli  branched;,  pale,  slightly  glaucous,  1  m. 
high  or  less.  Leaves  thin,  slender-petioled,  obLong  to  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
low-crenate  or  entire,  2-7  cm.  long,  bearing  marginal  glands  or  sometimes 
glandless;  heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  many-flowered;  involucre 
about  2  cm.  high,  its  5  bracts  linear,  acute,  bearing  narrowly  linear  glands; 
corolla  about  10  mm.  long;  achenes  linear,  about  8  mm.  long,  dark  brown, 
hispidulous. 

Waste  places  and  pot-holes  in  good  soil,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providlence,  Harbor 
Island,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island  and  Great  Exuma  : — West  Indies  and  continental  trop- 
ical America.     Pokophtllum. 

31.  PECTIS  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1221.     1759. 

Annual  or  perennial,  diffuse  prostrate  or  erect,  mostly  glabrous  herbs, 
gland-dotted  and  strong-scented,  with  opposite  narrow,  sometimes  brstly-ciliate 
leaves,  and  small,  usually  cymose  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  cylindric,  oblong  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  in  1  series, 
narrow,  keeled,  distinct.  Receptacle  small,  naked.  Ray-flowers  pistillate, 
the  rays  small,  entire  or  3-lobed.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  their  corollas  with 
expanded,  somewhat  irregularly  5-cleft  limbs.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base. 
Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  very  short,  obtuse.  Achenes  linear,  slightly 
angled,  striate.  Pappus  of  scales,  slender  bristles  or  awns,  sometimes  with  a 
few  outer  smaller  additional  ones.  [Latin,  pecten,  comb,  referring  to  the 
pappus.]  About  75  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America.  Type 
species:  Pedis  linifolia  L. 

Pappus  of  scales.  1.  P.  leptocephala. 

Pappus  of  2-4  subulate  awns.  2.  P.  linifolia. 

1.  Pectis  leptocephala  (Cass.)  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  5:  280.     1907. 

Chthonia  leptocephala  Cass.  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  27:    206.     1823. 
Pectis  Lessingii  Fernald,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  33:   67.     1897. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  stems  slender,  diffusely  branched,  1-4  dm.  high. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-3  cm.  long,  less  than  1  mm.  wide,  acute,  bearing  a 
few  bristles  below  the  middle;  heads  filiform-peduncled,  mostly  solitary; 
involucre  narrow,  4-5  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear;  achenes  narrow,  about  3 
nun.  long;  pappus  of  subulate-lanceolate  scales. 

Limestone  soil.  Andros.  New  Providence  : — Florida :  Cays  of  northern  Cuba ; 
Hispaniola.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop,  by  Dolley  and  by  Hitchcock  as  P.  linifolia 
L.     Nareow-IvEaved  Pectis.     Wrongly  called  Pexxyroyal. 

2.  Pectis  linifolia  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1221.     1759. 

Pectis  punctata  Jacq.  Enum.  28.     1760. 

Annual;  stems  glabrous,  very  slender,  usually  much-branched,  2-9  dm. 
high.  Leaves  linear,  2-8  cm.  long,  usually  not  more  than  3  mm.  wide,  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  sparingly  glanduliferous,  commonly  bearing  1--3  bristles 
at  the  base;  heads  on  filiform  peduncles  7-35  mm.  long,  5-9-flowered;  in- 
volucre about  6  mm.  long,  its  4  or  5  linear  glabrous  bracts  obtuse  with  revo- 
lute  margins;   flowers  purplish  to  orange:   achenes  linear,  4-6  mm.  long,  gla- 


CARDUACEAE.  467 

brous  or  sparingly  pubescent  j   pappus  of  2-4  subulate,  spreading  or  reflexed 
awns  about  2  mm.  long. 

Sandy  and  rocky  soils,  Acklin's,  Mariguana,  South  Caicos,  Ambergris  Cay,  Grand 
Turk,  Sand  Cay,  Inagua  and  Little  Inagua  : — West  Indies,  east  to  Anegada,  south  to 
Grenada  ;  Aruba  ;  Curagao  ;  continental  tropical  America.     Awx-fruited  Pectis. 

32.  NEUBOLAENA  R.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  12:   120.     1817. 

Tall  shrubby  perennials,  with  large  alternate  leaves,  and  numerous  small 
corymbose-paniculate  heads  of  tubular  yellow  flowers,  all  perfect  and  fertile. 
Involucre  campanulate,  its  obtuse  nerved  bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series. 
Eeeeptacle  nearly  flat,  with  membranous  1-nerved  scales  which  are  early 
deciduous.  Corolla-tube  slender,  the  limb  somewhat  expanded.  Anthers  sagit- 
tate. Achenes  narrowed  at  the  base.  Pappus  of  many  capillary  persistent, 
somewhat  unequal  bristles.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  nerved  bracts.]  Two 
known  species  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Neurolaena  lobata  (L.)  E.  Br.;  DC.  Prodr.  6:  292.     1837. 

Conyza  lohata  L.  Sp.  PI.  862.     1753. 

Stems  somewhat  woody,  erect,  usually  much  branched,  1.5-3  m.  high, 
appressed-pubescent  and  scabrous.  Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent  and  scabrous,  dentate,  denticulate  or  variously  lobed^  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narowed  at  the  base,  the  lower  up  to  3  dm.  long  and  petioled,  the 
upper  much  smaller,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  corymbs  terminal,  often  8  cm.  broad 
or  more;  peduncles  rather  slender,  bracted,  pubescent;  involucre  6-8  mm. 
high,  its  bracts  oblong,  pubescent,  3-nerved,  the  outer  shorter  than  the  inner; 
achenes  pubescent;  pappus  brownish-white. 

Thickets  at  Red  Bays,  Andros  : — Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  to  Trinidad  ;  Jamaica  ; 
continental  tropical  America. 

33.    EMILIA  Cass.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  1817:   68.     1817. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  and  basal,  often  clasping  leaves,  and  long-peduncled, 
solitary  or  loosely  corymbose  heads  of  pink,  purple  or  orange,  tubular,  perfect 
and  fertile  flowers.  Involucre  nearly  cylindric,  its  bracts  in  a  single  equal 
series.  Eeeeptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla-limb  cylindric.  Achenes  nearly  terete 
or  5-angled.  Pappus  of  numerous  soft  white  capillary  bristles.  [Name  unex- 
plained.] About  5  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics.  Type  species: 
Emilia  flammea  Cass. 

1.  Emilia  sonchifolia  (L.)  DC.  Prodr.  6:  302.     1837. 

Cacalia  sonchifolia  L.  Sp.  PL  835.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  or  som.ewhat  pubescent  below,  usually  branched,  2-7 
dm.  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled,  sometimes  12  cm.  long,  obovate  to 
oblanceolate,  repand-dentate  to  lyrate-pinnatifid,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex; 
upper  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  sagittate-clasping,  dentate,  lobed  or  entire; 
heads  loosely  corymbose,  many-flowered;  peduncles  very  slender  or  filiform; 
involucre  10-12  mm.  high,  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  at  length  re- 
flexed;  flowers  rose,  red  or  purple. 

Waste  places  in  good  soil.  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  Long 
Island  and  North  Caicos  : — Florida  :  Bermuda  :  West  Indies  and  continental  trop- 
ical America.     Naturalized  from  the  East  Indies.     Purple  Emilia. 

30 


458  CARDUACEAE. 

34.  ERECHTITES  Raf.  Fl.  Ludov.  65.     1817. 

Erect,  usually  brandling  herbs,  witli  alternate  leaves,  and  (in  our  species) 
rather  large,  discoid,  many-flowered  heads  of  whitish  flowers,  corymbose-panicu- 
late at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Involucre  cylindric,  swollen  at  the 
base,  its  principal  bracts  in  1  series,  linear,  with  or  without  much  smaller 
outer  ones.  Receptacle  concave,  naked.  Marginal  flowers  in  2-several  series, 
pistillate,  fertile,  their  corollas  filiform,  the  limb  2-4-toothed.  Central  flowers 
perfect,  fertile;  corolla  narrowly  tubular,  the  limb  4-5-toothed,  the  style- 
branches  elongated,  truncate  or  obtuse  at  the  summit.  Anthers  obtuse  and 
entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  linear-oblong,  angled  or  striate.  Pappus  of 
copious  capillary  soft  smooth  white  bristles.  [Ancient  name  of  some  ground- 
sel.] About  12  species,  natives  of  America  and  Australasia.  Type  species: 
Ereclitites  praealta  Raf. 

1,  Erechtites  hieracifolia   (L.)   Raf.;  DC.  Prodr.  6:   294.     1837. 

Senecio  Jiieracifolius  L.  Sp.  PI.  866.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  hirsute;  stem  striate,  succulent,  usually 
branched,  3-25  dm.  high.  Leaves  thin,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dentate 
and  often  deeply  incised,  5-20  cm.  long,  the  upper  sessile  or  auriculate-clasp- 
ing,  mostly  acuminate,  the  lower  usually  narrowed  into  petioles;  heads  12-20 
mm.  long,  about  6  mm.  in  diameter,  the  involucre  conspicuously  swollen  at  the 
base  before  flowering,  its  bracts  numerous,  striate,  green,  with  narrow  scarious 
margins;  pappus  bright  white. 

Cultivated  fields  and  coppices,  Andros  : — West  Indies  and  temperate  and  trop- 
ical continental  America.     Fire-weed. 

35.    CIRSIUM  [Tourn.]  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  abr.  ed.  4.     1754. 

Erect,  branched  or  simple,  prickly  herbs,  some  species  acaulescent,  with 
alternate  or  basal,  sinuate-dentate  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  usually  very  spiny 
leaves,  sometimes  decurrent,  and  large  many-flowered,  solitary  or  clustered, 
discoid  heads  of  purple,  yellow  or  white,  tubular,  perfect  and  fertile,  or  rarely 
dioecious  flowers.  Involucre  ovoid  or  globose,  its  bracts  prickle-tipped  or  un- 
armed, imbricated  in  many  series.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  bristly.  Corolla- 
tube  slender,  the  limb  deeply  5-cleft.  Filaments  pilose,  or  rarely  glabrous. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  short  or  elongated,  obtuse. 
Achenes  obovate  or  oblong,  compressed  or  obtusely  4-angled,  glabrous,  smooth 
or  ribbed.  Pappus  of  several  series  of  slender,  plumose,  bristles,  connate  at 
the  base.  [Greek,  the  thistle  was  used  as  a  remedy  for  swollen  veins.] 
Over  200  species,  widely  distributed  in  the  northern  hemisphere.  Type  species: 
Carduus  heterophylhis  L. 

1.  Cirsium  Smallii  Britton. 

Carduus  piyietorum  Small,  Fl.  SE.  U.  S.  1308,  1341.     1903. 

Cirsium  pinetorum  Small,  Fl.  Miami  199,  200.     1913.    Not  Greenm.,  1905. 

Stem  simple  or  little-branched,  sparingly  floecose,  rather  slender,  9  dm. 
high  or  less.  Leaves  more  or  less  floecose,  runcinate-pinnatifid  or  entire,  the 
teeth  and  margins  armed  with  yellowish  acieular  spine-like  bristles  1.5  cm. 
long  or  less;  basal  and  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate-oblong,  1-2.5  dm. 


CAEDUACEAE.  459 

long,  the  upper  smaller,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  or  half-clasping  the 
stem;  heads  few;  involucre  about  3.5  cm.  high,  the  outermost  bracts  spinulose- 
tipped,  the  inner  acuminate;  flowers  pink;  pappus  white,  long-plumose; 
achenes  about  5  mm.  long. 

Pine-lands;  Abaco  and  Great  Bahama  : — Florida.     1'ixe-l^vnd  Thistle. 

36.  ANASTRAPHIA  D.  Don,  in   Trans.  Linn.  Soc.   16:    295.     1830. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  terminal  discoid  heads  of 
tubular,  perfect  and  fertile  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate  or  turbinate,  its 
bracts  imbricated  in  several  or  many  series,  appressed  or  recurved,  the  outer 
gradually  shorter  than  the  inner.  Eeceptacle  flat  or  nearly  so,  naked.  Corolla- 
limb  scarcely  expanded,  5-parted,  the  lobes  narrow.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the 
base,  the  auricles  elongated.  Style-branches  short.  Achenes  linear^  villous  or 
pubescent.  Pappus  of  1  or  2  series  of  filiform  bristles.  [Greek,  turned  back- 
ward.] About  20  specieS;  natives  of  the  West  Indies.  Type  species:  Anast- 
rapMa  ilicifolia  D.  Don. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  recurved.  1.   A.  Northropiana. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  strictly  erect.  2.  A.  hahamensis. 

1.  Anastraphia  Northropiana  Greenm.  Trans.  Acad.  St.  Louis  7:   435.     1897. 

An  irregularly  branched  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  or,  on  the  coa&*t  of  southern 
Cuba  becoming  a  tree  up  to  10  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  2  dm.  in  diameter,  the 
bark  rough,  the  slender  twigs  densely  white-tomentose.  Leaves  oblong  to 
elliptic  or  obovate,  1-4  cm.  long,  coriaceous,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
obtuse  at  the  base^  serrate  Avith  few  spinulose-tipped  teeth_,  or  entire,  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  short-petioled;  involucre  campanulate, 
12-15  mm.  high,  its  bracts  pubescent,  the  inner  linear,  acute,  reflexed,  the 
outer  gradually  smaller;  flowers  8-10,  orange,  about  3  em.  long;  achenes 
villous,  3  mm.  long;  pappus  tawny,  12-16  mm.  long. 

Low  coppices  and  pine-lands,  Andros,  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island  : — Cuba. 
NOETHROP's  Anastraphia.     Candlewood. 

2.  Anastraphia  bahamensis  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  3:  415.     1903. 

Anastraphia  cuneifolia  Greenm.  Bull.  TST.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   126.     1905. 

iShrub  1-2  m.  high,  much-branched;  stem  and  branches  covered  with  a 
light  gray  bark.  Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  1-2  cm.  long^  0.5-1.2  cm.  broad, 
revolute-margined,  sparingly  spinulose-dentate  in  the  terminal  portion,  entire 
and  narrowed  below  the  middle  into  the  petiole,  slightly  puberulent  above  in 
the  early  stages  but  soon  glabrate  and  rather  conspicuously  reticulate-veined, 
densely  and  permanently  white-tomentose  beneath;  petioles  3-5  mm.  long, 
tomentose;  heads  few,  about  2  cm.  long,  sessile,  mostly  terminating  the  ulti- 
mate branchlets,  5-flowered;  involucre  narrowly  campanulate,  8.5-10  mm.  long; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  5-6-seriate,  triangular-ovate  to  lance-linear^  acute,  ex- 
ternaly  arachnoid-tomentulose,  brownish,  slightly  spreading  at  maturity; 
mature  achenes  3.5-4  mm.  long,  pubescent;  pappus  about  13  mni.  in  length, 
persistent,  tawny. 

Low  coppices  and  scrub-lands,  Andros.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Great  Exuma, 
Crooked,  Fortune  and  Acklin's  Islands,  Mariguana.  Dellis  Cay.  Caicos  Islands  and 
Inagua  : — Cuba.  Reported  by  Hitchcock  and  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  A.  paucifioscula 
C.  Wright,  an  unpublished  name.     Bahama  Anastraphia.     Carrajo-bush. 


460  CARDUACEAE. 

37.  CHAPTAIiIA  Vent.  Jard.  Cels.  pi.  61.  1800. 
Perennial  scapose  herbs,  with,  floecose-tomentose  foliage.  Leaves  basal, 
persistently  pubescent  beneath.  Heads  heterogamous,  radiate,  solitary  and 
terminal.  Involucre  many-flowered,  its  bracts  narrow,  in  few  series,  the  inner 
successively  larger.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  rose-purple.  Disk-flowers 
perfect,  wholly  or  partially  neutral,  their  corollas  white  or  purplish,  more  or 
less  2-lipped,  the  outer  with  3  lobes  to  the  lower  lip,  the  inner  with  2  lobes. 
Achenes  5-nerved,  columnar  or  fusiform.  Pappus  of  numerous  soft  hair-like 
bristles.  [In  honor  of  J.  A.  C.  Chaptal,  1756-1831,  French  chemist  and 
statesman.]  About  25  species^  natives  of  warm-temperate  and  tropical 
America.     Type  species:  Chaptalia  tomentosa  Vent. 

1.  Chaptalia  dentata   (L.)   Cas?.  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  26:   104.     1823. 

Tussilago  dentata  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1213.     1763. 

TussUago  alhicans  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  3:   1348.     1806. 

Chaptalia  albicans  Northrop,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  73.     1902. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-oblanceolate,  2-20  cm.  long,  repand-dentate 
or  entire,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  long-attenuate  at  the  base,  loosely 
floccose  or  becoming  glabrous  and  bright  green  above,  densely  white-felted  or 
grayish-felted  beneath,  the  petioles  very  short  or  sometimes  as  long  as  the 
blades;  scape  slender,  more  or  less  floccose,  1-3  dm.  tall;  head  not  nodding; 
involucre  13-22  mm.  high,  its  linear  bracts  floccose,  acuminate,  the  outer 
much  shorter  than  the  inner;  flowers  white  (?);  achenes  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent, the  body  5-6  mm.  long,  the  filiform  beak  longer;  pappus  straw-color, 
8-10  mm.  long. 

Grassy  places,  pine-lands  and  coppices.  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New 
Providence  :— Florida  :  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Jamaica.  Recorded  as  C. 
nutans  Hemsl.  by  Hitchcock.     Low  Chaptalia. 

[Artemisia  vulgaris  L.  is  reported  by  Herrick  as  growing  on  Green  Turtle  Cay, 
Abaco :  we  have  not  succeeded  in  finding  the  species  within  the  archipelago ;  this 
European  species  would  probably  not  long  endure  the  Bahama  climate.] 

Class  2.     GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  naked,  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  this 
represented  by  a  scale  or  apparently  wanting.  Pollen-grains  (mi- 
crospores) dividing  at  maturity  into  two  or  more  cells,  one  of 
which,  gives  rise  to  the  pollen-tube  (male  prothallium),  which  di- 
rectly fertilizes  an  archegone  of  the  nutritive  endosperm  (female 
prothallium)   in  the  ovule. 

The  GjTiinosperms  are  an  ancient  group,  first  known  in  Silurian 
time.  The}^  became  most  numerous  in  the  Triassic  age.  They  are 
now  represented  by  not  more  than  450  species  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

There  are  three  orders.  Finales,  Cycadales  and  Gnetales,  the  two 
first  represented  in  the  Bahama  Flora. 

Leaves  scale-like,  linear  or  needle-like.  ,  Order  1.  Pinales. 

Leaves  large,  pinnate,  in  a  terminal  crown.  Order  2.    Cycadales. 

Order  1.    PINALES. 

Trees,  or  rarely  shrubs,  growing  from  both  terminal  and  lateral  buds, 
thus  freely  branching,  the  trunks  mostly  excurrent.  Leaves  scale-like, 
linear  or  needle-like,  sometimes  fascicled.  Flowers  mostly  monoecious. 
Fruit  a  cone,  with  woody  or  fleshy  scales,  or  drupaceous. 


PINACEAE.  461 

Family  1.    PINACEAE  Lindl. 

Pine  Family.     Conifers. 

Resinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire  or  scale- 
like  leaves,  the  wood  uniform  in  texture,  without  tracheae,  the  tracheids 
marked  by  large  depressed  disks,  the  pollen-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in 
separate  spikes  (aments).  Perianth  none.  Stamens  several  together,  sub- 
tended by  a  scale;  filaments  more  or  less  united;  pollen-sacs  (anthers) 
2-several-celled,  variously  dehiscent;  pollen-grains  .often  provided  with 
two  lateral  inflated  sacs.  Ovules  with  two  integuments,  orthotropous  or 
amphitropous,  borne  solitary  or  several  together  on  the  surface  of  a  scale, 
which  is  subtended  by  a  bract  in  most  genera.  Fruit  a  cone  with  numerous, 
several  or  few,  woody,  papery  or  fleshy  scales;  sometimes  ben-y-like. 
Seeds  wingless  or  winged.  Endospeiin  fleshy  or  starchy,  copious.  Embryo 
straight,  slender.  Cotyledons  2  or  several.  About  25  genera  and  250 
species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions. 

Fruit  a  large  cone  with  many  woody  scales;  leaves  linear,  in  sheaths.       1.  Finns. 
Fruit  a  berry-like  cone  of  few  fleshy  scales  ;  leaves  acicular  or  scale-like.      2.  Juniperus, 

1.  PINUS   [Tourn.]   L.  Sp.  PI.   1000.     1753. 

Evergreen  trees  with  two  kinds  of  leaves,  the  primary  ones  linear  or  scale- 
like, deciduous,  the  secondary  ones  forming  the  ordinary  foliage,  narrowly 
linear,  arising  from  the  axils  of  the  former  in  fascicles  of  2-5  (rarely  solitary 
in  some  western  species),  subtended  by  the  bud-scales,  some  of  which  are  united 
to  form  a  sheath.  Staminate  aments  (flowers)  borne  at  the  bases  of  shoots  of 
the  season,  the  clusters  of  stamens  spirally  arranged,  each  in  the  axil  of  a 
minute  scale;  filaments  very  short;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovule-bearing  aments  (flowers)  solitary  or  clustered,  borne  on  the 
twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  composed  of  numerous  imbricated  minute  bracts, 
each  with  an  ovule-bearing  scale  in  its  axil,  ripening  into  a  large  cone,  which 
matures  the  following  autumn,  its  scales  elongating  and  becoming  woody. 
Seeds  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  winged  above,  the  testa  crustaceous.  [Name 
Celtic]  About  100  species,  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Type  species:  Pinus 
sylvestris  L. 

1.  Pinus  caribaea  Morelet,  Eev.  Hort.  Cote  d'Or.     1851.  TK\'q,    skott(c*.    fee 

Pi7ius  bahamensis  Griseb.  Fl.  Br.  W.  I.  503.     1861.<"^ 

A  tree,  with  a  nmximum  height  of  about  30  m.,  the  trunk  up  to  1.5  m.  in 

diameter,  the  thick  bark  splitting  into  irregular  plates,  the  stout  twigs  glabrous. 

Leaves  in  fascicles  of  2  or  3,  dark  green,  shining,  17-30  cm.  long,  the  sheaths 

1-1.5  cm.  long;   staminate  aments  2-4  cm.  long;   ovule-bearing  aments  mainly 

terminal;   cones  narrowly  conic  when  closed,  9-14  cm.  long,  their  scales  thin, 

nearly  flat,  rounded  at  the  apex  and  thickened  into  a  low  knob  which  bears  a 

small  spine;  seeds  5-8  mm.  long,  the  thin  wing  2-2.5  cm.  long. 

Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  North  Caicos  and  Pine  Cay, 
Caicos  Islands  : — southeastern  United  States  ;  Cuba.     Caribbean  Pixe-tree. 


462  CYCADACEAE. 

2.  JUNIPERUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1038.     1753. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  vertieillate,  subulate  or  scale- 
like, sessile  leaves,  commonly  of  2  kinds,  and  dioecious  or  sometimes  monoecious, 
small  globose  axillary  or  terminal  aments.  Leaf-buds  naked.  Staminate 
aments  oblong  or  ovoid;  anthers  2-6-celled,  each  sac  2-valved.  Ovule-bearing 
aments  of  a  few  opposite  somewhat  fleshy  scales,  or  these  rarely  vertieillate  in 
3's,  each  bearing  a  single  erect  ovule  or  rarely  2.  Cones  globose,  berry-like  by 
the  coalescence  of  the  fleshy  scales,  containing  1-6  wingless  bony  seeds. 
[Name  Celtic]  About  40  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Type 
species:  Juniperus  communis  L. 

1.  Juniperus  lucayana  Britton,  N.  A.  Trees,  121.     1908. 

Juniperus  australis  Pilger,  in  Urban,  Symb.  Ant.  7:   479.     1913. 

A  tree,  seldom  over  12  m.  high,  with  a  trunk  up  to  6  dm.  in  diameter,  the 
thin  bark  separating  in  low  strips,  the  branches  ascending  or  the  lower 
drooping,  the  twigs  slender.  Leaves  of  young  plants,  and  often  those  of  the 
lower  parts  of  twigs,  acicular,  pungent,  5-10  mm.  long;  leaves  of  mature  plants 
scale-like,  appressed,  4-ranked,  1-1.5  mm.  long;  fruit  blue,  oblong-globose  and 
somewhat  laterally  flattened,  5-6.5  mm.  long. 

Great  Bahama,  Abaco.  Cat  Cay,  Andros.  New  Providence.  Eleuthera  : — Cuba  ; 
Jamaica.  Recorded  bv  Grisebacii,  by  Mrs.  Northrop,  by  Coker  and  by  Dolley  as 
J.  hm-hadensis  L.,  by  Schoepf  as  J.  hermudiana  L.,  and  by  Dolley  as  J.  virginiana  L, 
West  Indian  Red  Cedar. 

Order  2.    CYCADALES. 

Palm-like  or  fern-like,  dioecious,  woody  plants  with  erect  trunks,  some- 
times short  and  w4iolly  buried  in  the  ground,  growing  only  from  the  summit 
and  thus  unbranehed,  although  sometimes  forming  lateral  adventitious  buds, 
the  large  pinnate  leaves  in  a  terminal  crown.  Flowers  in  terminal  cones, 
or  on  modified  leaves.  Scales  of  the  staminate  cones  bearing  several 
anther-sacs.  Ovule-bearing  scales  or  leaves  with  t\vo  or  more  naked  ovules. 
Seeds  drupe-like  or  nut-like.    Only  the  following  family. 

Family  1.     CYCADACEAE  Lindl. 

Cycad  Family. 

Nine  genera  and  about  90  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distri- 
bution. 

1.  ZAMIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1659.     1753. 

Woody,  dioecious  plants,  the  trunk  or  caudex  wholly  or  partly  buried  in  the 
ground,  the  palm-like  leaves  tufted  at  its  summit,  pinnately  compound,  cori- 
aceous, the  segments  entire  or  toothed,  parallel-veined,  the  petioles  unarmed  in 
the  following  species,  prickly  in  some  others,  the  inflorescence  strobilar,  pe- 
duncled,  densely  many-flowered,  the  cones  from  oblong-cylindric  to  subglobose, 
the  female  thicker  than  the  male.  Scales  of  the  cones  peltate,  nearly  flat,  more 
or  less  hexagonal,  closely  set  together,  vertically  superimposed.  Scales  of  the 
male  cone  at  length  deciduous,  bearing  several  sessile  pollen-sacs,  those  of  the 


CYC  AD  ACE  AE.  463 

female  cone  persistent,  bearing  2  sessile,  ovoid  ovules.  Seeds  more  or  less 
angled,  the  testa  fleshy.  [Said  to  be  Latin  for  a  fir-cone.]  About  25  species, 
natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.     Type  species,  Zamia  immila  L. 

Leaflets  3-15  mm.  wide. 

Leaflets  7—15  mm.  wide,  close  together.  1.  Z.  ijumila. 

Leaflets  3-7  mm.  wide. 

Leaflets  distant,  3-6  mm.  wide  ;  scales  of  male  cone  wider 

than  high.  2.   Z.  angustifoUa. 

Leaflets  closer  together,   6-7   mm.   wide ;    scales   of   male 

cone  scarcely  wider  than  high.  3.  Z.  tenuis. 

Leaflets  about  2.5  cm.  wide.  4.  Z.  lucayana. 

1.  Zamia  pumila  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1659.    1763. 

Caudex  stout,  2  dm.  long  or  longer,  the  upper  part  usually  exposed,  but 
sometimes  completely  buried.  Basal  scales  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  villous, 
2-3  cm.  long;  petiole  silky-villous  below,  glabrous  above;  leaves  3-10  dm.  long; 
leaflets  20-50,  coriaceous,  shining,  5-]  5  cm.  long,  7-15  mm.  wide,  entire,  or  few- 
toothed  at  the  obtuse  apex,  the  pairs  separated  0.5-2  cm.;  peduncles  stout, 
villous-pubescent,  5-10  cm.  long;  male  cone  oblong,  5-8  cm.  long,  2-2.5  cm. 
thick,  its  scales  tomentose,  broader  than  high  or  the  lower  nearly  equally  broad 
and  long;  ripe  female  cone  ellipsoid,  7-11  cm.  long,  5-8  cm.  thick,  short-tipped, 
its  hexagonal  scales  tomentose,  broader  than  high;  seeds  angled,  2-2,5  cm.  long. 

Thickets  and  woodlands  among  rocks.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — 
Florida;  Cuba.     Bay-rush. 

2.  Zamia  angustifoUa  Jacq.  Coll.  3:  263.     1789. 

Caudex  slender,  2  dm.  long  or  longer,  completely  buried  in  sand.  Basal 
scales  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  densely  villous  3-5  cm. 
long;  leaves  2-10  dm.  long;  leaflets  5-20  pairs,  narrowly  linear,  entire  or  with 
a  few  callous  teeth  at  the  obtuse  apex,  5-20  cm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  nearly  par- 
allel-margined or  slightly  tapering  to  both  ends,  shining,  the  pairs  distant, 
those  of  larger  leaves  about  2  cm.  apart;  peduncles  villous,  those  of  male  cones 
5-8  cm.  long,  those  of  female  cones  stouter;  male  cone  oblong-cylindric,  5-7 
cm.  long,  about  2  cm.  thick,  pointed,  its  scales  oblong,  or  rotund,  hexagonal, 
tomentose,  6-7  mm.  wide,  3-5  mm.  high;  ripe  pistillate  cone  8-9  cm.  long, 
about  5  cm.  thick,  stout-tipped,  its  scales  2-2.5  cm.  wide,  about  1.5  cm.  high; 
seeds  2  cm.  long,  red. 

In  white  calcareous  sand,   Eleuthera  : — Cuba.     Narrow-leaved  Bay-rush. 

3.  Zamia  tenuis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  846.     1806. 

Caudex  unknown  definitely.  Leaves  6  dm.  long  or  longer;  leaflets  40  or 
fewer,  narrowly  linear,  7-17  cm.  long,  6-7  mm.  wide  at  or  below  the  middle, 
tapering  to  the  obtuse,  callously  1-several-toothed  apex,  the  pairs  separated  by 
1.5  cm.  or  less;  peduncles  pubescent;  male  cone  cylindric,  its  scales  described 
as  subquadrate-hexagonal,  tomentose,  little  broader  than  high. 

Bahamas,  according  to  Willdenow  and  subsequent  authors.  A  leaf  from  a  New 
Providence  plant,  communicated  by  Hon.  H.  A.  Brook,  is  tentatively  referred  to  this 
species.  A  specimen  from  near  Nuevitas,  Cuba  {Shafer  793),  is  also  referred  to  it 
with  hesitation.  A  leaf  of  the  type  specimen  is  figured  by  Miquel  (Linneae  19  :  pi.  6). 
The  species  may  not  be  distinct  from  Z.  angustifoUa. 

4.  Zamia  lucayana  Britton,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5:  311.     1907. 

Caudex  stout,  subfusiform,  about  3  dm.  long,  1  dm.  thick,  two  thirds  buried 
in  the  ground.  Leaves  glabrous,  about  1  m.  long;  petiole  obtusely  angled,  3^ 
dm.  long;  rachis  somewhat  angled;  leaflets  about  14  on  each  side  of  the  rachis, 
spreading  nearly  at  right  angles,  17-21  cm.  long,  2-2.7  em.  wide,  4-5  cm.  apart, 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  or  irregularly  rounded  or  subtruncate,  and  finely  sparingly 


464  POLYPODIACEAE. 

toothed  at  the  apex,  falcately  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  margins  thickened  and 
slightly  revolute,  the  40-50  nerves  closely  parallel;  fruiting  peduncle  about  4 
cm.  long,  1.2  cm.  thick  below,  2  cm.  thick  at  the  top,  densely  pubescent;  fruit- 
ing cone  oblong,  puberulent,  7  cm.  long,  4  cm.  in  diameter,  its  acute  conic 
tip  8  mm.  high,  its  scales  oblong,  hexagonal,  about  1.5  cm.  wide  and  8  mm. 
high. 

Sandy  coastal  thicket,  Clarence  Town,  Long  Island.    Endemic.    Bahama  Bay-rush. 

Phylum  2.     PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Ferns  and  Fern-Allies. 

Plants  containing  woody  and  vascular  tissues,  producing  spores 
asexually,  which,  on  germination,  develop  small  flat  mostly  green 
prothallia  (gametophyte).  On  these  are  borne  the  reproductive 
organs,  the  female  known  as  archegones,  the  male  as  antherids. 
From  the  fertilization  of  the  egg  in  the  archegone  by  spermato- 
zoids  produced  in  the  antherid,  the  asexual  phase  (sporophyte)  of 
the  plant  is  developed;  this  phase  is  represented  by  an  ordinary 
fern,  lycopod,  or  horsetail.  Comprising  about  6000  living  species, 
of  which  more  than  three  fourths  are  confined  to  tropical  regions. 

Spores   produced   in   sporanges  borne   on   the   leaves,   or  panicled  or  in   special   con- 
ceptacles. 
Spores    all    alike ;    Bahama    species    all    terrestrial    or 

epiphytic  plants.  Order  1.  Filicales. 

Spores  of  two  sizes  ;  small  floating  plants.  Order  2.   Salviniales. 

Spores  produced  in  sporanges  borne  in  the  axils  of  scale- 
like leaves.  Order  3.  Lycopodiales.  . 

Order  1.     FILICALES. 

Spores  all  of  one  kind  and  size,  produced  in  sporanges,  which  are  borne 
usually  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  back  of  a  leaf  or  on  greatly  modified 
pinnae. 

Sporanges  borne  in  sori  on  the  back  or  the  margin  of  a  leaf,  opening  transversely. 

Fam.  1.    POLYPODIACEAEu 

Sporanges  in  spikes  or  panicles,  opening  vertically.  Fam.  2.  Schizaeaceae. 

Family  1.    POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br. 

Fern  Family. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  the  rootstocks  horizontal  and  often  elongated, 
or  short  and  erect,  the  leaves  entire,  pinnate,  pinnatifid  or  decompound, 
coiled  in  vernation,  mostly  with  petioles  (stipes).  Sporanges  borne  in 
clusters  (sori)  on  the  lower  side  or  margins  of  the  leaves  or  their  segments, 
stalked,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring,  opening  transversely.  Sori  with  or 
without  a  membranous  covering  (indusium).  Prothallium  green.  About 
150  genera  and  4,500  species  of  wide  distribution. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


465 


A.  Sori  confluent,  without  indusia,  covering  the  under  side  of 

leaf-segments ;   large  pinnate  marsh   ferns. 

B.  Sori  separated,  or  forming  marginal  rows  on  the  under  side 

of  leaves  or  of  leaf-segments. 

1,  Sori  marginal  or  submarginal. 

a,  Sori  without  indusia. 

Leaves  grass-like :  venation  regularly  areolate,  with- 
out included  veinlets. 

Leaves  narrow  ;  venation  irregularly  areolate,  with 
numerous  included  veinlets. 

b.  Sori  with  indusia. 

Indusia    formed    of    the    inrolled    margins    of    leaf- 
segments. 
Sori  forming  a  continuous  marginal  band. 
Indusia  double. 
Indusia  simple. 
Sori  borne  on  leaf-lobes  at  the  ends  of  veins. 
Indusia  cup-like  at  the  truncate  ends  of  leaf-segments. 

2.  Sori  dorsal. 

1.  Sori   linear   or   oblong,    more   than   twice   as    long 

as  wide. 
Sori  parallel  to  the  midvein  of  leaf-segments. 
Sori  oblique  to  the  midvein. 

2.  Sori  orbicular  or  nearly  so. 

a.  Sori  without  indusia. 

Sori    nearly     confluent ;     leaves     much     divided, 

powderv  beneath. 
Sori  distinctly  separated  ;  leaves  not  powdery. 
Veins  free. 
Veins  anastomosing. 
Leaves  pinnatifid. 
Leaves  entire. 

Small-leaved,  climbing  ferns. 
Large-leaved,  tufted  ferns. 

b.  Sori   with  indusia    (indusia   vestigial    or  wanting 

in  species  of  Dryoptcris). 
Sori  borne  on  the  backs  of  veins. 

Veins  copiously  anastomosing,  the  areoles  ir- 
regular. 
Veins  free   or,   if   anastomosing,   the  areoles 
regular. 
Sori  borne  at  the  ends  of  veins  ;   indusia  large, 
reniform  or  orbicular. 


1.  Acrostichum. 


2.  Vittaria. 

3.  Paltonium. 


4.  Pteris. 

5.  Pycnodoria. 

6.  Adiantum. 

7.  Sphenomeris. 


8.  Blechnum. 

9.  Asplenium. 


10.  Pityrogramma. 

11.  Polypodium. 

12.  Phlei odium. 

13.  Phymatodes. 

14.  Campyloneuron. 


15.  Tectaria. 

16.  Dryopteris. 

17.  Nephrolepis. 


1.  ACEOSTICHUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1067.     1753. 

Swamp-inhabiting,  large  ferns,  with  pinnate  leaves  growing  in  crowns. 
Sporanges  spread  over  the  whole  surface  of  the  leaf-blades,  or  of  the  upper 
segments.  Veins  forming  copious  areolae  without  free  veinlets.  [Greek,  signi- 
fying a  summit  row.]  A  few  species,  natives  of  warm  temperate  and  tropical 
America.     Type  species:  AcrosticJium  aureum  L. 


Petiole  usually  armed  with  spurs  ;  venation  of  the  pinnae  very 

oblique  to  the  midrib.  1.  A.  aureum. 

Petiole  unarmed  ;  venation  not  very  oblique.  2.   A.  excelsum. 

1.  Acrostichum  aureum  L.  Sp.  PL  1067.     1753. 

Rootstoeks  stout,  erect,  often  forming  large  colonies.  Leaves  1-3  m.  high ; 
petioles  tufted,  erect,  channelled,  often  armed  with  horny  spurs ;  blades  leathery 
in  texture,  longer  than  the  petioles;  pinnae  10  pairs  or  more,  the  venation 
very  oblique ;  sporanges  usually  borne  only  on  the  upper  pinnae ;  segregate  of 
corpuscles  covering  sporanges  not  sausage-sliaped. 

Wet  saline  soil.  North  Cat  Cay,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Ack- 
lin's  Island,  Caicos,  Inagua  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies.     Giant  Fern.     Leather  Fern. 

2.  Acrostichum  excelsum  Maxon,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  18:  224.     1905. 

Acrostichum  lomarioides  Jenman,  Bull.  Bot.  Dept.  Jamaica,  5:  154.     1898. 
Not  Bory,  1853. 


466  POLYPODIACEAE. 

Rootstocks  erect,  solitary,  or  in  masses.  Petioles  tufted,  unarmed,  erect, 
woody,  1-6.5  dm.  long,  flattish,  channeled;  blades  leathery,  1-3  m.  long,  3-4.5 
dm.  wide;  pinnae  10  pairs  or  more,  close  or  distant,  the  venation  somewhat 
oblique  to  the  midvein;  sporanges  confined  to  the  upper  half  or  third  of  the 
leaf -blade,  or  all  segments  spore-bearing,  or  all  without  spores;  segregate  of 
corpuscles  covering  sporanges  sausage-shaped. 

About  fresh-water  pools  and  in  sink-holes,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ; 
Bermuda  ;  West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America.     Giant  Fern. 

Young  plants  collected  by  Percy  Wilson  on  Cat  Island  (7186),  show  that  one  or 
the  other  of  these  Acrostichums  grows  on  that  island. 

2.  VITTARIA  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Turin,  5:  413.     1793. 

Usually  epiphytic  ferns  with  narrowly  linear,  grass-like,  entire  leaves,  the 
linear  sori  continuous  in  a  groove  along  each  margin,  without  indusia.  Lateral 
veins  obscure,  forming  a  row  of  areoles  on  each  side  of  the  midvein.  [Latin, 
ribbon-like.]  About  40  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions.    Type  species:  Pteris  lineata  L. 

1.  Vittaria  lineata  (L.)  Sw.  in  Journ.  Bot.  Schrad.  1800- :  72.     1801. 

Pteris  lineata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1073.     1853. 

Leaves  usually  numerous,  drooping,  smooth,  shining,  tufted  on  trees,  1-9 
dm.  long,  2-3  mm.  wide,  the  rootstock  short,  branched,  scaly. 

On  palmettos,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  continental 
tropical   America.     Grass-fern.      Shoestring-fern. 

3.  PAIiTONIUM  Presl,   Epim.   156.     1849. 

Epiphytic  ferns,  with  short-creeping  rootstocks  and  narrow  entire  leaves, 
the  venation  reticulated.  Sori  linear,  submarginal,  continuous  or  interrupted, 
without  indusia.  [Greek,  like  a  javelin.]  Two  known  species,  the  following 
typical  one,  the  other  of  southern  China. 

1.  Paltonium  lanceolatum  (L.)  Presl,  Epim.  156.    1849. 

Pterin  lanceolata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1073.     1753. 

Taenitis  lanceolata  Kaulf.  Enum.  130.     1824. 

Cheilo gramma  lanceolata  Maxon,  Proe.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  23:  630.     1901. 

Eootstock  short.  Leaves  tufted,  narrowly  linear-oblong,  glabrous,  sub- 
coriaceous,  1.5-4  dm.  long,  0.8-3  cm.  wide,  tapering  to  both  ends,  entire,  the 
midvein  prominent,  the  lateral  venation  obscure.  Sporanges  in  a  continuous  or 
interrupted  marginal  row  above  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  often  only  near  the  apex. 

On  trees  in  coppices.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence : — Florida  ;  Ja- 
maica :  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  ;  St.  Eustatius  ;  Guadaloupe  to  Barbadoes  ;  Central  Amer- 
ica.    Narrow-lea-s-ed  Brake. 

4.  PTERIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1073.     1753. 

Large,  mostly  coarse  ferns,  growing  in  open  sunny  places,  with  variously 
divided  leaves,  and  marginal  linear  continuous  sori  which  occupy  a  slender  or 
filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  tips  of  free  veins.  Indusium  double,  the 
outer  one  conspicuous,  membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf, 
the  inner  one  delicate  and  obscure.  Stipes  continuous  vriih  the  rootstock. 
[Greek  name  for  f^ns,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  their  leaves  to  the 
wings  of  birds.]  A  few  species  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species:  Pteris 
aquilina  L. 


POLYPODIACEAE.  467 

1.  Pteris  caudata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1075.     1753. 

Fteridium  caudatum  Maxon,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  23:  631.     1901. 

Pteris  aqiiilina  caudata  Hook.  Sp.  Fil.  2:   196.     1858. 

Leaves  erect,  1-2  m.  tall;  blades  triangular  in  outline,  2-4-pinnate; 
divisions  pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  segments  narrow,  with  recurved  margins,  re- 
mote from  one  another,  scarcely  decurrent  on  the  rachis  except  near  the  apex, 
the  larger  with  1-12   similar  but   shorter  segments. 

Pine-lands,  scrub-lands  and  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Cat  Island,  Crooked  Island.  North  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ;  Jamaica  ; 
Cuba  :  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Montserrat ;  continental  tropical  America.  South- 
ern Bracken. 

5.    PYCNODORIA  Presl.  Epim.  101.     1849. 

Mostly  large  ferns,  the  petioles  not  jointed  with  the  rootstocks,  the  leaves 
variously  divided.  Sori  marginal,  continuous  or  nearly  so,  on  a  filiform  or 
narrow  receptacle  connecting  the  tips  of  the  free  veins;  indusium  simple, 
membranous,  formed  by  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf.  Sporanges  pedicelled, 
provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.  [Greek,  thick-skinned.] 
Many  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Pteris  opaca 
J.  Smith. 

1.  Pycnodoria  longifolia  (L.)  Britton,  Fl.  Berm.  418.     1918. 

Pteris  longifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  1074.     1753. 

Leaves  somewhat  spreading;  petioles  1.5-3  dm.  long,  clothed  below  with 
pale  brown  scales;  blades  simply  pinnate,  oblong-lanceolate,  3-6  dm.  long; 
pinnae  linear,  4-8  mm.  wide,  entire,  sessile;  veins  close,  usually  once  branched; 
indusium  yellowish  brown. 

In  sink-holes.  Great  Bahama,  Andros.  New  Providence  : — Florida  :  Bermuda  ; 
Jamaica  :  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  St.  Thomas  ;  St.  Croix  ;  St.  Kitts  ;  Guade- 
loupe ;  Dominica  :  Martinique. 

In  a  monstrous  form  from  NichoH's  Town,  Andros,  the  pinnae  are  deeply  cut 
into  linear  lobes  4  cm.  long  or  less.     Long-leu4.ved  Brake. 

6.  ADIANTUM    [Tourn.]    L.   Sp.   PI.   1094.     1753. 

Graceful  ferns  of  rocky  hillsides,  woods,  and  ravines,  with  much  divided 
leaves  and  short  marginal  sori  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  reflexed  and 
altered  portion  of  the  pinnule,  which  serves  as  an  indusium.  Stipes  and 
branches  of  the  leaves  slender  or  filiform,  often  polished  and  shining.  [Name 
ancient.]  A  genus  of  over  175  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America.  Type 
species:  Adiantum  Capillus-V eneris  L. 

Leaf-segments  stalked,  cimeate  at  base.  1.  A.  tenennn. 

Leaf-segments  sessile,  truncate  at  base.  2.  A.  melanoleucum._ 

1.  Adiantum  tenerum  Sw.  Prodr.  135.     1788. 

Eootstock  short,  thick.  Stipes  smooth,  nearly  black,  shining,  1-3  dm.  long. 
Blades  2-4-pinnate,  2-4  dm.  long,  glabrous;  pinnules  many,  filiform-stalked, 
subrhombic,  membranous,  cuneate  at  the  base,  dentate  or  incised  above,  deli- 
cately many-veined,  jointed  with  the  stalk,  8^25  mm.  long;  sori  few  or  several, 
roundish  or  oblong. 

In  caves,  sink-holes  and  on  steps,  Abaco,  Andros.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  : — 
Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Croix ;  St.  Kitts  to  Tobago  :  conti- 
nental tropical  America.  The  fern  recorded  by  Coker  as  Adiantum  CapiJlus-Veneris 
L.,  is,  apparently,  this  species.     Slender  Maiden-hair  Fern. 


468  POLYPODIACEAE. 

2.  Adiantum  melanoleucum  Willd.  Sp.  PL  5:  443.     19J0. 

Eootstock  short.  Stipes  slender,  smooth,  nearly  black,  shining,  1-3  dm. 
long.  Blades  mostly  2-pinnate,  sometimes  only  once  pinnate,  1-4  dm.  long, 
glabrous;  pinnules  usually  many,  sessile,  obliquely  oblong,  thin,  8-25  mm.  long, 
irregularly  toothed  or  lacerate  on  the  upper  and  outer  margins,  the  lower 
margin  entire  or  nearly  so;  uppermost  segments  commonly  confluent;  sori  few, 
oblong  or  semilinear. 

In  sink-holes,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  : — Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ; 
Porto  Rico.     Dabk  Maiden-hair  Feen. 

7.  SPHENOMERIS  Maxon,  Journ.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  3:  144.     1913. 

Slender  mostly  small  ferns,  with  creeping  rootstocks  covered  by  hair-like 
scales,  the  leaves  3-4-pinnately  divided  into  narrow  cuneate  segments,  the  veins 
free.  Sori  borne  solitary  on  the  terminal  margins  of  the  segments,  the  indu- 
sium  cup-like,  attached  at  the  base  and  sides.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  wedge- 
shaped  leaf -segments.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Sphenomeris  clavata   (L.)   Maxon,  Journ.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.  3:   144.     1913. 

Adiantum  clavatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1096.     1753. 

Davallia  clavata  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Turin  5:   415.     1790. 

Odontosoria  clavata  J.  Smith,  Hist.  Fil.  264.     1875. 

Eootstock  short,  2-7  cm.  long.  Leaves  often  many,  glabrous,  nearly  erect, 
close  together,  1.5-6  dm.  long,  the  smooth  straw-colored  stipe  usually  shorter 
than  the  much  divided  blade;  leaf -divisions  alternate;  ultimate-segments  8-15 
mm.  long,  1-2.5  mm.  wide  at  the  truncate  apex. 

In  sink-holes,  most  abundant  in  pine-lands,  rarely  on  cliffs,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama, 
Andros,  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Cat  Island,  Eleuthera  : — 
Florida  ;   Jamaica  ;    Cuba.     Pine-land  Fern, 

8.  BLECHNUM  L.    Sp.   PI.    1077.     1753. 

Terrestrial  ferns  with  stout  rootstocks  and  clustered  pinnate  leaves,  the 
veinlets  of  the  fertile  pinnae  joined  transversely  near  the  base.  Sori  linear, 
contiguous,  parallel  with  the  midvein  of  leaf-segments  and  close  to  it,  the  in- 
dusium  membranous.  [Greek,  tasteless.]  Forty  species  or  more,  mostly  trop- 
ical in  distribution.      Type  species:   Bleclinum  orientale  L. 

1.  Bleclinum  serrulatum  L.  C.  Eich.  Act.  Soc.  Nat.  Paris  1:  114.     1792. 

Leaves  erect,  tufted,  3-9  dm.  high,  rather  stiff,  the  plants  often  forming 
large  colonies.  Blades  subcoriaceous,  oblong-lanceolate,  once  pinnate,  glabrous; 
petiole  stout,  shorter  than  the  blade;  pinnae  numerous,  oblong,  linear  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  mostly  close  together,  obtuse  or  acute,  3-8  cm.  long,  the  upper 
ones  fertile,  all  incised-serrulate ;  veins  numerous,  delicate,  free  beyond  the  sori; 
sori  approximate  to  the  strong  midvein,  conspicuous;  fertile  segments  narrower 
than  the  sterile. 

Borders  of  swamps  and  lagoons,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ; 
continental  tropical  America.     Maesh  Feen. 


POLYPODIACEAE.  469 

9.     ASPLENIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1078.     1753. 

Large  or  small  ferns  with  entire  lobecl  pinnate,  2-3-pinnate,  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  linear  or  oblong  sori  oblique  to  the  midribs  or  raehises.  Leaves 
mostly  uniform.  Veins  free.  Indusia  straight  or  curved,  opening  toward  the 
midribs.  [Ancient  Greek  name;  some  species  were  supposed  to  be  remedies 
for  diseases  of  the  spleen.]  A  genus  of  some  400  species,  of  very  wide 
geographical  distribution.     Type   species:   Asiilenium   Trichomanes  L. 

1.  Asplenium  dentatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1080.     1753. 

Petioles  tufted,  5-15  cm.  long,  naked,  weak,  blackish  below.  Fertile  leaf- 
blades  5-12  cm.  long,  with  6-8  pairs  of  stalked  oblong  or  rhombic  pinnae,  the 
lower  side  truncate  with  a  curve,  the  outer  edge  irregularly  crenate;  sterile 
leaves  similar  but  with  shorter  petioles;  raohis  naked;  sori  copious. 

In  a  cave.  New  Providence :  in  a  deep  sink-hiole,  Cat  Island  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ; 
.Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Guadelope  ;  Barbados  ;  Mexico  and  Central  America. 
Toothed  Spleenwort. 

Schoepf  records  observing  Asplcnhnn  rfiizophyllum  L.,  and  A.  marinum  L.,  on 
New  Providence  in  1784  ;  we  do  not  know  what  ferns  he  had  in  mind. 

10.   PITYROGRAMMA  Link,  Handb.  3:  19.     1833. 

Terrestrial  ferns,  with  tufted,  mostly  bipinnate  leaves,  usually  white- 
powdery  or  yellow-powdery  on  the  under  side,  the  sori  dorsal,  linear  along  the 
veins,  nearly  confluent.  Indusia  wanting.  [Greek,  bran-fern,  with  reference 
to  the  powdery  under  leaf -surfaces.]  Ten  species,  or  more,  natives  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions.     Type  species:  Acrostichum  chrysophyllum  Sw. 

1.  Pityrogramma  calomelanos  (L.)  Link,  Handb.  3:  19.     1833. 

Acrostichu7n  calomelanos  L.  Sp.  PL  1072.     1753. 

Gymno gramme  calomelanos  Kaulf.  Enumi.  Fil.  76.     1824. 

Neiirogramme  calomelanos  Diels  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pfl.  1*:  264.     1899. 

Eootstock  short,  rather  stout,  erect  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  tufted,  erect  or 
arching,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  2-pinnate,  2-8'  dm.  long,  the  dark 
brown  shining  petiole  usually  shorter  than  the  blade;  rachis  dark  brown, 
shining;  pinnae  lanceolate,  acuminate,  usually  white-pulverulent  beneath; 
pinnules  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  dentate  or  entire,  chartaceous,  decur- 
rent,  the  upper  commonly  confluent. 

Sink-hole,  Smith  Hill  Coppice,  Andros : — West  Indies ;  continental  tropical 
America.     Silver-fern. 

11.  POLYPODIUM   [Tourn.]    L.   Sp.   PI.   1082.     1753. 

Pinnate  or  simple  ferns  with  stipes  articulated  to  the  creeping  rootstocks. 
Sori  hemispheric,  dorsal,  in  one  or  more  rows  on  either  side  of  the  midribs. 
Indusium  none.  Veins  free  or  variously  anastomosing.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
the  knob-like  prominences  on  the  rootstocks  of  some  species.]  About  350  species, 
of  wide  distribution,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:  Polypodium  vulgare  L. 

Rootstocks   slender,   wide-creoping,   the   leaves   distant ;   sori 

deeply  impressed.  1.   P.  poli/podioides. 

Rootstocks  thicker,  short-creeping,  the  leaves  approximate ; 

sori  superficial,  2.  P.  squamatum. 


470  POLYPODIACEAE. 

1.  Polypodium  polypodioides  (L.)  Watt,  Can.  Xat.  11:  158.     1866. 

Acrostichum  polypodioides  L.  Sp.  PI.  1068.     1753. 
Polypodium  incanum  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Oec.  3:  1645.     1806. 

Eootstock  widely  creeping,  woody,  covered  with  small  brown  scales.  Stipes 
densely  appressed-scaly,  2.5-10  cm.  long;  blades  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
acute,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  3-15  cm.  long,  2.5-4  cm.  w^ide,  cut  very  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  rachis  into  entire,  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  segments,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  on  the  upper  surface,  the  lower  densely  covered  with  gray  unap- 
pendaged  peltate  scales  with  darker  centres,  as  are  also  the  rachises;  veins 
indistinct,  usually  once  forked,  connected  or  free. 

On  trees,  especially  in  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Crooked  Island  : — southeastern  United  States  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba  to  St.  Jan  and  Trini- 
dad ;  continental  tropical  America.     Gray  Polypodx. 

2.  Polypodium  squamatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1806.     1753. 

Bootstock  stout,  creeping,  covered  with  linear,  cOiate  scales.  Stipes 
scaly,  5-25  cm.  long;  blades  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  2-4  dm.  long,  4-10 
cm.  wide,  coriaceous,  evergreen,  cut  nearly  or  quite  to  the  rachis  into  entire 
linear,  acute  or  obtusish  segments;  rachis  and  under  surface  of  the  leaf- 
segments  densely  covered  with  appressed  scales  with  linear,  ciliate  appendages; 
veins  hidden. 

On  trees,  Conch  Sound,  Andros  : — Jamaica  ;  Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico,  Scaly 
Polypody. 

la  PHLEBODIUM  [R.  Br.]  J.  Smith  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  4:  58.     1841. 

Large,  mostly  epiphytic  ferns,  with  stout  creeping  chaffy  rootstocks,  and 
deeply  pinnatifid,  rather  thick,  drooping  or  spreading  leaves,  the  veins  anas- 
tomosing. Sori  dorsal,  orbicular,  without  indusia,  mostly  in  1  row  or  more, 
parallel  with  the  midvein  of  the  leaf -segments,  usually  borne  at  the  end  of  a 
pair  of  free  veinlets.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  veins.]  Perhaps  10  species,  trop- 
ical and  subtropical,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Phlebodium  aureum  (L  )  J.  Smith  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  4:  59.     1841. 

Polypodium  aureum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1087.     1753. 

Eootstock  short  and  stout,  creeping,  densely  clothed  with  linear-lanceolate 
membranous  acuminate  scales.  iStipe  stout,  glabrous,  1-2.5  cm.  long.  Blade 
once-pinnate,  glabrous,  pale  and  glaucescent,  1.5  m.  long  or  less,  submem- 
branous,  the  lanceolate  segments  more  or  less  united  near  the  rachis,  acuminate, 
acute  or  obtusish,  0.7-2  dm.  long,  reticulate-veined;  sori  large,  mostly  in  1  or  2 
rows  on  each  side  of  the  midvein. 

On  trees,  especially  palmettos,  Great  Bahama.  Whale  Cay,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Crooked  Island  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental 
tropical  America.     Recorded  by  Dolley  as  Pteris  aurea.     Sebpext-feex. 

13.    PHYMATODES  Presl,  Tent.  Pter.  195.     1836. 

Slender  creeping  or  climbing  ferns  with  elongated  rootstocks  or  stems  and 
simple,  short-petioled  leaves.  Sori  dorsal,  circular,  in  1  or  2  rows  on  each  side 
of  the  midvein;  indusium  wanting.  Veins  delicate,  usually  inconspicuous, 
copiously  anastomosing,  their  ends  sometimes  enlarged.  [Greek,  a  swelling.] 
Perhaps  50  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Type  species:  Poly- 
podium phymatodes  L. 


POLYPODIACEAE.  471 

1.  Phymatodes  exiguum  (Hew.)  Underw.  Torreya  3:   18.     1903. 

Polypodium  exiguum  Hew.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  II.  2:   458.     1838. 
Polypodium  Sivartzii  Baker,  in  Hook.  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.  ed  2,  357.     1874. 

Eootstocks  creeping  on  trees  or  shrubs,  slender,  clothed  with  brown  linear- 
lanceolate  scales,  simple  or  branched,  sometimes  8  dm.  long.  Leaves  thin, 
various,  linear,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long,  5-15  mm. 
wide,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  petioles  4—12  mm. 
long,  entire  or  slightly  undulate;  sori  mostly  in  2  rows,  one  row  on  each  side 
of  the  midvein. 

On  tree-trunks  in  coppices,  Andres,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  Cuba 
to  St.  Jan ;   St.  Croix ;  Montserrat.     Climbing  Polypody. 

14.  CAMPYLONEURUM  Presl,  Tent.  Pter.  isO.     1836. 

Tufted  ferns,  with  large  narrow  entire  leaves.  Sori  dorsal,  mostly  in  1  or 
2  rows  on  each  side  of  the  primary  veins;  indusium  none.  Primary  venation 
regularly  pinnate,  the  veins  connected  by  nearly  parallel  veinlets  forming  regu- 
lar areoles.  [Greek,  crooked-nerved.]  Twenty  species  or  more,  natives  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Campyloneunim  Phyllitidis  (L.)  Presl,  Tent.  Pter.  190.    1836. 

Polypodium  Phyllitidis  L.  Sp.  PL  1083.    1753. 

♦  Eootstock  short,  stout.  Leaves  several  or  many,  short-petioled,  broadly 
linear,  narrowed  to  both  ends  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the  apex^  3-10  dm.  long,  2-10 
em.  wide,  rather  firm  in  texture,  smooth  and  shining;  sori  small,  often  very 
numerous. 

On  trees  and  in  sink-holes  in  coppices,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andres,  New 
Providence,   Crooked   Island  : — Florida  ;   West   Indies  ;   continental   tropical   America. 

Strap-fern. 

15.  TECTARIA  Cav.  Anales  Hist.  Nat.  1:   115.     1799. 

Usually  terrestrial  ferns,  with  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  and  thin 
broad  lobed,  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnate  leaves.  Sori  orbicular,  dorsal,  borne 
on  the  backs  of  veins.  Indusia  orbicular  to  reniform.  A^eins  copiously  anasto- 
mosing, forming  many  areolae.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  indusia.]  Over  40 
species,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  Type  species:  Polypodium 
trifoliatum  L. 

Fully  developed  leaves  not  much  longer  than  broad. 

Basal  lobes  and  usually  all  lobes  of  the  fully  developed  leaf 

long-acuminate  ;  leaves  rather  firm  in  texture.  1.   T.  Jieracleifolia. 

At  least  the  basal  lobes  obtuse,  merely  acute  or  rarely  acumi- 
nate ;  leaves  thin  in  texture.  2.   T.  minima. 
Fully  developed  leaf  2-3  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  lobes  all 

rounded.  3.  T.  Amcsiana. 

1.  Tectaria  heracleifolia  (Willd.)  Underw.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:  200.    1906. 

Aspidium  lieracleifolium  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  5:  217.     1810. 

Rootstock  stout,  brown-scaly.  Leaves  2-10  dm.  high;  petioles  brown, 
shining,  as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  blades  various  in  form,  rather  firm  in 
texture,  the  finely  developed  ones  broadly  triangular,  little  longer  than  wide,  at 
least  the  lower  lobes  or  segments  long-acuminate ;  less  developed  leaves  ovate, 
the  apex  long-acuminate;  sori  usually  many,  in  2  more  or  less  complete  rows 
parallel  with  the  lateral  veins,  2-2.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Coppices,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Texas  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical 
America.     Halberd-fern. 


472  POLYPODIACEAE. 

2.  Tectaria  minima  Underw.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:  199.    1906. 

Eootstock  slender^  short,  brown-scaly.  Leaves  0.8-4  dm.  long;  petioles 
green,  or  brownish,  slender,  commonly  much  longer  than  the  blades,  often  very 
slender;  blades  various,  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  but  the  fully  developed 
ones  not  much  longer  than  broad,  lobed,  pinnatifid  or  sometimes  trifoliolate, 
the  basal  lobes  obtuse,  acute  or  rarely  acuminate;  sori  usually  few,  scattered, 
or  in  1  or  2  more  or  less  complete  rows  parallel  with  the  lateral  veins,  1-1.5 
mm.  in  diameter. 

In  sink-holes,  wells  and  caves,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat 
Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba.     Si\rAi>L  Halberd-feex. 

Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Tectaria  trifoliata  (L.)  Cav.  and  by  Dolley  as 
Aspidium  trifoliatwn   Sw. 

3.  Tectaria  Amesiana  A.  A.  Eaton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:  479.    1906. 

Eootstock  short,  stout.  Leaves  4  dm.  long  or  less;  petioles  rather  slender, 
about  as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  blades  narrowly  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  rather  thin,  pinnate-pinnatifid,  the  segments  and  lobes  obtuse  or 
rounded,  the  lower  1  to  3  pairs  of  pinnae  short-stalked;  sori  scattered  or  in 
1  or  2  more  or  less  rows  parallel  with  the  venation,  1-1.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Eleuthera,  at  Gregory  Town  (Coker  372)  ;  referred  to  this  species  with  hesita- 
tion.    Known  otherwise  only  from  one  station  in  Florida.     Ames'  Halbeed-fekn. 

16.   DRYOPTERIS  Adans.  Fam.  PL  2:  20,  550.     1763. 

Ferns  with  simple  to  2-3  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  round  sori  usually 
borne  on  the  backs  of  the  veins,  the  fertile  and  sterile  leaves  usually  similar. 
Indusium  flattish,  ro^ndish-renif  orm,  superior,  fixed  by  its  sinus,  or  the  indusium 
minute  and  vestigial  or  altogether  wanting.  Stipe  continuous,  not  jointed  with 
the  rootstock.  Veins  free  or  anastomosing.  [Greek,  signifying  oak-fern,  in 
allusion  to  the  forest  habitat  of  most  species.]  Species  several  hundred,  of 
wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Polypodium  Filix-mas  L. 

Leaves  mostly  erect ;  veins  free. 

Pinnae  elongated,  linear-lanceolate.  1.   D.  augescens. 

Pinnae  lanceolate.  2.  D.  norynalis. 

Leaves  reclining,  often  rooting  at  the  tip. 

Stipe  and  rachis  laxly  puberulent,  many  of  the  hairs  simple  ; 

veins  with  several  branches,  the  basal  ones  joined.  3.  D.  reptans. 

Stipe  and  rachis  closelv  stellate-puberulous,  nearly  or  quite  de- 
void of  long  simple  hairs  ;  veins  mostly  forked,  usually  free.      4.  D.  cordata. 

1.  Dryopteris  augescens  (Link)  C.  Chr.  Danske  Vidensk,  Selsk.  Skr.  VII.  10-: 

182.     1913. 

Aspidium  augescens  Link,  Fil.  Sp.  103.     1841, 

Rootstock  horizontal,  rather  stout,  scaly.  Leaves  once  pinnate,  mostly 
erect,  sometimes  1  m.  long  or  longer,  lanceolate  in  outline,  the  petiole  usually 
shorter  than  the  blade,  puberulent  and  scaly  at  the  base,  otherAvise  smooth; 
pinnae  many,  close  together,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  often  1.5  dm.  long,  1-2 
cm.  wide,  deeply  pinnatifid,  slender-tipped,  more  or  less  pubescent  at  least 
beneath,  the  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  the  lower  ones  somewhat 
larger  than  the  others;  veins  free. 

Pine-lands,  coppices,  caves  and  sink-holes.  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Provi- 
dence, Eleuthera  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Central  America.  Reported  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as 
Dryopteris  patens  (Sw.)  Kuntze. 

2.  Dryopteris  normalis  C.  Chr.  Arkiv.  Bot.  9:  31.    1910. 

Rootstock  horizontal,  slender,  scaly.  Leaves  erect  or  ascending,  once  pin- 
nate, 3-15  dm.  long,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  the  petiole  usually 


POLYPODIACEAE.  473 

shorter  than  the  blade,  puberulent  and  usually  bearing  some  scales  toward  the 
base,  otherwise  smooth;  pinnae  usually  many,  rather  close  together,  sessile, 
mostly  less  than  1  dm.  long,  1-2  cm.  wide,  lanceolate,  long-tipped,  deeply  pin- 
natifid,  pubescent  beneath,  the  segments  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  entire,  the  lower 
pair  somewhat  larger  than  the  others;  veins  free. 

Pine-lands,  coppices,  sink-holes  and  marshes,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Lignum  Vitae  Cay,  Rose  Island.  Eleuthera,  Cat  Ishind,  Acklin's  Island,  Watling's 
Island.  Great  Guana  Cay,  Great  Exuma,  North  Caicos : — Florida;  West  Indies. 
Referred  to  D.  patens  by  Dolley,  by  Mrs.  Northrop  and  by  Coker. 

Dolley  records  a  fern  under  the  name  Aspidium  incisum  Griseb.  ;  this  name  ap- 
plies to  a  West  Indian  Dnjoptcrls  not  known  to  inhabit  the  Bahamas.  The  record 
may  apply  to  one  of  the  preceding  species. 

3.  Dryopteris  reptaiis  (Gmel.)  €.  Chr.  Ind.  Fil.  288.     1905. 

Polypodium  reptans  Gmel.  Syst.  2:  1309.     1791. 

Goniopteris  reptans  Presl,  Tent.  Pter.  182.     1836. 

Phegopteris  reptans  D.  C.  Eaton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  10:  101.     1883. 

Rootstock  short;  ascending  or  erect.  Leaves  usually  several,  reclining  or 
arching,  2.5-9  dm.  long,  once  pinnate,  often  rooting  at  the  apex  and  sometimes 
along  the  rachis,  the  slender  petioles  mostly  shorter  than  the  blades;  pinnae 
several  or  many,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  about  4  cm.  long  or  less,  pubescent,  obtuse 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  subtruncate  at  the  base,  crenate,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so ; 
veins  slender;  sori  commonly  few_,  borne  about  midway  between  the  midvein 
and  the  margin;  indusia  vestigial  or  none. 

In  caves,  and  sink-holes  in  coppices,"  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera, 
Cat  Island : — Florida  :  West  Indies.  Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Dryopteris 
asplcnioides  Baker.     Walking  Wood-fern. 

4.  Dryopteris  cordata  (Fee)  Urban,. Symb,  Ant.  4:  18.    1903. 

Phegopteris  cordata  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.  241.     1850-52. 
Aspidium  reptans  cordata  Mett.  Asp.  99.     1858. 

Similar  to  D.  reptans,  but  usually  smaller,  and  with  entire  or  merely  undu- 
late pinnae,  and  having  the  veins  usually  free. 

In  sink-holes  in  pine-lands,  Andros  : — Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ;  recorded  from  Jamaica. 
Recorded  by  Mrs.  Northrop  as  Goniopteris  reptans  cordata. 

Dolley  records  a  fern  as  Aspidium  a dianti folium  Sw.,  but  there  is  no  such  pub- 
lished species.  Schoepf's  record  of  Polypodium  pubescens  L.  was  probably  based  on 
some  species  of  Dryopteris. 

17.   NEPHROLEPIS  Schott,  Gen.  Fil.  2^?.  3.    1834. 

Leaves  spreading  or  pendent,  pinnate,  elongated;  pinnae  numerous,  ap- 
proximate, jointed  at  the  base,  with  whitish  dots  on  the  upper  surface.  Sori 
round,  arising  from  the  apex  of  the  upper  branch  of  a  vein,  usually  near  the 
margin.  Veins  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the  indusium.]  About 
12  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm-temperate  regions.  Type  species: 
Polypodium  exaltatum  L. 

Indusia  reniform  ;  leaves  7-20  cm.  broad.  1.  N.  exaltata. 

Indusia  orbicular  ;  leaves  20-40  cm.  broad.  2.  N.  hiserrata. 

1.  Nephrolepis  exaltata  (L.)  Schott,  Gen.  Fil.  under  pi.  3.     1834. 

Polypodium  exaltatum  L.  Syst.  ed.  10,  1326.     1759. 

Petioles  7-15  cm.  long;  leaf -blades  1  m.  long  or  less.  ■  Pinnae  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate, sometimes  crenulate,  2.5-8  cm.  long,  the  upper  side  auricled  at  the 
base,  the  lower  rounded,  the  rachis  nearly  naked;  sori  almost  marginal,  cov- 
ered with  firm  distinctly  reniform  indusia. 

In  a  cave.  East  Caicos  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical 
America ;  Old  World  tropics.     Sword-fern.     Boston  Fern. 

31 


474  SCHIZAEACEAE. 

2.  Nephrolepis  biserrata  (Sw.)  Sehott,  Gen.  Fil.  under  pJ.  3.    1834. 

Polypodium  hiserratum  iSw.  in  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  1800^:  32.     1801. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the  petioles  10-20  cm.  long,  the  leaf- 
blades  up  to  1.2  m.  long.  Pinnae  lanceolate,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  serru- 
late, crenulate  or  entire,  10-20  em.  long,  10-18  mm.  wide,  the  base  subtruncate 
or  auricled  on  the  upper  side,  rounded  on  the  lower;  sori  close  to  the  margin, 
the  indusia  nearly  orbicular. 

In  a  cave,  East  Caicos,  with  the  preceding  species  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies ; 
Central  America.     Swoed  Feen. 

Family  2.     SCHIZAEACEAE  Reichenb. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  with  simple  or  pinnate  leaves.  Sporanges 
borne  in  spikes  or  panicles,  on  modified  leaves  or  leaf-segments,  ovoid, 
sessile,  pro\aded  with  an  apical  ring,  opening  vertically  by  a  longitudinal 
slit.    Several  genera  and  about  100  species,  mainly  tropical. 

1.   ANEMIA  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  6,  155.     1806. 

Small  to  medium-sized  ferns,  mostly  with  horizontal  or  creeping  rootstocks, 
the  leaves  distichous  or  tufted,  pinnatifid  or  decompound,  often  dimorphous 
(the  sterile  ones  quite  different  from  those  bearing  sporanges).  Venation 
mostly  free.  Sporanges  borne  in  a  single  row  on  the  margins  of  the  ultimate 
segments  of  fertile  pinnae,  with  or  without  an  indusium.  [Greek,  wind.] 
Thirty  species  or  more,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Type  species: 
Anemia  Phyllitidis  L. 

Leaves  wholly  fertile  or  wholly  sterile. 

Segments  of  sterile  leaf  obovate,  cuneate.  1.  A.  Wrightii. 

Segments  of  sterile  leaf  rhombic-ovate   or  rhombic-oblong.  2.  A.  cicutaria. 

Only  the  basal  segments  of  the  leaf  fertile.  3.  A.  adiantifolia. 

1.  Anemia  Wrightii  Baker  in  Hook.  &  Baker,  Syn.  Fil.  435.     1868. 

Ornithopteris  Wrightii  Millsp.  Field  Col.  Mus.  Bot.  3:  14.    1903. 

Eootstock  creeping,  finely  hairy.  Leaves  membraneous,  dimorphous.  Sterile 
leaves  5-12  cm.  long,  with  slender  straw-colored  stipes  3-7  cm.  long,  the  blade 
ovate  or  rhombic-ovate  in  outline,  2-4  cm.  wide,  sparingly  pilose;  pinnae  3  or 
4  pairs,  ascending,  rather  distant;  ultimate  leaf-segments  obovate,  cuneate, 
dentate  or  incised  at  the  apex,  or  entire.  Fertile  leaves  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  sterile  ones,  their  stipes  much  longer  than  the  panicles  of  sporanges. 

In  a  sink-hole,  coppice  near  Fresh  Creek.  Andros  : — Cuba.  A  little-collected 
plant,  perhaps  not  specifically  distinct  from  the  following  species.     Weight's  Anemia. 

2.  Anemia  cicutaria  Kunze;  Spreng.  Syst.  4:  31.    1834. 

Anemia  hipinnata  Moore,  Index  Fil.  cxvi.     1857. 

Ornithopteris  cicutaria  Underw.  Mem.  Torr.  Club  12:  15.     1902. 

Eootstock  short,  densely  brown-hairy.  Leaves  membranous,  dimorphous. 
Sterile  leaves  1.5  dm.  long  or  less,  the  slender,  straw-colored  stipes  about  as 
long  as  the  blades  or  shorter;  blades  deltoid-ovate  in  outline,  2-3-pinnate,  with 
3-7  pairs  of  pinnae,  the  ultimate  segments  rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-oblong, 
dentate  or  incised  above.  Fertile  leaves  much  longer  than  the  sterile  ones, 
their  stipes  longer  than  the  panicles  of  sporanges. 

In  sink-holes,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Yucatan.    Pabsley  Anemia. 


MAESILEACEAE.  475 

3.  Anemia  adiantifolia  (L.)  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  157.    1806. 

Osmunda  adiantifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  1065.     1753. 

Ornithopteris  adiantifolia  Bernh.  Neiies  Journ.  Bot.  Schrad.  1^:  50,     1806. 

Eootstock  creeping,  densely  hairy.  Leaves  distichous,  close  together,  sub- 
coriaceous,  1.5-8.5  dm.  long,  2-4-pinnate,  ovate  to  subpentagonal  in  outline,  the 
straw-colored  stipe  usually  as  long  as  the  blade  or  longer;  pinnae  several  or 
numerous,  the  lower  the  longer,  the  ultimate  segments  commonly  close  together, 
deltoid  to  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire  or  few-toothed,  4-15  mm. 
long.  Fertile  leaf  like  the  sterile,  but  the  2  lower  pinnae  transformed  into 
panicles  of  sporanges,  which  are  slender-stalked  and  erect. 

In  sink-holes  and  in  pine-lands,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Cat  Island: — Florida;  West  Indies;  Central  America;  northern  South 
America.     Maiden-hair  Akemia. 

Order  2.     SALVINIALES. 

Aquatic  or  uliginous  herbs  with  entire  or  2-lobed,  filiform,  or  4-foliolate 
leaves.  Spores  of  two  kinds  and  sizes  (microspores  and  macrospores)  con- 
tained in  sporocarps. 

Family  1.    MARSILEACEAE  R.  Br. 

Perennial  herbaceous  plants  rooting  in  mud,  with  slender  creeping 
rootstocks  and  2-  or  4-foliolate  or  filiform  leaves.  Asexual  propagation  con- 
sisting of  sporocarps  borne  on  peduncles  which  rise  from  the  rootstock  near 
the  leaf-stalk  or  are  consolidated  with  it,  containing  both  macrospores 
and  microspores.  The  macrospores  germinate  into  prothallia  which  bear 
archegonia,  while  the  microspores  grow  into  prothallia  bearing  antheridia. 
Three  genera  and  some  45  species  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  MARSILEA  Sp.  PL  1099.    1753. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  commonly  floating  on  the  surface  of 
shallow  water,  slender-petioled,  4-foliolate.  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles, 
arising  from  their  bases  or  more  or  less  adnate  to  them.  Sporocarps  ovoid  or 
bean-shaped,  composed  of  two  vertical  valves  with  several  transverse  compart- 
ments (sori)  in  each  valve.  [Name  in  honor  of  Giovanni  Marsigli,  an  Italian 
botanist,  who  died  about  1804.]  About  40  species,  widely  distributed.  Type 
species:  Marsilea  quadrifolia  L. 

Leaflets  obliquely  linear-oblanceolate.  1.  M.  NasJiii. 

Leaflets  broadly  obovate-cuneate.  2.  M.  vestita. 

1.  Marsilea  Nashii  Underwood,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  137.     1906. 

Plants  forming  compact  dense  mats  in  sandy  soil.  Stems  short,  slender, 
smooth  or  with  a  few  appressed  slender  hairs,  forming  nodes  at  intervals  of 
3-10  mm.;  leaves  rising  in  clusters  from  short  lateral  branches;  petioles  fili- 
form, 5-8  cm.  long;  leaf -divisions  narrow,  cutlass-shaped,  10-12  mm.  long,  2 
mm.  wide,  sparsely  covered  with  white  appressed  hairs;  sporocarps  abundant, 
solitary  on  short  peduncles,  compressed-oval,  averaging  7X4X2  mm.,  the 
raphe  ending  in  a  short,  straight  tooth  with  a  second  similar  basal  tooth  1  mm, 
beyond,  the  surfaces  covered  with  appressed  hairs,  becoming  smoother  with 
age;  sporangia  about  12  pairs,  elongate-oval,  4  mm.  long  by  1  mm.  thick,  the 
gelatinous  stalk  2.4  cm.  long;  macrospores  about  8-10  in  each  sporangium, 
oval;  microspores  numerous,  globose. 

Smith's  Thatch  Pond,  Inagua.     Endemic.     Nash's  Peppeewort. 


476  SELAGINELLACEAE. 

2.  Marsilea  vestita  Hook.  &  Grev.  Ic.  Fil.  pi.  159.     1831. 

Eootstock  slender.  Petioles  slender,  5-13  cm.  higli;  leaflets  entire  or 
toothed;  sporocarps  4-8  mm.  long,  4-6  mm.  wide,  -with  a  short  raphe,  a  short 
and  blunt  lower  tooth  and  an  acute  and  sometimes  curved  upper  one,  densely 
covered  with  soft  spreading  narrow  hair-like  scales;  sori  6-11  in  each  valve. 

Wet  sandy  soil.  Acklin's  Island  and  South  Caicos  : — southern  and  western  United 
States.  The  Bahama  specimens  are  sterile  and  are  referred  to  this  species  with 
doubt.     Haiey  Peppe,rwort. 

Order  3.     LYCOPODIALES. 

Spores  produced  in  sporanges,  which  are  borne  in  the  axils  of  scale- 
like or  elongated  leaves. 

Spores  all  alike.  Pam.  1.  Psilotaceae. 

Spores  of  two  kinds.  Fam.  2.   Selaginellaceae. 

Family  1.     PSILOTACEAE  Pritzel. 

PsiLOTUM  Family. 

Perennial  slender  terrestrial  or  epiphytic  plants.  Sporanges  sessile 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  2-3-celled,  opening  by  valves  at  the  apex. 
Spores  uniform.  Only  the  following  genus,  and  the  monotypic  Tmesipteris 
of  Australasia. 

1.  PSILOTUM  Sw.  in  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  1800^:   109.     1801. 

Terrestrial  or  sometimes  epiphytic,  the  stem  dichotomously  forked.  Leaves 
alternate,  reduced  to  scales.  Sporanges  3-celled,  opening  by  3  valves  at  the 
apex.  Spores  mealy,  oval  or  elongated-reniform.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
nearly  naked  stems  and  branches.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
distribution,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Psilotum  nudum  (L.)  Griseb.  Veg.  Kar.  130.     1857. 

Lycopodium  nudum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1100.     1753. 

Psilotum  triquetrum  Sw.  in  Schrad  Journ.  Bot.  1800":  109.     1801. 

Stems  erect,  2-3  dm.  tall,  or,  when  in  caves  or  on  trees,  often  pendent, 
3-angled  at  the  base,  copiously  forked  above,  the  ultimate  divisions  with  3 
wing-like  angles;  leaves  remote,  awl-like,  less  than  2  mm.  long;  sporanges  in 
interrupted  spikes. 

On  tree-trunks  and  in  sink-holes.  Abaco,  New  Providence,  Andros,  Cat  Island, 
Great  Exuma  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ;  West  Indies  ;  continental  tropical  America  and 
Old  World  tropics.     Psilotum. 

Family  2.     SELAGINELLACEAE  Underw. 

Terrestrial,  annual  or  perennial,  moss-like  plants  with  branching  stems 
and  scale-like  leaves,  -which  are  many-ranked  and  uniform,  or  4-ranked  and 
of  two  types  spreading  in  two  planes.  Sporanges  1-celled,  solitary  in  the 
axils  of  leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  more  or  less  quadrangailar 
spikes,  some  containing  4  macrospores  (macrosporanges),  others  contain- 
ing numerous  microspores  (microsporanges),  which  develop  into  small 
prothallia,  those  from  the  macrospores  bearing  archegones,  those  from  the 
microspores  antherids.    The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus : 


BEYOPHYTA.  477 

1.   SELAGINELLA  Beauv.  Prod.  Aetheog.  101.     1805. 

Characters  of  family.  [Name  diminutive  of  Selago,  ancient  name  of  a 
Lycopodium.]  About  600  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  trop- 
ical regions. 

1.  Selaginella  Eatoni  Hieron.;  Small,  Ferns  Trop.  Florida  67.     1918. 

Pale  green,  matted,  the  slender  branches  prostrate,  1-4  cm.  long,  creeping. 
Leaves  in  two  planes,  those  of  the  lower  plane  ovate  to  elliptic,  spreading,  1.5 
mm.  long  or  less,  abruptly  acute  or  obtuse,  sparingly  setaceous-serrulate  or 
entire;  those  of  the  upper  plane  somewhat  smaller,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
those  subtending  sporanges  near  the  ends  of  the  branches  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate-aristate;  macrospores  tubercled,  about  0.2  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Moist  shaded  rocky  situations,  Abaco,  Andros  :— Florida.     Eaton's  Selaginella. 

Phylum  3.     BRYOPHYTA. 

Mosses  and  Liverworts. 

Small  plants,  producing  minute  usually  spherical  bodies,  called 
spores,  in  capsules,  from  which  arise  a  protonema  on  which  are 
borne  the  plants  bearing  archegonia  and  antheridia,  from  which  the 
fruit  is  formed,  which  in  turn  bears  spores. 

There  are  two  classes  which  differ  from  each  other  as  follows : 

stems  erect  or  prostrate,  having  leaves  more  or  less  equally  developed  on  all  sides  ; 
ealyptra  at  the  apex  of  the  capsule.  Class  1.  Musci. 

Stems  usually  prostrate,  with  the  leaves,  when  present,  un- 
equally developed  on  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces  ;  ealyptra 
at  the  base  of  the  capsule.  Class  2.   Hepaticae. 

Class  1.     MUSCI. 

Mosses. 

Contributed  by  Elizabeth  G.  Britton. 

Terrestrial,  epiphytic,  or  rarely  aquatic  plants,  showing  tAvo 
distinctly  marked  but  closely  connected  and  continuous  phases  of 
growth,  or  alternate  generations,  usually  having  stem,  leaves  and 
rhizoids  but  not  true  roots;  stems  arising  from  a  more  or  less 
ephemeral  protonema,  which  originates  from  the  spore,  forming 
either  a  filamentous  or  thallose  growth.  Sexual  organs  borne  either 
apically  or  laterally  on  the  stem,  usually  in  special  buds ;  antheridia 
and  archegonia  on  the  same  plant  or  on  separate  plants ;  antheridium 
containing  ciliate  sperms ;  archegonium  a  single  eg^,  after  the  fer- 
tilization of  which  the  embryo  develops  into  the  fruit,  rupturing  the 
walls  of  the  archegonium  in  its  growth;  the  upper  part  of  the 
archegonium  is  carried  up  by  the  elongation  of  the  pedicel,  forming 
the  ealyptra,  which  in  many  mosses  covers  and  protects  the  capsule 
while  it  is  developing.    Capsule  usuallj'  with  a  central  axis  forming 


478  BEYOPHYTA. 

the  columella,  around  which  the  spore-sac  is  developed,  usually  sep- 
arated from  the  walls  by  air-spaces  and  chlorophyl-bearing  tissue. 
Capsule  splitting  regularly  by  a  lid  or  slits,  or  breaking  irregularly ; 
when  regular,  frequently  developing  teeth  around  the  mouth,  form- 
ing the  peristome,  which  serves  in  the  protecting  and  scattering  of 
the  spores. 

Order   1.     BRYALES. 

Protonema  usually  filamentous;  calyptra  apical;  pedicel  more  or  less 
elongated,  apical  or  lateral;  capsule  generally  with  a  well-developed  lid; 
peristome  present  or  absent,  neck  usually  with  stomata. 

A.  Acrocarpous   Mosses: — Main  stems  erect,   simple  or  branching;    capsules  terminal  on 

the  stems. 

1.  Plants  pale  green,  almost  white,  leaves  often  iridescent;  vein  wider  than  the 

blade  of  leaf,  blade  often  lacking.  Fam,  1.  Leucobryaceae. 

2.  Plants  bright  or  dark  green  ;  vein  narrower  than  the 

blade  of  leaf. 

a.  Leaves  two-ranked,   with   the  blades   duplicated 

on  one  side  at  base.  Fam.  2.  Fissidentaceae. 

b.  Leaves  not  two-ranked,  blades  not  duplicated  at  base,  more  or  less  equilateral. 

*  Species  onlv  known  from  sterile  specimens  in  the  Bahamas. 
Propagating  by  gemmae  or  brood-bodies. 

Brood-bodies  borne  in  clusters  at  the  summit  of  longer  apical  leaves, 
Calymperes  Richardi  in  Fam.  3.  Calymperaceae. 
Brood-bodies  borne  on  filaments  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 

Hyophila  and  Burhula  in  Fam.  4.  Tortulaceae. 
Not  propagating  by  gemmae  or  brood-bodies. 

Costa  thickened  and  spinose  above,  ending  below  the  coarsely  toothed. 

apex.  S.t/rrhopodon  Qaudlchmidii  in  Fam.  3.  Calymperaceae, 

Costa  thick  buit  not  spinose,  ending  below  the  minutely  toothed  apex. 

Dcsmatodon  Garhcri  in  Fam.  4.  Tortulaceae. 

Costa  not  thickened  nor  spinose,  ending  in  the  mucronate  apex. 

Trichostomum  in  Fam.  4.  Tortulaceae. 
**  Species  usually  fruiting. 

t  Peristome  and  annulus  none. 

Leaves  papillose  above  with  minute  papillae. 

Hymenostomum  flavescens  in  Fam.  4.  Tortulaceae. 
Leaves  not  papillose. 

Macromitriitm  iitiicronifolium  in  Fam.  5.  Orthotrichaceae. 
tt  Peristome  and  usually  the   annulus   present. 
t  Peristome  single,  annulus  double. 
Teeth  erect,  not  twisted. 

Gtjroweisia  Barhula  in  Fam.  4.  Tortulaceae, 
Teeth  inclined,  twisted  1-2  times. 

Tortula  agraria  in  Fam.  4,  Tortulaceae. 
tt  Peristome  double. 

Capsule  erect,  the  lid  beaked ;   teeth  erect,  not  twisted,  deeply 
inserted ;  annulus  none. 

Schlotheimia  in  Fam.  5.  Orthotrichaceae. 
Capsule  nodding,  lid  not  beaked :  annulus  double. 

1.  Teeth    oblique,    with   apical   appendages    and   united   to    a 

disc.  Fam.  6.  FUxariaceae. 

2.  Teeth  erect,  without  appendages  and  not  united  at  apex. 

Fam.  7.  Bryaceae. 

B.  Pleurocarpous  Mosses: — Main  stems  procumbent;   capsules  terminal  or  lateral  on  the 

branches. 

1.  Fruit  unknown  in  the  Bahamas  : 

Propagating  by  brood-bodies,  borne  in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Leaves  minutely  papillose,  with  small  papillae  terminal  on  each  cell. 
Margins  revolute,  entire,  the  vein  ending  below  the  apex. 

Leucodontopsis  in  Fam.  8.  Leucodontaceae. 
Margins  flat,  sernilate,  the  vein  ending  at  apex. 

PireeUa  in  Fam.  9.  Neckeraceae, 
Propagating  by  brittle  terminal  buds  and  slender  branchlets  ;  leaves  papillose, 
with  several  central  papillae  on  each  cell. 

Papillaria  in  Fam.  10,  Meteoriaceae. 

2.  Fruit  on  elongated,  erect  pedicels  ;  peristome  double. 

a.  Capsules  erect  and  symmetric. 

Stereophyllum  in  Fam,  11.  E>  todoxtaceae. 


LEUCOBRYACEAE.  479 

b    Capsules  horizontal  or  curved. 

*  Leaves  minutely  papillose,  on  the  back. 
Papillae  single  and  central  on  each  cell. 

HapJochidium  in  Fam.  12.  Leskeaceae. 
Papillae  single  and  terminal  at  the  end  of  each  cell. 

Mittenothamniuiih  in  Fam.  13.  IIypxaceae^ 
Papillae  several  in  a  row  in  the  middle  of  each  cell. 

Taxithelium  in  Fam.  13.  Hypxaceae. 
**  Leaves  not  papillose,  the  cells  smooth. 

t  Leaves  uniform  and  regular  ;  alar  cells  enlarged. 
Vein  lacking  or  short  and  double. 

Peristome  teeth  without  deep  lamellae  on  the  inner  surface. 

Isopterygium  in  Fam.  13.  Hypxaceae. 
Peristome  teeth  with  deep  lamellae,  especially  at  base. 

SonuiophyUum  in  Fam.  14.  Sematopiiyllaceae. 
Vein  single,  ending  in  the  middle  of  the  leaf. 

Anihlystegium  in  Fam.  13.  Hypxaceae. 

tt  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  lateral  shorter  and  broader ;  alar  cells  not 

•  enlarged.  Vesiciilaria  in  Fam.  13.  Hypxaceae. 

Family  1.     LEUCOBRYACEAE  C.  Muell. 

White  Moss  FAiiiLY. 

Plants  perennial,  growing  in  dense  pale  green  cushions;  stems  medium 
to  large,  branching;  sometimes  fragile  and  breaking  off  (thus  propagating 
asexually) ;  leaves  crowded,  vein  broad,  filling  most  of  the  leaf,  the  green 
cells  of  the  leaf  small,  in  a  single  central  band  between  several  layers  of 
larger  hyaline  cells;  blade  very  narrow,  sometimes  lacking.  Pedicels  erect, 
terminal;  capsule  erect  or  horizontal,  regular  or  irregular;  peristome  single, 
teeth  8  or  16;  lid  beaked;  calyptra  cucullate.  Nine  genera  and  229  species 
are  known.     (Named  in  reference  to  their  pale  green  color.) 

Leaves  four  times  longer  than  wide,  incurved,  apex  concave  and 

lanceolate.  1.  Leucdbryum. 

Leaves  ten  times  longer  than  wide,   recurved,  apex  flat,  oblong- 

apiculate.  2.   OctoMepJiantm. 

1.   LEUCOBRYUM  Hampe,  Flora  20:  282.     1837. 

Characters  of  the  family.  A  genus  of  121  species,  widely  distributed  in 
temperate  and  tropical  regions.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  pale  color  of  the 
plants.]     Type  species:  Leucohryum  glaucum   (L.)  Schimp. 

1.  Leucobryum  albidum   (Brid.)    Lindb.  Oefv.  Sv.  Yet.  Akad.  Forh.  20:   403. 

1863. 

Bicranum  albidum  Brid.  Muse.  Rec.  2^:  167.    1798. 

Leucohryum  glaucum  albidum  Cardot,  Rev.  Bryol.  38:   80.     1911. 

Plants  in  dense,  pale  green  cushions^  seldom  more  than  3  cm.  high;  stems 
crowded  with  branches;  leaves  numerous  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  incurved 
and  concave  when  dry,  spreading  when  moist  from  the  base  to  a  narrower  con- 
cave point,  2-4  mm.  long,  ending  in  a  sharp  apex,  the  basal  blades  short,  form- 
ing a  narrow,  colorless  border  of  3-5  rows  of  cells ;  the  vein  composed  of  2-4 
layers  of  large  hexagonal  clear  cells  with  a  central  band  of  small  green  quad- 
randular  cells.  [Capsule  terminal,  on  a  slender  pedicel,  curved  and  furrowed 
when  dry;  lid  beaked;  teeth  split  to  the  middle;   calyptra  cucullate.] 

Only  found  once,  sterile,  growing  on  rotten  wood  and  logs  in  coppices,  Conch 
Sound,  Andros,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana  : — Cuba  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Mexico 
and  Guatemala.     White  Moss. 


480  FISSIDENTACEAE. 

2.    OCTOBLEPHARUM  Hedw.  Deser.  3:   15.     1791. 

Plants  growing  in  loose  or  compact  pale-green  tufts,  vriih  dense  branching 
stems.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches^  usually  concave  with  a 
broader  base  and  a  narrow  tapering  apex,  composed  mostly  of  the  broad  thick 
costa  which  contains  a  central  row  of  small  green  triangular  cells,  and  several 
layers  of  hyaline  cells  above  and  below;  the  blade  of  the  leaf  is  reduced  to  a 
few^  narrow  hyaline  cells  on  the  basal  margins  or  lacking.  Pedicel  short; 
capsule  erect,  symmetric,  smooth;  peristome  single,  of  8  or  16  lanceolate  teeth; 
lid  beaked;  calyptra  cucullate.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  8  teeth.]  Eighteen 
species  have  been  described,  mostly  from  tropical  regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Octoblepharum  albidum  (L.)  Hedw.  Descr.  3:  15.    1791. 

Bryum  alhidiim  L.  Sp.  PI.  1118.     1753. 

Plants  in  loose,  pale  yellowish-green  cushions;  stems  brittle;  leaves  irides- 
cent, often  broken  and  recurved  when  dry,  up  to  6  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  wide; 
tip  flat,  longer  than  the  base,  ending  abruptly  in  a  cuspidate  apex.  Autoicous. 
Seta  erect,  5-7  mm,  long;  capsule  straight,  smooth,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  narrowing 
to  the  mouth;  teeth  8,  entire  or  perforate;  lid  beaked;  spores  rough. 

On  rotten  wood  and  stumps  or  on  palmetto,  common  in  coppices  of  New  Provi- 
dence [type  locality],  Andros,  Cat  Island,  Eleuthera  and  Crooked  Island: — Florida 
and  the  West  Indies.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 
Rainbow-moss. 

Family  2.     FISSIDENTACEAE  Bruch  &  Schimp. 

FissiDENS  Family. 

Small  plants,  usually  gi^owing  in  moist  shady  places,  on  earth  or  stones. 
Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  simple  or  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  few, 
always  two-ranked  and  conduplicate,  clasping  at  base,  with  a  single  vein 
and  Avith  an  apical  and  dorsal  prolongation  of  the  blade  especially  in  the 
upper  leaves,  except  in  Sorapilla.  Pedicel  terminal  at  apex  of  stems  or  on 
lateral  buds;  capsule  ovoid  or  cylindric,  straight  or  curved;  calyptra 
cucullate ;  lid  conic,  often  beaked,  peristome  red,  single,  of  16  entire  or  bifid 
teeth,  often  thickened  at  joints  and  either  papillose  or  spiral  at  apex.  A 
large  family  of  4  genera,  containing  some  570  species,  abundant  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 

1.   FISSIDENS  Hedw.  Fund.  2:  91.    1782. 

Plants  scattered  or  crowded  into  dense  cushions.  Stems  becoming  de- 
cumbent when  old,  with  apical  or  rarely  lateral  branches ;  leaves  with  duplicate 
basal  blades  present,  the  apical  and  dorsal  blades  sometimes  lacking  or  reduced 
in  size  in  the  low^er  leaves  or  in  the  bracts  of  the  inflorescence;  pedicels  always 
exserted,  often  bent  or  curved;  capsules  erect,  inclined  or  rarely  curved;  walls 
often  thickened  with  collenchyma  cells  around  the  mouth,  also  the  base  of  the 
lid;  annulus  small,  often  fugacious  or  lacking;  peristome  deeply  inserted;  teeth 
bifid,  usually  bright  red  and  forking,  with  long  slender  apical  divisions,  gen- 
erally quite  different  from  the  basal  segments  of  the  teeth  and  often  suddenly 
bent  at  a  sharp  angle.     [Latin,  in  reference  to  the  split  teeth.]     A  large  genus 


CALYMPERACEAE.  481 

of  about   125   species,   widely   distributed  in   temperate   and   tropical   regions. 
Type  species:  Hypnum  bryoides  L. 

Leaves  entire,  bordered  all  around,  cells  smooth.  1.  F.  monandnis. 
Leaves  serrate,  bordered  only  at  base  of  duplicate  blade  of  upper- 
most leaves  ;  cells  papillose.  2.  F.  Oarhcri. 
Leaves  not  bordered,  margins  serrate,  cells  mamillose.  3.  F.  rudicans. 

1.  Fissidens  monandrus  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  12:  598.     1869. 

Plants  small,  pale-green,  erect  or  decumbent;  seldom  more  than  2-5  mm. 
high;  leaves  4-7  pairs,  palmately  spreading,  and  increasing  in  size  upward  to 
2  mm.  long  by  0.33  mm.  wide,  overlapping  and  narrow  at  base;  margins 
bordered  all  around;  costa  percurrent;  cells  smooth,  somewhat  oblique  and 
hexagonal,  those  of  the  lower  blades  larger  at  base.  Autoicous.  Pedicel  erect, 
bent  at  base,  3  to  4  mm.  high;  capsule  straight,  seldom  more  than  1  mm.  long; 
peristome  red,  paler  and  spiral  at  apex;  lid  beaked;  calyptra  small;  spores 
smooth. 

Only  known  from  one  collection  from  a  sink-hole,  Farringdon  Road,  New  Provi- 
dence : — Florida  ;  Cuba  and  the  West  Indies  to  South  America.    I>iminutive  Fissidens. 

2.  Fissidens  Garberi  Lesq.  &  James,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sei.  14:  137.     1879. 

Plants  minute.  Stems  simple,  seldom  more  than  2-3  mm.  high,  erect  or 
decumbent;  leaves  4-8  pairs,  most  numerous  on  the  sterile  plants,  usually  all 
unbordered,  except  the  two  uppermost  leaves  of  the  fruiting  plants  which  are 
longer  and  narrower  than  the  others;  vein  ending  in  the  acute  apex;  margins 
minutely  serrate,  with  acute  or  truncate  teeth;  cells  dense,  with  2-4  small 
papillae,  basal  cells  larger,  papillose  only  on  the  outer  surface;  perichaetial 
leaves  bordered  only  at  the  base  by  an  obscure  border  of  1-3  rows  of  cells. 
Dioicious.  Pedicel  terminal,  erect,  short,  1-2  mm.;  capsule  small,  0.6  'to  1 
mm.  straight;  lid  beaked;  teeth  spirally  thickened  at  apex;  spores  smooth. 

On  rotten  wood  and  rocks  in  sink-holes,  coppices  on  Farringdon  Road,  New 
Providence  : — Florida  ;  Louisiana  ;  West  Indies  and  South  America,  Garber's  Fissi- 
dens. 

3.  Fissidens  radicans  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (II.)  14:  345.    1840. 

Plants  in  dense,  bright-green  cushions.  Stems  decumbent  and-  recurved 
when  dry,  rarely  erect  or  simple,  branching  repeatedly,  rarely  more  than  1  cm. 
high;  leaves  circinate,  often  brittle  and  broken  off,  5-10  or  rarely  20  pairs, 
up  to  1.5  mm.  long  by  0.33  mm.  wide;  vein  ending  below  the  acute  apex;  cells 
swollen,  mamillose  on  both  surfaces  above,  and  only  on  the  outer  below. 
Autoicous;  antheridial  buds  sometimes  numerous  on  the  fruiting  plants.  Pedi- 
cel slender,  erect,  3-4  mm.  long;  capsule  up  to  1  mm.;  lid  beaked;  calyptra 
small,  apical;  teeth  papillose  and  spiral  at  apex;  spores  smooth. 

On  rotten  wood  in  coppices,  New  Providence  and  Abaco  : — Florida  and  the  West 
Indies  to  continental  tropical  America.     Radicant  Fissidens. 

Family  3.     CALYMPERACEAE  C.  Muell. 

Calymperes  Family. 

Plants  usually  growdng  in  dense  dark  green  cushions  on  trees  in  shade, 
seldom  fruiting  but  often  propagating  by  brood-bodies,  g-rowing  in  clusters 
from  the  tips  of  specially  modified  leaves.  Stems  mostly  erect  and  sparingly 
branched.  Leaves  often  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  erect  or 
spreading,  broad  and  clasping  at  base,  lanceolate  or  contracted  into  a 
spathulate  apex;  margins  entire  or  serrate,  often  with  a  band  of  elongated 


482  CALYMPEEACEAE. 

submarginal  cells,  basal  cells  large,  clear,  smooth,  rectangular;  upper  cells 
small,  round,  often  jDapillose.  Pedicel  terminal,  erect  usually  exserted; 
calyptra  campanulate  or  eucullate;  lid  long-beaked;  peristome  single  of  16 
short  teeth  or  lacking.  A  family  of  mostly  tropical  mosses,  containing  2 
genera  and  about  313  species. 

Leaves  with  a   sub-marginal   border   of   long  narrow   cells   on   the 

hyaline  base.  1.  Cahjmperes. 

Leaves  with  a  thickened  or  hyaline  margin  at  base,  which  is  often 

coarsely  serrate  or  double  above.  2.  Syrrhopodon. 

1.   CALYMPERES  Sw.;  Schwaegr.  Suppl.  T:  333.     1816. 

Plants  in  dense  mats;  stems  crowded,  simple  or  branching;  leaves  curled 
and  twisted  when  dry,  base  hyaline,  often  white  and  broader  than  the  point, 
the  upper  leaves  often  contracted  into  a  narrow  apex,  bearing  brood-bodies, 
which  serve  to  propagate  the  plants  when  sterile.  Dioieous.  Calyptra  large, 
covering  the  capsule,  spirally  ribbed  and  often  rough  at  apex;  lid  beaked; 
peristome  and  annulus  lacking.  [Named  in  reference  to  the  large  calyptra.] 
About  200  species  of  tropical  distribution.  Type  species:  Calymperes  loncho- 
phyllum  Schwaegr. 

1.  Calymperes  Richardi  C.  Muell.  Syn.  I,  524.     1849. 

Plants  crowded  in  dark  green  mats,  showing  the  white  hyaline  base  of  the 
leaves  when  dry;  leaves  up  to  3.5  mm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  a 
blunt  point;  vein  stout,  ending  below  the  apex,  papillose  on  both  surfaces 
above;  submarginal  border  of  2-3  rows  of  cells^  extending  to  apex,  not  distinct 
in  the  hyaline  base;  margins  serrulate  above.  Dioieous.  [Seta  short,  slightly 
exserted;  calyptra  spirally  ribbed  2  mm.  long,  persistent  and  clasping  at  base, 
split  above;  capsule  ovoid,  cylindric;  peristome  and  annulus  none;  lid  conic- 
beaked.] 

Only  known  sterile.  On  stumps  in  coppice,  New  Providence,  Andros,  Abaco 
and  Berry  Islands,  Great  Harbor  Cay  : — Florida ;  West  Indies  to  tropical  South 
America.  Richard's  Calymperes. 

2.    SYRRHOPODON  Schwaegr.  Suppl.  2-:  110.     1824. 

Plants  growing  in  dense  mats,  frequently  sterile  and  propagating  by 
brood-bodies.  Stems  crowded,  simple  or  branching;  leaves  curled  and  twisted 
when  dry,  crowded  at  the  tips  of  the  branches,  with  the  upper  part  of  the  blade 
dense  and  often  papillose,  the  lower  part  lax  and  translucent  ^vith  large  ree- 
tanguar  cells,  the  margins  of  thickened  or  of  a  double  layer  of  cells,  often 
coarsely  toothed;  capsule  erect,  on  a  short  terminal  pedicel;  peristome  usually 
present,  single;  teeth  usually  entire  and  papillose;  lid  beaked;  calyptra  eucul- 
late, rough  or  smooth  at  apex.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  united  teeth  of  the 
peristome.]  About  215  described  species,  tropical  and  subtropical.  Type 
species:  Syrrliopodon  Gardneri  Hook. 

1.  Syrrhopodon  Gaudichaudii  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II.  2:  376.  pL  16.     1834. 

Plants  pale  yellowish-green,  with  the  white  bases  of  the  leaves  very  con- 
spicuous. Stems  simple  or  with  short  crowded  branches;  leaves  curled  and 
twisted  at  apex,  about  2  mm.  long;  base  with  5-6  rows  of  large  rectangular 
hyaline  cells  on  each  side  of  the  vein  and  the  margins  bordered  by  narrower 


TORTULACEAE.  483 

cells;  upper  part  of  leaf  with  small  green,  obscure  and  papillose  cells,  extend- 
ing a  short  distance  down  each  side  of  the  hyaline  base;  margins  above  with  a 
narrow  pale  border  of  2-3  rows  of  elongated  smooth  clear  cells,  mostly  entire 
except  at  the  spinosely  toothed  apex;  costa  also  spinose  on  back  toward  the 
apex.  Dioicous.  [Seta  slender,  about  5  mm.  long;  capsule  narrow,  about  2 
mm.  long  with  a  slender  beaked  lid;  calyptra  cucullate,  its  tip  rough;  teeth 
narrow.] 

Only  a  few  small  sterile  plants  found  at  Nicholl's  Town,  Andros  : — Cuba  ;  Ja- 
maica ;  Porto  Rico  and  Guadeloupe  to  Brazil.     Gaudichaud's  Syrrhopodox. 

Family  4.     TORTULACEAE  Lindb. 

ToRTULA  Family. 

Plants  scattered  or  crowded  into  tufts,  sometimes  minute  and  ephem- 
eral, with  indehiscent  capsules.  Stems  simple  or  branched;  leaves  usu- 
ally crowded,  sometimes  forming  rosettes  at  the  apex  of  the  stems,  generally 
twisted  wdien  dry,  lanceolate  or  oblong  and  hyaline  at  base  often  with  a 
broader  and  denser  apex;  vein  single,  stout  usually  percuiTent  or  some- 
times excurrent  into  an  awn ;  margins  frequently  recurv^ed,  entire,  crenu- 
late,  or  rarelj^  serrulate ;  cells  longer  and  smooth  at  base,  smaller  and  denser 
or  papillose  at  apex.  Heteroicous.  Pedicel  terminal,  more  or  less  exserted 
and  erect ;  capsule  erect  or  inclined ;  peristome  rarely  double  qr  lacking, 
usually  single,  of  16  narrow%  often  bifid  teeth,  sometimes  long  and  tw^isted 
with  a  more  or  less  exserted  basal  membrane ;  lid  conic  or  beaked ;  calyptra 
cucullate;  spores  small.  A  large  family  of  46  genera  and  about  400 
species  widely  distributed  in   all   parts  of  the  w^orld.     Sometimes  called 

POTTIACEAE. 

A.  Fruit  on  elongated  erect  pedicels  ;  capsules  erect. 
Peristome  single  ;  annulus  double. 

Teeth  oblique,  twisted  once  or  twice.  1.  Tortiila. 

Teeth   erect,  not  twisted.  2.  Oijroiveisio. 

Peristome  and  annulus  none.  3.  Hymenostomum. 

B.  Fruit   unknown   in   the  Bahamas.      Propagating  by   brood- 

bodies,   borne   in   the   axils   of   the   upper  leaves,   or   the 
brood-bodies   unknown. 
Upper  cells  of  leaves  mamillose  on  upper  surface  only. 

Costa  stout,  ending  below  the  denticulate  apex.  4.  HyophUa. 

Costa  tapering  to  the  acuminate  apex.  5.  Dcsmatodon. 

Upper  cells  of  leaves  papillose  on  both  surfaces. 

Margins  flat  or  revolute  at  base,  denticulate  at  apex.  6.  Barhula. 

Margins  inrolled,  entire.  7.  Trichostomum. 

1.    TORTULA  Hedw.  Fund.  Muse.  2:  92.     1782. 

Plants  of  various  sizes,  sometimes  large  and  stout;  usually  growing  on  the 
ground  or  on  rocks,  scattered  or  in  cushions.  Stems  usually  simple,  rarely 
branched;  with  the  leaves  often  crowded  in  a  rosette  at  the  top  of  the  stem, 
usually  spreading  w^hen  dry,  or  twisted,  mostly  broader  above  the  middle ;  mar- 
gins usually  entire;  vein  single,  sometimes  excurrent  into  an  awn;  basal  cells 
long,  clear  and  smooth,  the  upper  small  and  dense,  generally  papillose.  Pedicel 
erect,  elongate ;  capsule  erect,  cylindric ;  lid  usually  long-beaked ;  calyptra 
cucullate;  peristome  single,  usually  twisted,  arising  from  a  basal  membrane; 
teeth  16  or  32,  slender,  papillose;  spores  small.  [Latin,  with  reference  to  the 
twisted  peristome.]  A  large  genus  of  186  species  widely  distributed  in  all 
parts  of  the  world.     Type  species:  Bnjum  murale  L. 


484  TOETULACEAE. 

1.  Tortula  agraria  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Oce.  3:  1763.     1806. 

Bar'bula  agraria  Hedw.  Muse.  Frond.  3:  17.  pi.  6.     1792. 

Plants  almost  stemless,  forming  a  rosette  of  basal  leaves,  not  much  curled 
or  twisted  when  dry.  Leaves  widest  above  the  middle;  base  oblong,  with  long, 
clear,  smooth  cells;  upper  cells  square,  mamillose  on  the  inner  surface,  smooth 
on  the  outer;  aj^ex  acute;  vein  stout,  ending  in  a  mucronate  tip;  margins  flat, 
entire  or  denticulate.  Dioicous.  Pedicel  erect;  capsule  cylindric,  ribbed  when 
dry;  annulus  double;  lid  long-beaked,  red  at  base;  peristome  red,  papillose, 
twisted;  teeth  16,  long  and  slender,  bifid  or  trifid  with  a  short  basal  membrane; 
calyptra  cucullate;  spores  smooth,  small,  maturing  in  spring. 

One  of  the  most  common  and  widely  distributed  species,  on  limestone  rocks,  New 
Providence,  Abaco,  Great  Exuma,  Great  Bahama,  Cat  Cay,  Andros  and  Berry  Islands, 
Watling's  and  Ackliu"s  Islands,  Crooked  Island  and  Fortune  Island  : — Florida  and 
the  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  and  South  America.     Common  Toktula. 

2.   GYROWEISIA  Sehimp.  Syn.  (2d  ed.)  38.     1876. 

Plants  small,  usually  growing  in  depressions  of  limestone  rocks  or  on  old 
walls  in  dark  green  patches,  discolored  and  matted  together  by  fresh-water 
algae,  stems  short  or  acaulescent;  leaves  dark  green,  inrolled  and  twisted  when 
dry,  spreading  in  a  rosette  when  moist,  oblong-lingulate,  tip  acute  or  obtuse, 
the  vein  ending  below  the  apex;  margins  flat^  crenulate  or  obscurely  toothed  at 
apex;  lower  cells  very  thin  and  longer  than  the  rounded  and  swollen  cells  of 
the  apical  blade.  Dioicous.  Pedicel  short,  erect,  terminal;  capsule  narrow, 
cylindric;  peristome  simple,  of  16  bifid,  jointed  and  papillose  teeth;  lid  beaked; 
calyptra  cucullate.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  large  annulus.]  A  small  genus 
of  14  species,  mostly  in  hilly  regions.  Type  species:  Gymnostomum  tenue 
Schrad. 

1.  Gyroweisia  Barbula   (Schwaegr.)  Paris,  Index  Bryol.  ed.  2:2:   299.     1904. 

Gymnostomum  Bar'bula  Schwaegr.  Supp.  2-:  77.  ^jL  175.    1826. 

Plants  small,  in  dark  green  Obscure  mats,  often  sterile  and  acaulescent; 
leaves  few,  recurved,  forming  a  rosette,  linear-oblong,  about  2  mm.  long  by 
0.25  mm.  wide^  usually  obtuse  and  cucullate,  sometimes  acute;  margins  crenu- 
late-toothed,  often  more  coarsely  and  irregularly  so  at  apex;  vein  ending  below 
the  apex;  upper  cells  rounded  and  swollen,  basal  cells  longer,  very  thin  and 
clear  on  the  margins;  pedicel  short,  4-8  mm.,  rarely  1  cm.;  capsule  dark  when 
old,  erect,  up  to  2  mm.  long,  narrowly  cylindric,  mouth  small;  annulus  double; 
calyptra,  lid,  annulus  and  peristome  often  falling  off  all  together;  peristome 
slightly  twisted;  teeth  16^  brittle,  bifid,  with  5-6  basal  joints,  densely  papillose 
when  mature;  spores  brown,  small;  ripe  in  spring;  calyptra  cucullate. 

On  rocks  and  old  walls.  New  Providence  and  Abaco  : — Florida ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Brazil.     Black-fruited  Gyroweisia. 

3.  HYMENOSTOMUM  E.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  12:  572.     1818. 

Plants  terrestrial,  gregarious.  Stems  short  and  simple.  Leaves  crowded, 
much  curled  and  twisted  when  dry,  linear-lanceolate;  margins  entire,  inrolled; 
vein  stout,  ending  in  the  mucronate  apex;  cells  small  and  papillose  in  the  upper 
part  of  blade,  lower  ones  oblong  and  smooth.  Pedicel  erect,  mostly  exserted; 
capsule  cylindric,  straight  or  bent;  lid  large,  beak  short;  calyptra  cucullate; 
peristome  and  annulus  absent;  mouth  closed  by  a  membrane  until  the  spores 


TOETULACEAE.  485 

are  ripe.  [The  name  refers  to  this  character.]  A  small  genus  of  45  species 
■widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Gymnc- 
stomum  microstomum  Hedw. 

1.  HyTnenostomum  flavescens  E.  G.  Britton,  sp.  nov. 

Plants  usually  light  yellowish-green.  Stems  short,  3-5  mm.  high;  leaves 
1.5-2  mm.  long;  apex  lanceolate,  incurved  and  cucullate,  base  broader  and 
hyaline;  margins  inrolled,  entire;  vein  stout,  rough  above,  ending  in  the  mucro- 
nate  point;  lower  cells  clear  and  smooth,  up  to  67 /x,  long;  upper  cells  only  8/* 
long,  densely  papillose  on  both  surfaces,  with  3-4  small  papillae.  Dioicous. 
Pedicel  slender,  10-15  mm,  long,  erect;  capsule  ovoid-cylindric,  1-1.25  mm. 
long  with  the  beaked  lid;  calyptra  cucullate,  twisted;  peristome  and  annulus 
none,  the  mouth  bordered  by  5-6  rows  of  smaller,  denser,  quadrate  cells;  walls 
thin;  spores  brown,  papillose,  ripe  in  wdnter. 

New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Andros,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco  and  Acklin's  Island. 
Type  from  Finder's  Point,  Great  Bahama,  Britton  and  Millspaugh  2515.  Feb.,  1905. 
Bahama  Hymexostomum. 

4.  HYOPHILA  Brid.  Bryol.  Univ.  1:  760.    1826. 

Plants  dark  green,  frequently  sterile  and  propagating  by  brood-bodies 
borne  at  the  apex  of  the  stems.  Leaves  linear -lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  not 
very  crowded;  apex  obtuse  or  acute,  entire  or  with  a  few  obscure  teeth;  vein 
ending  in  or  below  the  apex,  rarely  excurrent;  basal  cells  clear,  rectangular, 
upper  cells  smaller  and  papillose,  rarely  smooth.  Dioicous.  Pedicel  exserted, 
slender;  capsule  erect,  narrow,  cylindric;  mouth  small;  annulus  usually  present ; 
peristome  none;  lid  beaked;  calyptra  cucullate.  [Greek,  referring  to  their 
moisture-loving  habit.]  A  genus  of  about  80  species,  occurring  in  tropical 
regions,  widely  distributed.     Type  species :  HyopMla  gymnostomoides  Brid. 

1.  Hyophila  Tortula  (Schwaegr.)  Hampe,  Bot.  Zeit.  4:  267.     1846. 

Gymnostomum  Tortula  Schwaegr.  Supp.  2^:   78.  pi.  175.     1826. 
Tortula  Donnellii  Austin,  Bot.  Gaz.  3:  31.     1878. 
Barhula  Donnellii  Lesq.  &  James,  Man.  128.     1884. 

Plants  often  growing  on  rocks  in  scattered,  low  cushions,  usually  sterile; 
stems  short  and  simple;  leaves  inrolled  and  twisted  when  dry,  up  to  2  mm.  long 
by  0.5  mm.  broad,  lanceolate ;  vein  stout,  brown,  ending  in  the  cuspidate  apex, 
smooth  or  slightly  rough  on  the  back;  basal  cells  smooth,  oblong,  upper  cells  in 
transverse  rows,  hexagonal,  mamillose  on  the  inner  surface,  smooth  on  the  back ; 
margins  sometimes  denticulate  at  apex.  Dioicous.  Only  known  sterile,  in  the 
Bahamas,  propagating  by  brood-bodies  borne  on  filaments  from  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves.  [Pedicel  8-10  mm.  long,  erect;  capsule  2  mm.  long,  cylindric; 
mouth  bordered  by  smaller,  darker  cells;  annulus  compound,  falling  with  the 
beaked  lid;  peristome  none;  calyptra  cucullate  and  slightly  twisted;  spores 
smooth,  small.] 

New  Providence  and  Abaco : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  ;  Guatemala  and 
South  America.     Hyophila, 

5.  DESMATODON  Brid.  Mant.  Muse.  86.     1819. 

Plants  usually  in  cushions  on  limestone  rocks  or  in  crevices  of  walls. 
Stems  erect,  usually  short  and  simple  or  forking.  Leaves  crowded,  incurved 
and  twisted  when  dry,  spreading  when  moist,  oblong-lanceolate;  apex  acute  or 


486  TOETULACEAE. 

obtuse;  margins  entire  or  serrulate,  flat  or  recurved,  sometimes  bordered;  costa 
ending  below  the  apex,  percurrent  or  excurrent  into  a  slender  awn,  papillose  on 
both  surfaces;  upper  cells  smooth  or  papillose;  lower  cells  longer  and  smooth. 
Monoicous  or  dioicous.  Pedicel  erect ;  capsules  erect  or  nodding,  ovoid  or 
cylindric;  annulus  present;  peristome  single,  of  16  short,  erect  or  slightly 
twisted,  papillose,  teeth  united  at  base,  with  a  short  exserted  basal  membrane; 
lid  short,  conic-beaked;  cells  oblong;  calyptra  cucullate;  spores  rough  or 
smooth.  [Latin,  in  reference  to  the  basal  union  of  the  teeth.]  A  small  genus 
of  about  12  species,  varying  in  habit  and  distribution.  Type  species :  Discranum 
latifolium  Hedw. 

1.  Desmatodon  Garfeeri  Lesq.  &  James,  Man.  112.     1884. 

Plants  in  dense  round  cushions,  usually  fruiting  abundantly.  Stems  simple, 
up  to  1  cm.  high  with  the  leaves  much  twisted  when  dry  and  spreading  when 
moist,  more  crowded  at  apex  of  stems,  only  about  1  mm.  long;  margins  in- 
curved, entire,  crenulate  or  slightly  toothed  at  apex;  vein  stout,  smooth,  ending 
below  the  point  or  percurrent  into  the  cuspidate  apex;  upper  cells  irregular, 
rounded,  and  projecting  on  the  inner  surface,  smooth  on  the  back,  lower  cells 
larger,  clear,  oblong  and  smooth.  Dioicous.  [Thus  far  only  found  sterile  asso- 
ciated with  Tortula  agraria;  but  the  type  specimens  from  Key  West,  show  an 
erect  pedicel,  about  5  mm.  long;  the  calyptra  cucullate;  the  capsule,  with  the 
beaked  lid,  about  2  mm.  long,  brick-red,  cylindric^  the  narrow  annulus  falling 
in  fragments  with  the  lid ;  peristome  short,  deeply  inserted ;  the  teeth  papillose, 
fragile  and  broken,  irregularly  split  and  jointed,  with  no  visible  basal  mem- 
brane; spores  smooth,  pale,  ripe  in  winter.] 

On  limestone  rocks  in  coppice,  New  Providence  : — Key  West,  Florida ;  Yucatan. 
Gaebeb's  Desmatodox. 

6.   BARBULA  Hedw.  Fund.  Muse.  2:  92.     1782. 

Plants  usually  a  dirty  green  or  brown  color,  often  growing  in  muddy  places. 
Stems  slender  and  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  crowded,  usually  small  and 
narrowly  lanceolate,  keeled; ^margins  recurved,  seldom  flat;  vein  stout,  per- 
current, rarely  excurrent;  cells  of  the  upper  part  of  the  leaf  dense,  papillose 
on  both  surfaces;  basal  cells  larger,  rectangular  and  nearly  or  quite  smooth. 
Dioicous :  if  sterile  often  propagating  by  brood-bodies.  Pedicel  erect,  terminal ; 
lid  conic  or  beaked;  calyptra  cucullate;  capsule  usually  erect,  cylindric;  annu- 
lus sometimes  present;  peristome  rarely  lacking,  usually  inserted  below  the 
rim  of  the  capsule,  of  32  slender,  twisted,  papillose  teeth,  united  by  a  short 
basal  membrane;  spores  small.  [Latin,  diminutive  of  barba,  beard,  referring 
to  the  peristome.]  A  large  genus  of  234  species,  widely  distributed  in  tem- 
perate and  subtropical  regions.     Type  species:  Bryum  unguiculatum  Hudson. 

1.  Barbula  Crugeri  Sonder;  C.  Muell.  Syn.  Muse.  1:  618.     1849. 

Plants  small,  in  dark  brown  patches  on  damp  rocks.  Stems  slender,  seldom 
more  than  2  cm.  high;  leaves  curled  and  twisted  when  dry,  spreading  when 
moist,  about  1  mm.  long;  base  oblong,  with  thin  rectangular  cells;  apex  keeled; 
upper  cells  minute,  dense  and  papillose;  vein  stout  at  base,  rough  on  the  back 
and  ending  abruptly  in  the  cuspidate  apex;  margins  flat  or  revolute,  entire  or 
rarely  denticulate  at  apex.  It  has  only  been  found  sterile  in  the  Bahamas,  but 
propagates  by  club-shaped  brood-bodies  borne  in  clusters,  in  the  axils  of  the 


ORTHOTEICHACEAE.  487 

leaves.  [Dioicous.  Pedicels  erect,  about  1  cm.  long,  twisted  -when  dry;  cap- 
sules up  to  1  mm.,  erect,  cylindric;  lid  beaked;  calyptra  cucuUate,  rough  at 
apex;  peristome  red,  twisted;  teeth  slender,  bifid  and  papillose,  with  a  short 
basal  membrane;  annulus  none;  spores  smooth,  small,  ripening  in  summer.] 

On  wet  rocks  in  quarry  at  Nassau  : — Florida  ;  Louisiana  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  I'orto 
Rico  to  Trinidad  and  South  America.     Crugek's  Babbula. 

7.    TEICHOSTOMUM  Hedw.  Fund.  2:  90.     1782. 

Plants  medium-sized,  usually  crowded.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  curled  and  twisted  when  dry,  larger  at  base  than  above,  ^^'ith  a  narrow 
sharp  apex;  margins  flat  or  inrolled,  entire;  vein  single,  usually  percurrent; 
basal  cells  oblong  and  clear;  upper  cells  denser,  small  and  papillose  on  both 
surfaces.  Pedicel  erect,  elongate;  capsule  erect,  cylindrio;  peristome  single; 
teeth  16,  either  entire  or  divided  to  base,  usually  papillose;  lid  conic-beaked; 
calyptra  cucullate.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  narrow  teeth.]  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  various  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Weisia 
cylindrica  Bruch. 

1.  Trichostomum  rivale  (Mitt.)  Jaeg.  Adumb.  1:  245.     1871-72. 

Tortilla  rivalis  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  12:  147.     1869. 

Plants  in  dense  bright  green  or  yellowish  cushions.  Stems  up  to  5-10  mm. 
high,  usually  simple;  leaves  crowded,  curled  and  twisted  when  dry,  2-3  mm. 
long,  base  erect,  clasping,  the  tips  narrower  and  spreading  when  moist;  vein 
smooth,  excurrent  into  the  mucronate  apex;  margins  entire,  incurved  above  the 
middle ;  basal  cells  lax  with  longer  cells  on  the  margins,  extending  up  the  blade 
to  the  papillose  cells  of  the  tip;  upper  cells  densely  papillose  on  both  sur- 
faces. Only  found  sterile  in  the  Bahamas.  Dioicous.  [Pedicel  yellow,  erect, 
15-20  mm.  long;  capsule  2-3  mm.  long,  erect,  cylindric;  calyptra  cucullate; 
lid  conic-beaked;  peristome  single,  of  16  slender,  erect  or  slightly  twisted, 
papillose,  bifid  teeth,  often  disappearing  and  leaving  only  a  ragged  membrane; 
spores  rough,  brown,  maturing  in  spring.]  Very  closely  related  to  Tricho- 
stomum jamaicense  Mitt. 

On  rocks  and  in  pine-barrens,  Marsh  Harbor,  Abaco : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  and  Porto 
Rico.     Rock  Trichostomum. 

Some  poor  sterile  specimens  of  a  Trichostomum  were  collected  in  New  Provi- 
dence, by  L.  J.  K.  Brace,  in  June,  1918,  Number  9509.  The  leaves  are  less  papillose 
than  in  T.  rivale  and  the  plants  may  represent  another  species,   T.   i)ivoliitHm  Sull. 

Family  5.     ORTHOTEICHACEAE  Bruch  &  Sehimper. 

ORTHOTRICHUil   FAMILY. 

Plants  growing-  in  dense  dark  gi'een  mats.  Stems  erect  or  creeping, 
often  branching  and  interlacing;  branches  short,  erect,  densely  leafy. 
Leaves  curled  and  twisted  when  dry,  crowded,  lanceolate  or  oblong;  costa 
single,  percurrent  or  excurrent  into  a  mucronate  tip;  cells  dense,  small, 
obscure,  smooth  or  papillose,  basal  often  longer  and  smooth.  Pedicel 
short,  terminal;  calyptra  large,  campanulate,  plicate  and  lacerate  at  base, 
smooth,  hairy,  or  rough  at  apex;  lid  usually  beaked;  capsule  smooth  or 
ribbed;  peristome  single  or  double,  seldom  lacking.  Twelve  genera  and  824 
species,  widely  distributed. 

Calyptra  plicate,  smooth  ;  peristome  lacking.  1.   Macromitnum. 

Calyptra  not  plicate,  rough  at  apex  ;  peristome  double.  2.  Schlotheimia. 


488  ORTHOTEICHACEAE. 

1.  MACROMITEIUM  Brid.  Mant.  Muse.  132.     1819. 

Plants  in  dense  dark  mats,  usually  on  trees.  Stems  creeping  with  erect 
branches;  leaves  crowded  and  usually  twisted  when  dry;  vein  single,  percur- 
rent  or  excurrent,  rarely  ending  below  the  apex;  margins  entire  or  rarely 
toothed  at  apex,  not  bordered,  except  occasionally  at  base;  cells  small  and 
dense  in  the  upper  part  of  the  leaf  smooth  or  papillose,  larger  and  clearer 
below.  Pedicel  exserted  or  rarely  immersed,  terminal ;  capsule  erect,  ovoid, 
urn-shaped  or  cylindric;  lid  beaked;  calyptra  campanulate  and  lacerate  at 
base,  smooth  or  hairy.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  large  calyptra.]  A  large 
genus  of  385  species,  common  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Type 
species:  ScMotheimia  acicularis  Brid. 

1.  Macromitrium  mucronifolium    (Hook,  et  Grev.)    Schwaegr.  Supp.   2-:    61. 
pi.  170.     1826. 

Orthotrichum  mucronifolium  Hook,  et  Grev.;  Brewst.  Edinb.  Jour.  1:  116. 
pi.  4.     1824. 

Plants  in  dense  dark  green  mats.  Stems  creeping  and  matted  together  by 
a  brown  felt  of  rhizoids,  the  branches  erect,  short,  seldom  more  than  2-3  mm. 
high;  leaves  spirally  twisted  when  dry,  spreading  when  moist,  crowded  and 
numerous,  carinate,  oblong;  apex  blunt  or  sometimes  notched;  vein  ending  in 
a  short  cuspidate  tip;  upper  cells  dense,  small,  opaque,  with  thickened  swollen 
walls;  base  bordered  by  3-4  rows  of  longer  and  clearer  cells.  Pedicels  erect, 
about  5  mm.  long;  capsule  about  1  mm.,  ovoid  and  tapering  at  base,  with  a 
long  neck,  slightly  ribbed  when  old;  calyptra  covering  the  capsule,  ribbed  but 
not  hairy;  lid  beaked;  peristome  and  annulus  none;  spores  nearly  smooth. 

On  trees  in  coppices,  Andros  and  Abaco  : — Florida  and  the  West  Indies  to  trop- 
ical South  America.     Mucroxate  Macromitrium. 

2.  SCHLOTHEIMIA  Brid.  Sp.  Muse.  2:   16.     1812. 

Plants  in  dense  dark  mats,  usually  on  trees.  Stems  creeping,  with  numer- 
ous crowded  and  usually  short  simple  branches.  Leaves  crowded,  erect  or 
spreading,  often  spirally  twisted  when  dry;  vein  single,  stout,  percurrent  or 
excurrent;  margins  usually  entire  and  not  bordered;  upper  cells  much  thick- 
ened, usually  oblicjue,  smooth  or  rarely  papillose,  the  lower  rectangular,  less 
thickened  and  vertical,  smooth.  Pedicel  exserted  or  immersed,  terminal  on  the 
branches;  capsule  ovoid  or  cylindric;  peristome  double,  the  inner  shorter  than 
the  outer,  often  rudimentary;  lid  beaked;  calyptra  not  ribbed,  usually  lobed  at 
base,  sometimes  hairy.  [Named  for  Ernest  Schlotheim.]  A  genus  of  about 
120  species,  mostly  tropical  or  subtropical.  Type  species:  Bypnum  torquatum 
Hedw. 

1.  Schlotheimia  Sullivantii  C.  Muell.  Syn.  Muse.  1:  756.     1849. 

Plants  in  dense  wide  dark  green  or  brown  mats.  Stems  creeping  and 
densely  hairy  with  brown  radicles;  branches  short,  erect,  crowded;  leaves 
also  densely  crowded,  1-1.5  mm.  long,  oblong-lanceolate;  apex  blunt;  vein  end- 
ing in  a  short  abrupt  tip;  upper  part  of  the  leaf  undulate^  the  cells  thickened 
and  hexagonal,  those  of  the  lower  part  clearer,  oblong,  not  bordered.  Pedicel 
erect,  about  5  mm.  high;  capsule  2-3  mm.  long,  cylindric,  smooth  or  ribbed 
when  dry;  peristome  double,  deeply  inserted,  rim  of  7-8  rows  of  cells,  annulus 
none;  the  outer  teeth  recurved  and  papillose,  longer  than  the  inner  ones;  lid 


FUNARIACEAE.  489 

beaked;  calyptra  glossy,  yellow  or  brown,  deeply  lobed  at  base,  rough  at  apex; 
spores  large  and  rough. 

On  trees  and  decaying  wood  in  coppice,  New  Providence  : — Florida  and  Louisiana. 

SULLIVANT'S    SCHLOTHEIMIA. 

Family  6.     FUNARIACEAE  C.  Muell. 

FuNARiA  Family. 

Plants  usually  annual,  seldom  biennial,  sometimes  ephemeral  and 
minute  or  rudimentary.  Stems  short,  erect  and  seldom  branched.  Leaves 
small  and  narrow,  or  large  and  broad ;  margins  entire  or  toothed ;  vein  pres- 
ent or  rarely  absent.  Pedicel  short  and  immersed,  or  long  and  exserted; 
capsule  erect  or  inclined,  symmetric  or  asymmetric,  ovoid  or  pyriform; 
annulus  large  and  conspicuous,  or  undeveloped;  calyptra  cucullate,  often 
inflated  and  oblique,  rarely  lobed  or  papillose;  peristome  absent,  rudi- 
mentary or  double,  its  teeth  straight  or  oblique.  A  family  of  wide  distri- 
bution, including  about  12  genera  with  some  244  species. 

1.   FUNAEIA  Schreb.;  L.  Gen.  Plant,  ed.  8,  2:  760.     1791. 

Plants  usually  scattered,  rarely  crowded.  Stems  short,  simple.  Leaves 
crowded  at  the  summit,  usually  broadest  above  the  base,  entire  or  serrate;  vein 
ending  below  the  apex,  percurrent  or  excurrent.  Pedicel  exserted,  elongated ; 
capsule  erect  or  nodding,  often  pear-shaped;  lid  flat  or  apiculate;  calyptra 
much  inflated  at  base,  beaked;  peristome  single,  double  or  rarely  lacking. 
[Latin,  in  reference  to  the  twisted  pedicels.]  A  large  genus  of  about  100 
widely  distributed  species.     Type  species:  Mnium  hygrorrietricum  L. 

Mouth  of  the  capsule  oblique;  leaves  serrate.  1.  F.hygrometrica. 

Mouth  of  the  capsule  small ;  leaves  nearly  entire.  2.  F.  fiaricans. 

1.  Funaria  hygrometrica  (L.)  Sibth.  Fl.  Oxon.  288.    1794. 

Mnium  hygrometricum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1110.     1753. 

Plants  bright  yellowish-green  turning  brown.  Stems  short,  simple ;  leaves 
few,  erect,  appressed  around  the  base  of  the  pedicel,  broad  and  concave,  acute 
or  acuminate ;  the  vein  ending  in  the  apex,  the  margins  with  swollen  teeth ; 
cells  clear,  smooth,  oblong  below,  shorter  and  hexagonal  above.  Pedicel  pale, 
twisted,  variable  in  length;  capsule  horizontal  or  nodding,  ribbed  when  dry, 
its  mouth  oblique ;  lid  bordered  with  a  red  rim ;  annulus  large,  double,  falling 
with  the  lid;  peristome  double,  oblique,  the  teeth  with  apical  appendages  at- 
tached to  a  central  disc;  calyptra  large,  inflated  at  base;  spores  rough,  ripen- 
ing early  in  spring. 

On   charred   earth,    Eight   Mile   Rock,   Great   Bahama.      A   cosmopolitan   species. 

COED-MOSS. 

2,  Funaria  flavicans  Michx.  Ll.  Bor.  Am.  2:  303.     1803. 

A  smaller  plant  than  the  preceding,  differing  in  the  fewer  leaves,  which  are 
entire,  the  vein  ending  in  a  short  subulate  tip;  [the  pedicel  shorter,  the  capsule 
more  symmetric,  its  mouth  not  oblique;  spores  a  little  larger]. 

Only  known  from  sterile  specimens  collected  in  a  coppice.  Soldier's  Road,  New 
Providence  : — Bermuda  ;  southern  United  States.     Palb-greex  Funaria. 

32 


490  BRYACEAE. 

Family  7.     BRYACEAE  C.  Muell. 

Bryum  Family. 

Plants  usually  growing  in  cushions,  rarely  scattered.  Stems  erect, 
simple  or  branching  near  the  apex,  often  slender.  Leaves  scattered,  oi 
crowded  at  the  summit,  variable  in  shape,  from  oval  to  lanceolate,  often 
acuminate  and  subulate;  vein  single;  margins  entire  or  toothed;  cells 
smooth,  generally  hexagonal,  sometimes  longer  and  narrower  on  the  border 
and  rectangular  at  the  base.  Pedicel  terminal,  erect;  capsule  erect  or  nod- 
ding, generally  sj^mmetric  with  a  w^ell-developed  neck;  calyptra  cucullate; 
lid  flat,  not  beaked ;  peristome  usually  double,  rarely  single  or  lacking.  A 
widely  distributed  family  composed  of  16  genera  with  over  950  species  most 
abundant  in  temperate,  alpine  and  arctic  regions.     [Greek,  meaning  a  moss.] 

1.    BRYUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1115.     1753. 

Plants  usually  growing  in  dense  compact  cushions,  more  or  less  matted 
with  radicles.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branching  by  apical  innovations.  Leaves 
more  or  less  crowded  at  apex,  erect,  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  concave; 
apex  acute,  obtuse  or  with  the  costa  percurrent  into  an  awn;  margins  often 
bordered,  more  or  less  recurved,  entire  or  serrate  at  apex;  cells  mostly  hex- 
agonal or  rectangular  at  base.  Inflorescence  variable,  heteroicous,  pedicel 
exserted,  erect  or  bent  at  apex;  capsule  nodding  or  rarely  horizontal,  usually 
ovoid  or  pyriform,  with  a  distinct  neck;  annulus  often  large  and  compound, 
falling  with  the  blunt  lid;  peristome  double,  its  teeth  usually  with  a  zigzag 
median  line;  endostome  equalling  the  teeth,  sometimes  imperfect  or  with  keeled 
segments  and  2-3  cilia,  arising  from  a  basal  membrane.  A  large  genus  of 
about  625  species  widely  distributed  from  the  arctic  regions  to  the  tropics  in 
both  hemispheres.     [Name  Greek,  a  moss.]     Type  species:  Bryum  argenteum  L. 

Capsule  cvlindric,  neck  tapering.  1.  B.  capillare. 

Capsule  pyriform,  neck  swollen.  2.  B.  coronatum. 

1.  Bryum  capillare  L.  Sp.  PI.  1586.     1753. 

Plants  growing  in  rather  dense,  dark  green  cushions.  Stems  short,  spar- 
ingly branched;  leaves  crowded  in  a  rosette  at  the  apex,  curled  and  twisted 
when  dry,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  margins  bordered  by  1  or  2  rows 
of  narrow  cells,  entire  or  slightly  toothed  near  apex;  vein  ending  in  the  top  or 
excurrent;  upper  cells  hexagonal,  basal  oblong,  smooth.  Pedicel  long,  red,  bent 
at  base,  paler  and  twisted  above;  capsule  elongated,  nodding;  neck  distinct; 
lid  small,  apiculate;  annulus  large;  peristome  brown;  teeth  paler  and  papil- 
lose above;  endostome  with  a  basal  membrane  and  appendiculate  cilia;  spores 
ripe  in  spring. 

On  base  of  palms  in  sand,  a  widely  distributed  and  variable  species.  Great 
Bahama  and  Lignum  Vitae  Cay  : — ^Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  South  America  ;  also  in 
Europe  and  Africa.    Hair-like  Bryum. 

2.  Bryum  coronatum  Schwaegr.  Suppl.  1-:  103.  pi.  71.    1816. 

Plants  gregarious  in  bright  green  patches.  Stems  erect,  simple  or  branch- 
ing, usually  about  1  cm.  high ;  leaves  not  crowded,  spreading  when  moist,  about 
2  mm.  long,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  with  the  vein  excurrent  into  a  smooth,  subu- 
late tip;   margins  bordered  by  1  or  2  rows  of  narrow  elongated  cells,  some- 


LEUCODONTACEAE.  491 

times  obscurely  toothed  near  the  apex;  base  forming  a  long-decurrent  wing  to 
the  next  lower  leaf;  basal  cells  oblong;  upper  cells  hexagonal.  Dioicous,  Pedi- 
cel erect  or  bent,  about  15  mm.  long;  capsule  nodding,  about  2  mm.  long,  dark 
red  when  mature,  with  a  conspicuous  swollen  neck  (like  an  acorn-cup  or  a 
crown,  hence  the  specific  name)  ;  lid  falling  with  the  large  annulus  more  or  less 
attached;  peristome  double;  teeth  brown;  endostome  pale,  its  segments  split 
along  the  keel,  with  2-3  slender  appendiculate  cilia;  spores  small,  green,  ripe 
in  wdnter. 

In  coppice,  on  dead  wood  and  stones,  New  Providence,  Abaco  and  Audros  : — 
Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  South  America  ;  also  in  Asia  and  Africa.     Cokoxate  Buyum. 

A  doubtful  species  of  Bryum  was  collected  by  L.  J.  K.  Brace  at  the  quarry, 
Nassau,  New  Providence,  in  February,  IdlS  (no.  9984)  ;  the  specimens  are  sterile 
and  do  not  seem  to  a^ree  with  anything  heretofore  found. 

Family  S.     LEUCODONTACEAE  Broth. 

Leucodon  Family. 

Plants  in  dense  mats  or  cushions,  usually  on  trees.  Stems  creeping  and 
rooting,  leafless  or  with  rudimentary  leaves  at  the  apex  of  new  stems; 
branches  pendent,  simple  or  branching,  usually  with  unequal  and  irregular 
branehlets,  seldom  regularly  pinnate  or  dendroid  and  circinate.  Leaves 
crowded,  often  imbricate  when  dry,  spreading  when  moist,  usually  ovate, 
acuminate,  entire,  or  serrate  at  apex;  vein  single  or  double,  sometimes 
lacking;  cells  smooth  or  rarely  obscurely  papillose  or  projecting  at  the 
ends;  base  with  several  rows  of  alar  cells,  generally  transversely  elongated 
or  rounded  and  thickened.  Dioicous  or  autoicous.  Pedicels  from  lateral 
buds  with  clasping  bracts,  short  or  elongate;  capsule  ovoid,  sometimes 
ribbed;  calyptra  cucullate,  smooth  or  hairy;  lid  conic  or  beaked;  annulus 
usually  present;  peristome  double,  the  outer  of  16  short  pale  papillose, 
bifid  or  perforate  teeth;  the  endostome  of  a  more  or  less  developed  mem- 
brane with  or  without  keeled  segments  and  cilia.  A  small  family  of  9 
genera  and  69  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  subtropical 
regions. 

1.   LEUCODONTdPSIS  Een.  &  Card.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  32:  177.     1893. 

Plants  slender  and  creeping  on  twigs  or  branches.  Primary  stems  usually 
closely  attached  to  the  bark,  with  short  irregular  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
crowded,  small,  erect-appressed  on  the  branches,  spreading,  longer  and  more 
sharply  pointed  on  the  tips  of  the  stems;  lanceolate,  acuminate,  carinate  and 
plicate;  margins  revolute,  entire  or  obscurely  toothed  at  apex;  vein  single, 
ending  above  the  middle;  upper  cells  long  and  narrow,  with  papillose  project- 
ing cells;  alar  cells  round  or  quadrate  and  thickened,  in  several  rows.  Dioicous. 
[Named  in  reference  to  its  resemblance  to  Leucodon.']  A  small  genus  of  only 
three  species,  in  all  of  which  the  fruit  is  unknown.  Type  species: -LeMCodo/iiopsis 
plicata  Een.  &  Card. 

1.  Leucodontopsis  floridana  (Aust.)  E.  G.  Britton,  Bryologist  15:  26.     1916. 

NecTcera  {Filotrichella?)  floridana  Aust.  Bot.  Gaz.  4:  152.     1879. 
Leucodontopsis  plicata  Een.  &  Card.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  32:   177.     1893. 
Filotrichella  floridana  Een.  &  Card.  Eev.  Bryol.  19:  11.     1893. 

Stems  leafless  except  at  the  apical  portions,  there  bearing  small,  ovate- 
lanceolate,    acuminate,    ecostate,    flat-bordered    leaves;    branches   seldom    more 


492  NECKERACEAE. 

than  3  em.  long,  simple  or  branched,  when  young  more  slender  and  flagellate, 
with  smaller,  less  crowded  leaves,  when  older  with  erect-appressed,  crowded 
plicate  leaves,  up  to  1.5  mm.  long  by  0.33  mm.  broad  at  base;  vein  usually 
single,  seldom  double  with  a  short  accessory  basal  branch;  alar  cells  fewer  on 
one  side,  up  to  8-10  rows,  seldom  reaching  the  vein;  margins  entire,  revolute 
almost  to  the  serrulate  apex;  cells  spindle-shaped,  with  minute,  terminal  papil- 
lae on  both  surfaces.  Flowers  and  fruit  unknown;  propagating  by  small 
septate  brood-bodies  borne  in  axillary  clusters. 

On  trees  in  coppices,  New  Providence  and  Andros  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ; 
Costa  Rica  and  Panama.     Florida  Leucodontopsis. 

Family  9.     NECKERACEAE  Schimper. 

Neckera  Family, 

Plants  usually  growing  on  trees  with  creeping  stems  and  pendent 
branches,  either  simple  or  pinnately  decompound,  sometimes  quite  den- 
droid; branches  usually  densely  leafy,  with  crowded  or  imbricate  leaves, 
sometimes  in  2-4  ranks.  Leaves  symmetric  or  inequilateral,  various,  cos- 
tate  or  ecostate,  entire  or  serrate,  smooth  or  papillose;  the  perichaetial 
usually  quite  different  from  the  others,  often  surrounding  and  covering  the 
capsule.  Usually  dioicous.  Pedicel  often  short  and  straight,  immersed, 
rarely  curved  or  exserted;  capsule  ovoid  or  cylindric;  smooth  or  ribbed; 
lid  conic,  beaked;  calyptra  smooth  or  hairy;  peristome  usually  double,  the 
inner  more  or  less  rudimentary;  annulus  present  or  absent.  A  large 
family,  of  50  genera  and  several  hundred  species,  of  wide  temperate  and 
subtropical  distribution. 

1.   PIREELLA  Cardot,  Eev.  Bryol.  40:   17.     1913. 

[Pirea  Cardot,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Belg.  32:  175.  1893.  Not  Durand,  1888.] 
iStems  creeping,  slender  and  radiculose ;  branches  erect,  2-4  cm.  long,  simple 
or  pinnately  branched,  blunt,  or  rarely  slender  and  flagellate;  leaves  crowded, 
appressed,  erect  or  spreading;  stemdeaves  ovate,  abruptly  acuminate,  entire, 
ecostate;  branch-leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate^  entire  or  serrate  at  apex;  vein 
thin,  wider  at  base,  ending  below  the  apex;  cells  more  or  less  thickened  and 
porose,  linear  at  base ;  alar  cells  quadrate,  shorter  and  broader  w'ith  thick  walls. 
Perichaetial  leaves,  erect,  ovate  or  lanceolate-acuminate,  or  subulate.  Dioicous, 
often  sterile  and  propagating  by  brood-bodies.  Pedicel  exserted,  erect,  some- 
what rough  above,  seldom  short  or  immersed;  capsule  mostly  exserted,  calyptra 
cucullate,  hairy;  lid  small,  beaked;  mouth  small;  peristome  double,  its  teeth 
lanceolate,  more  or  less  bifid,  smooth,  pale  or  red;  endostome  hyaline,  mem- 
branous, adherent  to  the  teeth;  spores  smooth.  [Diminutive  of  Pirea.]  A  small 
genus  of  10  species,  confined  to  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  North  and 
South  America.    Type  species:  Pireella  cavifolia  Cardot  &  Herzog. 

1.  Pireella  cymbifdlia  (Sull.)  Cardot,  Rev.  Bryol.  40:  17.     1913. 

Pilotrichum  cymhifolium  Sull.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  681.     1856. 

Plants  usually  growing  on  trees.  Stems  slender,  creeping  and  rooting,  the 
terminal  growths  slender  with  small  acuminate  leaves  only  about  0.5  mm.  long, 
with  a  short  vein  and  faintly  serrate  margins^  the  alar  cells  few  and  rectangu- 


METEOEIACEAE.  493 

lar;  branches  stouter,  usually  simple,  about  2  cm.  long,  or  pinnately  branched, 
up  to  4  cm.  long,  with  short  branchlets;  leaves  crowded,  imbricated  in  5  ranks, 
concave  and  keeled,  up  to  1.5  mm.  long  by  0.5  mm.  wide;  vein  narrow,  ending 
in  the  flat  acuminate  tip;  margins  minutely  toothed  almost  to  the  base;  alar 
cells  smaller,  dense,  rectangular;  upper  cells  linear  with  projecting  or  ob- 
scurely papillose  end  walls;  perichaetial  leaves  minute,  erect,  appressed,  ecos- 
tate  and  narrowly  acuminate.  Dioicous,  the  antheridial  plants  unknown,  as 
well  as  the  fruit;  usually  propagating  by  septate  brood-bodies,  borne  in  clus- 
ters at  the  bases  of  the  leaves. 

Small  depauperate  unbranched  plants  have  been  found  in  coppices  of  New  Provi- 
dence and  Abaco  : — Florida  ;  Louisiana  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Virgin  Islands 
to  South  America.     Pieeella. 

Family  10.     METEORIACEAE  Fleischer. 

Meteorium  Family. 

Plants  mostly  of  moist  mountain  regions,  and  of  tropical  and  subtrop- 
ical distribution,  usually  epiphytic  and  characterized  by  their  creeping 
stems  and  long  pendent,  simple  or  rarely  branched  habit,  sometimes  very 
glossy,  with  distichous  leaves ;  base  usually  regular  and  broad,  often  auricu- 
late ;  costa  single,  ending  below  the  apex ;  cells  smooth  or  papillose.  Usually 
dioicous.  Pedicel  immersed  or  exserted;  calyptra  small,  often  hairy;  lid 
generally  beaked;  peristome  double,  the  inner  sometimes  perfect  with  cilia 
but  more  often  imperfect  with  a  short  basal  membrane;  annulus  lacking. 
A  family  of  mostly  tropical  mosses  with  about  10  genera  and  327  species. 

1.   PAPILLAEIA  C.  Muell.  iVngstr.  Oefv.  K.  Sv.  Vet.-Ak. 

Foerh.  33^:  34.     1876. 

[Neckera  Section  Papillaria  C.  Muell.  Syn.  Muse.  2:  134.     1851.] 

Plants  growing  on  rocks  or  trees,  usually  in  dense  pale  green  or  dark  mats. 
Stems  slender,  often  pendent  or  creeping,  branching  irregularly.  Leaves  broad 
and  often  auricled  at  base,  tapering  to  an  acuminate  or  subulate  tip ;  vein  single, 
rarely  percurrent  or  lacking;  margins  entire  or  serrulate;  basal  and  median 
cells  sometimes  smooth,  others  usually  papillose  with  several  small  papillae  in 
the  median  line  of  the  narrow  cells;  perichaetial  leaves  usually  longer  and 
narrower,  erect.  Dioicous.  Pedicel  exserted  or  immersed,  straight  and 
smooth;  capsule  immersed  or  exserted,  small  and  ovoid;  calyptra  small,  cam- 
panulate,  hairy;  lid  conic-beaked;  annulus  absent;  peristome  double;  teeth 
lanceolate  and  papillose;  endostome  hyaline  and  papillose  from  a  short  basal 
membrane,  with  or  without  cilia;  spores  papillose.  About  70  species  are 
known,  mostly  from  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  [Named  in  refer- 
ence to  the  papillose  leaves.]     Type  species:   Neckera  capiUaris  C.  Muell. 

1.  Papillaria  nigrescens  (Sw.)  Jaeger,  Adumb.  1:  169.     1875-76. 

Hypnum  nigrescens  Sw.  Prodr.  141.     1788. 

Plants  in  dark  brown  mats.  Young  branches  green;  stems  often  15-20 
cm.  long,  branching  pinnately;  branches  short  and  irregular,  usually  simple, 
and  only  1-2  cm.  long,  but  sometimes  4-5  cm.  ending  in  clusters  of  slender 
brittle    branchlets,    which    propagate    this    species.      Leaves    crowded,    erect- 


494  EXTODONTACEAE. 

appressed  Trhen  dry,  spreading  when  moist,  small,  up  to  1.5  mm.  long  by  1  mm., 
broad  at  the  aurided  base;  vein  ending  in  the  middle  of  the  leaf;  apex  acumi- 
nate; margins  entire,  with  projecting  papillae;  cells  spindle-shaped  with  thick 
walls  and  3-4  small  papillae;  basal  cells  longer  and  narrower,  smooth  and 
radiating  toward  the  margins,  Dioicous.  [Perichaetial  leaves  pale,  erect, 
lanceolate-subulate,  plicate  but  not  papillose;  seta  exserted  up  to  1  cm.  long; 
capsule  ovoid,  about  2  mm,  long;  calyptra  pale  and  hairy;  lid  beaked;  mouth 
small  with  a  dark  rim;  peristome  pale,  papillose;  teeth  lanceolate  with  a  median 
line,  inner  membrane  short  with  pale  slender  segments,  more  or  less  adherent 
to  the  teeth;  spores  brown,  mature  in  summer.]  Only  known  from  sterile 
specimens  in  the  Bahamas. 

On  twigs  and  trunks  of  trees  in  coppice,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Louisiana  ; 
West  Indies  and  southern  California  to  Panama  and  South  America,  Blackish 
Papillaria. 

Family  11.     ENTODONTACEAE  Brothems. 

ExTODOX  Family. 

Plants  growing  in  glossy  flat  mats,  either  on  rocks  or  trees.  Stems 
creeping,  usually  with  simple  branches.  Leaves  spreading  or  flattened, 
nsiially  crowded;  vein  single  or  double,  rarely  lacking;  cells  mostly  longer 
than  broad;  often  with  the  ends  thickened  and  projecting  on  the  back  of 
the  leaf,  with  the  alar  transversely  elongated.  Autoicous  or  dioicous. 
Pedicel  erect,  exserted;  capsule  cylindric,  mostly  erect  and  symmetric;  lid 
usually  short-beaked;  calyptra  cucullate,  smooth;  peristome  double,  often 
deeply  inserted;  teeth  longer  or  shorter  than  the  inner  keeled  segments, 
variously  thickened;  cilia  usually  lacking;  annulus  present  or  absent.  A 
large  family,  of  about  20  genera,  w^idely  distributed  in  temperate  and  trop- 
ical regions. 

1,    STEREOPHYLLUM  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Suppl.  1:  117.     1859. 

Plants  growing  in  thin  flat  mats,  on  rocks  or  trees.  Stems  creeping  and 
rooting,  with  simple  irregular  branches.  Leaves  crowded,  somewhat  flattened 
and  glossy;  apex  acute  or  obtuse;  vein  stout  or  lacking;  margins  flat,  entire 
or  rarely  toothed  at  apex;  base  unequal,  one  side  composed  entirely  of  quadrate 
alar  cells;  upper  cells  short  or  long,  often  with  the  thickened  end-walls  forming 
minute  papillae.  Autoicous  or  rarely  dioicous;  pedicel  elongated;  capsule 
erect  to  inclined,  and  unequally  ovoid;  lid  conic-beaked;  annulus  lacking;  peri- 
stome double,  the  outer  papillose  with  thickened  joints  above,  the  inner  nar- 
rower from  a  short  basal  membrane,  without  cilia.  A  genus  of  61  species, 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 
[Greek,  in  reference  to  the  thick  leaves,]  Type  species:  Pterygophyllum 
indicnm  Belang. 

1.  Stereophyllum  radiculosum  (Hook.)  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn,  Soc,  12:  542.     1869. 

Bool-eria  radicuUsa  Hook.  Musci.  Exot.  pi.  51.     1818-1820. 

Homalia  Wrigliiii  Sull.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  ed.  2,  665.     1856. 

Plants  in  fiat  bright  green  mats.  Stems  matted  together  by  numerous 
radicles;  branches  and  branchlets  with  flattened  glossy  leaves,  imbricate  and 
secund  when  dry,  spreading  when  moist,  up  to  1,75  mm.  long  by  0,75  mm. 
broad,  concave  with  flat  serrate  margins;  vein  stout,  tapering  and  ending  above 


EXTODONTACEAE.  495 

the  middle  of  the  leaf;  apex  acute;  upper  cells  rhomboidal;  alar  cells  rectan- 
gular and  oblique,  only  reaching  the  vein  and  more  numerous  on  one  side  of 
the  base;  basal  radiating  and  longer,  all  minutely  and  distinctly  papillose  on 
the  back;  perichaetial  leaves  smaller,  erect,  clasping,  more  suddenly  acuminate. 
Autoicous;  pedicel  up  to  1  cm.  long;  calyptra  small,  entire;  capsule  horizontal, 
slightly  unequal,  1.5-2  mm.  long,  its  avails  with  swollen  cells;  lid  large  and 
pale,  conic,  short-beaked;  annulus  none,  mouth  with  a  dark  rim;  peristome 
double,  the  teeth  yellow,  paler  and  papillose  at  apex,  inner  with  white,  perforate 
keeled  segments  and  shorter  slender  cilia;  spores  small  and  smooth,  ripe  in 
winter. 

On  logs  and  rotten  wood,  in  coppices,  New  Providence,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama 
and  Lignum  Vitae  Cay  : — Florida  ;  New  Mexico ;  Texas  ;  Cuba  ;   South  America. 

Family  12.     LESKEACEAE  Reichb. 

Leskea  Family. 

Plants  small  or  large.  Stems  creeping  and  branching,  either  irregularly 
or  pinnately;  branches  short,  usually  slender  and  eroAvded  with  small 
leaves;  vein  single;  cells  papillose  on  one  or  both  surfaces;  branch-leaves 
smaller  than  the  stem-leaves;  rudimentary  leaves  present.  Pedicel  erect 
or  inclined;  calyptra  cucullate;  annulus  often  present;  capsule  erect  or 
horizontal,  usually  symmetric,  its  lid  conic  or  beaked ;  peristome  double,  the 
inner  sometimes  shorter  and  imperfect.  About  23  genera,  containing  some 
333  species,  widely  distributed. 

1.   HAPLOCLADIUM  C.  Muell.  Xuov.  Gioru.  Bot.  Ital.  3:  11.     1896. 

Branches  slender,  simple,  not  pinnately  divided;  leaves  papillose  only  on 
the  back,  those  at  base  of  pedicel  erect,  longer  and  paler,  [Greek,  referring  to 
the  simple  branches.]  A  genus  of  43  species,  natives  of  America  and  eastern 
Asia.    Type  species:  Haplocladium  macropilum  C.  Muell. 

1.  Haplocladium  microphyllum  (Sw.)  Broth,  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pflf.  229:  1007. 
1907. 

Hypnum  microplujllum  Sw.  Prodr.  142.     1788. 

Plants  dark  green  or  yellow.  Stems  creeping  and  rooting,  sometimes  quite 
slender  and  branching  irregularly;  branches  short  and  simple,  erect;  leaves 
crowded,  spreading  or  secund,  ovate,  acuminate,  small,  up  to  0.5  mm.  long, 
those  of  the  branches  smaller  and  less  acuminate  than  those  of  the  stem;  vein 
excurrent  into  a  long  tip;  margins  minutely  toothed;  cells  small,  square  or 
oblong,  papillose  only  on  the  back;  leaves  at  base  of  pedicel  longer  and  paler, 
erect.  Pedicel  2-2.5  em.  long,  slender,  erect;  capsule  1  mm.  long,  horizontal 
and  curved;  annulus  falling  with  the  conic  lid;  peristome  double,  the  inner 
with  keeled  segments  and  3  cilia;  spores  smooth,  maturing  in  summer. 

On  rocks  in  coppices.  New  Providence  and  Great  Exuma  : — Florida ;  Bermuda  ; 
Cuba ;  Jamaica ;  Porto  Kico ;  Mexico  and  South  America.  Small-lea\'ed  Haplo- 
cladium. 


496  HYPNACEAE. 

Family  13.     HYPNACEAE  Hampe. 

Hypnum  Family. 

Plants  growing  in  loose  or  dense  tufts,  seldom  floating.  Stems  usually 
decumbent  and  rooting,  sometimes  erect;  branches  regularly  pinnate  or 
irregular.  Leaves  straight  or  curved,  erect,  spreading  or  secund,  usually 
symmetric;  vein  either  lacking,  single  or  double;  cells  mostly  much  longer 
than  wide,  smooth  or  papillose,  those  of  the  basal  angles  often  different  in 
shape  and  size.  Pedicel  more  or  less  elongated  and  exserted;  capsule 
mostly  horizontal,  often  curved  and  unsymmetric;  peristome  double;  its 
segments  keeled ;  cilia  usually  present ;  spores  small.  A  large  family,  widely 
distributed  in  all  parts  of  the  globe,  composed  of  about  37  genera  with 
over  960  species. 

Cells  of  leaves  smooth. 

Vein  single,  ending  in  the  middle  of  the  leaf.  1,  Amhlysteginm. 

Veins  lacking  or  short  and  double. 

Leaves  uniform  and  regular  :  alar  cells  enlarged.  2<  Isopterygium. 

Leaves  of   two   kinds,    the   lateral   ones   broader   and 

shorter  :  alar  cells  not  enlarged.  3.  Vesicularia. 

Cells  of  leaves  papillose. 

Papillae  single  at  the  ends  of  the  cells.  4.   Mittenothamnium. 

Papillae  several  along  the  middle  of  the  cells.  5.   Taxithelium. 

1.   AMBLYSTEGIUM  Bruch  &  Schimp.  Bryol.  Eu.  55-56:  1.     1853. 

Plants  usually  growing  in  moist  situations.  Stems  irregularly  branched; 
branches  slender ;  leaves  symmetriCj  spreading ;  vein  single ;  cells  smooth,  not 
much  longer  than  wide.  Pedicel  erect,  smooth ;  cap&ule  usually  curved ;  calyptra 
eucullate;  lid  conic;  annulus  present;  peristome  double.  [Greek,  referring  to 
the  blunt  lid.]  A  genus  of  47  species,  widely  distributed  in  America  and 
Europe.     Type  species:  Hypnum  riparium  L. 

1.  Amblystegium  Sipho  (Beauv.)  E.  G.  Britton. 

Hypnum  Sipho  Beauv.,  Prodr.  Aetheog.  70.     1805. 

Amblystegium  riparium  floridanum  Een.  &  Card.  Bot.  Gaz.  14:  98.     1889. 

Plants  in  thin  mats  on  damp  ground  in  shade.  Stems  creeping,  very  slen- 
der, more  or  less  branched;  leaves  distant,  shrivelled  and  twisted  when  dry, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  up  to  1  mm.  long  by  0.4  mm.  broad,  the  mar- 
gins entire,  the  vein  ending  in  the  middle  of  the  leaf;  base  narrow;  alar  cells 
oblong  or  square;  upper  cells  4  times  longer  than  wide;  perichaetial  leaves 
erect,  pale  and  faintly  veined,  with  more  slender  points.  Autoicous;  pedicel 
about  1  em.  high,  red  at  base,  paler  above ;  capsule  short,  only  about  1  mm. 
long,  horizontal  and  curved;  lid  conic;  peristome  double,  yellow;  teeth  paler 
at  apex,  inner  segments  split  along  the  keel;  spores  small,  smooth,  ripe  in 
spring. 

In  sink-hole,  Eleuthera  : — southern  United  States.     Amblystegium. 

2.   ISOPTERYGIUM  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  12:  21.     1869. 

Plants  usually  rather  small.  Stems  decumbent  and  irregularly  branched; 
leaves  somewhat  flattened,  small  and  crowded,  usually  symmetric;  vein  short 
and  double  or  none;   pedicel  erect;    capsule  erect  or  horizontal;   lid  conic  or 


HYPNACEAE.  497 

apiculate;  calyptra  cueullate;  peristome  double.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  sym- 
metric leaves.]  A  genus  of  168  species,  mostly  American,  in  temperate  and 
tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Isopterygium  planissimum  Mitt. 

1.  Isopterygium  micans  (Sw.)  Cardot,  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  4:  10.     1896. 

Eypnum  micans  Sw.  Adnot.  Bot.  175.     1829. 

Plants  growing  in  dense,  glossy,  yellowish-green  mats.  Stems  slender, 
decumbent;  branches  simple  or  divided;  leaves  crowded,  spreading,  small,  0.85 
mm.  long  by  0.25  mm.  wide,  ovate,  acuminate,  faintly  serrate;  veins  short, 
double,  obscure;  cells  10  to  15  times  longer  than  wide,  a  few  at  basal  angles 
distinctly  shorter  and  broader.  Pedicel  erect,  slender,  up  to  1  cm.  long;  cap- 
sule horizontal,  curved,  contracted  below  the  mouth  when  dry,  about  1  mm. 
long;  lid  conic,  slightly  apiculate;  cilia  more  or  less  developed;  spores  small. 

On  roots  of  palms  and  rotten  wood  in  coppices,  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama 
and  Abaco: — United  States;  Bermuda;  Cuba;  Jamaica.     Glossy  Isopterygium. 

3.    VESICULARIA  C.  Muell.  Flora  82:  467.     1896. 

[HoMALiA  Section  Vesicularia  C.  Muell.  Syn.  2:  233.    1851.] 

Plants  growing  in  moist  shady  places,  forming  thin  mats  on  the  ground. 
Stems  creeping;  branches  irregularly  pinnate,  usually  short;  leaves  not 
crowded,  shrunken  and  twisted  when  dry,  usually  flattened  and  of  two  kinds, 
the  lateral  ones  larger  and  unequal,  or  falcate^  the  upper  and  lower  ones  more 
regular  and  much  narrower,  often  longer  and  more  acuminate;  veins  two,  short 
or  none;  margins  often  bordered,  entire  or  serrate;  cells  large  and  hexagonal, 
smooth,  the  alar  not  enlarged.  Autoicous.  Pedicels  exserted  and  slender;  cap- 
sules horizontal  or  nodding,  ovoid  and  contracted  below  the  mouth  when  dry; 
annulus  present;  peristome  double;  lid  flat  and  beaked;  calyptra  cueullate; 
spores  small.  About  ninety  species  have  been  described,  many  with  very  ob- 
scure and  minute  differences.  [Named  in  reference  to  the  large  leaf-cells.] 
Type  species:  HooTceria  Meyeniana  Hampe. 

1.  Vesicularia  vesicularis  (Schwaegr.)  Broth.  Pflf.  232-233:  1094.     1908. 

Eypnum  vesicidare  Schwaegr.  Supp.  2-:   167,  pi.  199.     1827. 

Plants  pale  or  yellowish  green.  Stems  slender  and  rooting  with  short  ir- 
regular branches;  stem-leaves  with  long  recurved  tips  up  to  1  mm.  long,  about 
three  times  longer  than  broad;  branch-leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  lateral  unsym- 
metric,  shorter  and  less  acuminate^  up  to  0.85  mm.  and  only  about  twice  longer 
than  broad  with  the  cells  about  twice  as  long  as  wide ;  the  upper  and  lower  ones 
longer  and  narrower,  with  cells  about  five  times  longer  than  broad;  leaves  all 
ecostate  or  faintly  bicostate,  the  margins  bordered  by  one  row  of  narrow  cells, 
either  entire  or  minutely  toothed  at  apex;  perichaetial  leaves  suddenly  con- 
tracted to  a  slender  recurved,  entire  or  serrulate  tip.  Autoicous.  Pedicel 
slender,  1.5-2  cm.  long;  capsule  nodding,  1-1.5  mm.,  ovoid,  with  a  distinct 
neck;  walls  of  swollen  inflated  cells;  lid  conic-beaked;  annulus  large;  peristome 
with  a  red  base,  teeth  yellow,  pale  and  papillose  at  apex,  lamellate  on  the  in- 
side; endostome  brown,  the  keeled  segments  split  and  papillose;  spores  small, 
ripe  in  winter. 

On  branches  and  roots  of  trees  in  coppices  and  in  sink-holes,  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera  and  Andros  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  and  South  America.     Vesicularia. 


498  HYPNACEAE. 

4.    MITTENOTHAMNIUM  Hennings,  Hedwigia  41:   225.     1902. 

[MiCROTHAMXiuM  Mitt.  Joum.  Linn.  Soc.  12:   21.     1869. 
Not  Naegeli,  1849.] 

Stems  slender,  creeping  and  rooting,  usually  branelied  more  or  less  regu- 
larly, the  branches  erect  often  regularly  pinnate;  leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  stem- 
leaves  differing  from  the  branch-leaves  in  being  smaller,  more  broadly  lanceo- 
late and  sharply  pointed;  vein  single  or  double;  margins  flat,  serrate  or  serru- 
late; cells  rhombic  or  linear,  smooth  or  papillose  at  the  ends;  alar  cells  not 
enlarged.  Monoicous,  seldom  dioicous.  Pedicel  erect,  exserted;  capsule  erect 
or  inclined,  ovoid  or  cylindric;  mouth  wide,,  annulus  usually  present;  lid 
beaked;  calyptra  cucullate^  smooth  or  hairy;  peristome  double,  its  segments 
split  along  the  keel,  with  1-3  cilia;  spores  small.  A  genus  of  about  106  species, 
growing  on  rocks  and  trees,  mostly  in  tropical  regions.  [Named  in  honor  of 
William  Mitten,  1819-1906,  eminent  British  bryologist.]  Type  species: 
Hypnum  thelistegum  C.  Muell. 

1.  Mittenothamnium  diminutivum  (Hpe.)  E.  G.  Britton,  Bryol.  17:  9.    1914. 

Hypnum  diminutivum  Hampe,  Linnaea  20':  86.     1847. 

Plants  growing  in  flat  mats.  Stems  slender^,  branching  irregularly,  the 
branches  short,  seldom  more  than  5  mm.  long;  leaves  spreading  when  dry, 
minute,  up  to  0.75  mm.  long  by  0.33  mm.  broad,  ovate,  acuminate,  minutely 
serrulate;  veins  2,  short;  alar  cells  not  enlarged;  upper  cells  linear,  8  times 
longer  than  wide,  sharply  papillose  on  the  back;  perichaetial  leaves  pale,  long- 
pointed  with  lax  smooth  cells.  Autoicous.  Pedicel  up  to  15  mm.  long,  slender 
and  red;  capsule  nodding,  usually  1  mm.  long;  lid  blunt;  annulus  narrow; 
peristome  double ;  teeth  red  at  base,  finely  striate ;  keeled  segments  perforate 
and  papillose,  paler  at  apex;  cilia  2;  spores  minute,  ripe  in  summer. 

On  stems  and  rotten  or  charred  wood  in  coppices.  New  Providence.  Great  Ba- 
hama and  Abaco  : — Florida  :  West  Indies  ;   Mexico  to  South  America.     Diminuti\'E 

MiTTEX'S-MOSS. 

5.    TAXITHELITJM  Spruce,  Cat.  14.     1867. 

Plants  in  thin  pale  mats.  Stems  flattened,  with  appressed  leaves;  simple 
or  branching,  more  or  less  regularly  and  distantly  pinnate,  with  short  branches ; 
leaves  crowded,  concave,  with  a  narrow,  somewhat  auriculate  base;  veins  short 
and  double  or  absent;  margins  entire  or  serrulate;  cells  long  and  narrow,  either 
with  several  small  papillae  or  with  conspicuous  branching  projecting  ones;  alar 
cells  smooth,  shorter  and  broader,  the  basal  often  elliptic.  Autoicous  or 
dioicous.  Pedicel  smooth,  elongate;  capsule  horizontal^  or  nodding,  slightly 
curved;  lid  blunt;  calyptra  cucullate;  peristome  double,  the  teeth  paler  at 
apex  and  lamellate  on  the  inner  surface;  endostome  narrow;  cilia  single. 
[Named  in  reference  to  the  numerous  papillae  on  the  leaves.]  A  genus  of  99 
species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Type 
species:  Hypnum  planum  Brid. 

1.  Taxithelium  planum   (Brid.)  Spruce,  Cat.  14.     1867. 

Hypnum  planum  Brid.  Spec,  Muse.  2:  97.     1812. 

Plants  in  yellowish-green  thin  mats  in  shade.  Stems  creeping  and  rooting, 
with  short  branches,  seldom  more  than  1  cm.  long;  leaves  glossy  and  flattened, 
concave  and  acuminate,  about  0.6  mm.  long  by  0.4  mm,  wide;   base  narrower 


SEMATOPHYLLACEAE.  499 

and  clasping  with  smooth  enlarged,  yellow  cells  at  angles;  cells  long  and  nar- 
row with  numerous  small  papillae;  margins  minutely  and  sharply  toothed 
nearly  to  the  base;  veins  short  or  none.  Autoicous;  perichaetial  leaver  Tiar- 
rower  and  more  acuminate,  with  smooth  lax  cells;  pedicel  up  to  15  mm.  long, 
slender;  capsule  about  1.5  mm.  long^  horizontal,  strongly  contracted  below  the 
mouth  when  dry;  lid  blunt;  neck  distinct;  peristome  pale  yellow,  its  teeth  stri- 
ate at  base,  pale  and  papillose  at  apex,  deeply  lamellate  at  base  within ;  keeled 
segments  slender,  pointed;  cilia  1  or  2,  seldom  perfect;  spores  small,  smooth, 
yellow,  ripe  in  winter. 

On  the  ground  in  coppice,  New  Providence : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  Mexico  to 
South  America.     Flat  Taxithelium. 

Family  14.     SEMATOPHYLLACEAE  Brotherus. 

Sematophyllum  Family. 

Plants  usually  formins:  dense  tufts.  Stems  creeping;  branches  erect, 
irregular  and  unequal,  sometimes  pinnate;  leaves  small,  crowded,  often 
secund;  veins  short,  double  or  lacking;  cells  usually  much  longer  than  wide, 
smooth  or  papillose,  those  of  the  basal  angles  often  larger,  inflated  or 
square.  Pedicel  erect;  capsule  usually  horizontal,  without  an  annulus; 
calyptra  cucullate;  lid  usually  with  a  long  slender  beak;  peristome  double. 
Twelve  genera  and  448  species  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions. 

1.   SEMATOPHYLLUM  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  8:  5.     1864. 

iStems  rarely  pinnate  with  the  branches  usually  short  and  crowded.  Leaves 
secund  or  spreading^  faintly  bicostate  or  ecostate^  with  the  cells  all  smooth,  the 
alar  cells  enlarged,  often  vesicular;  margins  entire  or  minutely  serrulate; 
pedicels  long  or  short ;  capsule  with  the  lid  long-beaked,  often  equaling  the 
urn;  teeth  deeply  lamellate  inside,  sometimes  with  minute  projections  on  the 
outside,  either  with  a  zigzag  median  line  or  a  deep  central  groove;  endostome 
with  the  keeled  segments  more  or  less  perforate  and  the  cilia  one  or  two,  usu- 
ally shorter,  often  papillose.  A  large  genus  of  314  species,  mostly  from  trop- 
ical America.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  pointed  leaves.]  Type  species: 
Kypnum  suhstnnnulosum  Hampe. 

Leaves  recurved  when  dry :  perichaetial  leaves  longer,  entire  or  subserrulate  ;   peri- 
stome-teeth  not  deeply  grooved,  with  a  zigzag  median  line. 
Leaf-cells  rhom'boid,  3-5  times  longer  than  wide.  1.   8.  suhpinnatum. 

Leaf-cells  linear,  8^10  times  longer  than  wide.  2.  S.  admistum. 

Leaves    spreading   when    dry ;    perichaetial   leaves    shorter    and 

serrate ;  peristome-teeth  deeply  grooved  on  the  median  line.      3.  S.  seridfolium. 

1.  Sematophyllum  subpinnatum  (Brid.)  E.  G.  Britton,  Bryol.  21:  28.    1918. 

Lesl~ea  suhpinnata  Brid.  Sp.  Muse.  2:  54.     1812. 

Plants  growing  in  bright  or  yellowish  green  cushions,  usually  on  wood. 
Stems  creeping  and  rooting,  irregularly  pinnate,  with  ascending,  more  or  less 
circinate,  simple  branches;  leaves  crowded,  recurved  or  secund  when  dry, 
spreading  when  moist,  with  recurved  tips  and  revolute  margins,  seldom  reach- 
ing 1  mm.  in  length  by  0.4  mm.  wide,  concave,  with  flat  or  revolute,  entire  mar- 
gins;  apex  acute  or  short-acuminate;  veins  short  and  double,  obscure  or  none; 
basal  angles  with  3-4  rows  of  square  cells  and  a  few  larger  inflated  alar  cells; 
upper  cells  rhomboid,  about  3-5  times  longer  than  wide;   perichaetial  leaves 


500  SEMATOPHYLLACEAE. 

longer,  up  to  1.32  mm.,  erect  and  clasping,  more  acuminate,  entire  or  finely 
subserrulate,  ecostate  with  larger  basal  cells.  Autoicous.  Pedicel  short,  only 
5  mm. ;  capsTile  l-l.o  mm.,  erect  or  slightly  inclined ;  neck  distinct ;  lid  with  a 
long  beak  equalling  the  urn;  peristome  short  and  teeth  yellow,  with  deep  basal 
lamellae  on  the  inside,  dark  basal  segments,  paler  and  papillose  points;  median 
line  not  deeply  grooved ;  endostome  with  narrow  pale  papillose  keeled  segments, 
which  are  not  perforate,  and  the  cilia  often  absent;  spores  smooth,  ripe  in 
winter.  .j 

On  rotten  wood  and  twigs  in  coppice,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Mississippi ; 
Cuba;  Jamaica;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  to  Trinidad;  Mexico  to  Brazil.  Subpixnate 
Sematophyllum. 

2.  Sematophyllum  admistum  (Sull.)  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  12:  485.     1869. 

Hypnum  admistum  Sull.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  5:  289.     1861. 

Plants  small,  yellowish-green,  glossy.  Stems  short,  creeping;  branches 
erect;  leaves  crowded,  recurved  at  apex  of  stems  and  all  more  or  less  secund 
when  dry,  spreading  when  moist,  up  to  1  mm.  long  by  0.3  mm.  wide,  concave 
and  acuminate  with  flat  or  slightly  revolute,  entire  or  sub-serrulate  margins; 
veins  2,  short  or  none;  cells  eight  times  longer  than  wide,  those  of  the  basal 
angles  square  wdth  2-3  alar  cells  enlarged  and  hyaline;  perichaetial  leaves 
longer,  up  to  1.33  mm.,  more  acuminate,  entire,  or  subserrulate  at  apex.  Autoi- 
cous; pedicel  bent  at  base,  up  to  7  mm.  long;  capsule  1-1.5  mm.  long,  hori- 
zontal or  curved,  ovoid  and  contracted  below  the  mouth  when  dry;  calyptra 
cucullate;  lid  pale,  long-beaked;  peristome  double,  its  teeth  with  short  projec- 
tions on  the  outer  surface  and  deep  ones  on  the  inner,  paler  and  papillose  at 
apex;  median  line  zigzag,  not  deeply  grooved;  endostome  pale,  with  1-2  cilia; 
spores  smooth,  ripe  in  summer. 

Common,  in  dense  cusliions  on  rotten  wood  in  coppices,  also  on  palmettov  New 
Providence,  Abaco,  Andros,  Great  Bahama  and  Watling's  Island : — ^Plorida  ;  Cuba  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico ;  Virgin  Islands  to  Brazil.     Shining  Sematophyllum. 

3.  Sematophyllum  sericifolium  Mitt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  12:  483.     1869. 

Plants  in  thin  glossy  patches  on  rotten  wood.  Stems  short  and  slender; 
branches  erect;  leaves  crowded,  not  secund,  spreading  when  moist,  up  to  1  mm. 
long  and  only  0.2  mm.  wide  at  base,  sharply  pointed  and  mucronate,  with  in- 
rolled  entire  margins,  and  large  curved  inflated  alar  cells;  ecostate;  the  cells 
linear,  about  10  times  longer  than  wide;  perichaetial  leaves  shorter,  up  to  0.85 
mm.  long,  clearly  serrate  and  sometimes  suddenly  subulate  and  coarsely  toothed 
at  the  shoulder.  Autoicous;  pedicel  short,  only  5-8  mm.  long,  slender,  curved; 
capsule  erect  or  slightly  inclined,  ovoid;  lid  with  a  long  slender  beak;  calyptra 
covering  only  the  beak;  walls  of  collenchyma  cells;  mouth  bordered  by  red 
cells;  peristome  double,  the  teeth  with  a  deep  outer  median  groove,  yellow  and 
striate,  paler  and  papillose  at  apex,  within  with  deep  lamellae  extending  almost 
to  the  apex;  endostome  papillose  with  2  slender  eilja;  spores  rough,  small,  ripe 
in  spring. 

A  few  plants  were  collected  at  Nicholl's  Town,  Andros,  by  J.  I.  and  A.  R.  Nor- 
throp in  1890  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Hispaniola  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Virgin  Islands  to  Grenada. 
Glossy  Sematophyllum. 

Class  2.    HEPATIOAE. 

Liverworts. 

Contributed  by  Professor  Alexander  W.  Evans. 

Terrestrial,  epiphytic,  or  rarely  aquatic  plants,  showing  a  dis- 
tinct alternation  of  generations,  the  gametophyte  existing  as  an  in- 


HEPATICAE.  501 

dependent  individual,  the  very  different  sporophyte  partially  or 
wholly  parasitic  on  the  gametophyte.  Gametophyte  dorsiventral, 
consisting  of  a  thallus  or  more  or  less  differentiated  into  stem  and 
leaves,  attached  to  the  substratum  by  means  of  rhizoids  (true  roots 
none),  growing  by  means  of  an  apical  cell.  Sexual  organs  borne  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  gametophyte  or  terminal  on  more  or  less 
differentiated  branches.  Fertilized  egg  developing  directly  into  the 
sporophyte,  the  wall  of  the  venter  of  the  archegonium  usually  de- 
veloping into  a  protective  cover,  or  calyptra,  which  is  not  ruptured 
until  the  sporophj^te  is  nearly  mature.  Sporophyte  consisting  of  a 
capsule  only  or  differentiated  into  a  capsule  (spore-bearing  organ), 
a  stalk  or  a  growing  region,  and  a  foot  (absorbing  organ).  Capsule 
consisting  of  a  wall  of  sterile  cells  and  a  spore-sac,  the  latter  some- 
times with  a  median  sterile  portion  (columella),  dehiscing  irregu- 
larly or  by  means  of  a  lid  or  of  longitudinal  splits ;  spore-sac  con- 
taining spores  onl}^  or  spores  and  elaters,  the  latter  consisting  of 
sterile  cells,  often  elongated  and  usually  developing  spiral  bands  of 
thickening  on  their  walls. 

Gametophyte  a  thallus  or  leafy  shoot.  Chloroplasts  minute,  many  in  each  cell. 
Capsule  short,  spherical  to  oval,  without  a  columella,  borne  on  a  translucent 
stalk. 
Gametophyte  a  thick  and  fleshy  thallus.  usually  pale  and  differentiated  into  dis- 
tinct tissues,  rarely  deep  green  and  succulent ;  green  tissue  usually  with  air- 
spaces.     Capsule    splitting    irregularly    or    by 

means  of  a  lid.  Order  1.  Marchantiales. 

Gametophyte  a  delicate  thallus  or  a  leafy  shoot ; 
tissue  differentiation  slight :  air-spaces  not  pres- 
ent.     Capsule    splitting   into   four   longitudinal 

valves.  Order  2.   Juxgermanniales. 

Gametophyte  a  thick  and  fleshy  thallus,  dark  green 
and  succulent,  tissue  differentiation  slight.  Chloro- 
plasts large,  usually  borne  singly.  Capsule  long, 
cylindrical,  with  a  basal  growing  region,  splitting 
into  two  longitudinal  valves.  Order  3.  Axthocerotales. 

Order  1.     MARCHANTIALES. 

Gametophyte  a  prostrate,  strap-shaped,  dorsiventral  thallus,  growing 
apically,  branching  diehotomonsly  or  from  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
median  portion,  and  showing  a  distinct  differentiation  into  tissues,  the  green 
tissue  usually  with  air-spaces.  Ventral  scales  more  or  less  distinct.  Rhi- 
zoids of  two  kinds,  the  one  with  smooth  walls,  the  other  with  interior  peg- 
like papillae.  Antheridia  in  deep  depressions  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
thallus,  sometimes  scattered,  sometimes  grouped  together  in  more  or  less 
definite,  sessile  or  stalked  receptacles.  Archegonia  similar  in  position  but, 
when  borne  on  stalked  receptacles  (carpocephala),  becoming  displaced  to 
the  lower  surface  through  intercalary  growth.  Sporophyte  a  capsule  only 
or  differentiated  into  capsule,  stalk,  and  foot;  elaters  (or  other  sterile 
cells)  usually  present  in  the  capsule. 

Sporophyte  consisting  of  a  capsule  only.  Fam.  1.  Ricciaceae. 

Sporophyte  differentiated  into  capsule,  stalk  and  foot.        Fam.  2.  Marchantiaceae. 


502  EICCIACEAE. 

Family  1.     EICCIACEAE  Dumort.* 
RicciA  Family. 

Gametophj^te  terricolous  or  aquatic,  annual  or  perennial,  once  to  sev- 
eral times  clicbotomous,  often  forming  rosettes,  half -rosettes,  or  fiabellif  orm 
expansions.  Stomata  wanting  or  rudimentary  in  Riccia,  well  developed 
in  Oxymitra,  moderately  well  developed  in  Ricciocarpus.  Ventral  scales 
usually  obvious.  Antberidia  and  arcbegonia  arising  singly  from  tbe  dorsal 
surface  just  back  of  tbe  growing  apex,  soon  becoming  deeply  immersed  in 
tbe  tballus. 

Sporopbyte  a  capsule,  witbout  foot  or  seta,  enclosed  by  tbe  calyptra,  in 
which  tbe  spores  come  to  lie  at  maturity  through  tbe  disappearance  of  tbe 
capsule  wall.  Inner  cells  all  producing  spores  or  {Oxymitra)  an  incon- 
spicuous few  of  them  remaining  sterile ;  spores  separating  at  or  before  ma- 
turity, tbe  separate  spores  large,  subspberic  or  more  commonly  more  or 
less  tetrabedral,  with  a  rounded  outer  face  and  plane  inner  faces,  tbe  sur- 
faces marked  with  free  or  most  frequently  mesh-forming  ridges,  or  simply 
with  spines,  tbe  angles  of  the  areolae  often  with  papilliform  elevations,  tbe 
inner  (plane)  faces  usually  less  strongly  marked  than  tbe  outer. 

1.    RICCIA  [Micheli]  L.  Sp.  PI.  1138.     1753. 

[RicciELLA  A.  Br.  Flora  4:  756.     1821.] 

Gametophyte  terricolous  or  rarely  aquatic,  usually  several  times  dicho- 
tomously  branched.  Assimilatory  layer  consisting  of  vertical  or  subvertical 
columns  of  cells  bounding  very  narrow  air-canals,  or  consisting  of  larger  poly- 
hedral or  subclavate  chambers  bounded  by  unistratose  lamellae.  Stomata 
represented  by  very  inconspicuous  pores  bounded  by  unmodified  or  only  very 
slightly  modified  epidermal  cells.  Latero-ventral  scales  hyaline-albescent, 
brownish,  violet,  or  dark  purple,  rarely  surpassing  the  margins  of  the  thallus, 
sometimes  apparently  wanting.  Antheridia  and  archegonia  scattered,  the  an- 
tberidia irregularly  intermingled  with  the  archegonia  in  the  monoecious  species, 
with  occasional  tendencies  to  segregation,  both  destitute  of  a  special  involucre. 
Sporophyte-wall  unistratose  throughout,  soon  disintegrated.  Spores  separating 
at  or  before  maturity.  Accessory  sterile  cells  wanting.  [Commemorates  P.  F. 
Eicci,  a  Florentine  senator  and  patron  of  science.]  A  genus  of  130  or  more 
species,  of  temperate  and  tropical  distribution.  Type  species:  Riccia  crystal- 
Una  L. 

Thallus  margins  and  sides  green  or  occasionally  tinged  with  red-purple  ;  dorsal  sur- 
face vesicular-areolate,  becoming  spongiose  or  lacunose-alveolate ;  spores  distinctly 
angled  and  wing-margined.  1.  R.  cri/stallina. 

Thallus  margins  and  sides  dark  violet  or  blackish  ;  dorsal  sur- 
face rather  obscurely  and  finely  reticulate,  remaining  firm  and 
intact ;    spores   obscurely   angled,   destitute   of   wing   margins.        2.  R.  violacea. 

1.  Riccia  crystallina  L.  Sp.  PI.  1138.    1753. 

Thalli  small  to  moderately  large,  2-6  times  dichotomous,  forming  rosettes 
5-20  mm.  (rarely  30  mm.)  in  diameter,  or  soon  irregularly  gregarious,  usually 
a  light  crystalline  green,  occasionally  dark  green  or  now  and  then  tinged  with 

*  Contributed  by  Dr.  Marshall  A.  Howe. 


MARCHANTTACEAE.  503 

red-piirple  or  brownish  red,  concolorous  below,  the  dorsal  surface  vesieular- 
areolate,  soon  becoming  spongiose  or  lacunose-alveolate;  main  fc-egments  1-2.5 
mm.  wide;  margins  obtuse  or  subacute,  naked;  scales  wanting  or  rudimentary; 
transverse  sections  mostly  2-4  times  as  broad  as  high ;  dorsal  epidermis  soon 
indeterminate,  the  cells  of  the  primary  stratum  subspheric,  ellipsoidal  or  papilli- 
form,  irregularly  collapsing  or  subpersistent,  they  or  their  successors  finally 
40-110/U.  in  maximum  diameter;  air-chambers  elongate-polyhedral,  separated 
by  unistratose  lamellae;  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious?);  autheridial  ostioles 
elevated  75-250  m;  spores  at  first  yellowish  brown,  soon  darkening  and  often 
nearly  opaque,  60-110  ^u  in  maximum  diameter,  distinctly  angular,  with  a  mar- 
gin mostly  3-10 /i  wide,  the  outer  face  marked  with  somewhat  imperfectly 
formed  areolae  usually  10-30 /a  wide  or  those  in  the  middle  sometimes  larger 
(30-45 ju)  and  enclosing  a  free-ending  spur  or  an  isolated  tubercle,  the  inner 
faces  with  tubercles,  short,  free  irregular  ridges,  or  sometimes  with  imperfect 
areolae,  the  older  spores  commonly  tuberculate-papillate  in  profile. 

On  wet  grounds  and  in  sink-holes,  Great  Bahama  and  Exuma  Chain  : — Vermont 
to  Alberta,  Lower  California  and  Trinidad  ;  Europe,     Crystalline  Riccia. 

2.  Riccia  violacea  M.  A.  Howe,  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  2:  51.    1915. 

Thallus  small,  1.5-4  mm.  long,  simple  or  1-3  times  dichotomous,  irregularly 
gregarious,  rather  obscurely  and  finely  reticulate  and  dark  green  above,  dark 
violet  or  blackish  at  margins  and  on  sides;  main  segments  0.6-1.15  mm.  wide; 
margins  obtuse  or  rounded,  commonly  erect-connivent  or  inflexed  on  drying, 
bearing  especially  toward  the  apex  and  often  low  on  the  sides  numerous  or 
occasional  violet  or  sometimes  hyaline  conic  or  subcylindric  acute  or  obtuse 
papillae  20-110 /*  long  and  25-45 /i  broad  at  base;  scales  very  short  or  rudi- 
mentary, dark  violet,  rarely  overlapping,  commonly  divided  into  a  series  of 
small  irregular  often  tooth-like  laciniae^,  each  consisting  of  only  a  few  cells ; 
transverse  sections  1.5-2  times  as  broad  as  high;  dioecious  (?);  antheridial 
ostioles  elevated  20-150 /x^  often  violet;  spores  soon  fuscous  and  very  opaque, 
80-105^  in  maximum  diameter,  obscurely  angled  or  flattened-sphaeroid,  desti- 
tute of  wing  margins^  finely,  irregularly,  indistinctly,  and  almost  uniformly 
areolate  over  whole  surface,  the  areolae  7-11  ^i  wide,  soon  very  obscure  and  the 
spores  appearing  minutely  and  densely  verruculose. 

On  moist  ground,  Eleuthera  : — Mona  Island ;  Porto  Rico ;  Cuba  ;  and  northern 
Mexico.    Violet  Riccia. 

Family  2.     MARCHANTIACEAE  Corda. 

Marchaxtia  Family. 

Thallus  (except  in  Dumortiera)  with  a  distinct  dorsal  layer  of  air- 
chambers,  communicating  -with  the  outside  air  by  means  of  epidermal  pores. 
Ventral  scales  in  two  (or  more)  longitudinal  rows.  Antheridia  and  arcbe- 
gonia  borne  on  more  or  less  definite  receptacles;  antheridial  receptacles 
discoid,  sessile  or  stalked;  carpocephala  discoid,  invariably  stalked,  the 
stalk  sometimes  with  one  or  two  rhizoid-furrows.  Sporopbyte  differen- 
tiated into  a  capsule,  stalk  and  foot,  the  capsule  forced  through  the  calyptra 
at  maturity  by  the  elongating  stalk  and  dehiscing  irregularly  or  by  means 
of  a  more  or  less  distinct  lid;  elaters  present  in  the  capsule.  Gemmae 
discoid,  present  in  two  genera.  About  25  genera  and  200  species,  widely 
distributed,  especially  in  warm  regions. 

1.   MARCHANTIA  [Marchant  f.]  L.  Sp.  PI.  1137.     1753. 

Thallus  branching  dichotomously.  Air-chambers  with  distinct  boundaries, 
forming  a  single  layer;  green  cells  in  short,  simple  or  branched  filaments  rising 


504  JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 

from  the  floors  of  the  chambers.,  the  filaments  mostly  three  or  four  cells  long; 
epidermal  pores  bounded  by  several  superimposed  layers,  each  usually  composed 
of  four  cells.  Ventral  scales  variable,  some  divided  into  a  basal  portion  and  an 
appendage.  Inflorescence  dioecious.  Antheridial  receptacle  terminal  on  a 
thallus-branch,  flat  or  slightly  convex,  more  or  less  lobed,  borne  on  a  somewhat 
elongated  stalk  with  two  rhizoid-furrows.  Carpocephalum  arising  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  a  thallus-branch,  composed  of  a  flat  or  convex  central  portion  from 
which  four  to  ten  rays  spread  out,  often  unsymmetrically,  the  rays  terete  or 
flat;  stalk  \\-ith  two  or  four  rhizoid-furrows;  archegonia  (and  sporophytes) 
in  radiating  groups  between  the  lobes,  each  group  enclosed  by  a  membranous 
involucre  consisting  of  two  folds  with  fringed  margins;  pseudoperianth  (around 
each  sporophyte)  tubular,  membranous,  with  an  open,  irregularly  cleft  mouth. 
Capsule  without  a  lid,  splitting  into  from  four  to  eight  irregular  teeth;  cells 
of  wall  with  ring-like  thickenings.  Gemmae  discoid,  several  cells  thick  in  the 
middle  and  with  the  growing  points,  borne  in  circular,  cup-like  conceptacles.  [In 
honor  of  Mcholas  Marchant,  director  of  the  ducal  garden  at  Blois,  died  1678.] 
About  fifty  species,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:   Marckantia  polymorpha  L. 

1.  Marchantia  domingensis  Lehm.  &  Lindenb.  Pug.  6:  22.     1834. 

Thallus  pale  to  dark  green,  mostly  2-3  em.  long  and  4-6  mm.  wide,  flat  or 
slightly  furrowed,  sinuate  along  the  margin.  Ventral  scales  more  or  less  pig- 
mented, in  two  longitudinal  rows  on  each  side  of  the  middle,  those  of  the  inner 
row  with  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate,  toothed  appendages;  antheridial  recep- 
tacle deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  four  to  six,  palmately  spreading;  carpo- 
cephalum deeply  rayed,  the  rays  mostly  seven,  not  cylindrical;  spores  spherical 
about  28 /u.  in  diameter,  with  low  irregular  ridges;  elaters  bispiral;  gemmae- 
conceptacles  closely  short-ciliate. 

Along  a  drain,  Fort  Charlotte,  New  Providence: — southern  United  States  ;  West 
Indies ;  Mexico ;  Central  America  and  Venezuela.  Previously  listed  from  the  Ba- 
hamas as  M.  chenopoda  L.     Saxto  Domingo  Marchantia. 

Order  2.     JUNGERMANNIALES. 

Gametophyte  a  prostrate,  strap-shaped,  dorsiventral  thallus  or  more  or 
less  clearly  differentiated  into  stem  and  leaves,  showing  slight  tissue  differ- 
entiation, destitute  of  air-spaces.  Rhizoids  all  with  smooth  walls.  An- 
theridia  in  deep  depressions  or  superficial  and  usually  protected  by  scales 
or  leaves,  sometimes  scattered,  sometimes  grouped  together  in  more  or  less 
definite  receptacles  or  androecia.  Archegonia  superficial  but  usually  more 
or  less  protected  by  scales  or  leaves.  Sporophyte  differentiated  into  cap- 
sule, stalk,  and  foot,  the  capsule  splitting  irregularly  at  maturity  or  more 
commonly  into  four  equal  valves;  elaters  always  present. 

Family  1.     JUNGERMANNIACEAE  Dumort. 

JUNGERMANXIA   FAMILY. 

Plant  body  usually  prostrate  or  ascending,  dorsiventral,  differentiated 
into  stem  and  leaves;  branches  lateral  or  ventral;  leaves  normally  in  three 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 


506 


longitudinal  ranks,  two  dorsal  or  lateral  and  one  ventral,  those  of  the 
ventral  rank  (the  underleaves)  smaller  than  the  others  and  sometimes 
absent  altogether.  Antheridia  borne  singly  or  in  some  groups  in  the  axils 
of  more  or  less  specialized  leaves,  the  perigonial  bracts.  Archegonia  borne 
singly  or  in  groups  at  the  tips  of  branches,  surrounded  by  specialized 
leaves,  the  perichaetial  bracts  and  bracteoles.  Perianth  present  in  many 
genera,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical  or  prismatic  tube  open  at  the  apex.  Cap- 
sule spherical  to  cylindrical.  About  150  genera  and  some  4,000  species, 
widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  tropical  regions. 


A.  Leaves  undivided  but  often  tootlied. 

B.  Leaves  bilobed  and  complicate,  the  ventral  lobe,  or  lobule. 

smaller  than  the  dorsal  and  usually  specialized  as  an 
inflated  water-sac. 

1.  T'nderleaves  none. 

Plants  large,  perianth  with  a  broad   truncate  mouth. 
Plants  minute,     perianth    abruptly    contracted    to    a 
small   tubular  mouth. 

2.  Underleaves  present,  one  for  every  lateral  leaf. 

3.  Underleaves  present,  one  for  every  two  lateral  leaves. 

a.  Lobule  inflated  but  not  helmet-shaped,  attached  to 
the  dorsal  lobe  by  a  long  keel. 
*  Underleaves  bifid. 

t  Plants  pale  green  to  yellowish  green. 

Divisions    of    underleaves    not    subulate. 
Perianth  inflated,  more  or  less  distinctly 
five-keeled. 
Lobule  with  a  hyaline  papilla  at  the 
proximal    base    of    the    apical 
tooth. 
Plants  large  ;  well-developed  leaves 

0.6  mm.   or  more  in  length. 
Plants    medium-sized ;    well-devel- 
oped leaves  mostly  0.3-0.5  mm. 
in   length. 
Plants  small  ;  well-developed  leaves 
0.3  or  less  in   length. 
Lobule  with  a  hyaline  papilla  at  the 
distal  base  of  the  apical  tooth. 
Perianth  compressed,  at  least  when  young.. 
Lobule  with  a  hyaline  papilla 'at  the 
proximal  base  of  the  apical   tooth. 
Lobule  with  a  hyaline  papilla  at  the 
distal  base  of  the  apical  tooth. 
Divisions  of  underleaves  subulate  and  spread- 
ing. 
tt  Plants  more  or  less  pigmented  with  brown. 
**  Underleaves  undivided. 

Plants  pale  green  to  yellowish  green. 
Subfioral   innovations  none. 
Subfioral  innovations   present. 
Plants  more  or  less  pigmented  with  brown. 
Subfioral  innovations  none. 
Subfioral  innovations  present. 
Leaves  densely  squarrose. 

Perianth  with  five  to  ten  keels. 
Perianth  with  three  keels. 
Leaves  not  squarrose  ;  perianth  with  five 
keels. 
6.  Lobule  usually  inflated  and  helmet-shaped,   usually 
attached  to  the  lobe  by  a  very  short  keel. 


1.   Plagiochila. 


2.  liadula. 

4.  Leptocolea. 

3.  Diplasiolcjcunca. 


10.  Taxilejcunea. 

5.  Lcjeunea. 

6.  MicroJejeunea. 
9.  Euosmolcjeunea. 

7.  Rectolejeunea. 

8.  Cheilolejeunea. 

12.  Lcptolcjcunea. 

11.  Ccratolcjcunea. 


In.  Caitdalejeunea. 
IS.  Lciicolejeunea. 

14.  Lopholcjcunca. 


13.  Brachiolejemiea. 

10.  Masti(jol€jcunca. 

17.  Archilcjcunea. 

10.  Fnillania. 


1.    PLAGIOCHILA  Dumort.  Recueil  d  "Obs.  1-1.     1835. 

Stems  ascending  from  a  prostrate  rhizome,  simple  or  with  lateral  branches. 
Leaves  suceubous,  imdivided,  decurrent  dorsally  and  ventrally,  the  margin 
varying  from  entire  to  ciliate  or  spinose.  Underleaves  usually  minute  and  short- 
lived.     Inflorescence   dioecious.     Antheridia   from   one   to   ten   in   the   axils  of 


33 


506  JUXGEKMAN^'1ACEAE. 

bracts  saccate  at  the  base,  the  bracts  imbricated  and  usually  arranged  in  elon- 
gated androecia,  often  proliferating  at  the  apex.  Perichaetial  bracts  similar 
to  the  leaves  but  often  broader  and  more  toothed.  Perianth  laterally  com- 
pressed, the  mouth  broad,  truncate,  and  variously  dentate  to  ciliate.  [Greek, 
oblique  lip.]  Some  800  species  or  more,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  P. 
asplenioides  (L.)  Dumort. 

1.  Plagiochila  ludoviciana  Sulliv.  Muse.  Alleg.  223.    1845. 

Loosely  tufted,  yelloTvish  to  brownish  green.  Stems  sparingly  and  irregu- 
larly branched.  Leaves  obliquely  spreading,  imbricated,  about  2.5  mm.  long 
and  1.2  mm.  wide,  ovate,  long-decurrent  dorsally  and  reflexed  at  the  ventral 
base,  irregularly  toothed  in  the  apical  region  and  along  the  ventral  margin; 
underleaves  minute  or  larger  and  narrowly  lanceolate. 

On  bark.  Maidenhecid  Coppice,  New  Providence  : — Louisiana  to  Florida ;  Cuba  ; 
Virgin  Islands.     Louisiaxa  Plagiochila. 

2.   RADUIiA  Dumort.  Comm.  Bot.  112.     1822. 

Stems  prostrate  or  growing  from  a  prostrate  rhizome,  with  numerous  lat- 
eral branches  arising  just  behind  normal  leaves;  rhizoids  always  borne  on  the 
ventral  lobes  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  larger 
than  the  ventral,  incubous,  usually  entire  and  often  rounded  at  the  apex;  ven- 
tral lobes  attached  to  the  dorsal  by  a  more  or  less  elongated  keel,  the  free 
margin  usually  appressed  to  the  dorsal  lobe.  Underleaves  none.  Antheridia 
borne  singly  or  in  groups  of  two  or  three  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the 
latter  forming  more  or  less  elongated  androecia.  Arehegonia  borne  on  more  or 
less  elongated  branches,  sometimes  with  subfloral  innovations;  bracts  similar 
to  the  leaves.  Perianth  usually  dorsiventrally  compressed,  rarely  subterete  or 
plicate,  truncate  and  bilabiate  but  otherwise  entire  at  the  broad  mouth.  Gem- 
mae, when  present,  discoid,  multicellular.  [Latin,  a  scraper  or  spatula.]  About 
400  species,  largely  tropical.     Type  species:  E.  complanata  (L.)  Dumort. 

1.  Radula  australis  Aust.  Bot.  Bull.  (Bot.  Gaz.)  1:  32.     1875. 

Plants  dark  green,  loosely  tufted  to  scattered.  Stems  irregularly  pinnate. 
Leaves  imbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  spreading  at  about  a  right  angle,  obovate- 
oblong.  about  1  mm.  long  and  0.6  mm.  wide ;  lobule  rhomboid,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  the  upper  margin  parallel  with  the  keel;  inflorescence  dioecious;  androe- 
cium  mostly  median,  the  bracts  in  about  six  pairs;  perianth  elongated. 

On  barlj,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Georgia  and  Florida.      Southeex  Radula. 

3.    DIPLASIOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Xat. 
Pflf.  P:    121.     1894. 

Stems  prostrate,  copiously  branched,  the  branching  as  in  Eadula.  Leaves 
loosely  imbricated,  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobe  ovate  to  orbicular,  at- 
tached by  a  very  short  base,  convex  and  widely  spreading,  entire;  lobule  in- 
flated, attached  to  the  dorsal  lobe  by  a  long  arched  keel,  usually  with  two  dis- 
tinct teeth  in  the  apical  region;  leaf-cells  with  more  or  less  thickened  walls, 
scattered  ocelli  usually  present.  Underleaves  doubled,  one  for  every  lateral 
leaf,  deeply  bifid  with  divaricate  lobes.     Antheridia  borne  in  pairs  in  the  axils 


JUNG  ERMANNI  ACE  AE.  507 

of  saccate  bracts,  the  latter  usually  in  short  androecia.  Female  inflorescence 
borne  on  a  branch  variable  in  lengthy  with  a  single  subfloral  innovation.  Peri- 
anth sharply  five-keeled,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short  beak.  Gemmae  dis- 
coid, borne  on  the  surface  of  the  leaves.  [Greek,  doubled  Lejeunea.]  About 
20  species,  tropical.     Type  species:  D.  pellucida  (Meissn.)  Schiffn. 

1.  Diplasiolejeunea  Rudolphiana  Steph.  Hedwigia  35:  79.     1896. 

Plants  yellowish  green,  in  compact  depressed  tufts.  Leaves  imbricated, 
the  dorsal  lobe  widely  spreading,  somewhat  convex,  broadly  ovate,  about  1.3 
mm.  long,  entire  or  nearly  so;  lobule  about  0.7  mm.  long,  more  or  less  inflated, 
the  apical  tooth  long  and  slender,  usiially  subparallel  with  the  axis ;  leaf-cells 
with  small  trigones ;  underleaves  distant  to  subimbrieated,  broadly  cuneate, 
bifid  about  one  half  with  obliquely  spreading,  blunt  divisions  and  a  rounded 
sinus;  inflorescence  autoecious;  female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  branch  variable 
in  length,  the  innovation  usually  simple  and  sterile;  bracts  bifid  to  the  middle 
or  beyond,  the  dorsal  lobe  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  ventral  obtuse  to  acute; 
bracteole  ovate,  shortly  bifid,  with  acute  to  obtuse  divisions;  perianth  obovate 
in  outline,  rounded  at  the  apex;  gemmiparous  leaves  usually  two,  borne  ter- 
minally on  branches  with  limited  growth. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  Indies  ;  Dutch  Guiana  ;  Brazil.  Ru- 
dolph's Diplasiolejeunea. 

4.   LEPTOCOLEA  [Spruce]  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  38:  261.     1911. 

Stems  prostrate,  minute  and  delicate^  irregularly  branched,  the  branches 
as  in  Eadula.  Leaves  more  or  less  imbricated,  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal 
lobes  larger  than  the  ventral,  broadly  to  narrowly  ovate,  attached  by  a  very 
short  base,  widely  spreading,  usually  rounded  at  the  apex;  lobule  inflated,  at- 
tached to  the  dorsal  lobe  by  a  long  arched  keel,  usually  with  two  teeth  in  the 
apical  region;  leaf -cells  often  with  trigones  and  surface-tubercles,  ocelli  and 
hyaline  marginal  cells  sometimes  present.  Underleaves  none.  Antheridia  borne 
singly  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  the  male  bracts,  the  latter  usually  saccate  and 
forming  more  or  less  elongated  androecia.  Archegonia  borne  singly  on  more  or 
less  elongated  branches,  with  one  or  two  subfloral  innovations,  the  bracts  usu- 
ally with  plane  lobules.  Perianth  compressed,  with  sharp  lateral  keels  and 
sometimes  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  two-angled  ventral  keel,  beak  short. 
Gemmae  discoid,  borne  on  the  surface  of  the  leaves.  [Greek,  delicate  sheath.] 
About  30  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  L.  micrandroecia  (Spruce) 
Evans. 

1.  Leptocolea  Jooriana  (Aust.)  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  38:  270.     1911. 

Lejeunea  Jooriana  Aust.  Bull.  Torr.  Club  6:  20.     1875. 
Cololejeunea  Jooriana  Evans,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  8:  173.     1902. 

Yellowish  green  or  whitish,  loosely  tufted  or  scattered.  Leaves  imbri- 
cated, the  dorsal  lobe  widely  spreading,  plane,  ovate,  about  0,5  mm.  long,  grad- 
ually narrowed  to  the  apex,  usually  from  one  to  ten  hyaline  cells  with  free  ex- 
tremities; lobule  about  half  as  long  as  the  lobe,  with  two  teeth  in  the  apical 
region;  leaf-cells  with  slightly  thickened  walls  and  indistinct  trigones;  inflores- 
cence paroecious  or  synoecious;  perianth  ovate  to  obovate  in  outline,  truncate 
to  very  slightly  retuse  at  the  apex  with  a  very  short  beak. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  and  Crooked  Island  : — North  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana  ;  Porto  Rico.     Joor's  Leptocolea. 


508  JUNGEKMANNIACEAE. 

5.   LEJEUNEA  Libert,  Ann.  Gen.  Sci.  Phys.  (Brux.)  6:  372.     1820. 

Stems  prostrate,  small,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  as  in  Badiila; 
rhizoids  springing  from  the  bases  of  the  iinderleaves.  Leaves  complicate- 
bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  larger  than  the  ventral,  incubous,  attached  by  a  long 
line,  ovate  to  obovate,  rounded  to  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate ; 
lobule  when  well  developed  inflated,  acute,  bearing  a  hyaline  papilla  at  the  base 
of  the  apical  tooth  on  the  side  next  to  the  stem;  leaf -cells  thin-walled  but 
sometimes  with  small  trigones.  Underleaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  bifid,  the  divi- 
sion mostly  entire  or  crenulate.  Antheridia  borne  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of 
saccate  bracts,  the  latter  in  more  or  less  elongated  androecia.  Archegonia 
borne  singly  on  branches  variable  in  length  with  one  or  two  subfloral  innova- 
tions, the  bracts  with  plane  lobules,  bractole  bifid.  Perianth  inflated,  five- 
keeled,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  distinct  tubular  beak.  [Commemorates  A.  L.  S. 
Lejeune,  Belgian  botanist.]  Nearly  200  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species: 
L.  cavifoUa  (Ehrh.)  Lindb. 

Lobule  about  0.2  mm.  long;  keels  of  perianth  smooth  or  nearly  so.  1.  L.  flava. 
Lobule  about  0.1  mm.  long ;  keels  of  perianth  distinctly  crenulate.  2.   L.  glancescens. 

1.  Lejeunea  flava  (Sw.)  Nees,  Naturges.  Eur.  Leberm.  3:  277.     1838. 

Jugermannia  flava  Sw.  Prodr.  144.     1788. 

Plants  pale  to  yellowish  green,  scattered  or  growing  in  depressed  mats. 
Leaves  imbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  widely  spreading,  ovate,  about  0.5  mm.  long, 
rounded  to  obtuse  at  the  apex ;  lobule  inflated,  ovate,  more  or  less  involute,  apex 
tipped  with  a  single  blunt  cell;  leaf-cells  thin-walled  but  usually  with  distinct 
trigones,  averaging  about  23^1  in  the  middle  of  the  lobe;  underleaves  usually 
subimbricated,  orbicular,  plane,  bifid  about  one  half  with  the  segments  usually 
sharp-pointed  and  the  sinus  narrow ;  inflorescence  autoecious ;  female  inflores- 
cence borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated  branch  with  one  or  two  subfloral  inno- 
vations ;  bracts  a  little  larger  than  the  leaves ;  bracteole  free,  ovate ;  perianth 
obovoid,  the  keels  rounded  in  the  upper  part,  smooth. 

On  bark,  Waterloo  and  Maidenhead  Coppice,  New  Providence  : — North  Carolina 
to  Florida  and  Texas ;  Ireland ;  Australia ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions 
throughout  the  world.     Yellow  Lejeunea. 

2.  Lejeunea  glaucescens  Gottsche,  in  G.  L.  &  N.  Syn.  Hep.  378.     1845. 

Plants  pale  to  bright  green,  scattered  or  growing  in  thin,  depressed  mats. 
Leaves  subimbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  widely  spreading,  ovate,  about  0.7  mm. 
long,  usually  broad  and  rounded  at  the  apex;  lobule  inflated,  triangular-ovoid, 
involute,  apex  tipped  with  a  single  blunt  cell;  leaf-cells  thin-walled  and  usually 
without  trigones,  averaging  about  33  X  25 /U  in  the  middle  of  the  lobe;  under- 
leaves distant,  orbicular,  plane,  bifid  about  one  third  with  rounded  or  obtuse 
lobes  and  a  narrow  sinus;  inflorescence  autoecious;  female  inflorescence  borne 
on  a  more  or  less  elongated  branch  with  a  single  subfloral  innovation;  bracts 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  lobule  pointed;  bracteole  slightly  connate,  ovate  to 
obovate;  perianth  obovoid,  the  keels  rounded  above,  minutely  crenulate. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama  and  Cat  Island  : — Florida  ;  tropical  America  ;  range  not 
definitely  known.  The  Bahamian  specimens  are  not  very  well  developed  but  seem  to 
be  referable  to  this  species.     Grayish  Lejeunea. 


JUNGEEMANNIACEAE.  509 

6.  MICROLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Jack  &  Steph,  Bot.  Centrb. 

60:  107.     1894. 

A  somewhat  artificial  genus  differing  from  Lejeunea  in  its  smaller  size  and 
relatively  larger  lobules,  the  latter  often  equaling  the  dorsal  lobes  in  length. 
Structure  of  the  lobes,  lobules,  underleaves  an<l  floral  organs  very  similar  in 
the  two  genera.     [Greek,  minute  Lejeunea.]     About  70  species,  mostly  tropical. 

Lobule  about  half  as  long  as  the  dorsal  lobe  ;  leaf-cells  averag- 
ing about  20  xi.  1.   M.  laetevircns. 

Lobule   nearly  as   long  as   the  dorsal   lobe ;   leaf-cells   averaging 

about  12  u.  2.  M.  btiUata. 

1.  Microlejeunea  laetevirens  (Nees  &  Mont.)  Evans,  Bryol.  11:  68.     1908. 

Lejeunea  laetevirens  Nees  &  Mont,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  9:  281.     184o. 

Plants  pale  green,  scattered  or  growing  in  depressed  mats.  Leaves  distant 
to  subimbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  obliquely  spreading,  ovate,  about  0.25  mm. 
long,  rounded  to  obtuse  at  the  apex;  lobule  inflated,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
lobe,  ovate,  involute,  apex  tipped  with  a  single,  almost  straight,  blunt  cell; 
leaf  cells  averaging  about  20/^  in  the  middle  of  the  lobe,  thin-walled  through- 
out or  with  minute  trigones;  underleaves  distant,  ovate,  bifid  about  one  half 
with  acute  or  acuminate  divisions  and  a  narrow  sinus,  often  unidentate  on  one 
or  both  sides ;  inflorescence  dioecious ;  female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  short 
branch,  with  one  or  two  subfloral  innovations;  bracts  a  little  larger  than  the 
leaves,  the  lobule  rounded  to  acuminate;  braeteole  free,  ovate;  perianth  pyri- 
form,  the  keels  smooth. 

On  bark,  Abaco,  Berry  Islands,  Andros.  New  Providence,  and  Cat  Island  : — Vir- 
ginia ;   Florida   to   Louisiana ;   widely   distributed  in   tropical   America.      Yellowish 

GliEEX   MlCROLEJEUXEA. 

2.  Microlejeunea  buUata  (Tayl.)  Evans,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  8:  164.     1902. 

Lejeunea  bullata  Tayl.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  5:  398.     1846. 

Plants  pale  or  bright  green,  scattered  or  forming  loose  depressed  mats. 
Leaves  distant,  the  dorsal  lobe  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  ovate,  about  0.15 
long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or  nearly  so;  lobule  strongly  inflated,  almost 
as  long  as  the  lobe,  ovate,  usually  involute,  the  apex  tipped  with  a  single, 
almost  straight,  blunt  cell;  leaf  cells  averaging  about  12 ac,  usually  thin-walled 
throughout;  underleaves  distant,  ovate  to  orbicular,  bifid  more  than  one  half 
with  suberect,  subulate  lobes  and  a  broad  sinus,  margin  entire ;  inflorescence 
dioecious;  female  inflorescence  borne  on  an  elongated  branch  with  a  single  sub- 
floral  innovation;  bracts  about  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  lobe  rounded  to 
acute,  the  lobule  narrower,  usually  acute;  bractole  slightly  connate,  oblong, 
bifid  less  than  one  half  with  sharp  divisions;  perianth  pyriform,  the  keels 
smooth. 

On  baric.  New  Providence  and  Crooked  Island  : — southern  United  States  ;  trop- 
ical America.     Inflated  Microlejeunea. 

7.  RECTOLEJEUNEA  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:  8.     1906. 

Differs  primarily  from  Lejeunea  in  its  flattened  perianth  with  sharp  lat- 
eral keels.  Dorsal  lobes,  lobules  and  underleaves  similar,  but  the  lobes  com- 
monly broader;  ocelli  sometimes  present  among  the  leaf-cells;  vegetative  repro- 
duction by  means  of  specialized  caducous  leaves.  [Greek,  fragile  Lejeunea.] 
About  40  species,  largely  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  R.  flagelliformis 
Evans. 


510  JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 

Leaves  with  basal  ocelli ;  caducous  leaves  borne  on  short  spread- 
ing branches  with  crowded  persistent  underleaves  and  limited 

growth.  1.  R.  Berteroana. 

Leaves  without  basal  ocelli ;  caducous  leaves  borne  on  ordinary 
branches. 
Dioecious  :  bracteoles  present  along  the  whole  length  of  the 

androecia.  2.   R.  Brittoniae. 

Autoecious  ;  bracteoles  restricted  to  the  base  of  the  androecia.        3.  R.  phyllohola. 

1.  Rectolejeimea  Berteroana  (Gottsehe)  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:  12.     1906. 

Lejeunea  Berteroana  Gottsehe;  Steph.  Hedwigia  27:  282.     1888. 

Pale  green,  scattered  or  in  depressed  tuft?.  Leaves  imbricated,  the  dorsal 
lobe  widely  spreading_,  plane  or  nearly  so,  obliquely  ovate,  about  0.5  mm.  long, 
rounded  at  the  apex;  lobule  inflated,  ovoid-cylindrical,  involute,  apex  tipped 
with  uniformly  thickened  walls,  averaging  about  lO/x;  basal  ocelli  much  larger, 
usually  occurring  in  groups  of  two  to  six;  underleaves  normally  contiguous, 
orbicular,  plane,  bifid  about  half  way  with  acute  lobes  and  sinus;  inflorescence 
dioecious;  female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  short  branch  with  a  single  subfloral 
innovation;  bracts  with  plane  lobules,  otherwise  much  like  the  leaves;  perianth 
unknown;  caducous  leaves  borne  on  short  spreading  branches  with  crowded 
persistent  underleaves  and  limited  growth. 

On  bark,  Soldier's  Road  and  Grantstown,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  West  In- 
dies.     BEETEBO'S   RECTOLEJE.UNEA. 

2.  Rectolejeunea  Brittoniae  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  38:  209.    1911. 

Yellowish  green,  growing  in  depressed  mats.  Leaves  imbricated,  the  dorsal 
lobe  widely  spreading,  plane  or  nearly  so,  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular,  about  0.5 
mm.  long,  rounded  at  the  apex,  margin  vaguely  crenulate;  lobule  inflated, 
triangular-ovoid,  involute,  apex  tipped  with  a  straight,  slightly  projecting  cell; 
leaf  cells  with  indistinct  trigones,  averaging  about  25  fM  in  the  middle  of  the 
lobe;  underleaves  scarcely  overlapping,  orbicular,  bifid  about  one  half  with 
sharp  or  blunt  lobes;  inflorescence  dioecious;  male  inflorescence  variable  in 
length,  the  bracteoles  present  throughout  and  similar  to  the  underleaves ;  female 
inflorescence  usually  on  an  elongated  branch,  with  one  or  two  subfloral  inno- 
vations; bracts  and  bracteoles  a  little  larger  than  the  leaves;  perianth  oblong 
to  obovate;  caducous  leaves  borne  on  prastrate  branches. 

On  bark,  Great  Bahama  and  New  Trovidence : — Florida ;  Cuba ;  Hispaniola. 
Mrs.  Beitton's  Rectolejeunea. 

3.  Rectolejeunea  phyllobola   (:N"ees  &  Mont.)   Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:   15. 

Lejeunea  phyUohola  Nees  &  Mont,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  9:  281.     1845. 

Pale  green,  growing  in  depressed  mats.  Leaves  loos'ely  imbricated,  the 
dorsal  lobe  widely  spreading,  ovate-orbicular,  about  0.5  mm.  long,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  entire  or  nearly  so;  lobule  inflated^  ovate,  involute,  apex  usually 
tipped  with  a  single  rounded  cell;  leaf  cells  thin-walled  but  with  distinct  tri- 
gones, averaging  about  20/u,;  underleaves  distant,  broadly  ovate  to  orbicular^ 
bifid  to  about  the  middle  with  narrow  and  usually  sharp  divisions;  inflorescence 
autoecious;  male  inflorescence  with  the  bracteoles  restricted  to  the  basal  por- 
tion; female  inflorescence  usually  borne  on  a  short  branch  with  a  single  sub- 
floral innovation;  bracts,  bracteoles  and  perianths  much  as  in  the  preceding 
species;  caducous  leaves  borne  on  prostrate  branches. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Cat  and  Watling's  Islands  : — Florida ; 
Bermuda  ;  West  Indies.     Leaf-sheddixg  Rectolejeunea. 

8.    CHEILOLEJEUWEA   [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat. 
Pflf.  V:   124.     1894. 

Stems  prostrate,  small  or  medium-sized,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches 
as  in  Badula;  rhizoids  springing  from  the  bases  of  the  underleaves.     Leaves 


JUNGEKMANNIACEAE.  511 

complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  plane  or  slightly  convex,  widely  spreading, 
ovate  to  orbicular,  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire;  lobule  strongly  inflated  and 
more  or  less  contracted  in  the  outer  part,  with  a  single  apical  tooth  bearing 
a  hyaline  papilla  at  its  distal  base;  leaf-cells  usually  with  distinct  trigones. 
Underleaves  suborbicular,  bifid,  the  divisions  mostly  acute  and  the  margins 
entire.  Antheridia  usually  borne  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the 
latter  usually  in  short  androecia.  Archegonia  borne  singly  on  branches 
variable  in  length,  with  or  without  subfloral  innovations,  the  bracts  with  plane 
and  usually  acute  lobules;  bracteoles  bifid.  Perianth  compressed  with  sharp 
lateral  keels,  often  becoming  two-lipped  with  age.  Vegetative  reproduction 
by  means  of  caducous  leaves.  [Greek,  lipped-LejeMnea.]  About  60  species, 
mostly  tropical.     Type  species:  C.  aneogyna  (Spruce)  Evans. 

1.  Cheilolejeunea  decidua  (Spruce)  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:   6.     1906. 

Lejeunea  decidua  Spruce,  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinb.  15:  257.    1884. 

Pale  or  brownish  green,  growing  in  depressed  mats.  Leaves  imbricated, 
the  dorsal  lobe  ovate,  about  0.7  mm.  long;  lobule  triangular  ovate  in  outline, 
apex  tipped  with  a  long,  pointed,  slightly  curved  cell;  leaf-cells  usually  with 
trigones  but  sometimes  thin-walled  throughout,  averaging  about  20 /a;  under- 
leaves distant,  plane,  orbicular,  bifid  to  the  middle  or  less  with  triangular, 
erect,  sharp  divisions  and  a  broad  sinus.  Inflorescence  dioecious.  Female  in- 
florescence borne  on  a  short  branch,  with  or  without  a  subfloral  innovation; 
perianth  broadly  obovate;  caducous  leaves  borne  on  prostrate  branches. 

On  logs,  near  NichoU's  Town,  Andros  : — ^Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ;  Brazil.  De- 
ciduous-leaved Cheilolejeuxea. 

9.    EUOSMOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat. 
Pflf.  V:   124.     1894. 

Yellowish  green  and  firm.  Stems  prostrate,  often  elongated,  irregularly 
branched,  the  branches  as  in  Eadula;  rhizoids  springing  from  the  base  of  the 
underleaves.  Leaves  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  much  larger  than  the 
ventral,  incubous,  attached  by  a  long  line,  broadly  ovate,  convex,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  lobule  strongly  inflated,  acute,  bearing  a  hyaline 
papilla  in  the  sinus,  at  the  base  of  the  apical  tooth;  leaf-cells  with  conspicuous 
trigones;  ocelli  none.  Underleaves  varjdng  from  medium-sized  to  large,  some- 
times imbricated,  orbicular  and  often  cordate  at  the  base,  usually  bifid  with  an 
acute  to  lunulate  sinus,  rarely  undivided.  Antheridia  usually  in  pairs  in  the 
axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  latter  in  more  or  less  elongated  androecia,  often 
proliferating.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated  branch, 
with  one  or  two  subfloral  innovations ;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  but  with 
TDlane  lobules  and  sometimes  with  pointed  lobes;  bracteole  bifid,  free.  Perianth 
often  roughened  by  projecting  cells,  sharply  5-keeled,  the  keels  rounded  above, 
beak  distinct.  Gemmae  none.  [Greek,  fragrant  Lejeunea.]  About  35  species, 
largely  tropical.     Type  species:  E.  trifaria  (Eeinw.  Bl.  &  Nees)  Schiffn. 

Dioecious,  perianths  rarely  present. 

Underleaves  small  and  distant,  narrowed  toward  base.  1.   E.  duriuscula. 

Underleaves  large  and  usually  overlapping,   rounded   to  cor- 
date at  base.  2.  E.  clausa. 
Autoecious,    perianths    usually    present ;    underleaves    large    and 

usually  overlapping,  rounded  to  cordate  at  base.  3.  E.  trifaria. 


512 


JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 


1.  Euosmolejeunea  duritiscula  (Nees)  Evans,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  8:   135.     1902. 

Lejeunea  duriuscula  Xees,  in  G.  L.  &  N.  Syn.  Hep.  364.     1845. 

Yellowish  green,  growing  in  loose  depressed  mats.  Leaves  loosely  imbri- 
cated, the  dorsal  lobe  ovate,  about  0.4  mm.  long;  leaf-cells  with  distinct  tri- 
gones, averaging  about  20  fi;  underleaves  distinct,  ovate  to  orbicular,  narrowed 
toward  base,  bifid  about  one  half  with  acute  lobes  and  sinus;  inflorescence 
dioecious;  androecium  usually  intercalary  on  a  more  or  less  elongated  branch; 
female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  similar  branch  with  one  or  two  subfloral  inno- 
vations. 

On  bark,  rarely  on  rocks,  Abaco,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — South  Carolina  ; 
Florida  ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.     Harsh  Euosmolejeuxea. 

2.  Euosmolejeunea  clausa  (Nees  &  Mont.)  Evans,  Bryol.  11:  69.     1908. 

Lejeunea  clausa  Nees  &  Mont.;  Mont.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  II.  14:  337.     1840. 

In  loose  depressed  mats.  Leaves  loosely  imbricated,  the  lobe  broadly  ovate, 
about  0.5  mm.  long;  leaf -cells  with  large  trigones;  underleaves  contiguous  or 
imbricated,  bifid  about  one  third  with  obtuse  or  acute  divisions  and  an  obtuse 
or  acute  sinus;  inflorescence  dioecious;  androecium  borne  on  a  short  branch, 
sometimes  proliferating;  female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  short  branch,  with 
one  subfloral  innovation. 

On  logs,  Soldier's  Road,  New  Providence  : — South  Carolina  ;  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama ;  Bermuda  ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.     Closed  Euosmolejeunea, 

3.  Euosmolejeunea  trifaria  (Eeinw.  Bl.  &  Nees)  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pflf. 

P:  124.     1894. 
Jungermannia  trifaria  Eeinw.  Bl.  &  Nees,  Nova  Acta  12:  226.     1824. 
Closely  related  to  the  preceding  species  but  characterized  by  its  slightly 
larger  size,  more  robust  trigones  and  autoecious  inflorescence. 

On  logs.  Soldier's  Road  and  Waterloo,  New  Providence.  Widely  distributed  in 
tropical  regions  throughout  the  world ;  originally  described  from  Javan  material. 
THiiEEFOLD  Euosmolejeunea. 

10.    TAXILEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat. 
Pflf.  T:   125.     1894. 

Plants  prostrate  or  sometimes  pendulous,  bright  green  to  whitish  green, 
medium-sized  to  greatly  elongated,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  as  in 
Badula.  Leaves  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobe  often  involute  about  the 
axis,  usually  acute  or  apiculate,  with  the  margin  more  or  less  crenulate;  leaf- 
cells  large,  thin-walled  but  with  distinct  and  often  large  trigones.  Underleaves 
medium-sized  to  large,  often  closely  imbricated,  bifid,  usually  crenulate.  An- 
theridia  usually  borne  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  small  saccate  bracts,  the  an- 
droecia  occupying  short  branches.  Archegonia  borne  singly  on  branches  of 
variable  length,  with  subfloral  innovations,  the  latter  often  repeatedly 
floriferous;  bracts  smaller  than  the  leaves.  Perianth  sometimes  terete  but 
usually  five-kelled  in  the  upper  part,  the  keels  smooth  or  winged.  [Greek, 
swift  Lejeunea.]  About  100  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  T.  chim- 
horazensis  (Spruce)  Steph. 

1.  Taxilejeunea  obtusangula  (Spruce)  Evans,  Bull.  Ton.  Club  38:  215.     1911. 

Lejeunea  oMusanguUi  Spruce,  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edin.  15:  221.     1884. 

Pale  green,  scattered  or  forming  loose  depressed  mats.  Leaves  imbricated, 
the  dorsal  lobe  obliquely  spreading,  convex,  orbicular-ovate  to  ovate,  about  0.6 


JUNGEEMANNIACEAE.  513 

mm.  long,  apex  obtuse  or  apiculate,  margin  crenulate;  lobule  inflated,  ovate, 
involute,  the  apex  tipped  with  a  single,  straight,  slightly  projecting  cell;  leaf- 
cells  with  distinct  trigones,  averaging  about  32  X  18 /u,  in  the  middle  of  the 
lobe;  underleaves  not  overlapping,  orbicular,  plane,  bifid  one  half  or  less,  with 
erect,  usually  sharp  divisions;  inflorescence  autoecious;  female  inflorescence 
borne  on  a  short  or  more  or  less  elongated  branch,  with  one  or  two  subfloral 
innovations,  the  latter  not  floriferous;  perianth  obovoid,  bluntly  five-keeled  in 
the  apical  region,  beak  lacking. 

On  rocks,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Virgin  Islands  ;  Brazil.  Ob- 
tusely ANGLED  TAXILEJEUMEA. 

11.   CERATOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiflen.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat. 
Pflf.  T:   125.     1894. 

Plants  prostrate,  medium-sized,  more  or  less  pigmented  with  olive-brown 
and  glossy,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  as  in  Eadula.  Leaves  compli- 
cate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  'lobe  convex,  often  toothed,  the  apex  blunt  or  acute; 
lobule  normally  as  in  Lejeunea  with  a  hyaline  papilla  at  the  proximal  base  of 
the  apical  tooth,  sometimes  enlarged  and  bladder-like;  leaf-cells  with  more  or 
less  thickened  walls  and  often  with  apparent  trigones;  ocelli  sometimes  pres- 
ent. Underleaves  medium-sized  to  large,  orbicular  to  reniform,  usually -bifid. 
Antheridia  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  in  the  a:xils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  latter  in 
short  androecia,  often  proliferating.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  branch 
very  variable  in  length,  with  one  or  two  snabfloral  innovations;  bracts  often 
smaller  and  more  dentate  than  the  leaves ;  bracteole  more  or  less  connate. 
Perianth  with  a  distinct  beak  and  usually  with  four  conspicuous  horns.  [Greek, 
horned  Lejeunea.']  About  100  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  C.  plu- 
mula  (Spruce)  Steph. 

Leaves  more  or  less  dentate  :  autoecious.  1.  C.  cubensis. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so  ;  dioecious.  2.   C.  intcgrifolia. 

1.  Ceratolejeunea  cubensis  (Mont.)  Schififn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pflf .  T:  125.    1S94. 

Lejeunea  cubensis  Mont,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cub.  9:  481.     1845. 

Olive  green  or  brown,  growing  in  depressed  mats.  Leaves  imbricated,  the 
dorsal  lobe  ovate,  about  0.4  mm.  long,  acute  and  usually  irregularly  toothed  in 
the  apical  portion;  lobule  always  small  and  of  the  normal  Lejeunea  type,  some- 
times poorly  developed;  leaf -cells  apparently  uniformly  thickened,  averaging 
about  15 /u;  ocelli  usually  forming  a  basal  pair;  underleaves  small,  orbicular, 
plane,  bifid  about  one  half  with  acute  divisions;  inflorescence  autoecious; 
perianth  with  short,  spreading  to  suberect  horns. 

On  logs,  Near  NichoU's  Town,  Andros  : — Florida  ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America.     Cuban  Ceratolejeunea. 

2.  Ceratolejeunea  integrifdlia  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  38:  213.     1911. 

Eelated  to  the  preceding  species  but  readily  distinguished  by  its  entire 
leaves  and  dioecious  inflorescence.  Bracts  and  bracteoles  of  the  female  in- 
florescence sometimes  very  sparingly  toothed. 

On  bark,  New  Providence : — Florida ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico.  Entire-leaved  Cera- 
tolejeunea. 


514  JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 

12.   LEPTOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Xat. 
Pflf.  T:  126.     1894. 

Plants  prostrate,  small,  irregularly,  but  often  copiously  branched,  the 
branches  as  in  Eadula.  Leaves  complieate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobe  usually  plane, 
obtuse  to  acute;  lobule  as  in  Lejeunea,  with  a  hyaline  papilla  at  the  proximal 
base  of  the  apical  tooth;  leaf-cells  thin-walled  but  sometimes  with  distinct 
trigones;  ocelli  usually  present.  Underleaves  distant  and  minute,  with  widely 
spreading,  subulate  divisions.  Antheridia  usually  in  pairs,  in  the  axils  of 
saccate  bracts,  the  androecia  variable  in  length.  Female  inflorescence  borne 
on  a  very  short  branchj  simple  or  with  a  single  subfloral  innovation.  Perianth 
sharply  five-keeled  in  the  upper  part,  the  keels  projecting  upward  as  entire 
horns.  A^egetative  reproduction  by  means  of  caducous  branches  with  special- 
ized basal  leaves.  [Greek,  delicate  .Lejeunea.']  A  genus  of  about  50  tropical 
species.     Type  species:  L.  eUiptica  (Lehm.  &  Lindenb.)  Schiffn. 

1.  Leptolejeimea  elliptica   (Lehm.  &  Lindenb.)   Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pflf. 
P:   126.     1894. 

Jungermannia  elliptica  Lehm.  &  Lindenb.  Pug.  5:   13.     1832. 

Pale  green,  becoming  blackish  or  brownish  with  age,  growing  in  thin 
patches.  Leaves  distant,  the  dorsal  lobe  widely  spreading,  oblong-ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  about  0.35  mm.  long,  rounded  to  subacute,  entire ;  lobule  in- 
flated, ovate^  the  apex  tipped  with  a  single,  almost  straight  cell ;  leaf-cells  with 
small  but  distinct  trigones,  averaging  about  23  ^t;  ocelli  two  to  five,  in  an  inter- 
rupted median  row;  divisions  of  underleaves  formed  of  two  or  three  cells  in  a 
single  row ;  inflorescence  autoecious  or  dioecious ;  female  branch  without  an 
innovation;  bracts  scarcely  complicate,  usually  bilobed;  bracteole  connate  on 
both  sides,  linear,  shortly  bifid ;  perianth  obconieal,  terete  below,  the  horns  acute 
or  truncate. 

On  bark,  Soldier's  Road,  New  Providence : — Florida  ;  widely  distributed  in  the 
tropical  regions  of  America,  Asia,  and  the  Pacific  Islands  ;  usually  growing  on  living 
leaves.     Elliptic  Leptolejeunea. 

13.  BEACHIOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Xat. 
Pflf.  T:  128.     1894. 

Plants  prostrate  or  pendulous,  medium  sized  to  large,  irregularly  branched, 
some  of  the  branches  usually  as  in  Frullania,  the  others  as  in  Eadula,  color 
often  dark  brown  or  nearly  black.  Leaves  imbricated,  complieate-bilobed,  the 
dorsal  lobe  squarrose  (at  least  when  moist),  ovate,  rounded  to  apiculate  or 
acute,  entire;  lobule  inflated  along  the  keel,  appressed  to  the  dorsal  lobe  along 
the  crenulate  or  dentate  margin,  hyaline  papilla  at  the  proximal  base  of  the 
apical  tooth,  displaced  from  the  margin;  leaf-cells  with  distinct  trigones. 
Underleaves  undivided,  orbicular  to  reniform,  entire.  Antheridia  in  paroe- 
cious  species  borne  singly  in  the  axils  of  scarcely  modified  bracts,  in  autoecious 
species  borne  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  androecia  in  the  latter 
case  long  and  often  proliferating;  bracteoles  everywhere  present.  Female  in- 
florescence borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated  branch,  with  one  or  commonly 
two  subfloral  innovations;  bracts  scarcely  complicate  but  often  winged  along 
the  keel,  unequally  bilobed;   bracteole   rounded  to   shortly  bilobed.     Perianth 


JUNGEEMANNIACEAE.  515 

obovoid,  sometimes  compressed,  with  from  four  to  ten  rounded  keels  without 
wings  or  teeth.  [Greek,  armed  Lejeunea.]  About  65  species,  mostly  tropical. 
Type  species:  B.  laxi folia  (Tayl.)  Schiffn. 

Autoecious;  perianth  ten-keeled.  1.  li.hahamenais. 

Dioecious  ;  perianth  five-  to  seven-keeled.  2.  B.  corticalis. 

1.  Brachiolejeunea  bahamensis  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  35:  383.     1908. 

Dull  green,  varying  to  brown  or  almost  black,  scattered  or  growing  in 
depressed  mats.  Dorsal  lobe  of  leaves  convolute  about  the  stem  when  dry, 
squarrose  when  moist,  about  0.9  mm.  long;  lobule  usually  with  five  or  six 
teeth,  each  usually  three  or  four  cells  long;  leaf -cells  averaging  about  25  X  18 /x; 
underleaves  broadly  orbicular,  rounded  at  base;  inflorescence  autoecious;  male 
bracts  in  from  three  to  ten  pairs,  the  androecium  often  proliferating;  female 
inflorescence  usually  with  two  innovations;  bracts  winged,  the  lobule  obtuse, 
acute,  or  apiculate.    Perianth  with  ten  rounded  keels,  scarcely  compressed. 

On  bark,  Abaco,  New  Providence,  Watling's  and  Crooked  Islands : — Florida ; 
Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico.     Bahamian  Brachiolejeunea. 

2.  Brachiolejeunea  corticalis  (Lehm.  &  Lindenb.)  Schiffn.;  Evans,  Mem.  Torr. 

Club  8:  131.     1902. 

Jungermannia  corticalis  Lehm.  &  Lindenb.  Pug.  4:   50.     1832. 

Very  similar  in  appearance  to  B.  hahamensis.  Lobule  usually  with  only 
four  teeth,  each  only  one  or  two  cells  long;  underleaves  cuneate  at  base;  in- 
florescence dioecious;  lobule  of  female  bracts  rounded;  perianth  with  five  to 
eight  keels. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama  and  Cat  Island : — Florida  ;  tropical  America.  Bark 
Brachiolejeunea. 

14.    LOPHOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat. 
Pflf.  V:   129.     1894. 

Plants  prostrate,  usually  dark  brown  or  almost  black,  rarely  olive  green, 
often  glossy,  medium-sized,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  as  in  liadula. 
Leaves  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobe  not  sc|uarrose  when  moist,  often 
revolute  at  the  rounded  or  bluntly  pointed  apex,  entire  except  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  female  inflorescence;  lobule  inflated  along  the  keel,  the  margin  not  invo- 
lute, the  apical  tooth  usually  represented  by  a  blunt,  slightly  projecting  cell, 
with  the  hyaline  papilla  near  its  proximal  base;  leaf -cells  with  distinct  tri- 
gones or  apparently  uniformly  thickened.  Underleaves  plane,  orbicular  to  reni- 
form,  undivided.  Antheridia  borne  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the 
androecia  more  or  less  elongated,  with  the  bracteoles  everywhere  present. 
Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated  branch,  without  sub- 
floral  innovations;  bracts  more  or  less  strongly  toothed,  the  lobule  much  smaller 
than  the  lobe  and  sometimes  reduced  to  a  minute  basal  tooth;  bracteole  usually 
undivided  but  sometimes  toothed.  Perianth  strongly  compressed  -^dth  two  sharp 
ventral  keels,  the  keels  with  toothed  or  laciniate  wings.  [Greek,  crested 
Lejeunea.]  About  70  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  L.  Sagraeana 
(Mont.)  Schiffn. 


516  JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 

1.  Lopholejeunea  Sagraeana   (Mont.)   ScMffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat.  Pflf.  T:   129. 
1894. 

Fliragmicoma  Sagraeana  Mont,  in  Sagra  Hist.  Cub.  9:  464.     1845. 

Brownish  or  blackisli  green,  more  or  less  glossy,  growing  in  depressed 
mats.  Leaves  imbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  widely  spreading,  oblong-ovate,  about 
0.75  m.  long,,  rounded;  apical  tooth  of  lobule  often  indistinct;  leaf -cells  appar- 
ently uniformly  thickened  except  for  minute  pits,  averaging  about  20  ^a;  under- 
leaves  subimbricated,  reniform;  inflorescence  normally  autoecious;  perichaetial 
bracts  larger  than  the  leaves,  the  dorsal  one  suborbicular,  coarsely  toothed,  the 
lobule  in  the  form  of  a  minute  basal  tooth ;  bracteole  entire  or  nearly  so ;  peri- 
anth oval  to  obovate  in  outline^  the  beak  short  and  the  wings  deeply  and  closely 
laciniate. 

On  bark,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  :  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America  ;  also  reported  from  Africa  and  the  East  Indies.     Sacra's  Lopholejeunea. 

15.    CAUDALEJEUNEA  [Steph.]  SchifiPn.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat. 
Pflf.  T:   129.     1894. 

Plants  prostrate  or  ascending,  medium-sized  to  large^  green,  not  glossy. 
Leaves  more  or  less  imbricated,  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobe  not  squar- 
rose,  oblong-ovate,  rounded  to  acute,  usually  entire;  lobule  inflated,  the  margin 
involute,  mostly  bidentate,  the  apical  or  outer  tooth  with  the  hyaline  papilla 
near  its  proximal  base ;  leaf -cells  thin-walled  but  with  distinct  trigones.  IJnder- 
leaves  orbicular,  more  or  less  retuse,  entire.  Antheridia  in  pairs  in  the  axils 
of  saccate  bracts,  the  androecia  more  or  less  elongated,  terminal;  bracteoles 
everywhere  present.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated 
branch  without  subfloral  innovations;  bracts  unequally  bilobed,  the  lobe  entire 
or  toothed,  the  lobule  narrow  and  scarcely  projecting,  entire;  bracteole 
shortly  bifid,  entire  or  toothed.  Perianth  obovate,  compressed  and  with  a  single 
sharp  ventral  keel,  the  lateral  keels  sometimes  with  entire  or  dentate  wings. 
[Latin,  tailed  Lejeunea.]  About  15  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species: 
C.  Lehmanniana  (Gottsche)  Evans, 

1.  Caudalejeunea  Lehmanniana    (Gottsche)   Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  34:    544. 
1907. 
Lejeunea  Lehmanniana  Gottsch,  in  G.  L.  &  N.  Syn.  Hep.  325.     1845. 

Very  variable,  bright  or  pale  green,  scattered  or  growing  in  loose  tufts. 
Dorsal  lobe  of  leaves  about  1  mm.  long,  the  apex  usually  rounded  and  entire 
but  sometimes  acute  and  irregularly  angular-dentate ;  apical  tooth  of  lobule 
acute  and  outwardly  curved,  often  three  or  four  cells  long;  leaf -cells  averaging 
about  28  X  21  fx;  perichaetial  bracts  about  as  large  as  the  leaves,  the  lobe 
ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  sharp-pointed  even  when  entire. 

On  twigs,  Maidenhead  Coppice,  New  Providence : — Florida  ;  widely  distributed 
in  the  American  tropics.     Lehmann's  Caudalejeunea. 

16.  MASTIGOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schifien.  in  E.  &  P.  Nat. 
Pflf.  V:   129.     1894. 

Plants  medium-sized,  with  prostrate  or  ascending  secondary  stems  arising 
from  a  prostrate  caudex;  branches  as  in  Eadula,  sometimes  mierophyllous  or 
flagelliform,  often  abundantly  produced  by  the  secondary  stems;   color  green 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE.  517 

to  almost  black,  not  glossy.  Leaves  complicate-bilobecl,  the  dorsal  lobe  squar- 
rose  when  moist,  ligulate  to  ovate,  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  apex  rounded  to 
subacute,  not  reflexed;  lobule  normally  inflated  along  the  keel,  the  margin 
plane  or  involute,  the  apex  represented  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  tooth  with  a 
hyaline  papilla  at  its  proximal  base;  lobule  often  poorly  developed,  leaf -cells 
with  distinct  trigones.  Underleaves  more  or  less  convex  and  often  revolute 
along  the  sides,  orbicular  to  obovate,  undivided  but  sometimes  retuse,  entire. 
Antheridia  borne  singly  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  androecia  long, 
sometimes  proliferating;  braeteoles  everywhere  present.  Female  inflorescence 
borne  on  an  elongated  branch,  usually  with  but  one  subfloral  innovation;  bracts 
unequally  complicate-bilobed,  without  wings;  bracteole  similar  to  the  under- 
leaves. Perianth  with  sharp  lateral  keels  and  a  single  sharp  ventral  keel, 
usually  wingless.  [Greek,  whip-bearing  Lejeunea.]  About  50  species,  mostly 
tropical.     Type  species:  M.  auriculata  (Wils.  &  Hook.)  Schiffn. 

1.  Mastigolejeunea  auriculata  (Wils.  &  Hook.)  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Xat.  Pflf. 
P:  129.     1894. 

Jungermannia    auriculata   Wils.    «&    Hook.;    Drummond,    Muse.    Amer.    St. 
Merid.  170.     1841. 

Glaucous  green,  varying  to  purplish  black,  growing  in  depressed  tufts. 
Dorsal  lobes  of  leaves  appressed  when  dry,  squarrose  when  moist,  about  1  mm. 
long,  rounded  to  subacute;  leaf  cells  averaging  about  21  X  12ju;  underleaves 
broadly  orbicular,  truncate  to  retuse,  usually  cuneate  at  the  base;  inflorescence 
autoecious  or  dioecious;  perianth  oval,  the  keels  not  winged. 

On  bark  and  rocks,  Andros  and  New  Providence  : — Florida  to  Louisiana  ;  widely 
distributed  in  tropical  America.     Eaeed  Mastigolejeunea.  ^ 

17.    ARCHILEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn.  in  E.  &  P.  Xat. 
Pflf.  P:   130.     1894. 

Plants  medium-sized  to  large,  usually  reddish  or  brownish,  consisting  of  a 
prostrate  caudex  and  secondary,  often  branched,  stems,  free  from  the  sub- 
stratum, the  branches  as  in  Badula.  Leaves  imbricated,  complicate-bilobed, 
the  dorsal  lobes  not  squarrose  when  moist,  suborbicular  to  ligulate,  rounded  and 
entire;  lobule  inflated  along  the  keel,  the  margin  more  or  less  appressed  to  the 
lobe,  entire  except  for  the  sharp  apical  tooth,  with  a  hyaline  papilla  near  the 
proximal  base;  lobules  often  imperfectly  developed  on  the  secondary  stems; 
leaf-cells  with  distinct  trigones.  Underleaves  orbicular  to  reniform,  undivided, 
entire.  Antheridia  borne  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  androecia 
long  but  often  proliferating;  braeteoles  everywhere  present.  Female  inflores- 
cence borne  on  a  secondary  stem  or  one  of  its  branches,  with  one  or  (more 
rarely)  two  subfloral  innovations,  the  innovations  often  floriferous,  thus  giving 
rise  to  cymose  clusters;  bracts  unequally  complicate-bilobed  but  not  winged, 
the  lobes  entire,  narrower  and  often  more  sharply  pointed  than  the  leaves ; 
bracteole  sometimes  bidentate  or  retuse.  Perianth  oblong  to  obovate,  more  or 
less  compressed,  dorsal  surface  with  one  and  ventral  surface  with  two  keels, 
the  keels  with  narrow  and  interrupted  wings.  [Greek,  chief  Lejeunea.']  About 
70  species,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:   A.  porelloides   (Spruce)   Schiffn. 


518  JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 

1.  Archilejennea  viridissima  (Lindenb.)  Evans,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  35 :  169.     1908. 

Lejeunea  viridissima  Lindenb.  in  G    L.  &    Syn.  Hep.  320.  1845. 

Yellowisli  or  brownish  green,  becoming  darker  with  age,  neither  glossy  nor 
glaucous,  growing  in  depressed  mats;  secondary  stems  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  often  with  poorly  developed  lobules.  Leaves  with  broadly  ovate  dor- 
sal lobes,  about  0.75  mm.  long;  lobule  (when  well-developed)  bearing  two 
teeth,  the  outer  or  apical  often  variously  curved  and  longer  than  the  inner 
tooth;  leaf -cells  averaging  about  24  X  18 /a;  underleaves  distant  to  loosely  im- 
bricated, broadly  orbicular-ovate,  cuneate,  rounded  to  subretuse ;  inflorescence 
autoecious.  Female  inflorescence  usually  with  a  single  subfloral  innovation,  the 
bracts  very  deeply  bilobed;  perianth  oblong-obovate,  the  wings  usually  distinct 
but  narrow,  sinuate  or  subcrenulate. 

On  bark,  Eight  Mile  Rocks,  Great  Bahama  : — Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico ;  Venezuela. 
Greenest  Archileje.ukea. 

18.    LEUCOLEJEUNEA  Evans,  Torreya  7:  225.     1908. 

Plants  medium-sized  to  large,  pale  green  or  glaucous,  neither  glossy  nor 
pigmented,  prostrate,  copiously  branched,  the  branches  as  in  Eadula.  Leaves 
imbricated,  complieate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  not  squarrose  when  moist, 
ovate-oblong  to  suborbicular,  convex  and  often  revolute  along  the  lower  margin 
and  in  the  region  of  the  rounded  apex,  entire  or  nearly  so;  lobule  inflated 
throughout,  the  margin  more  or  less  involute,  entire  except  for  the  single  blunt 
to  acuminate  apical  tooth  with  the  hyaline  papilla  at  the  distal  base;  leaf- 
eells  with  small  trigones.  Underleaves  orbicular  to  reniform,  undivided.  An- 
theridia  borne  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  androecia  short,  not 
proliferating;  bracteoles  restricted  to  the  base.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on 
a  branch  variable  in  length,  innovating  on  one  or  both  sides;  bracts  with  plane 
lobules,  otherwise  similar  to  the  leaves.  Perianth  five-keeled,  scarcely  com- 
pressed, the  keels  smooth  or  obscurely  crenulate  or  denticulate,  rarely  with 
indistinct  wings.  [Greek,  white  Lejeunea.]  A  small  genus,  consisting  of  about 
6  species,  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  L.  clypeata 
(Schwein.)  Evans. 

Dorsal  lobes  slightly  convex  or  plane,   not  revolute ;   apex  of 

lobule  easily  seen.  1.  L.  unciloha. 

Dorsal  lobes  strongly  convex  and  revolute  ;  apex  of  lobule  not 

easily  seen  except  by  dissection.  2.   L.  xanthocarpa. 

1.  Leucolejeunea  unciloba  (Lindenb.)   Evans,  Torreya  7:   228.     1908. 

Lejeunea  unciloha  Lindenb.  in  G.  L.  &  N.  Syn.  Hep.  331.    1845. 

Pale  green  and  glaucous,  growing  in  depressed  mats.  Leaves  closely  im- 
bricated, the  dorsal  lobe  plane  or  slightly  convex,  ovate-oblong,  about  1.2  mm. 
long;  lobule  inflated  toward  base,  the  margin  plane  except  at  the  base,  the 
apical  tooth  acuminate  and  sometimes  hamately  curved,  usually  three  to  six 
cells  long,  easily  visible  without  dissection;  leaf -cells  averaging  about  18^  in 
diameter;  underleaves  broadly  orbicular  to  reniform;   inflorescence  autoecious. 

On  bark,  Soldier's  Road,  New  Providence  : — Rhode  Island  south  to  Florida  and 
west  to  Texas  ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.     Hook-lobed  Leucolejeunea. 

2.  Leucolejeunea  xanthocarpa  (Lehm.& Lindenb.)  Evans,  Torreya  7:  229.    1908. 

Jungermannia  xanthocarpa  Lehm.  &  Lindenb.  Pug.  5:   8.     1832. 
Strongly  resembling  L.  unciloha  in  size  and  general  appearance  and  agree- 
ing with  it  in  inflorescence.     Distinguished  by  its  strongly  convex  leaf  lobes 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE.  519 

with  revolute  apex  and  lower  margin;  lobule  sometimes  blunt  at  the  apex  and 
sometimes  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  acuminate  tooth,  reaching  a  maximum 
length  of  four  cells,  not  visible  without  dissection;  leaf-cells  averaging 
about  20/t. 

On  bark,  New  Providence : — Florida  ;  widely  distributed  in  the  American  trop- 
ics;  Africa;  Java.     Yellow-fruited  Leucolejeunea. 

19.   FRULLANIA  Eaddi,  Atti  Soc.  Ital.  Sci.  Modena  18:  20.     1818. 

Dark  green  or  more  or  less  pigmented  with  yellow,  brown  or  red.  Stems 
prostrate,  ascending  or  pendent,  more  or  les's  copiously  branched,  the  branches 
all  arising  at  the  bases  of  leaves  without  lobules,  rhizoids  springing  from  the 
bases  of  the  underleaves.  Leaves  deeply  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes 
much  larger  than  the  ventral,  incubous,  widely  spreading,  ovate  to  orbicular, 
usually  entire,  lobule  normally  inflated,  helmet-shaped;  leaf -cells  with  distinct 
trigones;  ocelli  present  in  certain  species.  Underleaves  smaller  than  the  leaves, 
usually  bifid.  Antheridia  mostly  in  pairs,  in  the  axils  of  inflated  bracts  with 
explanate  lobules,  the  bracts  imbricated  and  forming  short  or  more  or  less  elon- 
gated androecia.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated 
branch,  without  innovations;  bracts  larger  than  the  leaves,  with  explanate 
lobules  and  often  more  or  less  connate  with  the  bifid  bracteole.  Perianth  nor- 
mally 3-keeled,  with  one  keel  ventral,  but  often  with  supplementary  folds,  ab- 
ruptly contracted  into  a  short  tubular  beak.  [Commemorates  L.  Frullani,  a 
Florentine  minister  of  state.]  A  very  large  genus,  800  or  more  described  spe- 
cies, mostly  tropical.     Type  species:  F.  dilatata  (L.)  Dumort. 

Leaves  not  squarrose. 

Perianth  with  two  lateral  keels  and  a  two-angled  ventral  keel ;  lobule  inflated  in 
upper  part  only. 
Paroecious.  1.  F.  ariciina. 

Autoecious.  2.  F.  riojaneirensis. 

Perianth  distinctly  three-keeled  ;  lobule  inflated  throusrhout.      5.  F.  obcordata. 
Leaves  more  or  less  squarrose  when  moist. 

Perianth  with  two  lateral  keels  and  a  two-angled  ventral 

keel,  surface  smooth.  3.  F.  gibhosa. 

Perianth  distinctly  three-keeled,  the  surface  roughened  by 

scattered  tubercles  or  scales.  4.  F.  squarrosa. 

1.  FruUania  arietina  Tayl.  in  G.  L.  &  N.  Syn.  Hep.  413.    1845. 

Bright  green,  yellowish  green  or  brownish  green,  scattered  or  in  loose  tufts. 
Leaves  imbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  plane  or  nearly  so,  orbicular-ovate,  about  1.2 
mm.  long;  lobule  inflated  in  the  upper  part  only,  the  lower  forming  a  siibrhom- 
boidal  expansion;  leaf -cells  with  conspicuous  trigones^  averaging  about  30/*; 
underleaves  orbicular,  shortly  bifid,  entire  or  nearly  so;  inflorescence  paroecious, 
the  saccate  male  bracts  in  two  or  three  pairs  below  the  female  inflorescence;  the 
latter  borne  on  a  short  branch ;  bracts  in  one  to  three  pairs,  the  innermost  with 
ovate,  acute,  sparingly  toothed  lobes  and  similar  but  narrower  lobules;  bracteoles 
highly  connate,  bifid  with  narrow,  sharp  divisions;  perianth  oblong  with  two 
distinct  lateral  keels  and  a  broad  two-angled  ventral  keel. 

On  twigs,  Grantstown,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical America.     Ram's  Head  Frullania. 


520  JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 

2.  FniUania  riojaneirensis    (Raddi)    Spruce,  Trans.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinb.   15:    23. 

1884. 

Frullanoides  riojaneirensis  Raddi,  Mem.  Soc.  Ital.  Modena  19:   37.     1823. 

Closely  related  to  F.  arietina  but  distinguished  by  its  autoecious  inflores- 
cence. Androecia  occupying  short  branches  in  the  vicinity  of  the  female  in- 
florescence, not  proliferating,  the  bracts  mostly  in  two  or  three  pairs;  female 
branch  short,  the  leaves  and  bracts  forming  a  gradual  series. 

On  twigs,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Rio  Janeiro  Frullaxia. 

3.  Fnillania  gibbosa  Xees  in  G.  L.  &  X.  Syn.  Hep.  411.     1845. 

Greenish  yellow  to  dark  brown,  growing  in  closely  appressed  tufts  or  mats. 
Leaves  densely  imbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  convex  when  dry,  concave  and  squar- 
rose  when  moist,  broadly  orbicular,  about  0.9  mm.  long;  lobule  sometimes  in- 
flated throughout  but  normally  in  the  upper  part  only;  leaf-cells  with  conspicu- 
ous trigones,  averaging  about  33  ac;  underleaves  densely  crowded,  orbicular  to 
renif  orm,  shortly  and  sharply  bidentate  at  the  apex  with  a  lunulate  sinus,  auricu- 
late  at  the  base;  inflorescence  monoecious  (autoecious  or  paroecious)  ;  female 
branch  very  short,  the  bracts  in  two  or  three  pairs,  the  innermost  with  ovate, 
rounded  or  obtuse,  entire  lobes  and  subequal,  strongly  convolute,  obtuse  to 
acute  lobules;  bracteole  highly  connate,  bificl  with  sharp  divisions;  perianth  ob- 
long, with  two  distinct  lateral  keels  and  a  broad  two-angled  ventral  keel. 

On  bark,  Abaco  and  New  Providence : — Alabama ;  widely  distributed  in  the 
American  tropics.  The  Bahamian  specimens  are  not  typical  and  may  represent  an 
undescribed  species.     Gibbous  Frdllama. 

4.  Fnillania  squarrosa  (Eeinw.  Bl.  &  Nees)  Dumort.  Recueil  d'Obs.  13.     1835. 

Jungermannia  squarrosa  Reinw.  Bl.  &  Nees,  Nova  Acta  12:  215.     1824. 

Dark  green  or  pigmented  with  brown,  scattered  or  growing  in  depressed 
mats.  Leaves  imbricated,  the  lobe  rolled  around  the  stem  when  dry,  strongly 
squarrose  when  moist,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  and  entire;  lobule  about  as 
broad  as  long;  underleaves  bifid,  usually  with  entire  margins;  inflorescence 
dioecious;  female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  short  and  simple  branch,  bracts  in 
about  three  pairs;  perianth  oblong,  without  supplementary  keels,  surface  more 
or  less  roughened  by  scattered  tubercles  or  scales,  especially  along  the  keels. 

On  bark,  Great  Bahama,  Berry  Islands,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  and  An- 
guilla  Isles  : — Connecticut  to  Ohio  and  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana  ;  Bermuda  ; 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  throughout  the  world.     Spreading  Frullania. 

5.  Fnillania  obcordata  Lehm.  &  Lindenb.  in  G.  L.  &  N.  Syn.  Hep.  447.     1845. 

Yellowish  green  to  reddish  brown,  growing  scattered  or  in  closely  ap- 
pressed mats.  Leaves  closely  imbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  convex,  ovate,  about 
0.7  mm.  long;  lobule  short-clavate,  inflated  throughout,  spreading  at  a  wide 
angle;  leaf-cells  with  more  or  less  distinct  trigones,  averaging  about  18 m; 
underleaves  subimbricated,  orbicular,  bifid  about  one  half  with  obtuse  or  sub- 
acute divisions  and  sinus;  inflorescence  autoecious;  androecia  occupying  short 
branches  in  the  vicinity  of  the  female  inflorescence,  the  bracts  in  one  or  two 
pairs;  female  branch  long,  the  bracts  in  three  or  four  pairs,  the  innermost  with 
ovate,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  entire  lobes  and  smaller  subacute  lobules;  bracteole 
free  or  slightly  connate,  bifid  about  one  third ;  perianth  obcuneate,  the  beak  in 
a  slight  depression,  lateral  keels  and  the  single  ventral  keel  distinct. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — Florida  to  Louisiana  ;  tropical  America.  Obcordate 
Frullaxia. 


ANTHOCEROTACEAE.  521 

Order  3.     ANTHOCEROTALES. 

Gametophyte  a  prostrate  dorsiventral  thallus,  varying  from  strap- 
shaped  to  circular,  with  very  little  cell-differentiation,  destitute  of  air- 
spaces but  sometimes  developing  intercellular  spaces  with  mucilage;  green 
cells  with  one  or  a  few  large  flat  chloroplasts,  often  with  a  single  pyrenoid. 
Antheridia  borne  singly  or  in  groups  just  below  the  upper  surface  of  the 
thallus.  Archegonia  in  irregular  dorsal  groups,  imbedded,  the  tip  of  the 
neck  alone  projecting.  Sporophyte  differentiated  into  a  broad  foot  and  an 
elongated  cylindrical  capsule,  the  latter  growing  indefinitely  by  means  of 
a  basal  embryonic  region,  splitting  at  maturity  into  two  valves.  Spores 
surrounding  a  central  sterile  structure,  the  columella,  and  interspersed 
with  irregular,  often  multicellular  elaters,  with  or  without  bands  of  thick- 
ening.    Four  or  five  genera  and  about  150  species,  widely  distributed. 

Family  1.     ANTHOCEROTACEAE  Lindb. 

Anthoceros  Family. 
Characters  of  the  order. 

1.   ANTHOCEROS  [Micheli]  L.  Sp.  PI.  1139.     1753. 

Thallus  suborbicular,  variously  lobed  and  often  with  plate-like  outgrowths, 
sometimes  irregularly  dissected,  several  cells  thick  and  destitute  of  a  distinct 
midrib;  green  cells  with  a  single  chloroplast.  Inflorescence  usually  (if  not 
always)  monoecious.  Capsule  erect,  much  longer  than  the  basal  sheath,  with 
green  cells  in  the  wall  and  stomata  in  the  epidermis.  Spores  variously  rough- 
ened; elaters  without  spiral  bands  of  thickening^  composed  of  one  to  several 
cells  and  sometimes  branched.  [Greek,  flowering  horn.]  About  50  species, 
largely  tropical.     Type  species:  A.  punctatus  L. 

1.  Anthoceros  laevis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1139.     1753. 

Thallus  nearly  plane  on  the  upper  surface,  dark  green  and  somewhat  lus- 
trous, destitute  of  intercellular  sjDaces.  Capsule  mostly  1-3  cm.  long,  the  base 
surrounded  by  a  cylindrical  sheath  often  flaring  at  the  mouth;  spores  yellow, 
the  surface  granular-papillose ;  elaters  yellowish,  very  variable  in  size  and  form, 
often  branched. 

Along  the  Adelaide  Road,  New  Providence.  Brace.  Widely  distributed  in  North 
America,  Europe  and  Asia.  The  Bahamian  specimens  are  sterile  and  their  deter- 
mination is  therefore  doubtful.      Yellow-spored  Anthoceros. 

Phylum  4.     THALLOPHYTA. 

This  phyllum  includes  many  thousand  species  of  simple  organi- 
zation, grouped  in  many  genera  and  families.  The  plants  compos- 
ing it  have  scarcely  any  woody  tissue,  and  are  propagated  either  bj' 
spores  or  by  vegetative  division.  Most  of  them  are  small,  but  there 
are  some  large  and  conspicuous  types  in  all  the  classes. 

34 


522 


VEERUCAEIACEAE. 


Terrestrial,  saxicolous,  or  corticicolous  plants,  compased  of 
filaments    without    chlorophyll    and    of    cells    containing 
chlorophyll. 
Aquatic  plants,  or  microscopic  terrestrial   or  corticicolous 

organisms  with  chlorophyll. 
Terrestrial  or  corticicolous  plants,  or  microscopic  aquatics, 
wholly  without  chlorophyll. 
Vegetative  stage  mycelial. 
Vegetative  stage  plasmoidal. 

CLASS    1.      LICHENES. 


Class  1.    LlCHENES. 

Class  2.  Algae. 


Class  3.  FuxGi. 

Class  4.  Myxomycetes. 


Contributed  by  Lincoln  W.  Eiddle. 


Fruit  a  perithecium,  more  or  less  flask-shaped,  opening  by  a 

pore  at  maturity. 
Fruit  an  apothecium,  open  at  maturity. 

Apothecia  diSk-shaped,  circular  ;  asci  deliquescing  before 

the  spores  mature. 
Asci  persisting  until  after  the  discharge  of  the  spores. 
Apothecia    typically    linear,    elliptical,    or    angular ; 

rarely  circular,  and  then  without  an  exciple. 
Apothecia  circular,  disk-shaped  or  cup-shaped. 


Order  1.  Pyeexdlales. 


Order  2.  Caliciales. 


Order  3.  Geaphidales. 
Order  4.  Lecideales. 


Order  1.     PYRENULALES. 


Perithecia  with  an  apical  ostiole. 
Thallus  crustose, 

Perithecia  solitary. 

Gonidia  :  Pleurococcus. 
Gonidia  :   TrentepoJilia. 
Perithecia  imbedded  in  a  stroma. 
Thallus  squamulose  or  foliose. 
Perithecia  with  a  lateral  ostiole. 
Perithecia  solitary. 
Perithecia  imbedded  in  a  stroma. 


Fam.  1. 
Fam.  2. 
Fam.  3. 
Fam.  4. 

Fam.  5. 
Fam.  6. 


Family  1.     VERRUCARIACEAE. 


1.    VERRUCARIA  Pers. 


Veeedcariaceae. 
Pyrenulaceae. 
Trypetheliaceae. 
Dermatocarpaceae. 

Paratheliaceae. 
Astrotheliaceae. 


Perithecia  falling  out  and  leaving  pits  in  the  rock. 

Perithecia  pruinose ;  ostiole  papillate. 

Perithecia  nudate  above ;   ostiole  plane. 
Perithecia  not  leaving  pits  in  the  rock. 

Thallus  nale,  tinged  with  green  or  brown,  perithecia  super- 
ficial. 

Thallus  dark  olive-brown,  perithecia  immersed. 


mamillaris. 
rupestris. 


muralis. 
nigrescens. 


1.  Verrucaria  mamillaris  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epilithieiis  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus  aut  subdeterniinatus  haud 
linea  nigra  limitatus,  cretaceo-albus  vel  sordide  albidus,  crassiusculus,  con- 
tinuus  laevigatus  inaequalis.  Gonidia  pleurococcoidea.  Perithecia  nigra  hemi- 
sphaerica  aut  deplanata  aut  partim  subeonicaj  apica  mamilliformia  aut  rarius 
obtusa,  basi  deficientia,  ad  0.8  mm.  lata,  dispersa  solitaria,  primum  tota  im- 
mersa  dein  i/4~%  emergentia  tenuiter  thallino-pruinata,  demum  elabentia 
foveolamque  relinquentia.  Gonidia  hymenialia  nulla.  Paraphyses  simplices 
deliquescentes.  Asci  clavati  8-spori.  Sporae  in  ascis  biseriales  incolores  ellip- 
soideae  simplices  membrana  laevigata,  16-21  X  9-10  fi. 

On  limestone,  vicinity  of  Cockburn  Town,  Watling's  Island  (Britton  and  Mills- 
paugh,  March  13,  1917,  61S0,  type)  ;  without  station,  New  Providence  {Brace,  9502, 
9508). 

This  species,  belonging  to  the  section  Euverrucaria,  differs  from  Verrucaria 
rupestris  in  the  thicker  thallus  and  the  larger,  mamillate,  pruinose  perithecia. 

2.  Verrucaria  rupestris  Schrad.  Spicil.  PI.  Germ.  109.    1794. 

On  limestone.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island : — cos- 
mopolitan. 


PYRENULACEAE. 


523 


3.  Vermcaria  muralis  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  115.     1803. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

4.  Verrucaria  nigrescens  Pers.  in  Usteri,  Ann.  Bot.  14:  36.     1795. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence  : — North  America  and  Europe. 


Family  2.     PYRENULACEAE. 

Spores  plurilocular   (two  to  many-celled). 
Spores  colorless. 

Spores  with  cylindrical  cells. 

Paraphyses  simple  and  persistent. 
Paraphyses  branched  or  deliquescent. 
Spores  with  lens-shaped  or  rounded  cells. 
Spores  brown. 

Paraphyses  simple  and  persistent. 
Paraphyses  branched  or  deliquescent. 
Spores  muriform-multilocular. 
Spores  colorless. 

Paraphyses  simple  and  persistent. 
Paraphyses  branched  or  deliquescent. 
Spores  brown. 

1.   PORINAAch. 

Perithecial  wall  entirely  black. 

Thallus  chalky-white ;  perithecia  0.6-0.8  mm.  in  diameter. 
Thallus  greenish   or  purplish  ;   perithecia  1.0-1.5  mm.  in  di- 
ameter. 
Perithecial  wall  black  at  the  tip  only,  or  not  at  all. 
Thallus  subfoliose,  on  rocks. 

Thallus  with  loosely  adherent,  convex  lobes. 
Thallus  closely  adnate,  flat  and  merely  crenate. 
Thallus  crustose,  on  bark. 
Ostiole  brown  or  reddish. 
Ostiole  blackening. 
Spores  7— 15w  wide. 
Spores  4-6  «,  wide. 

Thallus  marked  with  frequent  black  lines. 
Thallus  without  such  lines. 


1.  Porina. 

2.  Arthopijrenia. 

3.  Pseudopyrcnula. 

4.  Pyrentila. 

5.  Microthelia. 


6.  ClatJiroporina. 

7.  Polyhla-stiopsis. 

8.  Anthracotheciuni. 


1.  P.  Wilsonii. 

2.  P.  macrocarpa. 

3.  P.firmula. 

4.  P.  suhfirmula. 

5.  P.  nucula, 

6.  P.  mastoidea. 

7.  P.  variegata. 

8.  P.  Tetracerae. 


1.  Porina  Wilsonii  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epilithicns  crustaceus  uniformis  effusiis  hand  limitatns,  cretaceo- 
albus  opacus  tartareus,  crassiusculus  continuiis  laevigatus,  spermagoniis  eopiose 
nigropunctatus.  Gonidia  chroolepoidea.  Perithecia  globosa  Integra  nigra, 
0.6-0.8  mm.  lata^  primum  tota  immersa  maciilis  nigrescentibus  indicata  dein 
semiemergentia,  alte  convexa,  strato  tenue  thallode  fere  ad  instar  pruinae 
velata,  demum  apicibus  denudatis,  ostiolis  minutis  umbonatis,  nunquam  elabentia. 
Paraphyses  persistentes  tenues  simplices.  Asei  cylindrices  8-spori.  Sporae  in 
ascis  uniseriales,  incolores  fusiformes  4-lociilares  loeulis  eylindrieis,  13-15  X  4-5 /ti. 
Spermagonia  minuta  nigra  apicibus  emergentibus  denudatis.  Spermatia  recta 
bacillaria,  3-^5  X  l/^. 

On  limestone.  Caleta  Cocodrilos,  Isle  of  Pines,  Cuba  (Britton,  Wilson,  and  Le6n, 
March  8,  1916,  15288,  type). 

Bahamas :  on  limestone,  New  Providence  {Brace,  963^)  :  Governor's  Harbor, 
Eleuthera  (Britton  and  Millspaugh,  5535).  A  lichen  occurring  near  the  Columbus 
Monument,  Watling's  Island,  and  showing  spermagonia  only,  agrees  with  this  species, 
but  the  determination  can  not  be  considered  certain. 

This  species,  which  I  take  pleasure  in  naming  in  honor  of  Mr.  Percy  Wilson, 
may  be  distinguished  from  other  species  of  the  section  Sagedia,  to  which  it  belongs, 
by  the  chalky-white,  tartareous  thallus,  and  the  delicately  pruinose  perithecia.  It 
bears  a  strong  external  resemblance  to  Verrucarki  mamillaris,  but  can,  of  course, 
be  at  once  distinguished  by  the  spores. 

2.  Porina  macrocarpa  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epilithicus  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus  linea  nigra  limitatus, 
glaucus  virescens  aut  purpurascens  opacus,  crassitudine  mediocris  aut  tenuis, 


524  PYEENULACEAE. 

continuus  laevigatus,  olim  spermagoniis  nigropunctatus.  Gonidia  chroolepoidea. 
Peritheeia  1.0-1.5  mm.  lata,  solitaria  aut  conflueutia  dimidiata,  primum  im- 
mersa  leviter  convexa  dein  emergentia  elevata  conico-hemisphaerica,  basi  innata, 
nigra  &at  tenue  thallino  suffusa  aut  denudata,  apice  obtuso  aut  crasso  papil- 
late, demum  elabentia  foveolamque  relinquentia,  amphithecio  carbonaceo  basi 
deficienti.  Paraphyses  persistentes  tenues  simplices.  Asci  cylindrices  8-spori. 
Sporae  in  ascis  uuiseriales,  incolores  ellipsoideae,  4-loculares  loeulis  subcylin- 
dricis  angulis  sat  rotundatis,  13-16  X  5-7 /i.  Spermagonia  mediocria  nigra 
apice  emergente  denudato.     Spermatia  filiformia  arcuata,  18-22  X  Im- 

On  limestone,  Key  View  Hill,  Vivijagua,  Isle  of  Pines,  Cuba  {Britton,  Britton 
and  ^Yilson,  February  28-29,  1916,  lo090,  type). 

Bahamas  :  on  limestone,  Cockburn  Town,  Watling's  Island  {Britton  and  Mills- 
pa  ugh,  6131). 

Known  also  from  two  other  stations  in  the  Isle  of  Pines  and  from  one  station 
in  Porto  Eico. 

The  affinities  of  this  sr)ecies  seem  on  the  whole  to  be  with  the  genus  Porina, 
section  Sagedia,  although  it  has  peculiarities  which  make  its  systematic  position 
somewhat  uncertain.  While  the  peritheeia  are  for  the  most  part  solitary,  they 
occur  occasionally  completely  confluent,  except  for  the  papillate  tips.  Even  in  these 
cases,  however,  there  is  never  any  indication  of  a  stroma.  The  cells  of  the  quadri- 
locular  spores  are  somewhat  more  rounded  than  is  typical  for  Porina.  There  is  no 
other  species  with  which  this  is  liable  to  be  confused. 

3.  Porina  firmula  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  401.     1885. 

On  limestone,  Andros,  at  Mastic  Point,  and  Watling's  Island,  near  Cockburn 
Town  : — Cuba  ;  Isle  of  Pines. 

4.  Porina  subfimiiUa  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epilithicus  determinatus  subfoliosus  eflSguratus,  irregulariter  ro- 
tundatus,  margine  integro  aut  crenato  haud  lobato,  planus,  arete  adnatus,  cras- 
sus  (crassitudine  0.15-0.2  mm.),  atro-olivaceus,  continuus  laevigatus  vel  sat 
inaequalis  nitidulus;  superne  corticatus  cortice  tenue  (crassitudine  Vl-li/x) 
pseudo-parenchymatica,  inferne  ecorticatus.  Gonidia  chroolepoidea.  Peritheeia 
subglobosa  cire.  0.3  mm.  lata,  tota  immersa  aut  apicibus  leviter  emergentibus 
et  sat  denudatis,  amphithecio  superne  nigro  inferne  decolore.  Paraphyses  per- 
sistentes simplices.  Asci  8-spori.  Sporae  incolores  fusiformes,  haud  bene 
evolutae,  6-8-loculares,  loeulis  cylindricis,  eirc.  25  X  4/*. 

On  limestone.  Sierra  de  las  Casas,  Isle  of  Pines,  Cuba  (Britton  and  Wilsoti, 
March  22,  1916.  lo7J,l,  type). 

Bahamas:  on  limestone.  New  Providence   {Brace,  9.'i87). 

This  species  belongs  to  the  section  Segestria,  and  is  evidently  related  to  but 
quite  distinct  from  the  preceding  species.  Both  species  are  decidedly  Endocarpon- 
like  in  appearance. 

5.  Porina  nucula  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  112.     1814. 

On  bark  of  Exothea,  New  Providence,  at  Clifton  : — widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

6.  Porina  mastoidea  (Ach.)  Mass.  Ric.  Lich.  Crost.  191.     1852. 

Pyrenida  mastoidea  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  122.     1814. 
Porina  africana  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  43:   41.     1880. 

On  bai'k.  Great  Bahama  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemi- 
spheres. 

The  material  represents  a  form  with  verrucose  thallus  and  verrucae,  and  the 
latter  are  somewhat  constricted ;  but  the  species  is  so  variable  that  it  is  scarcely 
worth  while  to  give  this  form  a  name. 

7.  Porina  Tetracerae  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  401.     1885. 

Verrucaria  Tetracerae  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  121.     1803. 

On  bark.  New  Providence,  at  Maidenhead  Coppice  : — widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

8.  Porina  variegata  Fee,  Suppl.  Essai  Crypt.  75.     1837. 

On  bark,  Abaco,  at  Old  Kerr's  Point : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico. 


PYRENULACEAE.  525 

2.    ARTHOPYRENIA  Mass. 

Spores  two-celled. 

Asci  cylindrical,  spores  uniseriate. 

Spores  15-30  X  7— 13/i.  1.  A.  gemmota. 

Spores  12-15  X  5-7  yu,.  2.  A.  hifortnis. 

Asci  clavate,  spores  2-  to  3-seriate. 
Perithecia  spreading  at  the  base. 

Perithecia   peltate,    flattened,    and    thalline-suffused.        3.  A.  planorhis. 
At  least  the  center  of  the  perithecium  elevated  and 
nudate. 
Spore-cells  equal  in  size.  4.  A.  Cinchonae. 

Spore-cells  unequal.  5.  A.  fallax. 

Perithecia  not  spreading  at  the  base.  6.  A.  consanguinea. 

Spores  four-celled. 

Perithecia  more  or  less  covered  by  the  thallus. 

Thallus  thin,  the  perithecia  merely  suffused.  3.  A.  planorhis. 

Thallus  thick,    the    perithecia    imbedded   with   the   tips 

emergent.  7.  A.  ttimida. 

Perithecia  superficial  and  nudate.  8.  A.  contendens. 

1.  Arthopyrenia   gemmata    (Ach.)    Muell.   Arg.  Mem.   Soc.  Phys.   Hist.   Nat. 

Geneve  16:  428.     1862. 

Lichen  gemmatus  Ach.  Lich.  Suee.  Prodr.  17.     1798. 

On   bark,    New    Providence : — widely   distributed   in   temperate    regions    of   both 
hemispheres. 

2.  Arthopyrenia  biformis  (Borr.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  66:  306.     1883. 

Verrucaria  hiformis  Borr.  in  Engl.  Bot.  Suppl.  pi.  2617.     1829. 

On  bark,  New  Providence,  on  the  Farringdon  Road  : — widely  distributed  in  the 
temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

3.  Arthopyrenia  planorbis   (Ach.)   Muell.  Arg.  Flora  66:   288.     1883. 

Verrucaria  planorhis  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  92.     1814. 

Artliopyrenia  indusiata  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  66:  288.     1883. 

Arthopyrenia  faUacior  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  404.     1885. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama,  and  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Anegada  ;  Costa  Rica. 

4.  Arthopyrenia  Cinchonae  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  66:  287.     1883. 

Ternicaria  Cinchonae  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  90.     1814. 
Didymella  Cinchonae  Wainio,'  Lich.  Bres.  2:   233.     1890. 
Arthopyrenia  planior  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  404.     1885. 

On  bark.   Great  Bahama.   New  Providence.   Little   San   Salvador,   Great   Exuma, 
Watling's  Island  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

5.  Arthopyrenia  fallax  (Nyl.)  Arnold,  Flora  68:  159.     1885. 

Verrucaria  epidermidis  var.  fallax  Nyl.  Bot.  Notis.  (1852)  178. 

On  bark.   Great  Bahama,  at  Barnett's  Point,   and  New  Providence,  near   Seven 
Hills  : — widely  distributed  in  the  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

6.  Arthopyrenia  consanguinea  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  404.     1885. 

On  bark,   Eleuthera   Point :— Florida  :   Cuba. 

Very  closely  related  to  forms  of  Arthopyrenia  epidermidis    (Fr.)    Mudd. 

7.  Arthopyrenia  tumida  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  67:  669.     1884. 

On  bark.  New  Providence,  at  Waterloo  Coppice  : — Isle  of  Pines,  Cuba  ;  and  Brazil. 

8.  Arthopyrenia  contendens  (Nyl.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  66:  317.    1883. 

Verrucaria  contendens  Nyl.  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  492.     1863. 

On  bark  of  Jacquinia  keyensis,  The  Bight,  Cat  Island  : — Colombia  :  Brazil. 


526  PYEENULACEAE. 

3.    PSEUDOPYRENULA  Muell.  Arg. 
1.  Pseudopyrenula  diremta  (Nyl.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  66:  249.     1883. 
Verrucaria  diremta  Nyl.  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  492.     1863. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Venezuela  ;  Colombia  ;  Brazil. 

4.   PYRENUIiA  Ach. 

Perithecia  dimidiate. 

Perithecia  spreading:  at  tbe  base  and  entirely  nudate.  1.  P.  mamillana. 

Perithecia  not  spreading,  immersed  when  young,  then  emergent.      2.  P.  leucoplaca. 
Perithecia  subglobose. 

Thallus  orange-brown.  3.  P.  cerina. 

Thallus  more  or  less  olivaceous. 

Perithecia  immersed  in  the  thallus.  4.  P.  punctella. 

Perithecia  emergent  to  superficial.  5.  P.  Glaziovii. 

1.  Pjrrenula  mamillana   (Ach.)   Trev.  Conspect.  Verr.  13.     1860. 

Verrucaria  mamillana  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  120.     1803. 
Verrucaria  Santensis  Tuck,  apud  Nyl.  Expos.  Pyren.  45.     1858. 
Verrucaria  Kunthii  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  88,  pi.  34,  f.  4.     1824. 
Pyrenula  Kunthii  Fee,  Suppl.  Essai  Crypt.  80.     1837. 
Pyrenula  deplanata  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  411.     1885. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical 
and  subtropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Pyrenula  mamillana  is  an  exceedingly  variable  species.  P.  Kunthii  is  the  form 
with  the  larger  perithecia  and  spores,  that  is  the  more  luxuriant  form  ;  w^hile  P. 
deplanata  is  the  less  luxuriant  form  with  the  smaller  perithecia  and  spores.  But 
intergradations  of  all  sizes  are  to  be  found  commonly. 

2.  Pyrenula  leucoplaca  (Wallr.)  Koerb.  Syst.  Lich.  Germ.  361.     1855. 

Verrucaria  leucoplaca  Wallr.  in  Bluff  and  Fing.  Fl.  Germ.  3:   299.     1831. 

On  bark  of  Casasia  clusiaefolia.  Little  San  Salvador  : — widely  distributed  in  the 
temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

3.  Pyrenula  cerina  (Eschw.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  67:  667.    1884. 

Verrucaria  cerina  Eschw.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1:  133,    1833. 
Pyrenula  aurantiaca  Fee,  Suppl.  Essai  Crypt.  82,  pi.  37,  f.  1.     1837. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  and  Crooked  Island  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America. 

4.  Pyrenula  punctella  (Nyl.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  400.     1882. 

Verrucaria  punctella  Nyl.  Expos.  Pyren.  46.     1858. 

On  bark  of  Drypetes,  Cay  north  of  wide  opening,  Exuma  Chain  : — South  Caro- 
lina ;  Colombia ;  Java.  Probably  generally  distributed  but  confused  with  the  well- 
known  Pyrenula  nitida  (Weig.)  Ach.,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  more  completely 
immersed  perithecia  and  the  larger  spores. 

5.  Pyrenula  Glaziovii  Muell.  Arg.  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Hist.  Nat.  Geneve  30^:  32. 

1888. 
On  bark.  New  Providence,  along  Soldier's  Road  : — Brazil. 

5.  MICROTHELIA  Koerb. 

1.  Microthelia  CLuadriloculata  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epiphloeodes  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus,  albidus  opacus,  tenuis 
rimulosus.  Gonidia  chroolepoidea.  Perithecia  Integra  globosa,  minuta  ad  0.4 
mm.  lata,  superfieialia  basi  thallino-tecta,  superne  nuda  nitida,  apice  convexo 
aut  minute  umbilicato.  Paraphyses  persistentes  distinctes  ramoso-connexae. 
Asci  oblongi  8-spori.  Sporae  in  ascis  2-3-seriales  fuscae  oblongae  aut  fusi- 
formes,  4-loculares  loculis  cylindricis,  18-20  X  6-7/*. 


PYEENULACEAE.  527 

On  bark  of  Jacquinia  keyensis,  vicinity  of  The  Bight,  Cat  Island  (Britton  and 
Millspwufjh,  March  1-6,  1907,  58.',0,  type). 

The  white  epiphloeodal  thallus  and  the  shining  glohose  perithecia  will  serve  to 
distinguish  this  from  the  few  species  of  Microthelia  having  four-celled  spores,  such 
as  M.  thelena  var.  suhtriseptata  Wainio. 

6.   CLATHROPORINA  Muell.  Arg. 

1.  Clathroporina  nuculastnim  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  67:  618.     1884, 

On  twigs.  New  Providence,  at  Maidenhead  Coppice  : — Florida  ;  Madagascar. 

7.    POLYBLASTldPSIS  Zahlbr. 

1.  Polyblastiopsis  lactea    (Mass.)    Zahlbr.  in  Eiigler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflan- 
zenfam.  T*:  65.     1903. 

Blastodesmia  lactea  Mass.  apud  Koerb.  Parerg.  Lich.  336.    1865. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  and  The  Bight,  Cat  Island  : — North  America  ;  Europe. 

8.    ANTHRACOTHECIUM  Mass. 

Thallus  from  orange  to  yellow,  1.  A.  ochraceo-ffavum. 

Thallus  from  white  to  olivaceous. 

Spores  with  two  to  four  series  of  cells. 

Spores  with  two  series  of  cells.  2.  A.  subglohosum. 

Spores  with  four  series  of  cells.  3.  A.  corticatum. 

Spores  with  six  to  eight  series  of  cells. 

Perithecia  immersed  except  when  old.  4.  A.  libricolum. 

Perithecium  soon  emergent  and  superficial.  5.  A.  americanum. 

1.  Anthracothecium  ochraceo-flavum  (Nyl.)  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  43:  44.     1880. 

V errucaria  ochraceo-flavum  Nyl.  Expos.  Pyren.  50.     1858. 
Verrucaria  ocTiraceo-flavens  Nyl.  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  491.     1863. 

On  bark  of  various  species,  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Cave  Cay,  Exuma 
Chain,  Cat  Island  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

2.  Anthracothecium  subglobosum  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epiphloeodes  erustaoeus  uniformis  effusus  baud  limitatus,  sordide 
aut  vireseenti-albidus,  in  crassitudine  mediocris  vel  tenuis,  rimosus  rugulosus. 
Gonidia  chroolepoidea.  Perithecia  dispersa  solitaria,  primum  immersa,  verrucis 
thallinis  convexis,  apice  plus  minusve  nudato  minute  umbilicato,  dein  circa  % 
ad  Ys  emergentia,  globosa,  0.7-1.0  mm.  diam.,  nigra  Integra.  Paraphyses  sim- 
plices  crassiusculae.  Asci  cylindrices  8-spori.  Sporae  in  ascis  uniseriales, 
fumosae  aut  fuseo-atrae,  globosae  circa  12 /*  diam.^  aut  subglobosae  circa 
12  X  10  M,  primum  biloculares  mox  loculis  altero  ambobusve  divisis  rotundatis. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  (Brace,  February  11,  1919,  1006^,  type). 

The  specific  name  refers  not  to  the  perithecia  but  to  the  peculiar  spores.  The 
species  is  related  to  A.  sinapispermum  (Fee)  Muell.  Arg.,  but  the  latter  species  has 
minute  perithecia,  0.15-0.2  mm.  in  diameter,  and  oblong  spores,  7-8  x  4-5  w 

3.  Anthracothecium  corticatum  Muell.  Arg.  Bull.  Soc.  Roy.  Bot.  Belg.  30^: 

96.     1891. 
On  bark.  New  Providence,  at  Waterloo  Coppice  : — Costa  Rica,  Venezuela. 

4.  Anthracothecium  libricolum  (Fee)  Muell.  Arg.  Linnaea  43:  43.     1880. 

Pyrenula  lihricola  Fee,  Suppl.  Essai  Crypt.  82,  pi.  41,  f.  31.     1837. 

On  bark  of  various  species.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma,  Long 
Island  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

This  species  is  a  common  and  variable  one.  All  stages  may  be  found  from  that 
in  which  the  perithecia  are  completely  buried  in  the  thallus  and  scarcely  discernible 
externally,  to  that  in  which  the  perithecia  become  half  emergent,  when  they  are  con- 
spicuous and  appear  relatively  large.  Superficially  the  two  extremes  look  very 
different. 


528  TRYPETHELIACEAE. 

5.  Anthracothecium  americanum  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  68:  339.    1885. 
Verrucaria  analepta  var.  americana  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  275.     1810. 

On  dead  wood,  Abaco,  at  Old  Kerr's  Point,  and  on  bark  of  Drypetes  diversifolia. 
Thatch  Cay,  Long  Island  : — Jamaica. 

Family  3.     TRYPETHELIACEAE. 

Spores  plurilocuiar  (two  to  many-celled). 
Spores  colorless. 

Spores  with  cylindrical  cells.  1.   Tomasellia. 

Spores  with  lens-shaped  cells.  2.   TrypetheJium. 

Spores  brown.  3,  Melanotheca. 

Spores  muriform-multilocular,  brown.  4.  Bottaria. 


1.    TOMASELLIA  Mass. 

Thallus  epiphloeodal,  relatively  well-developed.  '  1,  T.  exumana. 

Thallus  hypophloeodal. 

Spores  over  30xl2xt.  2.   T.  macrospora. 

Spores  under  2.5xl0xi. 

Stroma    with    many    ostioles    indicated    externally    by 

whitened  spots.  3.  T.  leucostoma. 

Stroma   with  few   ostioles,   concolorous   with   the  black 

stroma.  4.  T.  cuhana. 

1.  Tomasellia  exumana  Eiddle,  sp.  no  v. 

Thallus  epiphloeodes  crustaeeus  iiniformis  effusus  glaucus,  crassiuseulus, 
undulatus  laevigatus  subnitidiis  rimulosus,  linea  nigra  limitatus.  Gonidia 
chroolepoidea.  Stromata  0.6-1.0  mm.  lata,  nigra  niida  convexa  vel  hemispherica 
hand  gibbosa,  ambitu  obtuse  angulosa  aut  irregularia  pauciostiolata,  ostiolis 
superficie  aequalibus  aut  gibbosula  inconspicuis.  Perithecia  crassa  integra 
globosa.  Paraphyses  persistentes  ramoso-connexae.  Sporae  in  aseis  biseriales, 
incolores  ovoideae  biloculares,  loculo  superiore  multo  majore,  14-16  X  6-7  |U. 

On  bark  near  Georgetown,  Great  Exuma  (Britton  and  Millspaugh,  February  22- 
28,  1905,  3135,  type). 

The  well-developed  thallus  and  the  strongly  convex  stromata  are  the  best  char- 
acters for  distinguishing  this  species. 

2.  Tomasellia  macrospora  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  hypophloeodes  quasi  halonem  albidum  formans  aut  evanescens  et 
cum  cortiee  maculam  testaceam  constituens.  Stromata  1.0-1.3  mm.  lata,  soli- 
taria  aut  partim  eonfluentia,  deplanata  vel  leviter  convexa  peltata  ambitu  ro- 
tundata,  nigra  thallino-pruinata  aut  denudata,  ostiolis  eonnatis  papillata.  Peri- 
thecia integra  globosa.  Paraphyses  persistentes  ramoso-connexae.  Sporae 
incolores   oblongae,  4-loculares,  loculis  eylindricis  aequalibus,  30-38  X  12-14 /tt. 

On  bark  of  Zanthoxylum  ftavum,  Great  Exuma  {Britton  and  MiUspauqh,  Feb- 
ruary 22-28,  1905,  3002,  type). 

Externally  similar  to  Tomasellia  ciihana,  but  differing  in  the  decidedly  larger 
spores,  these  measuring  in  the  latter  species  only  15-25  x  5-9  ^a. 

3.  Tomasellia  leucostoma  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  68:  257.     1885. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Eleuthera,  Exuma,  Long  Island : — 
tropical  America. 

The  material  listed  under  this  and  the  following  species  shows  considerable 
variation  and  some  of  the  specimens  may  be  specifically  distinct,  but  it  has  seemed 
best  to  adopt  a  conservative  treatment. 

4.  Tomasellia  cubana  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  397.     1885. 

On  bark,  New  Providence,  Little  San  Salvador,  Exuma,  Cat  Island,  Conception 
Island  : — Cuba. 


TRYPETHELIACEAE.  529 

2.    TRYPETHELIUM  Spreng. 

Spores  four-celled. 

Spores  over  35  u  in  length.  1.   T.  ochrothelium. 

Spores  under  30  ^  in  length. 
Stroma  dark  brown  to  black. 

Stroma   little  developed,  the  individual   peri- 

thecia  evident.  2.  T.  tropicum. 

Stroma  well-developed,  merely  the  tips  of  the 

perithecia  showing.  3.   T.  mastoideum. 

Stroma  som/e  other  color. 
Thallus  rusty-orange. 

Stroma   flat   and  covered   by   the   thallus.      4.  T.  aeneum. 
Stroma  elevated,  conical.  5.  T.  ferrugineum. 

Thallus  some  other  color. 

Stroma   irregularly  linear-elongated,  peri- 
thecia often  showing  a  serial   arrange- 
ment. 6.  T.  catcrvarium. 
Stroma  rounded,  oval,  or  oblong. 

Stroma  elevated,  the  black  tips  of  the 

perithecia  conspicuous.  7.   T.  ochroleucum. 

Stroma  depressed,  the  tips  of  the  peri- 
thecia inconspicuous,  8.  T.  pallescens. 
Spores  six  to  many-celled.                                                              9.   T.  eZitferiae  and  varieties. 
Stroma  yellow  within. 

Thallus  smooth,  stroma  neither  yellow  nor  pow- 
dery externally. 
Stroma  varying  in  color  from  ashy  to  fulvous 

or  chestnut-brown,  strongly  convex.  9a.  forma  typica. 

Stroma  dark-brown  or  blackening,  flattened.      9b.  var.  truncatum. 
Thallus   smooth    or    powdery,    stroma    yellow    or 
pow^dery  or  both. 
Thallus    smooth,    stroma    lemon-yellow    and 

powdery.  9c.    var.  citrinum. 

Both  thallus  and  stroma  covered  with  a  sul- 
phury or  aeruginous  powder.  9rf.  var.  siihsnJpJmreum. 
Stroma  becoming  brown  or  black  within.  9c.  var.  nigricans. 

1.  Trypethelium  ochrothelium  Nyl.  Act.  See.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  494.    1863. 

On  bark,  The  Bight,  Cat  Island  : — Isle  of  Pines,  Cuba  ;  Colombia. 

2.  Trypethelium  tropicum  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jalirb.  6:  393.     1885. 

Verrucaria  tropica  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  278.     1810. 
Pyrenula  tropica  Tuck.  Genera  Lich.     273.     1872. 

On  bark  of  various  species,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Long  Island  : — 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

3.  Trypethelium  mastoideum  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  307.    1810. 

BatJielium  mastoideum  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  111.     1803. 

Trypethelium  scoria  Nyl.  Expos.  Pyren.  74  .    1858.     Not  Fee  Essai  Crypt. 
69.     1824. 

On   bark,   New   Providence  and   Eleuthera  : — widely   distributed   in   tropical   and 
subtropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

4.  Trypethelium  aeneum  (Eschw.)  Zahlbr.  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflan- 

zenfam.  T*  :  70.     1903. 

Verrucaria  aenea  Eschw^  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1:  133.     1833. 
Trypethelium Kunzei  Fee,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I:  23:  446,  pi.  15,  /.  3.     1831. 
Trypethelium  heterochroum  Tuck.  Genera  Lich.  260.     1872. 

On  bark,  Andros,  near  Nicholl's  Town  ;  Crooked  Island,  at  Landrail  Point ;  Ack- 
lin's  Island,  at  Boathouse  Cove  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Costa  Rica  ;  Brazil. 

5.  Trypethelium  ferrugineum  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  392.     1885. 

On  bark,  Andros,  at  Deep  Creek  : — Cuba. 


530  TRYPETHELIACEAE. 

6.  Trypethelium  catervarium  (Fee)  Tuck.  Genera  Licli.  260.     1872. 

Verrucaria  catervaria  Tee,  Essai  Crypt.  90,  pi.  22,  f.  1.    1824. 

On  bark,  New  Providence,  at  Waterloo  Coppice  : — Alabama  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ; 
Costa  Rica  ;  Colombia  ;  Australia. 

7.  Trypethelium  ochroleucum   (Eschw.)   Nyl.  Flora  52:   126.     1869. 

Verrucaria  ochroleucu  Escliw.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1:  135.     1833. 

On  bark,  Andros,  near  Deep  Creek : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  America, 
and  recorded  also  from  tropical  Asia. 

8.  Trypethelium  pallescens  Fee,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I:  23:  440.     1831. 

Trypethelium  ochroleucum  var.  pallescens  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:   392. 

1885. 
On  bark,  Eleuthera  and  Great  Exuma  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

9.  Trypethelium  eluteriae  Spreng.  Anleit.  zur  Kennt.  Gewachse  1:  351.     1804. 

Trypethelium  Sprengelii  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  306.     1810. 

9a.  forma  typica. 

On  bark  of  various  species,  Great  Bahama.  New  Providence,  Eleuthera  (type- 
locality!).  Great  Exuma,  Cat  Island,  Long  Island: — widely  distributed  in  tropical 
regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

9b.  Trypethelium  eluteriae  var.  truncatum  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:   393. 
1885. 
Watling's  Island  : — Cuba. 

9c.  Trj^ethelium  eluteriae  var.  citrinum  (Eschw.)  Muell.  Arg.  1.  c.     1885. 
Astrothelium  varium  var.  citrinum  Eschw.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1 :  162.    1833. 
New  Providence,  at  Waterloo  Coppice  : — Cuba  ;  Brazil ;  Australia. 

9d.  Trypethelium  eluteriae  var.  sub  sulphur  eum  (Wainio)  Eicldle. 

Pseudopyrenula  eluteriae  subsp.  suhsulphurea  Wainio,  Lich.  Bres.  2:   205. 

1890. 
New  Providence,  at  Lake  Cunningham  : — Cuba  ;  Brazil. 

9e.  Trypethelium  eluteriae  var.  nigricans  (Fee)  Muell.  Arg.  Mem.  Soc.  Phys. 
Hist.  Nat.  Geneve  30^:  21.     1888. 
Trypethelium  Sprengelii  Fee,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  I:  23:  430.     1831. 
New  Providence  and  Cat  Island  : — tropical  America. 

3.   MELANOTHECA  Fee. 

1.  Melanotheca  cruenta  (Mont.)  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  397.     1885. 
Trypethelium  cruentum  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II:  8:  357.     1837. 

On  bark,  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical 
regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

4.   BOTTARIA  Mass. 

1.  Bottaria  cruentata  Muell.  Arg.  Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  395.     1885. 

Trypethelium  cruentatum  Nyl.  Flora  59:  365.     Hyponym.     1876. 

On  bark,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Andros,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Crooked 
Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba. 

Externally  identical  with  the  preceding  species,  but  differing  in  the  muriform 
spores,  the  cells  of  which  in  the  specimens  examined  are  subspherical,  not  cubical  as 
given  in  the  key  in  Engler  and  Prantl :  Die  Naturlichen  Pflanzenfamilien  I^*  :  69. 


DERMATOCAEPACEAE.  531 

Family  4.     DERMATOCARPACEAE. 

Spores  one-celled.  1.  Dermatocarpon. 

Spores  muriform-multilocular.  2.  Endocarpon. 

1.   DERMATOCARPON  Eschw. 

Thallus  mostly  over  10  mm.  in  diameter,  attached  by  a  single 

central  point.  1.  D.  Moulinsii. 

Tliallus  mostly  under  5  mm.  in  diameter,  attached  by  greater 
part  of  under  surface. 
Thallus  reddish,  margins  free.  2.  D.  lachneum. 

Thallus  brown,  margins  adnate.  3.  D.  hepaticum. 

1.  Dermatocarpon  Moulinsii  (Mont.)  Zahlbr.  in  Engler  &  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflan- 

zenfam.  T*  :  60.     1903. 

Endocarpon  Moulinsii  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II:  20:  358.     1843. 

On  rocks,  New  Providence  and  Cat  Island,  at  Orange  Creek  : — France ;  Texas ; 
India. 

2.  Dermatocarpon  lachneum  (Ach.)  A.  L.  Sm.  British  Lich.  2:  270.     1911. 

Lichen  lachneus  Ach.  Lich.  Suec.  Prodr.  140.     1798. 
Endocarpon  rufescens  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  304.     1810. 

On  sand,  Great  Sturrup  Cay,  Berry  Islands : — widely  distributed  in  North 
America  and  Europe. 

3.  Dermatocarpon  hepaticum  (Ach.)  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  255.     1860. 

Endocarpon  hepaticum  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  298.     1810. 

On  the  ground,  Abaco,  at  Old  Ken's  Point,  and  Acklin's  Island,  at  Spring 
Point : — cosmopolitan. 

2.   ENDOCARPON  Hedw. 

1.  Endocarpon  pallidulum  (Nyl.)  Hue^  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  Paris  III: 
4:  106.     1892. 
Verrucaria  pallidula  Nyl.  Flora  57:  73.     1874. 
On  limestone   (mixed  with  Scytonema) ,  New  Providence: — Cuba;   Peru;  Japan. 

Family  5.    PARATHELIACEAE. 

Spores  brown,  plurilocular.  1.  Parathelium. 

Spores  colorless,  muriform-multilocular.  2.  Campylothelium, 

1.   PARATHELIUM  Nyl. 

Spores  34-40  X  11-16  u-  1-  P.inchitum. 

Spores  18-22  X  8-9 /i.  2.  P.  microcarpum. 

1.  Parathelium  indutum  Nyl.  Bot.  Zeit.  20':  279.     1862. 

On  bark.  Conception  Island,  Berry  Islands,  Stocking  Island,  Great  Exuma,  Cat 
Island,  Long  Island  : — Cuba  ;  St.  Thomas  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Colombia. 

2.  Parathelium  microcarpum  Riddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus  haud  limitatus,  cum  cortice  maculam 
nitidam  ochraceo-fulvam  constituens,  continuus  laevigatus.  Gonidia  chroole- 
poidea.  Perithecia  pyriformia,  minuta  ad  0.5  mm.  longa,  0.3  mm.  lata,  Integra 
nigra  semi-innata  parte  emersa  nudata,  ostiolis  lateralibus  collis  breviusculis. 
Paraphyses  sparse  ramosae.    Asci  8-spori.    Sporae  f uscae  ellipsoideae,  ad  apices 


532  ASTEOTHELIACEAE. 

aciitae,   3-septatae,   ad   septa   modice   constrictae,   loeulis   lentifomiibus    18-''2 
X  8-9  M. 

On  bark  in  coppice,  West  End,  Great  Bahama  (Brace,  April  16-Mav  8  1905 
8615,  type).  ' 

Parathelium  microcarpum  has  smaller  spores  than  any  other  species  of  the  eenus 
with  the  exception  of  P.  decumhens  Muell.  Arg.  (Hedwigia  32:  134.  1893)  which 
differs  from  the  present  species  in  the  whitish  thallus  and  the  larger  perithecia. 

2.    CAMPYLOTHELIUM  Muell.  Arg. 

1.  Campylothelium  decolorans  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epiphloeodes  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus  stramineo-albus  subni- 
tidus,  tenuis  vel  tenuissimus,  continuus  laevigatus  inaequalis.  Gonidia  chroole- 
poidea.  Perithecia  circa  1.0  mm.  lata,  tota  thallino-corticata  parum  promi- 
nentia, quasi  maculam  fuscescentem  formantia,  superne  nigra,  inferne  decol- 
orata,  ostiolis  lateralibus  collis  nullis.  Paraphyses  persistentes  satis  ramosae. 
Asci  2-6-spori.  Sporae  incolores  oblongae  medio  leviter  constrieto  irregulariter 
murali-divisae,  6-8-loeulares,  loculi  3-4-locellati,  loeulis  cubicis  aut  irregu- 
laribus,  37-43  X  16-18  fi. 

On  bark  of  Dri/petes.  Cay  North  of  Wide  Opening,  Exuma  Chain  (Britton  and 
MiUspavgh,  February  18,  1905,  2795,  type). 

This  species  differs  from  other  species  of  the  genus  in  the  pale  color  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  perithecia!  wall. 

Family  6.     ASTEOTHELIACEAE. 

Spores  colorless,  plurilocular.  1.   Lithothelium. 

Spores  brown,  muriform-mnltilocular.  2.  Parmentaria. 

1.   LITHOTHELIUM  Muell.  Arg. 

1.  Lithothelium  bahamense  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epilithicus  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus  linea  nigra  limitatus, 
glaucus  aut  cinereus  opacus,  crassiusculus  erebre  contextus,  continuus  laevi- 
gatus. Gonidia  chroolepoidea.  Stromata  minuta,  0.4-0.6  mm.  lata,  in  foveolis 
saxi  innata,  dein  semi-emergentia;  demum  elabentia  foveolamque  relinquentia, 
tota  nigra  parte  emersa  nudata,  paucicarpiea,  ambitu  oblonga  aut  satis  dif- 
formia,  ostiolis  minutis  irregulariter  umbonatis.  Perithecia  minutissima, 
Integra  nigra.  Paraphyses  persistentes  simplices  filiformes.  Asci  cylindrices, 
8-spori.  Sporae  in  ascis  1-2-seriales,  incolores,  fusiformes,  8-loculares,  loeulis 
eylindricis,  18-22  X  5-6 At. 

On  limestone,  vicinity  of  Cockburn  Town,  Watling's  Island  {Britton  and  Mills- 
paugh,  March  13,  1907,  GUH,  type:  6129). 

LithotheJium  hahamruse  differs  from  the  onlv  other  known  species  of  the  genus, 
L.  cuhanum  Muell.  Arg.  (Bot.  Jahrb.  6:  386.  1885),  in  the  color  of  the  thallus  and 
the  eight-celled  spores. 

2.   PARMENTARIA  Fee. 

1.  Parmentaria  astroidea  Fee,  Es?ai  Crypt.  70,  pi.  20,  f.  1.    1824. 

On  bark.  New  Providence,  at  Clifton  Coppice,  and  Crooked  Island,  at  Vauxhall  : — 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 

Order  2.     CALICIALES. 
Family  1.     CALICIACEAE. 

1.    CALICIUM  Pers. 

1.  Calicium  hyperellum  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  93.    1803. 

Lichen  liyperellus  Ach.  Lich.  Suec.  Prodr.  85.    1798. 

On  palmetto,  The  Bight,  Cat  Island : — widely  distributed  in  North  America 
and  Europe, 


ARTHONIACEAE. 


533 


Order  3.     GRAPHIDALES. 


Apothecia  without  an  exciple. 
Apothecia  with  an  exciple. 
Thallus  without  a  cortex. 
Apothecia  solitary- 

Apothecia  typically  imbedded  in  a  stroma. 
Thallus  with  an  upper  cortex. 


Fam.  1.  Aethom.vceae. 


Fam.  2. 
Fam.  3. 
Fam.  4. 


Family  1.     ARTHONIACEAE. 


Spores  two  to  many-celled. 
Spores  muriform-multilocular. 


1.   ARTHONIA  Ach. 


Spores  four-  to  six-celled. 

Apothecia  some  shade  of  red. 
Apothecia  brown  or  black. 

Apothecia  orbicular  or  difform. 

Apothecia  about  0.3  mm.  in  diameter. 
Spores  with  cells  of  equal  size. 
Spores  with  end-cell  enlarged. 
Apothecia  over  0.6  mm.  in  diameter. 
S^iores  with  cells  of  equal  size. 
Spores  with  one  or  both  end-cells  enlarged. 
Apothecia  linear,  more  or  less  branched. 
Spores  eight-  to  sixteen-celled. 
Spores  22-32x7-11  At. 

Apothecia  fulvous,  0.1  mm.  wide. 
Apothecia  chestnut,  0.3-0.5  mm.  wide. 
Spores  50-75  x  14-23  n. 
Apothecia  orbicular. 
Apothecia  linear  and  branched. 


Graphidaceae. 

ClIIODECTOXACEAE. 
DiRINACEAE. 


1.  Arthonia. 

2.  ArthotheUum. 


1.  A.  gregaria. 


2.  A.  chiodectella. 

3.  A.  cinereopruinosa. 

4.  A.  polymorpha. 

5.  A.  compUmata. 

6.  A.  interducta. 


7.  A.  fissnrinea. 

8.  A.  septiscpta. 

9.  A.  platygraphidea. 
10.  A.  atrata. 


1.  Arthonia  gregaria  (Weig.)  Koerb.  Syst.  Lich.  Germ.  291.     1855. 

Sphaeria  gregaria  Weig.  Obs.  Bot.  43,  pi.  2,  f.  10.     1772. 
Arthonia  cinnaharina  Wallr.  Crypt.  Germ.  1:   320.     1831. 
'   On  bark,  Stocking  Island,  Esuma  Chain  : — cosmopolitan. 

2.  Arthonia  chiodectella  Nyl.  Flora  52:  125.    1869. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Louisiana  ;  Texas. 

3.  Arthonia  cinereopruinosa  Schaer.  Enum.  Lich.  243.     1850. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  :— North  America  ;  Europe. 

4.  Arthonia  polymorpha  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  7.     1814. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Great  Exuma  : — widely  distributed  in 
tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

5.  Arthonia  complanata  Tee,  Essai  Crypt.  54.     1824. 

On  bark,  Great  Bahama,  at  Pinder's  Point : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  and 
subtropical  America  and  in  New  Zealand. 

6.  Arthonia  interducta  Nyl.  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  496.     1863. 

On   bark,    Stocking  Island,   and  Cay  north   of  Wide   Opening,   Exuma   Chain  : — 
Florida  ;  Anegada  Island  ;  Nicaragua  ;  Brazil ;  Hawaiian  Islands. 

7.  Arthonia  fissurinea  Nyl.  Flora  68:  447.     1885. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama,  near  Rolletown  : — Florida. 


8.  Arthonia  septisepta  Nyl.  Flora  69:  104.    Hyponym.     1886.    Nyl.  apud  Willey, 
Synops.  Arth.  11.     1890. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba. 

This  species  is  very  closely  related  to  the  common  Arthonia  conferta  (Fee)  Nyl., 
differing  only  in  having  the  apothecia  spuriously  margined  and  the  spores  eight- 
celled  instead  of  six-celled. 


534 


GRAPHIDACEAE. 


9.  Arthonia  platygraphidea  Nyl.  Act.  Soe.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  483.     1863. 

On  bark,   New   Providence,  on   Soldier's  Koad,  and  Cat  Island,   vicinity   of  The 
Bight : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Mexico  ;  Brazil. 

10.  Arthonia  atrata    (Fee)    Muell.  Arg.  Mem.  Soc.   Phys.  Hist.   Nat.   Geneve 

29«:  59.     1887. 

Graphis  atrata  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  35.     1824. 

Not  Arthonia  atrata  Tuck.  Genera  Licli.  222.     1872. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 

2.   ARTHOTHELIUM  Mass. 
1.  Arthothelium  macrothecum  (Fee)  Mass.  Eic.  Lich.  Crost.  55.     1852. 

Arthonia  macrotheca  Fee,  Suppl.  Essai  Crypt.  42,  pi.  40,  f.  18.     1837. 

On  bark,  Abaco,  at  Marsh  Harbor,  and  New  Providence,  at  Soldiers'  Home  : — 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 


Family  2.     GRAPHIDACEAE. 


Spores  four-  to  many-celled 
Spores  colorless 


Spores  with  cylindrical  cells. 

1. 

Opegrapha. 

Spores  with  lens-shaped  cells. 

2. 

Graphis. 

Spores  brown. 

3. 

Phaeogr  aphis . 

Spores  muriform-multilocular. 

Spores  colorless. 

4. 

Graphina. 

Spores  brown. 

5. 

P7iaeograpMna 

1.    OPEGRAPHA  Humb. 

Growing  on  bark. 

Spores  four-celled. 

1. 

0.  atra. 

Spores  six-celled. 

Spores  2-4  M  wide. 

2, 

0.  vulgata. 

Spores  7-9  u  wide. 

3.' 

0.  varia. 

Growing  on  rocks. 

Spores  four-celled. 

Thallus  white. 

4. 

0.  calcarea. 

Thallus  gray,  greenish  or  brownish. 

5. 

0.  saxicola. 

Spores  six-  to  eight-celled. 

Thallus  some  shade  of  bro\NTi. 

Thallus  thin  and  continuous. 

6. 

0.  isabeVina. 

Thallus  of  medium  thickness,  rimulose 

areolate. 

y 

0.  hahamensis. 

Thallus  slate-gray. 

s! 

0.  coltimhina. 

1.  Opegrapha  atra  Pers.  in  Usteri,  Ann.  Bot.  7:  30.     1794. 

On  bark,  New  Providence,  at  Soldiers'  Home  : — widely  distributed. 

2.  Opegrapha  vulgata  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  20.     1803. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  temperate  regions. 

3.  Opegrapha  varia  Pers.  in  Usteri,  Ann.  Bot.  7:  30.    1794. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

4.  Opegrapha  calcarea  Turn,  in  Smith,  Eng.  Bot.  pL  1690.     1807. 

Opegrapha  Chevallieri  Leight.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  II:   13:  90.     1854. 
On  limestone.  Conception  Island  : — Europe ;  California  ;  Cuba. 


5.  Opegrapha  saxicola  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  71.     1814. 

On  limestone.  New  Providence  : — Europe  ;  California  ;  Cuba. 


GE  APHID  ACE  AE.  535 

6.  Opegrapha  isabellina  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  crustaeeus  uniformis  effusns  hand  limitatus,  isabellinus  minute 
albo-maculatiis,  tenuis  continuus  laevigatus.  Gonidia  chroolepoidea.  Apothecia 
dispersa  aut  rarius  aggregata  superficialia  elevata,  simplicia  recta  aut  rarius 
flexuosa,  oblonga  aut  linearia,  0.8-2.0  mm.  longa,  0.1-0.2  mm.  lata,  tota  nigra, 
labiis  baud  sulcatis  conniventibus  disco  rimaeformi;  ampbitbecio  nigricante 
integro  basi  completo.  Parapbyses  ramosae.  Asci  clavati,  8-spori.  Sporae 
incolores,  fusiformes,  6-8-loculares  loculis  cylindricis  aequalibus,  20-24  X  4-5^1. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence  (Brace,  May  20,  1918,  9^37,  type).  In  the  Tucker- 
man  Herbarium  there  is  an  unnamed  specimen  of  this  species  from  Cuba,  sent  to 
Tuckerman  by  Ravenel, 

Scarcely  anything  is  known  of  the  rock-inhabiting  OpegrajjJias  of  the  tropics.  I 
have  been  unable  to  find  any  described  in  the  writings  of  Nylander,  Mueller-Argau, 
or  Wainio.  The  three  new  species  here  described  appear  to  be  distinct  from  the 
European  species. 

7.  Opegrapha  bahamensis  Eiddle^  sp.  nov. 

Tballus  crustaeeus  uniformis  effusus  baud  limitatus,  testaceus,  sat  cras- 
siusculus  laevigatus  aut  rugulosus,  rimulosus  partim  areolatus,  sorediis  nullis; 
bjpotballo  nullo.  Gonidia  cbroolepoidea.  Apotheeia  dispersa  aut  rarius  aggre- 
gata, primum  subinnata  mox  superficialia  elevataque,  simplicia  recta,  pro 
maxima  parte  brevia  oblonga,  0.4-0.7  mm.  longa,  rarius  subelongata,  ad  1.5 
mm.  longa,  0.1-0.2  mm.  lata,  tota  nigra^  labiis  baud  sulcatis  conniventibus  aut 
rarius  biantibus,  disco  rimaef ormi  aut  rarius  paullum  aperto ;  ampbitbecio 
fusco-nigricante  integro  basi  completo.  Parapbyses  sparse  ramosae.  Asci 
clavati,  8-3pori.  Sporae  incolores  fusiformes,  6-loculares  loculi  cylindricis 
aequalibus,  18-20  X  3-4 /w. 

On  limestone.  New  Providence  (Brace,  June  5,  1918,  O^S^a,  type). 

Opegrapha  'bahamensis  resembles  O.  Chevallieri  var.  incarnata  Riddle  (Bull. 
Torrey  Bot.  Club  43  :  150.  1916),  but  differs  in  the  six-celled  spores.  From  O.  zonata 
Koerb.,  it  differs  in  the  absence  of  soredia  and  hypothallus.  The  key-characters  will 
serve  to  distinguish  it  from  0.  isahellina. 

8.  Opegrapha  columbina  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Tballus  crustaeeus  uniformis  effusus  baud  limitatus,  columbina  aut 
plumbeus  aut  partim  nigrescens,  tenuissimus  farinulentus.  Gonidia  cbroole- 
poidea. Apotbeeia  dispersa  aut  conglomerato-approximata,  superficialia  ele- 
vata, simplicia  recta  oblonga,  0.5-1.5  mm.  longa,  circa  0.2  mm.  lata,  tota  nigra, 
labiis  baud  sulcatis  conniventibus  disco  rimaef  ormi;  ampbitbecio  nigricante 
integro  basi  completo  crasso.  Parapbyses  ramosae.  Asci  clavati,  8-spori. 
Sporae  incolores  fusiformes^  8-loculares  loculis  cylindricis  aequalibus,  24-28 
X  5-7  At. 

On  limestone,  vicinity  of  Governor's  Harbor,  Eleuthera  Island  (Britton  and 
Millspaugh,  February  19-20,  1907,  5533,  type). 

This  species  is  most  closely  related  to  Opegrapha  ophites  Tuck,  (apud  Riddle  in 
Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club  43:  150.  1916),  but  differs  in  the  short,  straight,  oblong 
apotheeia.  From  O.  lithyrga  Ach.  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  color  of  the  thallus 
and  the  wider  spores. 

2.   GRAPHIS  Adans. 

Apotheeia  externally  black. 

Apotheeia  0.4-1.0  mm.  in  length.  1.   G.  Pavoniana. 

Apotheeia  mostly  2-5  mm.  in  length.  2.   G.  scripta. 

Apotheeia  not  externally  black. 

Apotheeia  white,  contrasting  with  the  dark  thallus  or  bark.        3.   G.  Afzelii. 
Apotheeia  eoncolorous  with  the  glaucous  thallus. 

Lips  entire  or  nearly  so.  4.   G.  vestita. 

Lips  deeply  sulcate.  5.  G.  cinerea. 

1.  Graphis  Pavoniana  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  40.     1824. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — Texas  ;  Bermuda. 


536  GRAPHIDACEAE. 

2.  Graphis  scripta  (L.)  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  265.     1810. 

Lichen  scriptus  L,  Sp.  Plant.  1140.     1753. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  and  Stocking  Island,  Great  Exuma  : — cosmopolitan. 

3.  Graphis  Afzelli  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  85.     1814. 

On  bark.   Great  Bahama  and  New   Providence  : — a   common   species   in   tropical 
regions. 

4.  Graphis  vestita  Fr.  Syst.  Orb.  \eg.  288.     1825. 

On  twigs,  New  Providence,  along  road  between  Clifton  and  Fort  Mt.  Pleasant : — 
tropical  America. 

5.  Graphis  cinerea  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  37,  pJ.  10,  f.  3.    1824. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — Jamaica  ;  Colombia  ;  Brazil. 

3.    PHAEOGBAPHIS  Muell.  Arg. 

Disk  of  apothecia  dark  red.  1.  P.  cinnaharina. 
Disk  of  apothecia  brownish-black,   sometimes   pruinose. 

Amphithecium   black  at  both  sides  and  base.  2.  P.  dendritica. 

Amphithecium  black  at  the  sides  only.  3.  P.  inusta. 

1.  Phaeographis  cinnaharina   (Fee)   Muell.  Arg.  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Hist.  Nat. 

Geneve  29^:  27.     1887. 

Graphis  cinndbarina  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  44,  pi.  13,  f.  4.     1824. 
On  bark.  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Colombia  ;  Brazil ;  Peru. 

2.  Phaeographis  dendritica  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  382.     1882. 

Opegrapha  dendritica  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  31.     1803. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  temperate  regions. 

3.  Phaeographis  inusta  (Ach.)   Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:   383.     1882. 

Graphis  inusta  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  85.    1814. 

On    bark,    New    Providence : — widely    distributed    in    Europe,    North   and    South 
America,  and  New  Zealand. 

4.   GRAPHINA  Muell.  Arg. 

Thallus  olivaceous,  apothecia  simple.  1.  O.  nitidescens. 

Thallus  malachite-green,  apothecia  branched.  2.  G.  virginea. 

1.  Graphina  nitidescens    (Nyl.)    Riddle,   Mem.   Brooklyn   Bot.    Gard.    1:    115. 

1918. 
Fissurina  nitidescens  Nyl.  Lich.  Japon.  108.     1890. 
On  bark.  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico. 

2.  Graphina  virginea  (Eschw.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  63:  41.     1880. 

Leiogramma  virginea  Eschw.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1:  98.     1833. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — a  common  lichen  in  trooical  America. 

5.   PHAEOGRAPHINA  Muell.  Arg. 

1.  Phaeographina   caesiopruinosa    (Fee)    Muell.   Arg.   Mem.   Soc.   Phys.   Hist. 
Nat.  Geneve  29«:  49.     1887. 
Arthonia  caesiopruinosa  Fee,  Suppl.  Essai  Crypt.  36,  pL  40,  f.  4.     1837. 
Graphis  scalptnrata  var.  pJurifera  Nyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  V:  7:  332.     1867. 

On  bark.   New   Providence   and  Acklin's  Island,   at   Spring   Point : — widely  'dis- 
tributed in  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 


CHIODECTONACEAE.  537 

P.  caesiopniinosa  differs  from  P.  scalpturata  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  in  the  character 
of  the  spores  which  in  the  former  species  are  four  to  eight  in  eacli  ascus  and  are 
40-85  X  14-22 /i  in  size  ;  while  in  the  latter  species,  they  are  constantly  solitary  in  the 
ascus,  and  90-140  x  22-35  «,  in  size.  For  a  discussion  of  the  confusion  of  this  species 
with  P.  quassiaecola  (Fee)  Muell.  Arg.  and  the  distinctions  between  the  two  species, 
reference  may  be  made  to  the  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club  (44:  324.     1917). 

Family  3.     CHIODECTONACEAE. 

Spores  with  cylindrical  cells. 

Spores  colorless.  1.  Chiodecton. 

Spores  brown.  2.  Sclerophyton. 
Spores  with  lens-shaped  cells. 

Spores  colorless.  3.  Glijphis. 

Spores  brown,  4.  Sarcographa. 

1.    CHIODECTON  Ach. 

Either  thallus  or  apothecia  more  or  less  brilliant  red. 

Thallus  red  at  least  in  part.  1.  C.  sanguineum. 

Thallus  not  at  all  red,  but  apothecia  blood-red.  2.  C.  cruentatum. 

Neither  thallus  nor  apothecia  at  all  red. 

Apothecia  linear,  more  or  less  branched.  3.  C.  elongatum. 

Apothecia  punctiform,  difform,  or  oblong. 

Stroma  distinctly  convex,  apothecia  seriate.  i.   C.  quassiaecolum. 

Stroma  flat  or  absent,  apothecia  scattered. 

Growing  on  bark  ;  spores  6-  to  S-celled.  5.  C.  crassum. 

Growing  on  rocks  ;  spores  4-ceIled.  6.  C.  Bracei. 

1.  Chiodecton  sanguineum  (Sw\)  Wainio,  Lich.  Bres.  2:  143.    1890. 

Byssits  sanguinea  Sw.  Prodr.  148.     1788. 

EypocJmus  ruhrocinctus  Ehrenb.  in  Nees^  Hor.  Phys.  Berol.  84.     1820. 

Chiodecton  ruhrocinctiim  Nyl.  Act.  See.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  486.     1863. 

On  Juniperus  stumps,  Andros,  at  Nicholl's  Town  : — widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

2.  Chiodecton  cruentatum  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epiphloeodes  crustaceus  umformis  effusus  baud  limitatus,  albus  vel 
albidus  opacus,  crassiusculus  verrucosus  verrueis  convexis  hemisphericis  aut 
subglobosis,  0.3-0.5  mm.  diam.,  conglomeratis.  Gonidia  chroolepoidea.  Stroma 
milla.  Apothecia  dispersa,  orbieularia  oblonga  aut  pro  maxima  parte  dif- 
formia,  0.4-0.7  mm.  lata,  innata,  disco  piano  claro  cruento,  margine  spurie 
thallino  cincta;  hymenio  incolore,  60/i  altit.;  hypothecio  incolore.  Asci  elavati, 
8-spori.  Sporae  incolores,  fusiformes,  6-loculares,  loculis  cylindricis  aequalibiis, 
13-16  X  4:fi. 

On  bark  of  Eugenia  confusa,  Barnett's  Point,  Great  Bahama  (Britton  and  MilJs- 
paugh,  February  5-13,  1905,  263.',,  type). 

The  compact  thallus  and  the  absence  of  a  stroma  indicate  that  this  species  be- 
longs to  the  section  Enterographa.  The  absence  of  a  stroma  as  well  as  the  lack  of 
any  trace  of  red  coloration  in  the  thallus  serve  to  distinguish  it  from  the  preceding 
species.  There  does  not  seem  to  be  any  other  species  with  which  it  could  possibly 
be  confused. 

3.  Chiodecton  elongatum  Wainio,  Lieh.  Bres.  2:  138.     1890. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — Brazil. 

The  apothecia  vary  from  immersed  in  and  even  with  the  thallus  to  conditions  in 
which  there  is  a  definite  convex  stroma  ;  the  spores  may  be  ten-celled. 

4.  Chiodecton  quassiaecolum   (Fee)   Muell.  Arg.  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  Hist.  Nat. 

Geneve  29^:  69.     1887. 


Enterographa  quassiaecola  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  57,  pi.  33,  f.  2.     1824. 

On 
Ca 

35 


On   bark   of  Erithalis   fruticosa,   Stocking   Island,    Great    Exuma  : — Martinique ; 
New  Caledonia  ;  Oceanica. 


538  CHIODECTONACEAE. 

5.  Chiodecton  crassum  (DC.)  Zahlbr.  in  Engler  and  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanzenfam. 

r*:  104.     1905. 
Opegrapha  crassa  DC.  El,  Franc.  2:  312.     1805. 

On  bark,  New  Providence,  at  Maidenhead  Coppice  : — Europe ;  northern  Africa ; 
Japan.     Not  previously  recorded  from  North  America. 

6.  Chiodecton  Bracei  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epilithicus  erustaceus  uniformis  subdeterminatus  maculas  3-15 
mm.  diam.  formans  hand  linea  nigra  limitatus,  argillaceus  aut  albus,  in  eras- 
situdine  medioeris,  crebre  contextus  continuus  laevigatus  undulatus.  Gonidia 
cliroolepoidea.  Stroma  nulla.  Apothecia  dispersa  aut  rarius  aggregata  thallo 
immersa  punctiformes  aut  difformia  aut  partim  elongata,  0.1-0.5  mm.  longa, 
simplicia,  disco  sicco  nigro  madefacto  badio,  nudo  piano  superficiem  thallo 
subaequante,  margine  tenuissime  spurie  thallino  aut  margine  evanescente;  epi- 
thecio  fuscescente;  hymenio  et  hypothecio  incolore.  Paraphyses  crassiusculae 
ramoso-connexae.  Asci  clavati  8-spori.  Sporae  incolores  fusiformes  4-loculares 
loculis  cylindricis  aequalibus,  14-20  X  4|Li. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence  (Brace,  June  16,  lO'lS,  9513,  type).  Also,  Wat- 
ling's  Island,  vicinity  of  Cockburn  Town   (Britton  and  MiUspauffh.  6128a). 

Chiodecton  Bracei  belongs  to  the  section  Enterographa.  It  differs  from  C.  rufes- 
cens  Wainio  (Journ.  Bot.  34:  262.  1806)  in  having  simple  apothecia  which  are  more 
often  punctate  or  difform  than  elongated.  I  take  pleasure  in  naming  this  species  in 
honor  of  Mr.  Brace,  whose  collections  have  greatly  extended  our  knowledge  of  the 
lichens  of  the  Bahamas. 

2.    SCaiiEROPHYTON  Eschw. 

1.  Sclerophyton  elegans  Eschw.  in  Mart.  El.  Bras.  1:  103.     1833. 

Stigmatidium  elegans  Nyl.  Bull.  Soc.  Linn.  Norm.  II:  3:  274.     1869. 

On  bark.  New  Providence,  along  Soldier's  Road  : — Florida  ;  Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ; 
Guadeloupe  ;  Brazil. 

Easily  confused  with  species  of  ArtJionia,  as  the  stroma  is  by  no  means  obvious. 

3.    GLYPHIS  Aeh. 
1.  Glyphis  cicatricosa  Ach.  Syn.  Lieh.  107.     1814. 

Glyphis  Achariana  Tuck.  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  25:  429.     1858. 

On  bark  of  various  species,  and  at  various  localities.  Great  Bahama,  New  Provi- 
dence, Watling's  Island  : — one  of  the  commonest  of  tropical  lichens. 

4.   SARCOGRAPHA  Fee. 

1.  Sarcographa  tricosa  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  Mem.  So-e.  Phys.  Hist.  Nat.  Geneve 
29«:  63.     1887. 

Graphis  tricosa  Ach.  Lich,  Univ.  674.     1810. 

On  bark,  New  Providence,  and  Long  Island  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  re- 
gions of  both  hemispheres. 

Family  4.     DIRINACEAE. 

1.    DIRINA  Fr. 

Growing  on  rocks.  1.  D.  repanda. 

Growing  on  bark   (of  Jacquinia  keyensis).  2.  D.  ceratoniae. 

1.  Dirina  repanda  (Fr.)  Nyl.  Act.  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux  21:  343.     1856. 
Tarmelia  repanda  Fries,  Lich.  Europ.  177.     1831. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence,  near  Queen's  Staircase,  Nassau  ;  Great  Exuma, 
along  Haynes  Road  ;  Long  Cay,  on  Cunningham  Hill  : — southern  Europe  and  northern 
Africa,  Hawaii.  India.  The  occurrence  in  the  Bahamas  of  this  species,  not  previously 
known  from  North  America,  was  recorded  in  the  Bryologist  (21:  50.     1918). 


COLLEMACEAE. 


539 


2.  Dirina  ceratoniae  (Ach.)  DeNot.  Giorn.  Bot.  Ital.  2:  188.     1846. 

Lecanora  ceratoniae  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  361.     1810. 

On  bark  of  Jacquinia  kei/ensis  (apparently  confined  to  this,  so  far  as  it  occurs 
in  the  Bahamas).  New  Providence,  road  south  of  Fox  Hill,  Eleuthera  Island,  at 
Miller's  Point;  Little  San  Salvador;  Stocking  Island,  Great  Exuma ;  Watling's 
Island,  on  island  in  lake  : — southern  Europe  and  northern  Africa. 

Order  4.     LECIDEALES. 


A.  Spores   with   uniformly   thickened   wall,    colorless 

Leptotrema  and  there  brown  and  muriform. 

1.  Thallus  gelatinous  when  moist. 

Gonidia  :   Gloeocapsa. 
Gonidia  :  Nosfnc. 

2.  Thallus  not  gelatinous  when  moist. 

a.  Thallus  appearing  as  a  mat  of  TrentepohUa 
filaments,  the  hyphae  to  be  seen  only  under 
the  microscope. 
h.  Thallus  not  as  above. 

*  Thallus  crustose  or  squamulose. 
t  Thallus  crustose. 

Thalline  exciple  absent  or  soon  dis- 
•    appearing. 

Margin  of  apothecia  pilose. 
Margin  of  apothecia  naked. 
Gonidia  :   Trcnfepohlia. 

Apothecia    with    a    black 

exciple. 
Exciple  not  black. 
Gonidia  :  Ci/stococcus. 
Thalline  exciple  present. 

Apothecia  immersed  in  the  thal- 
lus or  in  thalline  verrucae. 
Apothecia  superficial  and  discoid. 
ft  Thallus    squamulose,     or    developing 
erect    fruticose    podetia    and    the 
original    squamules    disappearing. 
Apothecia  sessile  on  the  sauamules. 
Apothecia   on  the  tips  of  erect   po- 
detia. 
**  Thallus  foliose  or  fruticose. 
Thallus  foliose. 

Gonidia  :  Blue-green. 
Gonidia  :  Green. 
Thallus  fruticose,  growing  on  trees. 
(Species  of  CZa^oniff  might  be  sought 
here,  but  never  grow  on  trees.) 

B.  Spores  with  irregularly  thickened  wall  (i.  e.,  polar- 

bilocular)     or    uniformly    thickened,    but    then 
always  brown  ;  never  muriform. 
Spores  colorless. 
Spores  brown. 

Thallus  crustose. 
Thallus  foliose. 


in   all   Bahama    genera   except 


Fam.  1.  Pyrenopsidaceae. 
Fam.  2.  Collemaceae. 


Fam.  3.  Coenogoniaceae. 


Fam.  4.  Pilocarpaceae. 


Fam.  5.   Lecanactidaceab. 
Fam.  6.  Gyalectaceae. 
Fam.  7.  Lecideaceae. 


Fam.  8.  Thelotremaceae. 
Fam.  9.  Lecanoraceae- 


Fam.  10.  Phyllopsoraceae. 
Fam.  11.  Cladoniaceae. 


Fam.  12.  Paxnariaceae. 
Fam.  IS.  Parmeliaceae. 
Fam.  14.  Usneaceae. 


Fam.  15.  Caloplacaceae. 


Fam.  16.  Buelliaoeae. 
Fam.  17.  Physciaceae. 


Family  1.     PYRENOPSIDACEAE. 

1.   PSOROTfCHIA  Mass. 
1.  Psorotichia  Boergesenii  Wainio,  Ann.  Acad.  Sci.  Fenn.  A:  6^:  118.     1915. 
On  limestone.  New  Providence  : — St.  Thomas. 


Family  2.     COLLEMACEAE. 


Spores  simple. 

Spores  plurilocular  or  muriform-multilocular. 

Thallus  without  a  cortex. 

Thallus  corticate,  at  least  above. 


1.  Pfiysma. 

2.  Collema. 

3.  Leptogium. 


540  COLLEMACEAE. 

1.  PHYSMA  Mass. 
1.  Physma  umtoella  (Tuck.)  Eiddle. 

Omphalaria  umhella  Tuck,  apud  Xyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:   105.     1858. 

On  a  rock,  New  Providence,  at  sink-hole,  on  Farringdon  Road  : — Alabama. 

2.  COLLEMA  Hill. 

Surface  of  thallus  granulosa.  1.  C.  rupestre. 
Thallus  not  granulose. 

Thallus  radiately  nlicate,  with  rounded  lobes.  2.   C.  nigrescens. 

Thallus  merely  uneven,  with  narrow  lobes.  3.   C.  laciniatum. 

1.  Collema  rupestre  (Sv^-.)  Eabenh.  Deutsch.  Krypt.  Flora  2:  50.     1845. 

Lichen  rupestris  Sw.  Meth.  Museor.  37.     1781. 

Lichen  flaccidus  Ach.  Nov.  Act.  Acad.   Sci.  Stockholm  5:    14,  pi.  ],  f.  4. 

1795. 
Collema  flaccidum  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  647.     1810. 

On  Annona  nlahra.  Cat  Island,  at  Port  Howe: — widely  distributed  in  temperate 
regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

2.  Collema  nigrescens  (Huds.)  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  321.     1814? 

Lichen  nigrescens  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  450.    1762. 

On  trees.  Great  Bahama,  at  Barnett's  Point,  and  New  Providence,  at  Waterloo 
Coppice  : — cosmopolitan.. 

The  material  is  without  isidia,  and  would  represent  what  Wainio  (Lich.  Bres. 
1:  235.  1890)  calls  Collema  vespertiUo  (Lightf.)  Wainio,  but  the  original  plants 
upon  which  these  names  were  based  are  doubtful. 

3.  Collema  laciniatum  Nyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  115.     1858. 

At  base  of  tree,  Watling's  Island,  near  Cockburn  Town  : — Alabama  ;  Kansas. 
The  type  came  from  calcareous  rocks,  and  as  the  present  material  is  sterile,  the  de- 
termination must  be  considered  uncertain,  although  the  thalline  characters  agree 
with  the  material  in  the  Tuckerman  Herbarium. 

3.    LEPTOGIUM  S.  F.  Gray. 

Thallus  dark  green  to  black.  1.  L.  chloromelum. 
Thallus  bluish  lead-color. 

Thalline  margin  of  apothecia  a  plaited  corona.  2.  L.  hullatiim. 

Thalline  margin  of  apothecia  thickly  lobulate.  3.  L.  phyllocarpum. 

1.  Leptogium  chloromelum  (Sw.)  Xyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  128,     1858. 
Lichen  chloromelos  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  3 :  1892.     1806. 

On  trees.  New  Providence,  Watling's  Island,  and  Salt  Key  Bank,  Anguilla 
Islands  : — throughout  North  America,  and  recorded  as  cosmopolitan. 

This  is  the  most  "  Collema-like  "  of  all  the  species  of  Leptogium,  and  is  very 
variable.  Some  of  the  specimens  cited  are  near  the  varietv  stclluns  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A. 
Lich.  1  :  163.     1882. 

*2.  Leptogium  bullatum  (Ach.)  Nyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  129.     1858. 

Lichen  hullatus  Ach.  Lich.  Suec.  Prodr.  137.     1798. 

On  trees,  Great  Bahama,  at  Golden  Grove,  and  New  Providence,  along  Soldier's 
Road  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  America,  and  recorded  from  tropical  Asia  and 
New  Zealand. 

3.  Leptogium  phyllocarpum  (Pers.)  Xyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  130.     1858. 

Collema  phyllocarpum  Pars,  in  Gaudich.  Toy.  XJran.  204.     1826. 
Leptogium   hullatum  var.   phyllocarpum  Tuck.   Syn.    X.   A.   Lich.   1:    165. 

1882. 

On  trees.  New  Providence,  at  Grantstown  and  along  Soldier's  Road: — widely  dis- 
tributed in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 


GYALECTACEAE.  541 

Family  3.     COENOGONIACEAE. 

1.  COENOGONIUM  Ehrenb. 

1.  Coenogonium  interplexum  Nyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  IV:    16:   92.     1862. 

On  trees,  Abaco,  vicinity  of  Cherokee  Sound,  and  Andros,  at  Louisa  CoDoice 
near  Nicholl's  Town  : — Costa  Rica  ;  Colombia  ;  Venezuela. 

Family  4.     PILOCARPACEAE. 

1.    PILOCARPON  Wainio. 
1.  Pilocarpon  tricholoma  (Mont.)   Wainio,  Lich.  Bres.  2:   89.     1890. 
Biatora  tricholoma  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill:   16:   53.     1851. 
Lecidea  leucohlephara  Nyl.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  IV:  19:  337.     1863. 

On  leaves  of  Eugenia,  Crooked  Island,  at  Stopper  Hill  : — widely  distributed  in 
tropical  America. 

Family  5.     LECANACTIDACEAE. 

1.    LECANACTIS  Eschw. 
1.  Lecanactis  denticulata  Wainio,  Ann.  Acad.  Sci.  Fenn.  A:  6":   141.     1915. 
Opegrapha  acicularis  Eiddle,  Mem.  Brooklyn  Bot.  Gard.  1:   110.     1918. 

On  bark  of  Coccolohis  laurifoUa,  Great  Harbor  Cay,  Berry  Islands,  and  on 
Eugenia  buxifolia,  AYatling's  Island  : — Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  St.  Thomas  ;  St.  Croix  :  Porto 
Rico. 

It  has  only  recently  been  possible  for  me  to  see  a  copy  of  Wainio's  paper.  His 
description  of  L.  denticulata  differs  from  that  of  O.  acicularis  only  in  stating  that 
the  base  of  the  amphithecium  is  black,  while  I  found  it  to  be  colorless  in  the  mate- 
rial that  I  examined  :  but  the  denticulate  margin  of  the  apothecia  is  so  peculiar  and 
so  characteristic  that  I  am  convinced  that  the  plants  are  the  same.  Furthermore, 
the  acicular  spores  are  identical,  and  Wainio  has  proposed  a  new  section  Bacidiactis 
to  receive  this  species. 

Family  6.     GYALECTACEAE. 

Spores  one-celled.  1,  lonaspis. 

Spores  two-celled.  2.  Microphiale. 

1.    lONASPIS  Th.  Fr. 

1.  lonaspis  trdpica  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  crustaceus  effusus  tennissimus  cum  saxo  eonferruminatus,  fusces- 
cens,  minutissime  farinosus,  circa  apothecia  rimuloso-areolatus.  Gonidia  pauca 
chroolepoidea.  Apothecia  caespitosa  minuta,  in  areolis  thallinis  immersa,  disco 
primiim  punctiforme  dein  aperto  ad  0.3  mm.  lato,  concavo  ant  piano,  castaneo 
aut  f uscescente,  margine  pallidiore  integro  tenue  parum  prominente  persi?tente ; 
epithecio  fiilvo,  excipulo  et  hypotheeio  pallido.  Asci  clavati  8-spori.  Sporae 
incolores  simplices  ellipsoideae  membrano  tenue,   10-12  X  6-7 /x. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence   {Brace,  November  20,  1918,  9697.  type). 
This  species  has  the  general  appearance  of  lona.'^pis  suaveolens    (Ach.)    Arnold, 
but  differs  in  the  brown  thallus  and  disk  of  the  apothecium. 

2.  MICROPHIALE  Stizenb. 

1.  Microphiale  lutea    (Dicks.)    Steiner,   Sitzungsber.   kais.   Akad.   Wiss.   Wien 
106:  227.     1897. 

Lichen  luteus  Dicks.  PI.  Crypt.  Brit.  1:  11.     1785. 
Gyalecta  lutea  Tuck.  Gen.  Lich.  136.     1872. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed. 


^>42  LECIDEACEAE. 

Family  7.    LECIDEACEAE. 

Spores  simple.  1.  Lecidea. 

Spores  four-  to  many-celled. 

Spores  thick-walled,  with  more  or  less  lens-shaped  cells.      2.  Bomhyliospora. 
Spores  thin-walled,  with  cylindrical  cells. 

Spores  four-celled,  fusiform.  3.  Bilimhia. 

Spores  many-celled,  acicular.  4.  Bacidia. 

1.   LECIDEA  Ach. 

Growing  on  rocks.  1.  L.  immersa. 
Growing  on  bark. 

Hypothecium  pale.  2.  L.  vernalis  v.  minor. 

Hypothecium  blackish-brown.  3.  L.  fiirfurosa. 

t 

1.  Lecidea  immersa  (Web.)  Ach.  Meth.  Licli.  34.     1803. 

Lichen  immersus  Web.  Spicil.  Fl.  Goett.  188.  1778. 
Lecidea  calcivora  Mass.  Eic.  Lieh.  Crost.  78.  1852. 
Biatora  calcivora  Tuck.  Syn.  X.  A.  Lich.  2:  29.     1888. 

On  calcareous  rocks.  New  Providence,  along  Soldier's  Road  : — southern  United 
States  ;  Europe. 

2.  Lecidea  vernalis    (L.)    Ach.  var.  minor  Xyl.  apud  Xorrl.  in  Not.  Saellsk. 

Faun.  Fl.  Fenn.  13:  335.     1873. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — North  America  ;  Europe. 

3.  Lecidea  furfurosa  Tuck,  apud  Xyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  IV:  19:  341.     1863. 

Biatora  furfurosa  Tuck.  Syn.  X.  A.  Lich.  2:  19.     1888. 
On  bark.  New  Providence,  at  Grantstown  : — ^Florida  ;  Cuba. 

2.    BOMBYLIOSPORA  DeXot. 

1.  Bombyliospora  domingensis  (Pers.)  Zahlbr.  apud  Wawra  and  Beck;  Jtinera 
Princip.  Coburg.  2:   154.     1888. 

Patellaria  domingensis  Pers.  Annal.  Wetter.  2:  12.     1810. 
Heterothecium  domingense  Flot.,  Tuck.  Syn.  X.  A.  Lich.  2:  57.     1888. 

On  bark.  New  Providence,  coppice  near  Clifton  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical 
regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

3.    BILIMBIA  DeXot. 

Growing  on  rocks  :  apothecia  blackening.  1.  B.  trachona. 
Growing  on  bark  or  old  wood. 

Thallus  and  apothecia  golden-yellow.  2.  B.  aurata. 

Thallus  gray  or  greenish  ;  apothecia  pallid.  3.  B.  molybditis. 

1.  Bilimbia  trachdna  (Ach.)  Th.  Fr.  Lieh.  Scand.  386.     1871. 

Verrucaria  trachona  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  Suppl.  16.     1803. 
Lecidea  phaeomela  Xyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  IV:  19:  34.     1863. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence : — locally  distributed  in  North  America  and 
Europe. 

The  original  description  of  this  species  says,  "  crusta  pulverulenta."  Mr,  L.  J. 
K.  Brace  has  sent  in  a  series  of  collections  from  New  Providence  showing  that  the 
thallus  varies  from  areolate-rimose,  in  well-developed  specimens,  to  a  dispersed  and 
granulate  condition,  and  in  some  cases  disappearing.  The  name  Lecidea  phaeomela 
was  applied  by  Nylander  to  the  last  named  condition.  The  color  of  the  thallus  varies 
from  the  typical  sordid-green  to  fuscescent.  The  very  youngest  apothecia  are  bay- 
brown,  but  they  blacken  quickly. 


THELOTREMACEAE.  543 

2.  Bilimbia  aurata  Eiddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus  baud  limitatus,  e  flavo  intense  aures- 
cens,  tenuis  leprosiis  laxe  contextus.  Gonidia  cystococeoidea.  Apothecia  minu- 
tissima,  0.1-0.15  mm.  lata,  sat  elevata  rotundata  regularia  ceracea^  diseo 
aurantiaco,  primimi  piano  margine  tenuissime  pallidiore  subleproso,  mox  con- 
vexo  margine  excluso;  epithecio  lutescente,  hymenio  et  hypothecio  incolore. 
Asei  clavati,  8-spori.  Sporae  ineolores  fusiformes  apicibus  rotundatis  aut 
altero  apice  subacuto,  4-loculares,  lociilis  cylindricis  aequalibus,  10-12  X  3/*. 

On  bark,  Farringdon  Road,  New  Providence  (Elizabeth  O.  Britton,  August,  1904. 
221,  type).  The  following  sterile  specimens  appear  to  belong  here  also: — on  dead 
8uriana,  Andros,  at  Barton  Creek  (Brace,  5297)  ;  on  dead  wood.  Crooked  Island,  at 
Gun  Bluff  (Brace,  ^693).     Also,  Palm  Beach,  Florida   (R.  Thaxter). 

The  sterile  specimens  are  similar  to  the  Lepraria  ^ava  of  the  older  authors, 
although  brighter  and  more  golden.  But  the  fertile  specimen  has  abundant  apothecia, 
which  certainly  belong  to  the  thallus  in  question.     The  species  is  a  very  distinct  one. 

3.  Bilimbia  molybditis  (Tuck.)  Riddle. 

Biatora  molyhditis  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  2:  34.     1888. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — Florida. 

4.   BACIDIA  DeNot. 

Apothecia  pallid  to  flesh-color.  1.  B.  medialis. 
Apothecia  reddish-brown  to  black. 

Apothecia  persistently  brown.  2.  B.  fuscorubella. 

Apothecia  soon  becoming  black.  3.  B.  atrogrisea. 

1.  Bacidia  medialis  (Tuck.)  Riddle. 

Lecidea  medialis  Tuck,  apud  Nyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  lA^:   19:  346.     1863. 

Biatora  medialis  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  2:  132.     1888. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — Florida  ;  Texas  ;  Cuba  ;  Nicaragua  ;  Brazil. 

2.  Bacidia  fuscorubella  (Hoffm.)  Arnold,  Flora  54:  55.     1871. 

Verrucaria  fuscoruljella  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  2:   175.     1795. 

Biatora  fuscoriihella  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  2:  43.     1888. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 

3.  Bacidia  atrogrisea  (Delise)  Arnold,  Flora  41:  505.     1858. 

Biatora  atrogrisea  Delise  apud  Hepp,  Fl.  Eur.  26.     1853. 
Lecidea  luteola  f.  endoleuca  Nyl.  Bot.  Notis.  (1853)  98. 
Bacidia  endoleuca  Kickx,  Fl.  Crypt.  Eland.  1:  261.     1867. 

On  bark.  New  Providence,  at  Maidenhead  Coppice  : — widely  distributed  in  North 
America  and  Europe. 

Family  8.     THELOTREMACEAE. 

Paraphyses  branched  and  anastomosing.  1.   Gvrosiomum. 

Paraphyses  simple  and  free.  «    ^     „  ,     . 

Spores  plurilocular,  colorless.  2.  Ocellulana. 

Spores  muriform-multilocular.  o    r^x.  ,  ^ 

Spores  colorless.  3.  Thelotrema. 

Spores  brown.  4.  Leptotrema. 

1.    GYROSTOMUM  Fr. 
1.  Gyrostomum  scyphuliferum  (Ach.)  Fr.  Syst.  Orb.  Yeg.  268.    1825. 
Lecidea  scyplndifera  Ach.  Synops.  Lich.  27.     1814. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemi- 
spheres. 


544  THELOTEEMACEAE. 

2.    OCELLULARIA  Spreng. 

Spores  four-  to  six-celled.  1.    O.  micropora. 

Spores  eight-  to  sixteen-celled.  2.   O.  siihtilis. 

1.  Ocellularia  micropora  (Mont.)  Muell.  Arg.  Nuov.  Giorn.  Bot.  Ital.  23:  129. 

1891. 

Thelotrema  microporum  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Ill:  10:  130.     1848. 

On  bark,  Andros,  at  Louisa  Coppice  near  NichoU's  Town  : — Florida ;  Cuba ; 
Brarfl ;  Tahiti ;  Japan, 

2.  Ocellularia  subtilis  (Tuck.)  Eiddle. 

Thelotrema  suhtile  Tuck.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  25:  426.     1858. 
Thelotrema  bicinctulum  Nyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  IV:   15:   46.     1861. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed. 

3.    THELOTREMA  Ach. 

Apothecia  in  raised,  convex  verrucae.  1.  T.  lepaclinum. 

Apothecia  sunken  in  the  thallus.  2.    T.  paralbidum. 

1.  Thelotrema  lepadinum  Ach.  Meth.  Lieh.  132.    1803. 

Lichen  lepadinus  Ach.  Lich.  Suec.  Prodr.  30.     1798. 

On  dead  wood,  New  Providence,  near  Soldiers'  Home  : — cosmopolitan. 

2.  Thelotrema  paralbidum  Riddle,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  epiphloeodes  crustaceus  uniformis  effusus  haud  limitatus.  sordide 
albidus,  in  crassitudine  mediocris,  rimoso-areolatus  areolis  subquadrangularibus 
0.6-1.0  mm.  latis  inaequalibus  vel  leviter  convexis.  Gonidia  chroolepoidea. 
Apothecia  approximata  aut  partim  dispersa,  areolis  thallinis  immersa  haud  ver- 
rucas formantia,  suborbicularia  0.5-0.8  mm.  lata,  disco  aperto  piano  albissimo 
farinoso,  superficiem  thalli  subaequante  aut  paullum  submerso,  margine  duplice 
erenato  aut  sublaeerato  parum  prominente;  intus  hyalino.  Paraphyses  sim- 
plices.  Asci  clavati,  8-spori.  Sporae  incolores  ovideae  murali-divisae,  8-10- 
loculares,  loculis  cubicis  2-3-locellatis,  22-25  X  9-11 /a. 

On  bark.  Maidenhead  Coppice,  New  Providence  {Eliza'beth  G.  Britton,  February, 
1905,  3231,,  type). 

Thelotrema  paralhiiJum  is  externally  similar  to  Ocellularia  albida  (Nyl.)  Riddle, 
(Thelotrema  alhidmn  Nyl.  Act.  Soc.  Sci.  Fenn.  7:  451.  1863).  but  differs  in  spore- 
characters.  It  is.  perhaps,  most  closely  related  to  T.  rclatum  Muell.  Arg.  (Bull.  Soc. 
Roy.  bot.  Belg.  32i :  26.  1894),  but  differs  in  the  thicker,  areolate  thallus,  the  white 
disk,  and  the  shorter  spores. 

4.   LEPTOTREMA  Mont.  &  v.  d.  Bosch. 

Apothecia  in  convex  verrucae. 

Spores  1-2  in  each  ascus.  1.   L.  monosporum. 

Spores  8  in  each  ascus. 

Verrucae  O.S-1.0  mm.  diameter  ;  spores  20-30/x  in  length.      2.  L.tahianum. 
Verrucae  0.3— 0.5  mm.  diameter  ;  spores  35— 50^t  in  length.      3.  L.  simplex. 
Apothecia  sunken  in  the  thallus. 

Spores  1—4  in  each  ascus.  4.  L.  hisporum. 

Spores  8  in  each  ascus. 

Spores  with  4-6  series  of  cells. 

Spores  10-14  x6-8w  5.  L.  glauceseens. 

Spores  17-27  X  10-18tt.  6.  L.  Wightii. 

Spores  with  6-10  series  of  cells.  7.   L.  compunctum. 

1.  Leptotrema  monosporum  (Nyl.)  Muell.  Arg.  Bull.  Soc.  Eoy.  Bot.  Belg.  31=: 
35.     1892. 

Thelotrema  monosporum  Nyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  IV:  15:  46.     1861. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  regions. 


LECANORACEAE.  545 

2.  Leptotrema   bahianum    (Aeh.)    Muell.    Arg.    Mem.    Soc.    Phys.    Hist.    Xat. 

Geneve  29^:  12.     1887. 

Thelotrema  lepadinum  var.  'baliianum  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  132.     1803. 

On  bark,  New  Providence,  along  Soldier's  Road  : — Cuba  ;  Costa  Rica  ;  Colombia  ; 
Brazil. 

3.  Leptotrema  simplex  (Tuck.)  Riddle. 

Thelotrema  simplex  Tuck.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  271.     1864. 

On  bark,  Andros,  along  road  to  Conch  Sound,  and  along  road  to  Morgan's  Bluff, 
and  New  Providence  : — Cuba. 

4.  Leptotrema  bisporum  (Nyl.)  Riddle. 

Thelotrema  bisporum  Nyl.  apud  Hue,  Xouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Paris 
III:  3:  96.     1891. 

On  bark.  Great  Bahama,  near  Eight  Mile  Rocks  : — Guadeloupe. 

The  specimens  agree  exactly  with  the  external  characters  of  the  type  preserved 
in  the  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle  ill  Paris.  But  Nylander  says  that  the  spores 
are  1  to  2  in  the  ascus  and  80-115  x  34— 36  xi  in  size;  while  the  present  material 
shows  spores  2  to  4  in  the  ascus  and  only  38-50  x  14-18  ^  in  size.  It  is  to  be  ex- 
pected, however,  that  with  a  larger  number  of  spores  in  tlie  ascus  the  size  should 
be  smaller.  A  similar  condition  is  found  in  species  of  Pertusaria,  for  example,  Pertu- 
saria  leioplaca   (Acli.)    Schaer. 

5.  Leptotrema  glaucescens  (Nyl.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  499.     1882. 

Thelotrema  glaucescens  Nyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  IV:  19:  499.     1882. 

On  bark,  Andros.  along  road  to  Conch  Sound  : — southern  United  States  ;  Cuba  ; 
Porto  Rico. 

6.  Leptotrema  Wightii  (Taylor)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  499.     1882. 

Endocarpon  Wightii  Taylor  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  6:   155,     1847. 
Thelotrema  Eavenelii  Tuck,  in  part,     (fide  Muell.  Arg.  in  herb.) 

On  bark,  Abaco,  at  Old  Kerr's  Point : — widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  regions 
of  both  hemispheres. 

7.  Leptotrema  compunctum  (Sm.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  70:  400.     1887. 

Lichen  compunctus  J.  E.  Smith  apud  Ach.  Meth,  Lich.  143.     1803. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Costa  Rica  :  Colombia  ;  Brazil.  Mueller 
{I.  c.)  misspelt  the  name  as  "  compacto,"  but  corrected  the  error  in  a  list  of  errata 
published  in  Hedwigia  34  :  36.     1895. 


Family  9.     LECANORACEAE. 


Spores  simple, 

Paraphyses  simple  and  free. 

Paraphyses  branched  and  anastomosing. 
Spores  plurilocular. 

1.   LECANORA  Ach, 

Growing  on  rocks. 

Growing  on  bark  or  old  wood. 

Disk  of  apothecia  distinctly  brown. 
Disk  of  apothecia  not  bro^voi. 

Disk  typically  yellowish-green. 
Disk  typically  flesh-color. 

1,  Lecanora  badia  (Pers.)  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  407. 
Lichen  hadius  Pers.  in  Usteri,  Ann,  Bot.  7: 


1.  Lecanora. 

2.  Ochrolechia. 

3.  Haematomma. 

I, 

1. 

L.  hadia. 

o 

L.  suhfusca. 

3. 
4, 

L.  varia. 

L.  cincreocarnea. 

1810, 

27.    i: 

r94. 

On    limestone.    Eleuthera    Island,    at    Eleuthera    Point : — widelv    distributed    in 
Europe ;  local  in  North  America :  mountains  of  Brazil,  Peru,  and  Chili, 


516  CLADOXIACEAE. 

2.  Lecanora  subfusca  (L.)  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  393.     1810. 

Lichen  suhfuscus  L.  Fl.  Suec.  ed.  2.  409.     1755. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

3.  Lecanora  varia  (Ehrh.)  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  377.     1810. 

Lichen  variiis  Ehrli.  apud  Hoffm.  PI.  Lich.  1:   102,  pi.  23,  f.  4.     1790. 
On  barli  and  old  wood,  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

4.  Lecanora  cinereocamea  (Eschw.)  Wainio,  Lich,  Bres.  1:  80.    1890. 

Farmelia  varia  var,  cinereocamea  Eschw.  in  Mart.  El.  Bras.  1:   187.     1833. 
Lecanora  chlaroterodes  Nyl.  Flora  59:  508.     1876. 

Lecanora  chlaronella  Nyl.  apud  Crombie,  Journ.  Linn.  See.  16:  215.     1877. 
Lecanora  subfusca  var.  cinereocamea  Tuck,  in  Wright  Lich.  Cub.  no.  118. 

On  bark  of  trees  and  shrubs,  from  Berry  Islands  to  Acklin's  : — widely  distributed 
in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

2.    OCHROLECHIA  Mass. 

1.  Ochrolechia  pallescens  (L.)  Koerb.  Svst.  Lich.  Germ.  149.     1855. 

Lichen  pallescens  L.  Sp.  Plant.  1142.     1753. 

Lecanora  pallescens  Schaer.,  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  1:   196.     1888. 

On  bark  of  Mal>a  crassinervis,  Watling's  Island,  near  Cockburn  Town  : — cosmo- 
politan. 

3.    HAEMATOMMA  Mass. 

1.  Haematomma  puniceum  (Ach.)  Wainio,  Lich,  Bres.  1:  72.     1890. 

Lecanora\mnicea  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  174,     1814, 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions  of  both  hemi- 
spheres. 

Family  10.     PHYLLOPSORACEAE. 

1.  PHYLLOPSORA  Muell.  Arg. 
1.  Phyllopsora  parvifolia   (Pers.)   Muell,  Arg,  Bull.  Herb.  Boiss.  2:   appendix 
1:  45.     1894. 
Lecidea  parvifolia  Pers.  in  Gaudich.  Voy.  Uran.  192.     1826. 
Biatora  parvifolia  Tuck,  Genera  Lich.  157.     1872. 

On  tree-trunks,  Andros,  and  New  Providence,  in  ^Yaterloo  Coppice  : — widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Family  11.     CLADONIACEAE. 

1,    CLADONIA  Hill. 

Apothecia  some  shade  of  red. 
Apothecia  some  shade  of  brown. 

Podetia  with  dilated  axils  or  cup-shaped. 
Axils  or  cups  uerforate. 
Axils  or  cups  closed. 

Podetia  entirely  corticate  and  without  soredia. 
Cups  proliferating  from  the  center. 
Cups  proliferating  from  the  margins,  or  not  at  all. 
Podetia  at  least  partially  decorticate  and  more  or  less 
sorediate. 
Podetia  powdery-sorediate. 

Podetia  warty  or  scurfy  or  granular-sorediate. 
Cups  well-developed. 
Cups  reduced. 
Podetia  with  closed  axils,  not  at  all  cup-shaped,  much  branched. 
Podetia  fine  and  somewhat  uniform  in  size  throughout. 
Podetia  with  main  part  stout  and  branching  progressively 
finer. 


1. 

C.  areolata. 

2. 

C.  Dilleniana. 

3. 
4. 

C.  verticiUata. 
C.  gracilis. 

5. 

C.  fimtriata. 

6. 
7. 

C.  pi/xidata. 
C.  pityrea. 

8. 

C.  pycnoclada. 

9. 

C.  rangiferina. 

PANNARIACEAE.  547 

1.  Cladonia  areolata  Nyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  226.    1858. 

On  decaying  log,  Eleuthera  Island,  between  Harbor  Island  and  Lower  Bogue  : — 
Guadeloupe. 

This  is  a  peculiar  and  distinct  species,  with  a  subcrustose  thallus. 

2.  Cladonia  Dilleniana  Floerke,  Clad.  Coinm.  138.     1828. 

On  ground  and  over  rocks,  Andros,  vicinity  of  Lisbon  Creeli,  Deep  Creek,  Scrub 
Creek  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;   Australasia  ;  Madagascar. 

3.  Cladonia  verticillata  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  2:  122.     1795. 

Cladonia  gracilis  var.  verticillata  Fr.;  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lieli.  1:  242.     1882. 
On  the  ground,  Abaco,  along  California  Road  : — cosmopolitan. 

4.  Cladonia  gracilis  (L.)  Willd.  var.  dilacerata  Floerke,  Clad.  Comm.  37.     1828. 

Cladonia  gi'acilis  war.  hyhrida  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Licli.  1:  243,  in  part.     1882. 

Over  rocks.  Great  Bahama,  vicinity  of  Eight  Mile  Rocks  : — widely  distributed  in 
Europe  and  North  America. 

5.  Cladonia  fimbriata    (L.)    Fr.  var.  simplex   (Weis.)    Flot.  Linnaea  18:    18. 

1843. 

Lichen  fimbriatus  var.  simplex  Weis,  PI.  Crypt.  Gott.  84.     1770. 

Cladonia  fimbriata  var.  tuhaeformis  Fr. ;   Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A,  Lich.  1:   241. 

1882.   ■ 
On  the  ground.  Crooked  Island,  along  road  to  Stopper  Hill  : — cosmopolitan. 

6.  Cladonia  pyxidata    (L.)    Fr.  var.   chlorophaea   Floerke,   Clad.   Comm.    70. 

1828. 
Cladonia  pyxidata  (L.)  Fr.;  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  1:  240,  in  part.    1882. 
On  the  ground.  Great  Bahama  and  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

7.  Cladonia  pityrea  (Floerke)  Fr.  Nov.  Sched.  Crit.  21.     1826. 

Capitularia  pityrea  Floerke,  Berl.  Magaz.  2:  135.     1808. 

Cladonia  fimbriata  var.  adspersa  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  1:  242.     1882. 

On  dead  wood,   and  on  the  ground,  Andros,  near  Nicholl's  Town,  and  Crooked 
Island,  at  Vauxhall : — cosmopolitan. 

8.  Cladonia  pycnoclada  (Pers.)  Nyl.  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  9:  244.    1866. 

Cenomyce  pycnoclada  Pers.  in  Gaudich.  Voy.  Uran.  212.     1826. 

On  the  ground  and   over  rocks,   Abaco,   at   Marsh   Harbor,   and  Mangrove  Cay, 
Andros,  at  Pineland,  Lisbon  Creek  : — widely  distributed  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 

9.  Cladonia  rangiferina  (L.)  Web.  in  Wiggers,  Prim.  Fl.  Hols.    90.    1780. 

Lichen  rangiferinus  L.  Sp.  Plant.  1153.     1753. 
Over  rocks.  Great  Bahama  : — cosmopolitan. 

Family  12.     PANNARIACEAE. 

Upper  cortex  composed  of  vertical  hyphae  ;  gonidia  Nostoc.  1.  Pannaria. 

Upper  cortex  composed  of  longitudinal  hyphae  ;  gonidia  Scytoncma.         2.  Coccocarpia. 

1.    PANNARIA  Delise. 
1.  Pannaria  nilDiginosa  (Thunb.)  Delise,  Diction.  Class.  13:  20.     1828. 
Lichen  rubiginosus  Thunb.  Prodr.  Flor.  Capens.  176.     1794. 

On  trees.   New  Providence,  along  Soldier's  Road  : — common   in  tropical   regions 
and  locally  distributed  in  temperate  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 


548 


PAEMELIACEAE. 


2.    COCCOCARPIA  Pers. 

1.  Coccocarpia  pellita  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  320. 
Parmelia  pellita  Ach,  Lich.  Univ.  468.     1810. 

Thallus  without  isidia. 

Hypothallus  copious  and  extending  beyond  the  lobes. 
Hypothallus  medium  or  scanty. 

Lobes   about   0.4-1.0   mm.*^  wide,    repeatedly    pinnatifid- 

incised. 
Lobes  2-10  mm.  wide,  cuneate,  subentire. 
Rhizoids  blue-black  ;  apothecia  blackening. 
Rhizoids  partly   white ;   apothecia   persistently   pale 
brown. 
Thallus  more  or  less  isidiose. 


1882. 


a.  var.  pannosa. 

h.  var.  genidna. 

c.  var.  parmelioides. 

'd.  var.  smaragdina. 
e.  var.  tenuior. 


la.  Coccocarpia  pellita  var.  pannosa  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  320.     1882. 

On  trees,  New  Providence,  at  Lake  Cunningham,  and  Crooked  Island,  at  Vaux- 
hall : — Cuba  ;  Australia. 

lb.  Coccocarpia  pellita  var,  genuina  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  321.     1882, 

On  trees.   Watling's  Island,  near  Cockburn  Town  : — Cuba  ;   Porto  Rico  ;  Brazil. 
This  represents  the  Acharlan  type  and  is  well  illustrated  in  Swartz  Lich.  Amer.  pi.  6. 

Ic.  Coccocarpia  pellita  var.  parmelioides  (Hook.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  320. 

1882. 

Lecidea  parmelioides  Hook,  in  Kunth  Syn.  Plant.  Orb.  162.     1822. 
Coccocarpia  moly'bdea  Pers,  in  Gaudieh.  Voy.  Uran.  206,     1826, 
Pannaria  moly'bdea  Tuck,  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  1:  124.    1882. 

On   trees.    Great   Bahama,   Abaco,   New   Providence : — widely   distributed   in   the 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Id.  Coccocarpia  pellita  var.  smaragdina   (Pers.)   Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:   320. 

1882, 

Coccocarpia  smaragdina  Pers,  in  Gaudieh.  Yoy.  Uran.  206.     1826. 

On   trees.   New   Providence,    at   Lake    Cunningham  : — widely    distributed    in   the 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

le.  Coccocarpia  pellita  var.  tenuior  (Nyl.)  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  322.  1882. 
Coccocarpia  moly'bdea  var.  tenuior  Nyl.  apud  Krplh.  Flora  59:  76.  1876. 
On  trees,  New  Providence,  at  Maidenhead  Coppice  : — Porto  Rico  ;  Mauritius. 

Family  13.     PAEMELIACEAE. 

1.   PARMELIA  Ach. 


Margins  ciliate. 
Margins  naked. 
Medulla  yellow. 
Medulla  white. 

Thallus  greenish-straw-color. 
Thallus  gray  or  whitish. 

Medulla  turning  red  when  tested  with  caus- 
tic potash. 
Margins  entirely  without  soredia. 
Margins  more  or  less  sorediate. 
Medulla  not  red  with  caustic  potash. 


1.  P.  nrceolata. 

2.  P.  siilphitrata. 

3.  P.  flava. 


4.  P.  Intissima, 

4a.   P.  latissimaxar.cristifero 

5.  P.  perlata. 


1.  Parmelia  urceolata  Eschw.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1 :  207.     1833. 

On  trees,  New  Providence,  along  Soldier's  Road  : — tropical   South  America  and 
Africa. 


USNEACEAE.  549 

2.  Parmelia  sulphurata  Nees  &  Flot.  Linnaea  9:  501.     1834. 

On  trees,  New  Providence,  at  Maidenhead  Coppice  : — widely  distrilnited  in  trot, 
ical  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

3.  Parmelia   flava   Krempelli.   in   Warming,    Symbol.   Flor.   Bras,   in   Yi.lensk. 

Meddel.  9.     1873. 

On  tree,  Andros,  along  road  to  Conch  Sound  : — Brazil. 

4.  Parmelia  latissima  Fee,  Suppl.  Essai  Crypt.  119,  pi.  38,  f.  1.     1837. 

On    trees,    Abaco,    New   Providence,   Watling's   Island,    Crooked    Island  : — widely 
distributed  in  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

4a.  Parmelia  latissima  var.  cristifera  (Taylor)   Hue,  Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist. 
Nat.  Paris  IV:  1:  204.     1899. 

Parmelia  cristifera  Taylor  in  Hook.  Journ.  Bot.  6:  165.     1847. 

On  trees.  New  Providence,  at  Maidenhead  Coppice  : — distributed  as  in  the  typi- 
cal form. 

5.  Parmelia  perlata  (L.)  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  216.     1803. 

Lichen  perlatus  L.  Syst.  Nat.  ed.  12,  p.  712.     1767. 
On  trees.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

Family  14.     USNEACEAE. 

Medulla  of  loosely  interwoven  hyphae  ;  spores  two-celled.  1.  Ramalina. 

Medulla  with    a    tough    central    strand    of    compacted    hyphae ; 

spores  simple.  LV   Usnea. 

1.   RAJVLAIilNA  Ach. 

Thallus  more  or  less  sorediate.  1.  R.  peruviana. 
Thallus  without  soredia. 

Thallus  elongated  and  pendulous.  2.  R.  usneoides. 
Thallus  short  and  erect. 

Branches  flattened  ;   spores  ellipsoid.  3.  R.  complanata. 

Branches  more  or  less  cylindrical ;  spores  fusiform.  4.   R.  Montagnei. 

1.  Ramalina  peruviana  Ach.  Licli.  Univ.  599.    1810. 

On  trees.  Crooked  Island,  road  to  Stopper  Hill  : — Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Curagao 
Island  ;  Peru. 

2.  Ramalina  usneoides  (Ach.)  Fr.  Lich.  Europ.  468.     1831. 

Parmelia  usneoides  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  270.     1803. 

On  branches  of  trees,  Abaco  and  Watling's  Island  : — widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

3.  Ramalina  complanata  (Sw.)  Ach.  Lich.  Univ.  599.     1810. 

Lichen  complanatus  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Oec.  3:  1911.     1806. 

Eamalina  denticulata   (Eschw.)    Nyl.  Bull.  Soc.  Linn.  Norm.  II:    4:    129. 
1870. 

On    trees,    Abaco,    New    Providence,    Eleuthera    and    Long    Island : — widely    dis- 
tributed in  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

4.  Ramalina  Montagnei  DeNot.  Giorn.  Bot.  Ital.  2:  218.     1846. 

Eamalina  rigida  var.  Montagnei  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  1:  23.     1882. 

On  twigs   and  branches.   Great   Bahama,    New  Providence,   Cat,    Watling's,   and 
Acklin  Islands  : — southern  United  States  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico. 


^^^  CALOPLACACEAE. 

2.    USNEA  Adans. 
1.  Usnea  florida  (L.)  Web.  var.  strigosa  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  310.     1803. 
On  trees,  Crooked  Island,  at  Stopper  Island  : — cosmopolitan. 

Family  15.     CALOPLACACEAE. 

Thalline  exciple  never  present.  1.  Blastenia. 

Thalline  exciple  present,  or  sometimes  disappearing  in  old  apothecia.      2.  Caloplaca. 

1.    BLASTENIA  Mass. 

Disk  of  apothecia  orange  or  rusty.  1.   B.  ferruginea. 

Disk  of  apothecia  dark  brown  to  black.  2.  B.  floridana. 

1.  Blastenia  ferruginea  (Huds.)  Koerb.  Syst.  Lieh.  Germ.  184.     1855. 

Lichen  ferrugineus  Huds.  Fl.  Aug.  444.     1762. 
On  bark,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

2.  Blastenia  floridana   (Tuck.)   Zahlbr.  in  Engler  &  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflanzenfam. 

r*:  227.     1907. 

Lecanora  floridana  Tuck.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  5:  402.     1862. 
Placodium  floridanum  Tuck.  Syn.  N.  A.  Lich.  1:  179.     1882. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 

2.   CALOPLACA  Th.  Fr. 

Thallus  conspicuously  white-powdery.  1.  C.  galactophylla. 

Thallus  not  at  all  white-powdery. 

Thallus  on  bark,  copiously  isidiose.  2a.   C.  aurantiaca  var.  isidiosella. 

Thallus  on  rocks,  without  isidia. 

Apothecia  superficial  on  convex,  thick,  thal- 
line areoles.  2b.   C.  aurantiaca  var.  enjthrella. 
Apothecia    immersed    in    flat,    thin,    thalline 

areoles.  2c.  C.  aurantiaca  var.  diffracta. 

1.  Caloplaca  galactophylla  (Tuck.)  Riddle. 

Placodium  galactophyllum  Tuck.  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  12:  171.     1877. 
On  limestone,  New  Providence  : — Kansas. 

2.  Caloplaca  aurantiaca  (Lightf.)  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Arct.  116.     1860. 

Lichen  aurantiacus  Lightf.  Fl.  Scot.  2:  810.    1777. 

2a.  Caloplaca  aurantiaca  var.  isidiosella  (Crombie)  Riddle. 

Lecanora  aurantiaca  var.  isidiosella  Crombie,  Jouru.  Linn.  Soc.  15:   437. 

1877. 
Lepraria  Bassiae  Ach.  Meth.  Lich.  5.     1803. 
Placodium  aurantiacum  subsp.  Bassiae  Wainio,  Journ.  Bot.  34:  67.     1896. 

On  bark.   New   Providence  : — Jamaica  ;    St.   Thomas  ;    St.   Vincent ;   Guadeloupe ; 
India. 

2b.  Caloplaca  aurantiaca  var.  erythrella  (Ach.)  Th.  Fr.  Lich.  Scand.  178.      1871. 
Lichen  erythrellus  Ach.  Lich.  Prodr.  Suec.  43.     1798. 
On  limestone,  Eleuthera  Island  : — probably  cosmopolitan. 


BUELLIACEAE.  551 

2c.  Caloplaca  aurantiaca  var.  diffracta  (Mass.)  Eiddle. 

Callopisma   aurantiacum   var.    diffractum   Mass.    Monog.   Lich.    Blast.    73. 
1853. 

On  limestone,  New  Providence,  and  Watling's  Island,  near  Cockburn  Town  : — 
Italy. 

The  Bahama  material  agrees  exactly  with  the  specimen  in  Massalongo  Lich. 
Exsic.  Ital.  no.  2^3. 

Family  16.     BUELLIACEAE. 

1.  BUELLIA  DeNot. 

Thallus  areolate.  even,  medulla  white. 
Thallus  yellow  with  caustic  potash, 

Apothecia  black  and  nudate.  1.  B.parasema. 

Apothecia  with  an  aeruginous  bloom.  la.  B.parasemavar.aeruginascens. 

Thallus  red  with  caustic  potash.  2.  B.conspirans. 

Thallus  verrucose,  the  verrucae  with  a  dark  red 

medulla.  3.  B.sanguinariella. 

1.  Buellia  parasema  (Aeh.)  Koerb.  Syst.  Lich.  Germ.  228.     1855. 

Lecidea  parasema  Aeh.  Meth.  Lich.  35.     1803. 
Buellia  disciformis  Auct. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

la.  Buellia  parasema  var.  aeniginascens   (Nyl.)   Muell.  Arg.  Flora  68:    530. 

1885. 

Lecidea  disciformis  var.  aeniginascens  Nyl.  Bull.  Soc.  Linn.  Norm.  II:  2: 
52.     1868. 

On  bark,  Ship  Channel  Cay  and  Stocking  Island,  Exuma  Chain  : — widely  dis- 
tributed in  tropical  America. 

2.  Buellia  conspirans  (Nyl.)  Wainio,  Ann.  Acad.  Sci.  Fenn.  A:  6^:  88.     1915. 

Lecidea  conspirans  Nyl.  Flora  51:  345.     1868. 

Lecidea  sub  disciformis  Leight.  Lich.  Fl.  Brit.  308.     1871. 

Buellia  sub  disciformis  Wainio,  Lich.  Bres.  1:   167.     1890. 

On  bark,  common  in  many  of  the  islands  from  New  Providence  to  Long  Island  : — 
widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  regions. 

3.  Buellia  sanguinariella  (Nyl.)  Wainio,  Lich.  Bres.  1:  168.    1890. 

Lecidea  saiiguinariella  Nyl.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  V:  7:  328.     1867. 

On  bark.  Crooked  Island,  at  Vauxhall  and  Jingo  Hill : — Cuba  ;  Colombia. 

Family  17.     PHYSCIACEAE. 

Hypothecium  brownish-black.  1.  Pyxine. 

Hypothecium  colorless.  2.  Physcia. 

1.   PYXINE  Fr. 

Apothecia  lecanorine  at  least  when  young. 

Apothecia  persistently  lecanorine.  1.  P.  picta. 

Apothecia  soon  becoming  lecideine.  2.  P.  Jileissnei-i. 

Apothecia  lecideine  from  the  first. 

Medulla  white.  3.  P.  Cocoes. 

Medulla  sulphury.  3a.  P.  Cocoes  var.  endoxantha. 

1.  Pyxine  picta  (Sw.)  Tuck.  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  4:   398.     1860. 

Lichen  pictus  Sw.  Prodr.  146.     1788. 
Physcia  picta  Nyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  430.    1858. 

On  trees  and  shrubs.  Great  Bahama,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island,  Watling's 
Island  : — widely  distributed  in  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 


552  PHYSCIACEAE. 

2.  Pyxine  Meissneri  Tuck.  Proe.  Amer.  Acad.  4:  400.     1860. 

On  bark,  New  Providence  : — tropical  America  and  Africa,  and  East  Indies. 

3.  Pyxine  Cocoes  (Sw.)  Xyl.  Mem.  Soc.  Sci.  Cherb.  5:  108.     1857. 

Lichen  Cocoes  Sw.  Prodr.  146.     1788. 

Circinaria  dissecta  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  127,  pi.  30,  f.  2.     1824. 

Pyxine  dissecta  Wainio,  Ann.  Acad.  Sci.  Fenn.  A:  6^:  70.     1915. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  and  Watling's  Island : — widely  distributed  in  the 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

Wainio  (l.  c.)  gives  reasons  for  dropping  the  name  "Cocoes"  and  adopts  Fee's 
name  in  its  place.  His  reasons  do  not  seem  very  convincing,  and  as  the  name 
"  Cocoes  "  has  been  in  use  so  long  and  is  so  well  recognized,  it  has  seemed  best  to 
retain  it. 


3a.  Pyxine  Cocoes  var.  endoxantha  Muell.  Arg.  Flora  65:  318.     188: 

uthera,   Cat  Islan 

PHYSCIA  Ach. 


On  bark.  New  Providence,   Eleuthera,   Cat  Island  : — distribution  similar  to  that 
of  the  species. 


Thallus  gray-brown. 

Thallus  closely  adnate  ;  center  areolate.  1.  P.  adgliitinata. 

Thallus  merely  appressed  ;  center  subcontinuous.        2.  P.  obscura. 
Thallus  whitish  or  glaucous. 

Rhizoids  black  and  hispid-branched.  3.  P.  hypoleuca. 

Rhizoids  white  or  brown,  and  simple. 
Lobes  flat. 

Lobes  0.4-0.8  mm.  broad.  4.  P.  alha. 

Lobes  1.2-3.0  mm.  broad. 

Thallus  without  soredia.  5.  P.  dilatata. 

Thallus  sorediate.  6.  P.  crispa. 

Lobes  convex. 

Thallus  without  soredia. 

Lobes  discrete  and  radiate.  7.  P.  steUaris. 

Lobes  more  or  less  imbricate  and  ir- 
regular. 8.  P.  integrata. 
Thallus  sorediate.                                                   8o.  P.  integrata  xar.  sorediosa. 

1.  Physcia  adglutinata  (Flke.)  Xyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  428.     1858. 

Lecanora  adglutinata  Floerke,  Deutsch.  Lich.  4:  7.     1815. 

On  bark.  New  Providence  : — widely  distributed  in  temperate  regions. 

2.  Physcia  obscura  (Ehrh.)  Xyl.  Act.  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux  21:  309.     1856. 

Lichen  ohscurus  Ehrh.  Crypt,  no.  177. 
On  bark.  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

3.  Physcia  hsrpoleuca  (Ach.)  Tuck.  Syn.  X\  A.  Lich.  1:  68.     1882. 

Parmelia  speciosa  var.  hypoleuca  Ach.  Syn.  Lich.  211.     1814. 
On  twigs.  New  Providence,  on  Soldier's  Road  : — widely  distributed. 

4.  Physcia  alba  (Fee)  Muell.  Arg.  Eev.  Mycol.  9:  136.     1887. 

Parmelia  alha  Fee,  Essai  Crypt.  125,  pi.  30,  /.  4.    1824. 

On  bark.  Lignum  Vitae  Cay,  Berry  Islands  and  New  Providence  : — widely  dis- 
tributed in  tropical  America. 

5.  Physcia  dilatata  X^yl.  Syn.  Lich.  1 :  423.     1858. 

On  dead  wood,  and  on  living  shrubs.  New  Providence,  at  the  Race  Course  and 
Cat  Island,  vicinity  of  Port  Howe  : — Mexico  ;  Colombia  ;  Abyssinia. 

This  species  is  probably  more  widely  distributed  than  the  stations  cited  would 
indicate,  but  does  not  seem  to  have  been  recognized.  According  to  original  speci- 
mens in  the  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle  at  Paris.  P.  dilatata  has  exactly  the  lobing 
and  texture  of  the  common  Phxiscia  crispa,  but  without  the  soredia  of  that  species. 
From  P.  integrata,  it  differs  in  flatter  lobes  and  in  being  membranaceous  rather  than 
cartilaginous. 


ALGAE.  553 

6.  Physcia  crispa  (Pers.)  Nyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  423.     1858. 

Parmelia  crispa  Pers.  in  Gaudich.  Voj.  Uran.  196.    1826. 

Common  on  trees,  from  Great  Bahama  to  Cat  Island : — widely  distributed  in  the 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

7.  Physcia  stellaris   (L.)  Nyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  424.     1858. 

Lichen  stellaris  L.  Sp.  Plant.  1144.     1753. 

On  trees,  Berry  Islands,  New  Providence,  Cat,  and  Watling's  Islands  : — cosmo- 
politan. 

8.  Physcia  integrata  Nyl.  Syn.  Lich.  1:  424.    1858. 

On  trees,  Harbor  Island,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  at  Port  Howe,  and  Watling's 
Island,  near  Cockburn  Town  : — tropical  America. 

8a.  Physcia  integrata  var.  sorediosa  Wainio,  Lich.  Bres.  1:  142.     1890. 
On  CocoloMs,  Lignum  Vitae  Cay,  Berry  Islands : — with  the  species. 

Class  2.     ALGAE. 

Contributed  by  Marshall  A.  Howe. 

Sub-class  RHODOPHYCEAE. 

Family  1.     BANGIACEAE. 

1.    BANGIA  Lyugb.;  Hornem.  Fl.  Dan.  9-^:  8.  1818;  Lyngb.  Hydroph. 
Dan.  82.     1819. 

?DiADENus  Pal.  de  Beauv.;  Desv.  Jour,  de  Bot.  1:  124.    1808. 

1.  Bangia  lutea  J.  Ag.  Alg.  Med.  et  Adriat.  14.    1842. 

Bangia  pallida  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  250.     1843. 

Bangia  hidentata  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Germ.  195.     1845. 

Bangia  pallescens  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  260.     1849. 

In  its  short  broad  cells,  the  Bahamian  plant  resembles  Kiitzing's  fig.  c 
(Tab.  Phyc.  3:  2^^-  ^^  I^)  of  his  Bangia  bidentata.  It  appears  to  be  more 
rosaceous  and  less  luteous  than  old  specimens  from  the  Mediterranean,  but 
otherwise  not  essentially  different. 

On  rocks  between  the  tide-lines.  Silver  Cay  (New  Providence)  : — reported  from 
Guadeloupe  ;  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  seas.     Type  from  Italy. 

2.  ERYTHBOTEICHIA  Areseh.;  Summ.  Veg.  Scand.  132.     1846. 

1.  Erythrotrichia  carnea  (Dillw.)  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  3:  15.    1883. 
Conferva  carnea  Dillw.  Brit.  Conferv.  ijl.  84.     1807. 
Conferva  ceramicola  Lyngb.  Hydroph.  Dan.  144.  pi.  481).     1819. 
Erythrotrichia  ceramicola  Areseh.;  Phyc.  Scand.  Mar.  210.     1850. 

On  Sargci'SSum,  etc.,  probably  common.  Berry  Islands : — widely  distributed  in 
temperate  and  tropical  seas.     Type  from  ^YaIes. 

3.    GONIOTRICHUM  Kutz.  Linnaea  17:  89.  1843;  Phyc. 
Gen.  244.     1843. 

1.  Goniotrichum  Alsidii  (Zanard.)  M.  A.  Howe,  Mem.  Torrey  Club  15 :  75.      1914. 

Bangia  Alsidii  Zanard.  Bibl.  Ital.  96:  136.  1839;  Syn.  Alg.  Mar.  Adriat. 
115.  pi.  6.  f.  7.     1841. 

Bangia  elegans  Chauv.  Mem.  Soc.  Linn.  Norm.  6:  13  (nomen  nudum).     1838. 

Goniotrichum  elegans  Zanard.  Not.  Cell.  Mar.  69.     1847. 

On  Spermothamnion  speliincarum  and  WrangeUa  penicillata,  Mariguana  : — widely 
distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  seas.     Type  from  Trieste. 

36 


554  NEMALIONACEAE. 

4.    ASTEROCYTIS  Gobi,  Trud.  St.  Peterb.  Obstt.  Yest.  10: 
85.    1879.     [Xot  seen.] 
1.  Asterocytis  ramosa  (Thwaites)  Gobi,  loc.  eit. 

Filaments  0.5-1  mm.  long,  mostly  13-28 /w  in  diameter,  sparingly  dichot- 
omous;  vegetative  cells  (protoplasts)  5-10  fi  long,  1-2  times  as  long  as  broad, 
chromatopliore  vaguely  stellate  or  indeterminate;  cysts  (akinetes  ?)  subglobose, 
ovoid,  or  ellipsoid,  uniseriate  or  rarely  in  a  double  series,  13-19  /i  in  longest 
diameter  (including  walls),  their  walls  2-5^  thick.  The  monospores  or  akinetes 
of  the  Bahamian  specimens  resemble  in  form  those  shown  by  Wille  in  his  /.  10 
(Nyt.  Mag.  Naturvidensk.  38:  2)1  1.     1900). 

On  the  older  parts  of  PohjsipJionia  hapalacantha.  Great  Exuma  : — apparently  of 
wide  distribution  ;  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  England. 

Family  2.     NEMALIONACEAE. 

1.   LIAGORA  Lamour.  Xouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Phil.  3:  185.     1812. 

Branching  dominantly  dichotomous   (dichotomy  sometimes  obscured  by  proliferations, 
especially  in  Nos.  1  and  3)  ;  dioicous. 
Assimilatory  filaments   cylindric,   13-21  ^  in  diameter  in  distal   parts,  projecting 
beyond  the  calcification  and  forming  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  rufous  or  ful- 
vous superficial  nap  ;  antheridia  in  isolated  compact,  conic- 
ovoid,  subglobose,  or  hemispheric  tufts  40-65  «.  broad.  1.  L.  farinosa. 
Assimilatory  filaments  more  or  less  moniliate,  3-13  u  in  diam- 
eter in  distal  parts,  a  superficial  nap  wanting  or  incon- 
spicuous ;  antheridia  in  rather  loose  flabellate  or  funnel- 
shaped  clusters  10— 20^  wide,  commonly  forming  an  ap- 
parently confluent  and   continuous   peripheral   stratum. 
Surface  of  thallus  in  dried  state  smooth  and  compact  or 
minutely  pitted  :  cystocarp  with  a  rather  inconspicuous 
and  poorly  defined  involucre.  2.  L.  vallda. 
Surface  of  thallus  in  dried  state  alveolate,  farinaceous,  or 
pulverulent ;  cystocarp  with  a  sharply  defined  basal  in- 
volucre of  long  ascending  or  partly  encircling  filaments.         3.  L.  ceranoides. 
Branching  dominantly  monopodial.* 
Monoicous. 

Calcification  axial,  the  distal  ends  of  the  assimilatory  fila- 
ments free;  antheridia  in  compact  tufts  25-40 «  broad, 
on  penultimate  or  antepenultimate  segments  ;  cystocarp 
with  an  involucre  of  ascending  filaments.  4.  L.  pinnata. 

Calcification  chiefly  and  primarily  extra-peripheral ;  an- 
theridia in  small  tufts,  mostly  13-20 w  broad,  on  ulti- 
mate and  penultimate  segments  ;  involucre  of  cystocarp 
represented   by   a   few   pendent   or   appressed-decurrent 

rhizoidal  filaments  or  wanting.  5.  L.  pedicellata. 

Dioicous  ;  calcification  usually  light,  chiefly  axial ;  plant  very 
flaccid  and  mucous  ;  assimilatory  filaments  usually  beauti- 
fully moniliform  ;  cystocarp  with  an  inconspicuous  involucre 
of  ascending  filaments.  6.  L.  mucosa. 

1.  Liagora  farinosa  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  240.    1816. 

Liagora  elongata  Zanard.  Flora  34:  35.     1851. 

Liagora  Clieyneana  Harv.  Trans.  Eoy.  Irish  Acad.  22:  552.     1855. 

Liagora  lurida  Dickie,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  14:  195.     1874. 

Liagora  crassa  Dickie,  loc.  cit. 

[Liagora  cayokuesonica  Melvill,  Jour.  Bot.  13:    262.     1875. 

Liagora  farionicolor  Melvill,  loc.  cit.     263. 

Liagora  corymhosa  J.  Ag.  p.  p.  max..  Anal.  Alg.  Cont.  3:  104.     1896. 

Extremely  variable  in  size  and  in  habit  of  branching,  but  constant  in  the 
large  compact  capitate  tufts  of  antheridia,  dioicously  disposed,  in  the  protrusion 

*  Occasional  conditions  of  L.  farinosa  may  be  sought  here.  L.  decussata  Mont., 
not  yet  reported  from  the  Bahamas,  has  its  branches  commonly  denudate  at  base 
and  thus  apparently  stipitate  or  articulate,  which  is  not  true  of  the  other  West 
Indian  members  of  the  monopodial  group.  It  differs  also  in  being  more  compactly 
calcified,  less  mucous,  and  less  adherent  to  paper  when  dried. 


NEMALIONACEAE.  555 

of  the  stout  cylindrie  assimilatory  filaments  beyond  the  axial  calcification  and 
in  the  characters  of  the  cystocarp.  Monosporangium-bearing  discs,  looking  like 
epi-endophytes,  but  probably  arising  from  gemmae  of  the  Liagora,  occur,  espe- 
cially on  antheridial  plants. 

On  rocks  and  stones  from  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  at  least  two 
meters,  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  South  Cat  Cay,  Berry  Islands, 
Exuma  Chain,  Mariguana,  and  Little  Inagua  : — Bermuda;  Florida;  Cuba  ;' Jamaica  ; 
St.  Croix  :  Barbados  ;  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas.  Type 
from  the  Red  Sea,  near  Suez. 

2.  Liagora  valida  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  138.  pi.  31A.    1853. 

Liagora  annulata  J.  Ag.  (in  part,  at  least)  Sp.  Alg.  3:  518.     1876. 
Liagora  tenuis  J.  Ag.  p.  p.  max.,  Anal.  Alg.  Cont.  3:  101.     1896. 
Liagora  rosacea  Zeh,  Notizbl.  Konigl.  Bot.  Gart.  Berlin  5:  271.     1912. 

Extremely  variable  in  size  and  habit,  in  the  amount  of  calcification,  in 
presence  or  absence  of  annulations,  in  the  compactness  of  the  cortex,  in  the  sub- 
parallel  or  subumbellate  disposition  of  the  distal  branches  of  the  assimilatory 
filaments,  and  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  peripheral  cells,  yet  specific  segrega- 
tions seem  to  the  writer  to  be  impracticable.  Plants  growing  on  surf-beaten 
rocks  between  the  tide-lines  form  rigid  brittle  closely  adherent  cushions  sug- 
gesting fruticulose  Lithothamnieae  or  species  of  the  lichen  genus  Cladonia; 
those  growing  below  the  low-water  line  or  in  less  agitated  water  are  longer, 
laxer,  less  heavily  calcified,  and  more  flexible.  In  intermediate  positions,  forms 
of  intermediate  habit  occur.  Certain  conditions  of  the  species  appear  to  be 
close  to  Liagora  fragilis  (Forsk.  ?)  Zanard.  and  L.  rugosa  ZanarcL,  from  the 
Eed  Sea,  with  which  they  may  need  further  comparisons. 

On  rocks  from  near  the  high-water  marli,  in  exposed  positions,  down  to  a  depth 
of  at  least  one  meter  (low-tide),  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Berry  Islands, 
North  Cat  Cay,  South  Cat  Cay,  Gun  Cay,  Andros,  Orange  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Eleu- 
thera,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  :— Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico ;  St.  Croix ;  and  Barbados.  Type  from  Sand  Key,  near  Key 
West,  Florida. 

3.  Iiiagora  ceranoides  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  239.    1816. 

Liagora  imlverulenta  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  396.     1822. 

Liagora  leprosa  J.  Ag.  6fv.  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  4:  8.     1847. 

Liagora  opposita  J.  Ag.  Anal.  Alg.  Cont.  3:  101.     1896. 

Liagora  Pilgeriana  Zeh,  Notizbl.  Konigl.  Bot.  Gart.  Berlin  5:   272.     1912. 

This  species,  also,  as  here  conceived,  shows  great  variation  in  size  and  habit, 
in  the  amount  of  calcification,  and  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  lateral  pro- 
liferations, yet  is  fairly  constant  in  the  alveolate  or  farinaceous-pulverulent 
character  of  the  surface  of  the  dried  plant,  in  the  small  subglobose  or  ovoid 
ultimate  or  penultimate  cells  of  the  assimilatory  filaments,  in  the  compact, 
many-filamented,  small-spored  cystocarp,  and  in  the  highly  developed  cysto- 
carpic  involucre  of  numerous  long  ascending  or  partly  encircling  filaments. 
Monosporangium-bearing  discs,  apparently  arising  from  gemmae,  are  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  on  both  antheridial  and  cystocarpic  plants. 

On  rocks,  stones,  and  shells  and  on  other  algae  from  low-water  mark  down  to  a 
depth  of  two  meters  or  more  (taken  at  a  depth  of  twenty  meters  by  Borgeseu  in  the 
American  Virgin  Islands),  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  Gun  Cay,  Berry  Islands, 
Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Little  Inagua  and  Castle  Islands  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  Barbados  ;  Mexico  ;  Brazil ;  of  wide 
distribution  in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas.  Type  from  St.  Thomas,  American 
Virgin  Islands. 

4.  Liagora  pinnata  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2 :  138.  pi.  31B.     1853. 

Liagora  paniculata  J.  Ag.  Anal.  Cont.  3:  106.     1896. 

On  rocks,  etc.,  from  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  at  least  two  meters, 
Great  Bahama,  Berry  Islands,  and  Exuma  Chain  : — Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  and  St.  Croix. 
Type  from  Sand  Key,  near  Key  West,  Florida. 


556  NEMALIONACEAE. 

5.  Liagora  pedicellata  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  usually  very  soft  and  flaccid,  4-16  cm.  long  or  high,  irregularly 
monopodial,  the  main  divisions  paniculate  or  pyramido-paniculate,  each  branch 
surrounded  in  the  living  state  by  a  soft  mucous  sheath  about  as  thick  as  the 
whole  diameter  of  the  enclosed  branch,  this  sheath  showing  a  flocculent  precipi- 
tate of  microscopic  calcareous  granules  arranged  mostly  in  the  walls  of  irregular 
alveolae,  making  surface  in  dried  state  minutely  alveolate  or  farinaceous- 
alveolate;  branches  for  the  most  part  progressively  shorter,  varying  from  rather 
sparse  to  crowded,  tapering  slightly  to  obtuse  or  subacute  apex,  1.2-2  mm.  broad 
towards  apex,  including  more  or  less  calcified  mucous  sheath,  0.45-0.8  mm. 
without  sheath;  central  axis  in  basal  parts  1.5-2.5  mm.  in  diameter,  more  or 
less  calcified  and  often  denudate,  in  ultimate  branches  mostly  150-175^1  in 
diameter,  usually  readily  visible  after  decalcification,  commonly  reduced  to  about 
four  filaments  towards  apex,  the  cells  subcylindric-ellipsoid  or  dolioform,  104- 
340^  X  36-104 /u,  descending  rhizoids  8-13^1  in  diameter  few  in  younger  parts; 
fascicles  of  assimilatory  filaments  mostly  300-600  ix  long,  4-7  times  divided, 
usually  subtrichotomous  at  one  or  two  of  the  proximal  articulations,  otherwise 
dichotomous,  intermingled  in  older  parts  with  simple  or  subsimple  filaments 
8-11  cells  long,  all  filaments  submouiliate  in  distal  parts,  the  distal  or  subdistal 
cells  mostly  obovoid,  15-26//.  long,  12-16  (20)  /*  broad;  apical  hairs  numerous, 
slender,  long  and  flexuous,  often  cyliudric-capitate,  soon  gelatinizing,  leaving 
inconspicuous  vestigia;  monoicous;  antheridia  in  small  inconspicuous  tufts 
mostly  13-20 /u.  broad,  on  ultimate  and  penultimate  segments;  carpogonial  branch 
straight,  20-25  ix  broad,  of  4-6  cells  (including  the  usually  long  pedicel  cell) 
situated  terminally  or  subterminally  on  the  third  or  fourth  segment  of  the 
fascicle;  cystocarp  compact,  subhemispheric,  90-215  ici  broad,  peripheral,  ter- 
minating a  rather  stout  and  rigid  submonopodial  axis  or  pedicel  300-450  jU 
(4—8  cells)  long,  involucre  wanting  or  represented  by  a  few  short  appressed- 
decurrent  or  pendent  rhizoidal  filaments;  carpospores  obovoid,  ellipsoid,  or  pyri- 
form,  23-39  fi  X  15-21  /z. 

On  more  or  less  exposed  rocks,  near  the  low-water  mark  (also  found  washed 
ashore),  Cockburn  Harbor,  South  Caicos  (Iloice  Soo't — type;,  Malcolm  Road,  South 
Caicos,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  Rose  Island,  Whale  Cay,  Great  Bahama  : — Florida 
(Boot  Key). 

Liagora  pedicellata  is  allied  to  L.  pinnata  Harv.,  in  general  habit,  but  differs  , 
constantly  in  being  more  flaccid  and  mucous,  in  the  more  external  or  sheathing 
(usually  lighter)  calcification,  in  the  smaller  simpler  more  terminal  tufts  of  anther- 
idia, in  the  straighter.  more  terminal  carpogonial  branches,  in  the  more  peripheral, 
more  obviously  pedicelled,  more  compact  and  homogeneous,  large-spored  cystocarps, 
which  are  destitute  of  a  proper  ascending  involucre.  In  L.  pciliceUata-,  the  calcifica- 
tion is  mostly  in  the  external  mucous  sheath,  extending  irregularly  down  among  the 
peripheral  filaments  in  the  older  parts  ;  the  distal  ends  of  the  filaments  are  covered 
by  it  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  tips  of  the  hairs  in  the. apical  region.  In 
L.  pinnata  the  calcification  is  in  among  the  filaments,  the  distal  ends  of  most  of  the 
filaments,  with  or  without  hairs,  remaining  free  or  protruding  beyond  the  calcifica- 
tion. The  essentially  terminal  rather  than  lateral  carpogonial  branches  might  be 
regarded  by  some  as  suflBcient  ground  for  placing  the  plant  in  the  genus  Trichogloea 
rather  than  in  Liagora.  but  in  habit  and  other  characters  the  plant  is  essentially  a 
Liagora,  bearing,  in  fact,  so  close  a  resemblance  to  L.  mucosa  that  a  microscopic 
examination  is  commonly  necessary  for  their  separation. 

6.  Liagora  mucosa  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  very  soft  and  mucous,  lightly  and  irregularly  calcified,  5-20  cm. 
long  or  high,  irregularly  monopodial,  the  main  divisions  paniculate  or  pyramido- 
paniculate,  the  calcification  beginning  near  the  central  axis  and  often  extending 
into  the  extra-peripheral  mucus  as  mostly  isolated  flocculent  granules,  the  sur- 
face in  dry  state  pulverulent,  farinaceous,  or  sometimes  minutely  alveolate; 
branches  for  the  most  part  progressively  shorter,  varying  from  rather  sparse  to 
moderately  crowded,  tapering  slightly  to  obtuse  or  subacute  apex,  0.32-0.6  mm. 
broad  tow^ards  apex  (not  including  hairs)  ;  central  axis  in  basal  parts  0.7-1.25 
mm.  in  diameter,  lightly  calcified,  often  denudate,  in  ultimate  branches  mostly 


CHAETANGIACEAE.  567 

45-125  fi  in  diameter,  readily  visible,  commonly  reduced  to  three  or  four  rather 
easily  separable  filaments  towards  apex,  the  cells  subcylindric  or  fusiform, 
mostly  52-300  ^J:  X  11-75  ul,  descending  rhizoids  3-8  fi  in  diameter  few  in 
younger  parts;  fascicles  of  assimilatory  filaments  mostly  150-300 /w  long,  3  or 
4  times  dichotomous,  intermingled  in  older  parts  with  simple  or  subsimple  fila- 
ments 8-15  cells  long,  all  beautifully  moniliate  or  submoniliate  in  distal  parts 
at  least,  the  distal  or  subdistal  cells  subglobose  or  bitruncate-subglobose  to 
ellipsoid  or  obovoid,  13-24 /w  long,  13-19 /x  broad;  apical  hairs  very  numerous, 
becoming  300-800  ^l  long,  cylindric-capitate,  gelatinizing  and  leaving  incon- 
spicuous vestigia;  dioicous;  antheridia  forming  rather  compact  subglobose  or 
subhemispheric  tufts  25-50 /u  broad,  crowning  ultimate  and  penultimate  seg- 
ments; carpogonial  branch  slightly  curved,  15-28 /x  broad,  of  four  cells  (often 
with  conspicuous  intercellular  spaces),  situated  latero-terminally  on  the  second 
or  third  (rarely  first  or  fourth)  segment  of  the  fascicle;  cystocarp  compact, 
subhemispheric  or  subglobose,  100-200  ix  broad,  with  a  few  rather  inconspicuous 
ascending  involucral  filaments;  carpospores  obovoid  to  pyriform-clavate,  25- 
32yu  X  14-18^. 

On  more  or  less  exposed  rocks,  at  or  near  the  low-water  mark  (also  found 
washed  ashore),  Little  Inagua  (Howe  5717 — type),  Rose  Island,  Whale  Cav,  Great 
Stirrup  Cay,  Great  Bahama: — Florida  (Key  West,  Mrs.  G.  A.  Hall,  Mrs.  F."^  A.  Ctir- 
tiss)  ;  Barbados  (Vickers.  Alg.  Barb.  106-^a  coarse  form).  Liagora  mucosa  resembles 
L.  pedicellata  so  much  in  general  habit  that  a  microscopic  examination  is  commonly 
necessary  for  their  distinction,  yet  it  differs  constantly  in  being  dioicous,  in  the  larger 
tufts  of  antheridia,  in  the  less  distal  and  more  lateral  insertion  of  the  more  curved 
carpogonial  branch,  and  in  the  presence  of  a  proper,  even  though  rather  inconspicu- 
ous, ascending  involucre  for  the  cystocarp.  It  differs  less  constantly  in  the  shorter, 
more  moniliform  assimilatory  filaments  and  in  the  more  axial,  less  extra-peripheral 
calcification. 

From  Liagora  pinnata  Harv.,  the  species  differs  in  being  dioicous,  in  being  less 
calcified,  in  its  greater  mucosity,  in  its  shorter,  more  moniliform  assimilative  fila- 
ments, etc. 

From  Liagora  mcgagiina  Borg.,  recently  described  from  St.  Croix,  L.  mucosa  dif- 
fers in  being  much  more  flaccid  and  mucous,  in  being  less  calcified,  in  the  long  and 
numerous  apical  hairs,  in  the  fascicles  of  the  more  moniliate  assimilatory  filaments 
being  about  one  half  as  long,  in  the  absence  of  rhizoidal  trichomes  on  the  assimilatory 
filaments  (except  for  the  decurrent  rhizoid  springing  from  the  basal  segment),  in  the 
more  curved,  usually  less  stout,  and  more  proximally  situated  carpogonial  branches,  etc. 

Family  3.     CHAETANGIACEAE. 

1.    GALAXAURA  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Phil.  3:   185.     1812. 
DiCHOTOMARiA  Lamarck,  Hist.  Nat.  Anim.  sans  Vert.  2:  143.     1816. 
Brachycladia  Sender,  Linnaea  26:  514.    1853. 
Zanardinia  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3:  533.     1876. 

Thallus  terete,   villous,    hirtous.   or   pubescent   throughout   with   numerous,    crowded 
mostly  free  assimilatory  filaments.     Only  tetrasporangia  known  for  reproductive 
organs  ;  so-called  species  of  this  group  probably  only  non-sexual  phases  of  other 
species  of  very  different  habit. 
Long  and  short  assimilatory  filaments  in  obvious  alternat- 
ing transverse  zones.  1.    G.  suhvcrticillata. 
Long  and  short  assimilatory  filaments  intermingled,  not  ob- 
viously zonate. 
Thallus  coarse,  reddish,  central  axes  mostly  1-2  mm.  in 
diameter  ;  intervals  between  dichotomies  mostly  1-3 
cm. ;  assimilatory  filaments  often  branched,  their  basal 
cells  commonly  amyliferous.                                                        2.   O.  comans. 
Thallus  more  slender,  fuscous  or  reddish,  axes  mostly 
0.6-1  mm.  in  diameter. 
Thallus  rather  divaricately  dichotomous.  usually  fus- 
cous ;    intervals    between    dichotomies   mostly    less 
than   1    cm.  ;    long   assimilatory    filaments   mostly 
0.6-1.5  mm.  long.                                                                   3.   O.  lapidesccns. 
Thallus  rather  fastigiately  dichotomous,  usually  red- 
dish ;    intervals    between    dichotomies    commonly 
more    than    1    cm. :    long    assimilatory    filaments 
mostly  0.15-0.7  mm.  long.                                                  4.   O.  flagelUformis. 


558  CHAETANGTACEAE. 

Thallus   with    a    compact    cortex,    free   assimilatory   filaments 
wholly  or  mostly  wanting. 
Thallus  terete  or  nearly  so.  at  least  when  living. 

Thallus  continuous  or  only  occasionally  and  irregularly 
articulate  ;  only  sexual  reproduction  known. 
Thallus  slightly  or  not  all  annulate,  the  surface  com- 
monly more  or  less  roughened  in  lower  parts  by 
free  assimilatory  filaments.  5.   G.  squaJida. 

Thallus  distinctly  annulate  or  transversely  rugose, 

glabrous  or  nearly  so.  6.   G.  riigosa. 

Thallus  regularly  articulate,  the  surface  glabrous  and 
often  polished. 
Main  segments  terete,  1-2  mm.  broad ;  superficial 
cells  7-27  a  broad,  mostly  with  intercellular  spaces, 
rather  easily  separating  on  decalcification :  only 
sexual  reproduction  known.  7.   G.  ohlongata. 

Main  segments  often  somewhat  flattened.  1.5—4  mm. 
broad  ;  superficial  cells  24— 40u  broad,  mostly  with- 
out intercellular  spaces,  closely  coherent  after  de- 
calcification ;  sexual  and  tetrasporic  plants  differ- 
ing in  structure  of  cortex.  S.   G.  obtusata, 
Thallus  distinctly  flattened  when  living,  commonly  canalic- 
ulate on  drying ;  sexual  and  tetrasporic  plants  differing 
in  structure  of  cortex.                                                                     9.   G.  marginata. 

1.  Galaxaura  subverticillata  Kjellm.  K.  Sv.  Vet.-Akad.  Handl.  33^:  48.  pi.  3. 

f.  12-14;  ijl.  20.  f.  17.     1900. 

On  rocks  at  low-water  mark  or  in  shallow  water,  probably  the  tetrasporic  phase 
of  G.  rugosa.  New  Providence.  Berry  Islands,  Gun  Cay,  North  Cat  Cay,  Salt  Cay 
Bank,  Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  :  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica ;  Porto 
Rico ;  and  American  Virgin  Islands,     Type  from  St.  Croix. 

2.  Galaxaura  comans  Kjellm.  K.  Sv.  Vet.-Akad.  Handl.  33^:  44.  pi.  2.  f.  10-18; 
«  pi.  20.  f.  13.    1900. 

From  low -water  mark  down  to  8  meters  Hide  Borgesen),  perhaps  the  tetrasporic 
phase  of  G.  ohlongata.  Great  Baham.a,  Berry  Islands,  and  Exuma  Chain  : — Cuba  ; 
Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  and  Guadeloupe.  Type  from  Guade- 
loupe. 

3.  Galaxaura  lapidescens  (Ell.  &  Sol.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  264.    1816. 

CoralUna  lapidescens  Ell.  &  Sol.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  112.  pi.  21.  f.  g.     1786. 
Perhaps  the  tetrasporic  phase  of  G.  cylindrica   (not  yet  reported  from  the 
Bahamas — similar  to  G.  ohlongata,  but  more  slender). 

On  rocks  from  low-water  mark  down  to  12  meters  (fide  Borgesen),  Eleuthera  : — 
Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  and  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  locality  unknown. 

4.  Galaxaura  flagelliformis  Kjellm.  K.  Sv.  Vet.-Akad.  Handl.  33^:  47.  pi.  3.  f. 

2-11;  2)1.20.  f.  16.     1900. 
Probably  the  tetrasporic  phase  of  G.  squalida. 

On  exposed  rocks  at  low-water  mark  or  in  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Berry 
Islands.  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Islands  : — 
Bermuda  ;  Florida ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ;  and  American  Virgin  Islands.  Type  from 
Key  West,  Florida. 

5.  Galaxaura  squalida  Kjellm.  K.  Sv.  Vet.-Akad.  Handl.  33^:  55.  pi.  6.  f.  1-12; 

pi.  20.  f.  9.    1900. 

From  low-water  mark  on  exposed  rocks  down  to  at  least  20  m..  New  Providence, 
Rose  Island,  Great  Bahama,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Castle 
Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  :  Porto  Rico ;  Amer- 
ican Virgin  Islands;  and  Panama    (Colon).     Type  from  St.  Croix. 

6.  Galaxaura  rugdsa  (Ell.  &  Sol.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  263.    1816. 

CoralUna  rugosa  Ell.  •&  Sol.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  115.  pi.  22.  f.  3.     1786. 

On  rocks  near  low-water  mark.  Great  Bahama  :- — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico ; 
American  Virgin  Islands  ;  and  Barbados.     Type  from   Jamaica. 


GELIDIACEAE.  550 

7.  Galaxaura  oblongata  (Ell.  &  Sol.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  262.     1816. 

Corallina  oblongata  Ell.  &  Sol.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  114.  ?;?.  2S.  f.  1.     1786. 
Dicliotomaria  fragilis  Lamarck,  Hist.  Nat.  Aiiim.  sans  Vert.  2:  14o.     1816. 
Galaxaura  fragilis  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  18:  116.     1842. 

From  low-water  mark  down  to  50  meters,  South  Bimini  and  Caicos  Islands  : — 
Cuba;  Jamaica;  Porto  Rico;  American  Virgin  Islands;  Barbados;  and  I'anama 
(Colon).     Tj'pe  from  "West  Indian  Islands." 

8.  Galaxaura  obtusata  (Ell.  &  Sol.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  262.     1816. 

Corallina  obtusata  Ell.  &  Sol.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  113.  pi.  22.  f.  2.    1786. 
Galaxaura  Decaisnei  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3^:  526.     1876. 

Galaxaura  moniliformis  Kjellm.  K.  Sv.  Vet.-Akad.  Handl.  3^:  83.  pi.  17.  f. 
15-30;  pi.  20.  f.  54.    1900. 

Mostly  in  7-18  meters  of  water,  type  attributed  to  the  Bahamas  : — Bermuda  ; 
Florida ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Barbados  ;  and  Brazil. 

9.  Galaxaura  marginata  (Ell.  &  Sol.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  264.    1816. 

Corallina  marginata  Ell.  &  Sol.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  115.  pi.  22.  f.  6.    1786. 

Zanardinia  marginata  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3^:  534.    1876. 

Brachycladia  marginata  Selimitz,  Flora  47:  438.     1889. 

Galaxaura  occidental  is  Borg.  Dausk  Bot.  Ark.  3^:   109.  /.  118-123.     1916. 

Low-littoral  under  shelving  rocks  or  in  shallow  water,  Berry  Islands  and  Great 
Bahama  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  :  .Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  American  Virgin  Islands  ; 
Barbados;  and  Panama   (Colon).     Type  from  the  Bahamas. 

Family  4.     GELIDIACEAE. 

1.   WBANGELIA  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:   136.     1828. 

Principal  filaments  corticated.  1.  IF.  pcnicUlata. 

Filaments  uncorticated  or  with  loose  irregular  rhizoidal  corti- 
cations  at  nodes  only. 
Plants   1-3   cm.   high,   purple-red ;   the  conic-acute  terminal 

cells  of  the  ultimate  ramuli  mostly  solitary.  2.   W.  Argus. 

Plants  4-10  cm.  long  or  high,  usually  rose-pink  ;  the  conic- 
acuminate  or  acicular  terminal  cells  of  the  ultimate  ramuli 
mostly  geminate.  3.   TF.  hicuspidata. 

1.  Wrangelia  penicillata  (Ag.)  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  138.     1828. 

Griffitsia  penicillata  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  143.     1824. 

Variable  in  size,  color,  and  habit  of  branching ;  often  blackening  with  age  or  on 
drying.  On  rocks  and  on  other  algae  from  between  the  tide-lines  in  sprayed  or  surf- 
beaten  locations  down  to  a  depth  of  30  meters  (fide  Borgesen).  New  Providence, 
Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  Berry  Islands,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island.  Mari- 
guana,  and  Caicos  Islands : — of  wide  distribution  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  the 
warmer  seas.     Type  from  Italy. 

2.  Wrangelia  Argus  (Mont.)  Mont.  Syll.  444.     1856. 

Griffithsia  Argus  Mont,  in  Webb.  &  Berth.  Phyt.  Canar.  PI.  Cell.  176.  pi.  8. 

f.  4.    1840. 
Wrangelia  pleheja  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  707.     1852. 

Forming  low  compact  cushions  on  rocks  and  algae  near  the  low-water  mark, 
Great  Bahama.  South  Blniini.  and  the  Caicos  Islands: — Mexico;  Florida:  Porto 
Rico ;  American  Virgin  Islands ;  Barbados ;  and  Canary  Islands.  Tn>e  from  the 
Canary  Islands. 

3.  Wrangelia  bicuspidata  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  3>:  118.  /.  127-130.    1916. 

On  roots  of  Rliizophora  and  on  various  algae  and  Gorgoniacene,  from  low-water 
mark  down  to  30-40  meters  (/?f/c  Borgesen).  often  abundant.  Rose  Island.  Berry 
Islands.  Great  Bahama.  Exuma  Chain.  W;itling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay.  Caicos  Islands, 
and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — American  Virgin  Islands.  Type  from  American  Virgin 
Islands. 


560  GELIDIACEAE. 

2.   GRALLATORIA  M.  A.  Howe,  gen.  nov. 

Thallus  filiform,  monosiphouous,  the  primary  filaments  dorso-ventrally  or- 
ganized, repent,  uncorticated,  the  ramuli  (''short  branches")  lateral  and  dorsal 
in  origin,  in  threes  or  falsely  fives  and  semi-verticillate,  or  in  opposite  pairs; 
opposite  lateral  ramuli  commonly  each  forking  in  its  basal  cell,  the  two  mem- 
bers simple  or  subsimple,  few-celled,  one  of  each  pair  ascending,  the  other  de- 
flexed  and  terminating  in  stelliform  or  avipedate  haptera,  giving  the  primary 
filaments  the  appearance  of  walking  on  stilts;  dorsal  ramuli  comparatively 
stout,  erect,  repeatedly  ramified,  the  branching  somewhat  secundly  subdichot- 
omous  or  occasionally  subtrichotomous.  Chromatophore  in  the  younger  cells  an 
irregular  subspiral  band,  in  the  older  apparently  consisting  of  numerous  minute, 
more  or  less  confluent  granules.  Sporangia  on  ramelli  of  the  dorsal  ramuli, 
usually  tetrahedrally  divided  (tripartite).     Other  parts  unknown. 

1.  Grallatoria  reptans  M.  A.  HoMe,  sp.  nov. 

Eepent  primary  filaments  simple  or  sparingly  dichotomous,  sinuous,  38-66  n 
in  diameter,  their  cells  1.5-2  times  as  long  as  broad,  often  bulging  slightly  above 
the  septum,  their  walls  5-13  At  thick;  opposite  lateral  ramuli  from  nearly  every 
segment  of  the  primary  filament,  the  ascending  prong  simple,  200-400  yu.  (4-8 
cells)  long,  tapering,  about  20 /n  in  diameter  near  base,  about  8  ^t  at  apex,  the 
deflexed  stilt-like  prong  simple  or  once  furcate,  mostly  150-450  im  (4-6  cells) 
long,  slightly  tapering,  20-26 /i  in  diameter;  dorsal  erect  ramuli  1-4  mm.  high, 
springing  usually  from  every  second  segment  of  the  primary  filament,  their  main 
axes  34-46  /x  in  diameter  near  base,  the  basal  cell  1.5-2  times  as  long  as  broad, 
the  succeeding  cells  mostly  3-6  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  penicillate,  or  dimidio- 
subfastigiate  terminal  divisions  subsecund  along  the  inner  (anterior)  faces  of 
the  divisions;  tetrasporangia  obovoid  or  pyriform,  solitary,  or  in  twos  or  rarely 
threes,  52-64  X  40-50 /a  (including  wall,  which  is  6-8^1  thick),  tripartite  or 
sometimes  irregularly  divided,  mostly  on  one-celled  pedicels;  ovoid,  globose  or 
pyriform  densely  granular  cysts  60-150  fx.  in  diameter  occasional,  especially 
near  the  distal  ends  of  the  deflexed  gralliform  filaments;  color  of  plants 
vinaceous-purple  to  dark  vinaceous-brown  (near  the  color  of  Wrangelia  Argus). 

Forming  a  soft  purple  or  reddish-brown  lubricous  velutinous  coating  in  crevices 
of  surf-beaten  rocks  near  the  low-water  mark,  covering  small  shells,  crustaceous  or 
prostrate  algae,  etc.  In  size  and  habit,  the  plant  bears  some  superficial  resemblance 
to  species  of  Acrochactium  or  to  Rhodochorton  Rothii,hut  its  affinities  are  apparently 
with  WrangcUa,  from  which,  however,  it  amply  differs  in  the  characters  indicated. 

Great  Ragged  Island  {Hoice  578.} — type — and  5766). 

3.   GELIDIUM  Lamour.  Essai,  40.     1813. 
1.  Gelidium  rigidum  (Vahl)  Grev.  Alg.  Brit.  Ivii.    1830. 

Fucus  rigidus  Vahl,  Nat.  Selsk.  Skr.  5^:  46.     1802. 
AlmfeUia  {?)  pinnatula  Harv.  Xer.  Bor.-Am.  2:  169.     1853. 
Ecliinocaulon  rigidum  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  18:  14.  pL  40.  f.  a-d.     1868. 
Gelidiopsis  rigidaWeh.-v.  Bosse,  Kec.  Trav.  Bot.  Neer.  1:  104.    1904. 

Not  uncommon  in  tide-pools  and  in  shallow  water,  North  Cat  Cay.  South  Cat  Cay, 
Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island,  and  Salt  Cay 
Bank  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  ^Yest  Indies  in  general.     Type  from  St.  Croix. 


KHODOPHYLLIDAaCEAE.  561 

Family  5.     GIGARTINACEAE. 

1.  KALLYMENIA  J.  Ag.  Alg.  Med.  et  Adriat.  98.    1842. 

1.  Kallymenia  Limminghii  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  IV.  14:  173.     1860.     [As 
Callymenia  Limminghii.] 

Plants  suborbicular  or  reniform,  5-8  mm.  broad,  dark  red,  short-stipitate, 
sterile.  Possibly  a  young  or  dwarf  condition  of  E.  reniformis  (Turn.)  J.  Ag., 
but  probably  distinct. 

Low-littoral,  on  a  rock  shelf  in  a  cavern,  Malcolm  Road,  Calcos  Islands  : — Guade- 
loupe,    Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

Family  6.     RHODOPHYLLIDACEAE. 

1.    CATENELLA  Grev.  Alg.  Brit.  Ixiii.     3830. 

1.  Catenella  Opuntia  (Good.  &  Woodw.)  Grev.  loc.  eit. 

Fucus  Opuntia  Good.  &  Woodw.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  3:  219.     1797. 
Catenella  pinnata  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  201.  pi.  29B.     1853. 
Catenella  Opuntia  pinnata  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3^:  588.     1876. 

On  roots  and  trunks  of  Rhizophora,  etc.,  littoral,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama, 
Bimini,  Conception  Island,  Watling's  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  ; 
Florida  ;  Jamaica  ;  and  the  West  Indies  in  general.  Type  from  Wales. 

2.    AGARDHIELLA  Schmitz,  Flora  72:   441.     1889. 
1.  Agardhiella  tenera  (J.  Ag.)  Schmitz,  loc.  cit. 

Gigartina  tenera  J.  Ag.  Linnaea  15:   18.     1841. 

Sphaerococcus  tener  Kiitz,  Sp.  Alg.  777.     1849. 

Rhahdonia  tenera  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  354.    1852. 

Solieria  chordalis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  121.  pi.  23 A.  1853.  Not  J.  Ag. 
1842. 

BJiaMonia  Baileyi  Harv.;  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  16:   26.  pi.  74.  f.  c,  d.     1866. 

Sphaerococcus  tenuis  Kiitz,  Tab.  Phyc.  18:  27.  pi.  75.  f.  d,  e.  1868.  [Ac- 
cording to  type  in  herb.  Kiitz.] 

In  shallow  water.  The  type  of  Sphaerococcus  tenuis  Kiitz.  is  said  to  have  come 
from  "  archipelago  Bahamensi."  The  species  is  otherwise  unknown  from  the  Bahamas 
and  is  apparently  uncommon  there,  at  least  in  winter  and  spring  when  most  of  the 
collections  of  algae  have  been  made,  though  it  doubtless  occurs  : — Massachusetts  to 
Florida  and  the  West  Indies  ;  California  ;  Peru.  Type  locality  indefinite  (southern 
shores  of  North  America  and  the  West  Indian  islands). 

3.   MERISTOTHECA  J.  Ag.  Bidr.  Act.  Univ.  Lund.  8«:  36.     1872. 

1.  Meristotheca  Duchassaingii  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit.  37. 

On  rocks,  near  low-water  mark.  Gun  Cay : — Bermuda  and  North  Carolina  to 
Barbados.     Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

4.  EUCHEUMA  J.  Ag.  Oix.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  4:  16.    1847. 

1.  Eucheuma  isiforme  (Ag.)  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit. 

Sphaerococcus  isiformis  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  271.     1822. 

Gigartina  isiformis  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  18:  3.  i)l.  7.  f.  c,  d.     1868. 

Near  low-water  mark,  especially  under  shelving  rocks  and  among  Rhizophora 
roots,  Exuma  Chain  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  West  Indies  in  general.  Type 
from  the  West  Indies. 


662  SPHAEROCOCCACEAE. 

5.   WURDEMANNIA  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  245.     1853. 
1.  Wurdemannia  setacea  Harv.  loc.  cit.  246. 

On  rocks  among  other  algae  and  on  sea-rods,  sea-fans,  etc.,  from  low-water  mark 
down  to  at  least  20  meters,  common,  .Toulter's  Cay,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama, 
South  Cat  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Atwood  Cay,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ; 
and  Cuba.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

Family  7.     SPHAEROCOCCACEAE. 

1.   GRACILARIA  Grev.  p.  p.  Alg.  Brit,  liv,  121.     1830. 

Ceramiantemum  Donati,  Auszug  jSTatiir-Gescliichte  Adriat.  Meers  26.     1753. 

Ceramiox  Aclans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  13.     1763. 

?  Plocaria  Nees,  Hor.  Phys.  Berol.  42.     1820. 

Thallus  plane  or  distinctly  compressed,  di-polychotomous  or  more  or  less  pinnate. 
Membranaceous  when  dry  ;  main  axes  or  segments  mostly  0.3-1  mm.  thick. 
Thallus  dichotomo-palmatifid,   marginal  branches  or  pro- 
liferations usually  wanting  or  few.  1.   G.  lacinulata. 
Thallus   with   main   divisions   subdichotomous.    these   pin- 

nately  decompound  or  repeatedly  dichotomo-pinnatisect.  2.  G.  cervicornis. 
Hard  and  corneous  when  dry,  cartilaginous  when  living,  mostly 
2-7  mm.  thick,  prostrate  or  repent,  often  concrescent  or 
anastomosing,  branches  irregular,  mostly  distichous  and 
deflexed.  often  short  and  verrucaeform,  sometimes  sub- 
terete,  digitiform  or  hapteroid.  3.  G.  crassissima. 
Thallus  terete  or  nearly  so,  corneous  when  dry. 

Thallus  rather  closely  and  somewhat  divaricately  subdichot- 
omous, the  ultimate  divisions  short,  often  incurved,  cervi- 

corn.  4.   G.  daniaecornis. 

Thallus  rather  distantly  and  somewhat  fastigiately  subdichot- 
omous, the  ultimate  divisions  not  cervicorn.  o.   G.  cornea. 


1.  Gracilaria  lacinulata   (Vahl)   M.  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

Fucus  lacinulatus  Vahl,  Nat.  Selsk.  Skr.  5-:  39.     1802. 

Fucus  multipartitus  Clem,  Ensayo  311.     1807. 

Chondrus  agathoicus  Lamoiir.  Essai  39.  pZ.  9.  f.  3,  4,  5.     1813. 

Fucus  aeruginosus  Turn.  Hist.  Fuc.  3:  29.  pi.  147.     1811. 

Chondrus  aeruginosus  Lamour.  Essai  40.     1813. 

Sphaerococcus  polycarpus  Grev.  Scot.  Crypt.  Fl.  6:  jyl.  352.     1828. 

Gracilaria  multipartita  Harv.  Phyc.  Brit.  pi.  15.     1846. 

Sphaerococcus  lacinulatus  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  18:  30.  pi.  87.  f.  a-d.     1868. 

In  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands  : — Massachusetts  to  Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Mexico ; 
and  throughout  the  West  Indies  ;  Europe.     Type  from  St.  Croix. 

?    Gracilaria  cervicornis  (Turn.)  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  604.    1852. 

Fucus  cervicornis  Turn.  Hist.  Fuc.  2:  132.  pi.  121.     1809. 
Sphaerococcus  domingensis  (Send.)  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  19:  8.  pi.  22.  f.  a,  h. 
1869. 

In  shallow  water,  New  Providence  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  to  Brazil.  Type 
from  Jamaica. 

3.  Gracilaria  crassissima  Crouan;  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3*:  78.    1901. 

?  Gracilaria  horizontalis  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:  111.     1918. 

Forming  prostrate,  crust-like,  intertangled  masses  in  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands 
North  Cat  Cay,  South  Cat  Cay,  and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  (  ?)  ;  Porto  Rico  :  and 
Guadeloupe.     Type  from  Guadeloupe. 


EHODYMENIACEAE.  563 

4.  Gracilaria  damaecomis  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  597.     1852. 

In  tide-pools  and  in  sliallow  water,  North  Cat  Cay  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Ber- 
muda ;  Florida  ;  and  the  West  Indies  generally.     Type  probably  from  St.  Croix. 

5.  Gracilaria  cornea  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  598.     1852. 

In  shallow  water,  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  ;  Poito  Rico.  Type  from  Pernam- 
buco  (  ?). 

2.   HYPNEA  Lamour.  Essai,  43.     1813. 
Hypxophycus  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:  102.    1843. 

1.  Hypnea  musciformis   (Wulf.)  Lamour.  loc.  cit. 

Fiicus  musciformis  Wulf.  in  Jacq.  Collect.  3:  154,  x>l.  14.  f.  3.     1789. 

Hypnopliycus  musciformis  Kiitz.  loc.  cit. 

Common  in  shallow  water,  extremely  variable,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama, 
Bimini.  Gun  Cay.  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  Caicos 
Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Massachusetts  to  Bermuda  and  Florida  and 
throughout  the  West  Indies  ;  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  seas.  Type 
from  Trieste. 

Family  S.     RHODYMENIACEAE. 

1.    CORDYLECIiADIA  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:   702.     1852. 
1.  Cordylecladia  irregularis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  156.     1853. 

Chylocladia  rigens  J.  Ag.  p.  p.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  362.     1852.    Xot  Sphaerococcus 

rigens  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  332.     1822. 
Cordylecladia  rigens  Collins  &  Hervey  p.  p.;  C,  H.,  &  S.,  Phvc.  Bor.-Am. 

S186.     1917. 

In  tide-pools  and  on  rocks  in  shallow  water,  more  or  less  steel-blue  and  irides- 
cent when  living,  Berry  Islands,  Bimini,  Eleuthera,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island, 
Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Ja- 
maica ;  and  Porto  Rico.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

2.    OHRYSYMENIA  J.  Ag.  Alg.  Med.  et  Adriat.  105.     1S42. 
1.  Chrysymenia  uvaria  (L.)  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit.  106. 

Fucus  uvarius  [" ovarius"]  L.  p.  p.,  Syst.  Nat.  2:  714.     1767  [ed.  12]. 
Fucus  hotryoides  Wulf.  in  Jacq.  Collect.  3:  146.  pi.  13.  f.  1.     1789. 

In  deep  water  or  under  shelving  rocks  in  shallow  water.  South  Caicos  : — Ber- 
muda ;  North  Carolina:  Florida:  Porto  Rico:  American  Virgin  Islands:  Barbados; 
Brazil ;  Canary  Islands  ;  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  seas, 

3.   CHAMPIA  Desv.  Jour,  de  Bot.  Desv.  1:  245.     1808. 

Mertexsia  Thunb.;  Roth,  Neues  Jour.  Bot.  Schrad.  2}-.  11.     1806. 

Not  Mertensia  Roth,  Cat.  Bot.  1:  34.     1797. 

Mature  segments  mostly  0.3-0.0  mm.  broad.  C.   parrula. 

Mature  segments  mostly  1-2  mm.  broad.  C   salicornioidcs. 

1.  Champia  parvula  (Ag.)  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  76.     1853. 
Chondria  parvula  Ag.  Syst.  207.     1824. 

On  other  algae,  Thalasfiia,  etc.,  from  low-water  mark  down  to  20  fathoms  (fide 
Borgesen),  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain,  Great  Ragged  Island,  and  Caicos  Islands: 
— Massachusetts  to  Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  West  Indies  generally  ;  Europe.  Type 
from  Cadiz,  Spain. 


^64  BONNEMAISONIACEAE. 

2.  Champia  salicomioides  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  76.  pi.  19B.    1853. 

On  other  algae,  stones,  etc.,  from  low-water  mark  down  to  15  fathoms  Hide 
Borgesen).  Great  Bahama  and  Caicos  Islands: — Florida;  American  Virgin  Islands, 
etc.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

Family  9.     DELESSERIACEAE. 

1.    HYPOGLOSSUM  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:   106.     1843. 

1.  Hypoglossum  tenuifolium  (Harv.)  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3^:  186.     1898. 

Delesseria  tenuifolia  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  97.  yl.  S2B.     1853. 

Tnder  shelving  rocks  near  low-water  mark  and  in  deep  water.  North  Cat  Cay, 
Exuma  Chain,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — ^Florida  and  American 
Virgin  Islands.  Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

2.   CALOGLOSSA  (Harv.)  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3^:  498.    1876. 

Delesseria,  sect.  Caloglossa  Harv.  A^'er.  Bor.-Am.  2:  98.    1853. 

1.  Caloglossa  Leprieurii  (Mont.)  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit.  499. 

Delesseria  Leprieurii  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  13:  196.  pi.  5.  f.  1.     1840. 
Hypoglossum  Leprieurii  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  875.     1849. 

On  roots  of  RhizopJiora,  littoral,  probably  common,  Bimini  and  Berry  Islands  : — 
West  Point,  N.  Y.,  and  Connecticut  to  northern  South  America.  Type  from  French 
Guiana. 

3.    TAENIOMA  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  1256.     1863. 

1.  Taenioma  perpusillum  (J.  Ag.)  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit.    1257. 

Polysiphonia  perpusilla  J.  Ag.  Ofv.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  4:  16.     1847. 

On  or  with  other  algae,  in  shallow  water,  West  Caicos  : — Bermuda  ;  Porto  Rico ; 
and  Mexico.     Type  from  St.  Augustin  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of  Mexico. 

Family  10.     BONNEMAISONIACEAE. 

1.    ASPARAGOPSIS  Mont,  in  Webb  &  Berth.  Phytog.  Canar.  4: 
xiv,  XV.     1841. 

LiCTORiA  J.  Ag.  Linnaea  15:   23.     1841. 

1.  Asparagopsis  taxiformis  (Del.)  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:  117. 
1917. 

Fucus  taxiformis  Del.  Descr.  Egypte.  Hist.  Nat.  2:  295.  pi.  57.  f.  2.     1812. 

Chondria  taxiformis  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  368.     1822. 

Dasya  Delilei  Mont,  in  Webb  &  Berth.  Phytog.  Canar.  4:   166.  pi.  8.  f.  6. 

1841. 
Asparagopsis  Delilei  Mont.  loc.  cit.  xiv. 
Lictoria  taxiformis  J.  Ag.  Linnaea  15:  23.     1841. 

In  shallow  water  on  reefs  down  to  at  least  12  fathoms  (fide  Borgesen),  Green 
Turtle  Cay  : — Bermuda ;  .Jamaica  :  American  Virgin  Islands ;  Barbados ;  Canary 
Islands ;  and  Mediterranean  Sea.     Type  from  near  Alexandria,  Egypt. 


EHODOMELACEAE.  565 

Family  11.     EHODOMELACEAE. 

1.   LAURiiNCIA  Lamour.  Essai  42.     1813. 

OSMUNDEA  Stackh.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moseou  2:  56,  79.     1809. 
Not  OSMUNDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1063.     1753. 

Branching  chiefly  monopodial. 

Walls  of  medullary  cells  of  main  axes  with  numerous  refringent  often  lenticular 
or  reniform  thickenings,*  visible  through  the  cortex;  fronds  or  peripheral 
branches    mostly    narrowly    virgate,    with    numerous    small 

ultimate  ramuli  0.2-0.45  mm.  in  maximum  width.  1.  L.  microcladia. 

Walls  of  medullary  cells  of  main  axes  without  thickenings  ; 
ultimate  ramuli  mostly  more  than  0.45  mm.  broad. 
Surface  cells  of  main  axes  mostly  40-130  u  long  in  sur- 
face view. 
Surface  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  rather  soft  and  flaccid,  usually  pink,  yellow- 
ish pink,   or  green  with  pink  tips  ;   ultimate 
ramuli  obovoid  to  subclavate-cylindric. 
Plants  erect,  paniculate-decompound,  with  well- 
defined  leading  axes.  2.  L.  ohtusa. 
Plants  decumbent  or  intertangled,  without  well- 
defined  leading   axes,   firmer   than   No.   2   and 
with  more  cylindric  ultimate  ramuli.  3.  L.  intricata. 
Plants  rather  rigid,  purple  or  greenish  purple  ;  ulti- 
mate ramuli  mostly  peg-shaped  or  verrucaeform.      4.  L.  Poitei. 
Surface  cells,  in  apical  parts  at  least,  with  mammilli- 
form, conic-mammillate  or  aculeate  papillae.  5.  L.  gemmifera. 
Surface  cells  of  main  axes  mostly  20-40 /^  long  in  surface 
view  ;  plants  rigid,  green  or  dark  greenish  purple,  cor- 
neous when  dry.  6.  L.  papiUosa. 
Branching  chiefly  dichotomous,  subdichotomous,  or  corymbose. 
Main  segments  of  thallus  0.75-1.2  mm.  in  diameter  ;  plants 

mostly  4-12  cm.  high;  branches  free.  7,  L.  Corallopsis. 

Main  segments  of  thallus  0.22-0.45  mm.  in  diameter;  plants 
mostly  1-2  cm,  high  ;  branches  more  or  less  concrescent  or 
coherent.  8.  L.  nana. 

1.  Laurencia  microcladia  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  15:  22.  pi.  60.  f.  h,  c.    1865. 

Laurencia  glomerata  Suhr;  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  753.    1852.    Not  L.  glomerata 

Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  857.     1849. 
Laurencia  obtusa  gelatinosa  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:    119. 

1917.     Not  L.  ohtusa  gelatinosa  J.  Ag. 

Distinguished  from  all  conditions  of  L.  obtusa  by  its  virgate  habit,  its 
small  ultimate  ramuli,  and  its  numerous  refringent  thickenings  of  the  walls 
of  the  medullary  cells. 

On  rocks  and  on  other  algae,  low  littoral  down  to  1  m.  or  more,  New  Providence, 
Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : 
— Bermuda  ;  and  northern  South  America.  Type  from  the  West  Indies. 

2.  Laurencia  obtusa  (Huds.)  Lamour.  Essai  42.     1813. 

Fucus  ohtusus  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  586.     1778. 

Laurencia  multiflora  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  15:  21.  pi.  58.  f.  a,  b.    1865. 

Very  common  on  rocks  and  on  other  algae,  at  low-water  'mark  and  in  shallow 
water.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Berry  Islands.  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay, 
Exuma  Chain.  Cat  Island.  Watling's  Island.  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands, 
Great  Ragged  Island,  and  Orange  Cay  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  West  Indies 
generally ;  widely  distrilnited  in  the  warmer  seas.  Type  from  southern  England. 
Specimens  from  Nassau  have  been  reported  under  name  of  Laurencia  paniculata  by 
P.  S.  Collins,  Mem.  Torrey  Club  12:  14.     1902. 

*  The  thickenings  often  lose  their  refringent  character  in  fluid-preserved  material. 


566  EHODOMELACEAE. 

3.  Laurencia  intricata  Lamour.  Essai  43.  pi.  3.  f.  8,  9.    1813.    Not  L.  intricata 

Kiitz.  Tab.  Phjc,  15:  22.  pi  61.  f.  a,  l,  c.    1865. 

Xaurencia  Chauvini  Bory,  p.  p.  max.  Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.  9:  239.     1826. 
Laurencia  implicata  J.  Kg.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  745.     1852. 
Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  L.  ohtusa. 

In  shallow  water,  Rose  Island,  Great  Bahama,  Bimini,  Abaco,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat 
Island,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  and  Amer- 
ican Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  Antilles. 

4.  Laurencia  Poitei  (Lamour.)  M.  A.  Howe;  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 

53:   118.     1917. 

Fticiis  Poitei  Lamour.  Diss.  63,  pi.  31.  f.  2,  3.    1805. 

Laurencia  tuberculosa  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  760.     1852. 

Laurencia  mexicana  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  15:  25.  pi.  70.  f.  c,  d.     1865. 

On  rocks,  etc.,  in  shallow  water,  New  Providence,  Berrj-  Islands,  Great  Bahama, 
Abaco,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Ber- 
muda ;  North  Carolina  ;  Florida  ;  the  West  Indies  generallj^ ;  Vera  Cruz  ;  and  north- 
ern South  America.     Type  from  Santo  Domingo. 

5.  Laurencia  gemmifera  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  73.  pi.  18B.    1853. 

Laurencia  Chauvini  Bory,  p.  p.  min.  Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.  9:   239.     1826. 

Sometimes  simulating  L.  Poitei  and  L.  papulosa,  but  apparently  quite 
distinct,  differing  from  botli  in  the  papillate  epidermal  cells  (at  least  in  apical 
parts)  and  differing  from  L.  papulosa,  and,  in  a  less  degree,  from  L.  Poitei  in 
the  larger  epidermal  cells. 

In  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat 
Island,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ; 
Cuba  ;  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  Key  West,  Horida. 

6.  Laurencia  papillosa  (Forsk.)  Grev.  Alg.  Brit.  lii.     1830. 

Fucus  papillosiis  E'orsk.  Fl.  Aegypt.-Arab.  190.     1775. 
Chondria  papillosa  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  344.    1822. 

On  rocks  between  the  tide-lines  and  in  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Berry 
Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos 
Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island,  and  Orange  Cay  :— Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Santo 
Domingo ;  Porto  Rico ;  American  Virgin  Islands ;  Barbados ;  and  northern  South 
America  ;  widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  seas.     Type  from  the  Red  Sea. 

7.  Laurencia  Corallopsis   (Mont.)  M.  A.  Howe,  in  Britten,  Fl.  Bermuda  519. 

1918. 

Splmerococcus  Corallopsis  Mont,  in  Sagra,  Hist.   Cuba,  Bot.  PI.  Cell.  49. 

1842;  in  Sagra,  Ic.  PI.  Fl.  Cuba,  pi.  3.  f.  1.     1863. 
Laurencia  cervicornis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  73.  pi.  18C.     1853. 

On  rocks  in  shallow  water  ;  reduced  abortive  forms  of  what  is  apparently  this 
species  occur  also  between  the  tide-lines.  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Ba- 
hama, and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  and 
Barbados.     Type  form  near  Havana,  Cuba. 

8.  Laurencia  nana  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Densely  cespitose  and  intricate,  rose-red  to  garnet-brown,  mostly  1  to  2 
cm.  high,  fragile,  often  innovating  from  broken  ends,  dichotomous  or  subdichot- 
omous,  the  branches  more  or  less  concrescent  or  coherent;  main  segments  0.15- 
0.45  mm.  in  diameter;  ultimate  branches  cylindric  or  subcylindric,  mostly  0.1- 
0.35  mm.  broad  at  truncate  apex;  surface  of  cortex  smooth  or  lightly  crenulate- 
mammillate,  showing  numerous  or  occasional  rhizoidal  haptera,  epidermal  cells 
orbicular-hexagonal  and  mostly  25-45 /a  broad  in  surface  view,  firm-walled; 
tetrasporic  branches  similar  to  the  sterile  or  slightly  enlarged. 

On  corals,  corallines,  and  sea-fans,  near  low-water  mark,  Mariguana  {Hoice  5393 
— type).  Shroud's  Cay  (Exuma  Chain),  and  Great  Ragged  Island. 


EHODOMELACEAE.  567 

2.  CHONDRIA  Ag.  p.  p.  Syn.  Scand.  xviii.     1817. 

Cakpocaulon  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  436.     1843. 

Chondriopsis  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:   794.     18G3. 

Apices  of  ultimate  ramuli  acute,  with  growing  points  readily  visible, 
I'lants  erect,  mostly  5-40  cm.  high,  without  rhizoids  e.\cept  at  base. 
Primarj'  branches  more  slender  than  the  stout  well-defined 
main  axes  ;  plants  large,  mostly  15-40  cm.  high,  yellow- 
ish brown  when  dried.  1.   C.  Uttoralis. 
Primary  branches  rather  similar  to  the  often  poorly  de- 
fined main  axes. 
Plants  blackish  purple  on  drying,  rather  coarse,  branch- 
ing irregular.                                                                              2.   Catropurpurca. 
Plants  yellowish  red  or  dusky  red  on  drying,  more  deli- 
cate, branching  sparsely  virgate.  .3.  C.  tenuiasima. 
Plants  low-cespitose,  2-.'}  cm.  high  or  subrepent,  with  numer- 
ous multicellular  rhizoidal   haptera.                                                    4.   C.  pohjrhiza. 
Apices  of  ultimate  ramuli  obtuse  or  truncate,  with  growing  point 
immersed  and  hidden  in  an  apical  pit. 
The  five  pericentral  siphons  with  conspicuous  saucer-shaped, 
dome-shaped,  or  cup-shaped  thickenings  of  their  anterior 
end-walls,     forming    regular     transverse     crenate     lines 
bounding  the  even-ended  bundles  of  siphons  and  visible 
through  the  cortex. 
Plants  cespitose,   the  cushions   1-3  cm.  high  ;   main  axes 
mostly  0.22-0.35  mm.  in  diameter  ;  apical  tufts  of  fila- 
ments inconspicuous.                                                                        5.   C.  curviUneata. 
Plants  solitary  or  merely  gregarious,  mostly  3-8  cm.  high  ; 
main  axes  0.4—0.75  ram.  in  diameter  ;  apical  tufts  of  tri- 
choblasts  conspicuous,  often  0.75  mm.  or  more  in  length, 
becoming  yellowish  brown  or  fuscous  on  drying.                    6.  C.  ColUnsiana. 
Pericentral  siphons   without   conspicuous   thickenings   of   the 
anterior  end-walls   (or  such  thickenings  of  only  irregu- 
lar and  occasional  occurrence). 
Plants  pink,  purple,  or  yellowish  red  ;  main  axes  mostly 
0.5-1.5  mm.  in  diameter  ;  ultimate  ramuli  mostly  0.35- 
0.75  mm.  in  greatest  diameter.                                                    7.  C.  daayphylla. 
Plants  usually  yellowish  brown  ;  main  axes  mostly  0.22- 
0.32  mm.  in  diameter  ;  ultimate  ramuli  mostly  0.1-0.2 
mm.  in  greatest  diameter.                                                              8.   C.  leptacremon. 

1.  Chondria  littoralis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  23.    18.53. 

Cliondriopsis  littoralis  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  795.     1863. 
Carpocaulon  littorale  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  3-:  399.    1898. 

Rather  common  on  moderately  exposed  shores,  near  the  low-water  mark.  New 
Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Mari- 
guana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  and  the  ^yest  Indies  generally.  Type  from  Key 
West,  Florida. 

2.  Chondria  atropurpurea  Harv.  Xer.  Bor.-Am.  2:  22.  pi.  18E.    1853. 

Chondriopsis  atropurpurea  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  801.    1863. 
Carpocaulon  atropurpureum  Kuntze,  loc.  cit. 

In  shallow  water,  especially  in  creeks  and  lagoons,  commonly  straw-colored  when 
living,  Great  Bahama,  Great  Exuma,  Watling"s  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — 
Bermuda ;  South  Carolina ;  Florida ;  and  the  West  Indies  generally.  Type  from 
Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

3.  ?  Chondria  tenuissmia  (Good.  &  Woodw.)  Ag.  Syn.  Alg.  Scand.  xviii.    1817. 

Fucus  tenuissimus  Good.  &  Woodw.  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.  3:  215.  pi.  19.    1797. 

Carpocaulon  tenuissimum  Kuntze,  loc.  cit. 

Laurencia  Baileyana  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  III.  11 :  63.     1849. 

Two  specimens  that  we  refer  provisionally  to  C.  tenuissima  differ  consid- 
erably from  each  other  and  from  the  English  type  of  the  species,  in  habit, 
texture,  form  and  size  of  the  cortical  cells,  etc. 

In  shallow  water,  Bimini  and  Great  Bahama  : — Massachusetts  to  Florida  and 
Cuba  ;  Europe.     Type  from  southern  England. 


568  EHODOMELACEAE. 

4.  Chondria  polyrhiza  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:  121.  i?!.  2.  f.  12. 

1917. 

In  shallow  water  down  to  18  meters  {fide  Collins),  Atwood  Cay  (with  C.  curvi- 
lineata)  : — ^Bermuda  and  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  Bermuda. 

5.  Chondria  curvilineata  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:  120.  pi.  2.  f. 

10,  11.     1917. 

On  corals  and  among  other  algae,  near  low-water  mark,  more  or  less  iridescent 
when  living,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda.  Type 
from  Bermuda. 

6.  Chondria  Collinsiana  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Fronds  erect,  solitary  or  gregarious,  mostly  3^-8  cm.  high,  texture  rather 
soft,  color  (dried)  stramioeous  to  yellowish  rose;  branching  rather  sparsely 
virgate  or  paniculate-virgate,  with  well-defined  main  axes  mostly  0.4-0.75  mm. 
in  diameter;  pericentral  siphons  in  all  parts  with  conspicuous  saucer-shaped, 
dome-shaped,  or  cup-shaped  thickenings  of  their  anterior  end-walls,  forming 
crescentric  or  crenate  lines  in  regular  transverse  series,  visible  through  cortex, 
the  longitudinal  walls  also  occasionally  showing  somewhat  similar  or  more 
lenticular  thickenings;  surface  cells  mostly  65-160  ju,  X  26-40 /t  in  surface  view, 
2-5  times  as  long  as  wide;  ultimate  ramuli  fusiform-obovoid  to  eylindric-clavate 
or  cylindric,  mostly  0.75-4.5  mm.  long,  and  0.28-0.45  mm.  in  greatest  diameter, 
patent  or  subdivaricate,  straight  or  slightly  recurved,  solitary  and  rather  widely 
spaced  (0.5^2.5  mm.  apart),  moderately  attenuate  or  constricted  at  base,  the 
apex  obtuse  or  subtruncate,  crowned  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  trichoblasts 
(''leaves")  often  0.75  mm.  or  more  in  length  and  becoming  yellowish  brown  or 
fuscous  on  drying;  the  growing  point  immersed  and  concealed  in  an  apical  pit 
(sect.  Coelochondria)  ;  tetrasporangia  confined  to  apical  part  of  ramulus  or 
sometimes  occupying  the  whole  of  it. 

Chondria  Collinsiana  differs  from  C.  curvilineata  as  indicated  in  above  key  and 
also  in  its  yellowish  or  rose  rather  than  purple-red  or  brownish  red  color. 

On  Penicillus,  RhipocepJialus,  Halimeda,  Thalassia,  etc.,  in  shallow  water,  Mari- 
guana [Howe  5386 — type),  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  ^Yatling■s  Island,  and 
Great  Bahama. 

7.  Chondria  dasyphylla  (Woodw.)  Ag.  Syn.  Alg.  Scand.  xviii.     1817. 

Fucus  dasyplvyllus  Woodw.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  2:  239.  yl.  23.  f.  1.     1794. 
Chondria  sedifolia  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  19.  pi.  18G.     1853. 
Chondriopsis  dasyphylla  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  809.     1863. 
Carpocaulon  dasyphyllum  Kuntze,  loc.  cit. 

In  shallow  water,  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  and  Gref\t  Bahama  : — Massa- 
chusetts to  Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  Barbados  ;  southern  Europe  and  the  Mediterra- 
nean.    Type  from  eastern  England. 

8.  Chondria  leptacremon  (Melv.)  De-Toni,  Syll.  Alg.  4:  848.    1903. 

Chondriopsis  leptacremon  Melv.  Jour.  Bot.  26 :  333.  pi.  284.  f.  2a,  21).    1888. 

In  shallow  water  in  Rhizophora  associations,  Exuma  Chain  and  Watling's 
Island  : — Florida.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

3.   ACANTHOPHORA  Lamour.  Essai  44.     1813. 

Spines  not  occurring  on  the  main  axes  ;  main  branches  narrowly 

virgate.  1-  -4^-  spicifera. 

Spines   of  occasional    occurrence   on   the   main   axes ;   branching 

very  irregular.  2.   A.  muscoides. 


EHODOMELACEAE.  569 

1.  Acanthophora  spicifera  (Vahl)  Borg.  Bot.  Tidsskr.  30:  201.  /.  18,  ID.    1910. 

Fucus  spiciferus  Vahl,  Nat.  Selsk.  Skr.  5-:  44.     1802. 
Fucus  acanthophorus  Laniour.  Diss.  61.  pi.  30;  pi.  31.  f.  1.     1805. 
Acanthophora  Thierii  Lamour.  Essai  44.     1813. 
Chondria  acanthophora  Ag.  Spec.  Alg.  1:  363.     1822. 

Acanthophora  AntiUarum  Mont.  Klitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  15:   27.  pi.  75.  f.  d-g. 
1865. 

In  shallow  water,  especially  in  sheltered  bays,  New  Providence,  Rose  Island, 
Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  NVatlin^'s  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island: — 
Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  to  Barbados  and  Brazil.     Type  from  St.  Croix. 

2.  Acanthophora  muscoides  (L.)  Bory,  Voy.  Coquille,  Bot.  Crypt.  156.     1828. 

Fucus  muscoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  1161.     1753. 

Acanthophora  militaris  Lamour.  Essai,  44.  2^/.  4.  f.  4,  5.     1813. 
Chondria  muscoides  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:   361.     1822. 

Acanthophora  Delilei  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:    18.     1853.     Not  A.  Delilei 
Lamour.  Essai,  44.     1813. 

In  shallow  water.  Great  Bahama : — Florida  to  Brazil  and  Ascension  Island. 
Type  from  Ascension  Island. 

4.   DIGENEA  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  388.     1822. 
1.  Digenea  simplex  (Wulf.)  Ag.  loc.  cit.  389. 

Conferva  simplex  Wulf.  Crypt.  Aquat.  17.     1803. 
Fucus  Lycopodium  Turn.  Hist.  Fuc.  4:  6.  pi.  199.     1819. 
Digenea  Wulfeni  Kutz.  Phyc.  Gen.  433.     1843. 

In  tide-pools  and  in  shallow  water.  New  Providence.  Great  Bahama.  Bimini, 
Exuma  Chain,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to 
Sovith  America  ;  widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  seas.     Type  from  Trieste. 

5.    POLYSIPHONIA  Grev.  Fl.  Edinb.  308.     1824. 

?  POLYOSTEA  Donati,  Auszug  Natur-Ges.  Adriat.  Meers  22.     1753. 
HuTCHiNSiA  Ag.  Syn.  Alg.  Scand.  xx\-i.     1817.     Not  Hutchixsia  R.  Br.     1812. 
Vertebbata  S.  F.  Gray,  Nat.  Arr.  Brit.  PL  1 :  338.    1821. 
Grammita  Bonnem.  Jour.  Phys.  94:   186.     1822.     [Not  seen.] 
Grateloupella  Bory,  Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.  3:  340.  1823;  7:  480.    1825. 
DiCARPELLA  Bory,  loc.  cit.  3:  340.  1823;  5:  464.     1824. 
Carradoria  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  Acot.  15.     1833. 
Grammitella  Crouan,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  III.  10:  372.     1848. 

Pericentral  cells  four. 

Uncorticated  or  with  few  and  inconspicuous  cortical  cells  in  older  parts. 
Trichoblasts   ("hairs,"  "leaves")   apparently  wanting; 
plants  blackish  purple,  usually  not  adhering  well  to 

paper  on  drying.  1.  P.  subtilissima. 

Trichoblasts  manifest,  few  or  numerous. 
Branching  obviously  monopodial. 

Lateral  branchlets  arising  in  the  axils  of  tricho- 
blasts. 
Main  axes  mostly  50-90  u  in  diameter;  plants 
soft  and  mucous,  reddish  purple,  branches 

fastigiate.  2.  P.  havancnsis. 

Main    axes    mostly    100-300 u    in    diameter; 
plants   firmer,    brownish    purple :    branches 
not  fastigiate,  very  irregular,   or  the  ulti- 
mate ramuli  sometimes  short  and  alternate- 
distichous  or  pseudo-distichous.  3.  P.  Binnciji. 
Lateral  branchlets  arising  without  apparent  ref- 
erences   to    the    trichoblasts ;    segments    often 
shorter  than  broad,   outer  cell  walls   in  adult 
parts  commonly  12-40  w  thick.  4.  P.fcrulacea. 

37 


570  EHODOMELACEAE. 

Main  branching  subdichotomous,  commonly  fastigiate. 
Plants  0.5-2.5  cm.  high,  growing  chiefly  on  leaves 

of  Cymodocea,  Tlialassia,  etc.  5.  p.  Gorgoniae 

Plants  4-12  cm.  high,  yellowish  or  straw-colored 
when  living,  vinaceous-tawny  to  chocolate-col- 
ored when  dry,  commonly  bearing  frequent 
short  subspinescent  patent  ramuli,  clothed  with 

numerous  trichoblasts.  6.  P.  hapalacantha. 

Main  axes  or  branches  strongly  corticated,  the  main  branches 
virgately    clothed    with    numerous    much    more    slender 

taper-pointed  or  subspinescent  ramuli.  7    p  ramentacea 

Pericentral  cells  8-10,  trichoblast  few  and  inconspicuous.  8.  P.  exilis. 

Pericentral  cells  12-24,  trichoblasts  usually  numerous  and  very 

conspicuous.  9,  p.  opaca. 

1.  Polysiphonia  subtilissima  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  13:  199.     1S40. 

Under  shelving  rocks,  low-littoral,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Great  Ragged  Island: — 
Massachusetts  to  northern  South  America.     Type  from  Cayenne,  French  Guiana. 

2.  Polysiphonia  havanensis  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot,  II.  8:  352.     1837. 

•  From  between  the  tide-lines  to  a  depth  of  5  meters,  found  especiallv  on  the  roots 
of  Rhizophora  and  in  mangrove  associations,  New  Providence,  Rose  'island,  Great 
Bahama,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged 
Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  West  Indies  generally.     Type  from  Havana. 

3.  Polysiphonia  Binneyi  Harv.  Xer.  Bor.-Am.  2:  37.    1853. 

PolysipJionia  havanensis  Binneyi  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  960.     1863. 

In  shallow  water,  possibly  intergrading  with  P.  havanensis,  but  usually  very 
distinct.  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Joulter's  Cay.  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain, 
Watling's  Island.  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Florida. 
Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

4.  Polysiphonia  ferulacea  Suhr;  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  980.     1863. 

Polysiphonia  l>7-eviarticulata'RaTy.  ^er.  Bor.-Am.  2:  3Q.pl.l6B.     1853,     Not 
Hutchinsia  hreviarticulata  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  153.    1824. 

Usually  low-littoral  on  surf-beaten  rocks,  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands, 
Joulter's  Cay,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  Watling's  Island.  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana, 
Caicos  Islands,  and  Little  Inagua  :^ — Bermuda  :  Florida  ;  Mexico  ;  and  the  West  In- 
dies generally.     Type  locality  unknown,  probably  West  Indian. 

5.  Polysiphonia  Gorgdniae  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  39.     1853. 

On  Cymodocea,  Thalassia,  corals,  sea-fans,  and  occasionally  on  the  larger  algae, 
in  shallow  water,  New^  Providence,  Berry  Islands.  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Caj, 
Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Florida.  Type  from  Key 
West,  Florida. 

6.  Polysiphonia  hapalacantha  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  39.     1853. 

In  shallow  water.  Great  Bahama  and  Exuma  Chain  : — Florida.  Type  from  Key 
West,  Florida. 

7.  Polysiphonia  ramentacea  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  42.  pi.  16 A.     1853. 

Related  to  P.  foenicuUicea  (Drap.)  J.  Ag.  and  P.  hirta  J.  Ag.  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  but  differing  considerably  in  its  virgate  habit  due  to  the  closely  set  ramuli 
of  nearly  uniform  length,  becoming  gradually  shorter  at  apex.  On  rocks  and  other 
algae  from  low-water  mark  dowm  to  a  depth  of  at  least  two  meters.  New  Providence, 
Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Little  Inagua  : — Florida,  Type 
from  Key  West,  Florida. 

8.  Polysiphonia  exilis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  47.     1853. 

Lophosiphonia  ?  exilis  De-Toni,  Syll.  Alg.  4:  1070.    1903. 

Near  low-water  mark  and  on  sea-fans  in  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Rose 
Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Florida.  Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 


EHODOMELACEAE.  571 

9.  Polysiphonia  opaca  (Ag.)  Moris  &  De  Not.  Fl.  Capr.  208.  pi.  5  II.     1S39, 

Hutcliinsia  opaca  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  148.     1824. 

Low-littoral  on  surf-beaten  rocks  and  in  tide-pools,  New  Providence  Berry 
Islands,  Great  Bahama,  and  Watling's  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  Adriatic  seas.     Type  from  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

6.   BRYOTHAMNION  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:  105.  1843; 
Phye.  Gen.  433.     1843. 

Physcophora  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.;  Phyc.  Gen.  434. 

1.  Bryothamnion  triquetrum  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  M.  A.  Howe,  Jour.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Ganl. 
16:  222.     1915. 

Fucus  triqueter  S.  G.  Gmel.  Hist.  Fue.  122.  pi.  8.  f.  4.     1768. 
Fucus  trifarius  Swartz,  Prod.  148.    1788. 
Fucus  triangularis  J.  F.  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.  1383.     1791. 
Plocamium  triangulare  Lamour.  Essai,  50.     1813. 
Tham7iop1wra  triangularis  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  226.     1822. 
Alsidium  triangulare  J.  Ag.  Linnaea  15:  28.     1841. 
Physcophora  triangularis  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:   105.     1843. 
Bryothamnion  triangulare  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  842.     1849. 

From  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  30  meters  or  more,  Bimini  and  Caicos 
Islands  :- — Florida  to  Brazil.     Type  locality  unknown. 

7.  LOPHOCLADIA  Schmitz,  Ber.  Deuts.  Bot.  Ges.  11:  222.     1893. 

1.  Lophocladia  trichoclados  (Mert.)  Schmitz,  loc.  cit. 

Conferva  trichocladia  Mert.  fide  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  137.     1824. 

Ceramium  Trichocladis  Ag.  loc.  cit. 

Griffitsia?  trichoclados  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  132.     1828. 

Dasya  trichoclados  J.  Ag.  Linnaea  15:  32.     1841. 

Dasya  lophoclados  Mont.  Ann.  Sei.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  18:  254.     1842. 

Eupogonium  ?  trichoclados  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  799.     1849. 

Polysiphonia  trichoclada  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  819. 

Polysiphonia  lophoclados  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  834. 

Lophothalia  trichoclados  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  6:  64.     1890. 

Apparently  in  deep  water,  usually  found  washed  ashore.  Great  Bahama  : — Ber- 
muda ;  Florida ;  Santo  Domingo ;  American  Virgin  Islands ;  and  Barbados.  Type 
from  the  West  Indies. 

8.  WRIGHTIELLA  Schmitz,  Ber.  Deuts.  Bot.  Ges.  11:  221.     1893. 

Main  branches  persistent,  beset  with  numerous  4-ranked  subu- 
late ramuli  1-4  mm.  long.  1.   IV.  Dlodijctiii. 

Main  branches  commonly  deliquescent,  bearing  filiform  ramuli 

or  a  few  subulate  ramuli.  2.  W.  Tumonolc^cz^. 

1.  Wrightiella  Blodgettii  (Harv.)  Schmitz,  loc.  cit. 

Alsidium  Blodgettii  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  16.  pi.  15B.     1853. 

Usually  found  washed  ashore,  presumably  from  deep  water,  Great  Bahama  : — 
Bermuda  and  Florida.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

2.  Wrightiella  Tumanowiczi  (Gatty)  Schmitz,  loc.  cit.  222. 

Dasya  Tumanowiczi  Gatty;   Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:   64.     1853. 

The  Bahama  plants  show  five  pericentral  cells  except  in  ramuli,  but  appear  to  be 
otherwise  identical  with  the  Key  West  type. 

Found  washed  ashore,  Berry  Islands  and  Abaco  : — Florida.  Type  from  Key 
West,  Florida. 


57J 


EHODOMELACEAE. 


9.   MURRAYELLA  Schmitz,  Ber.  Deuts.  Bot.  Ges.  11:  227.    1893. 
1.  Murrayella  periclados  (Ag.)  Schmitz,  loe.  cit. 

HutcUnsia  periclados  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:   101.     1828. 

PolysipJwnia  periclados  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  822,     1849. 

BostrycUa  Tuomeyi  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  58.  pL  14E.     1853. 

Bostry cilia  periclados  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  860.     1863. 

Folysiphonia  Binderi  Sond. ;  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  14 :  16.  pL  45.  f.  a,  h.     1864. 

In  rock  caverns,  on  the  roots  of  Rhi^ophora,  etc.,  between  the  tide-lines  and  in 
shallow  water,  Isew  Providence  and  Bimini :— Bermuda  and  Florida  to  northern 
South  America.     Type  from  St.  Croix.  aoitnein 

10.  AMPHIBIA  Stackh.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou  2:  58,  89.    1809. 
SCORPIURA  Stackh.  Xer.  Brit,  ix,  xi.     1816  [ed.  2— not  seen]. 
BOSTRYCHIA  Mont,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cuba,  PI.  Cell.  39.     1838.     Xot  BostrycUa 

Fr.  Sv.  Vet.  Akad.  Handl.  1818:   119.     1818. 
Helicothamnion  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:  105.  1843;  Phyc.  Gen.  433.     1843. 
Stictosiphonia  Harv.  in  Hook.  f.  Pi  Antarct.  483.     1847. 

Fronds  stout  and  rigid,  having  commonly  a  spread  of  2.5-5  cm. ;  sections  of  main 
axes  showing  3-7   series   of  pericentral   cells  ;   monosiphonous 

apices  usually  short  or  more  commonly  wanting.  1.  A.  Montar/nei. 

Fronds  smaller ;  sections  of  main  axes  showing  1-3  series  of 
pericentral  cells. 
Branchlets  bearing  numerous  long  deflexed  and  incurved  often 
branched  monosiphonous  ramelli  20-50  cells  long,  these  cells 
26-55  w  long,  longer  than  broad  ;  plants  repent  or  prostrate, 
forming  thin  mats  ;  sections  of  main  axes  showing  2  or  3 
series  of  pericentral  cells.  2.  A.  tenella. 

Branchlets  without  monosiphonous  ramelli  or  occasionally 
terminating  in  monosiphonous  prolongations  2—10 
(rarely  -20)  cells  long,  these  cells  15-26^4  long,  shorter 
than  broad  at  least  in  proximal  parts  ;  main  axes  show- 
ing 1  or  2  series  of  pericentral  cells ;  plants  forming 
dense  mats. 
Regularly    bi-tri-pinnate ;    ultimate    branchlets,    75-200  u 

(6-12  cells)  long:  main  branches  prostrate  or  ascending.  3.  A.  Scrtularia. 
Bi-tri-pinnate  or  often  more  or  less  quadrifarious  through 
the  development  of  two  rows  of  ventral  branches  near 
the  bases  of  the  lateral  branches  ;  ultimate  branchlets 
200-750^  (12^0  segments  or  cells)  long  ;  main  branches 
deflexed  or  drooping.  4.  A,  pectinata. 

1.  Amphibia  Montagnei  (Harv.)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  2:  881.     1891. 

Bostrychia  Montagnei  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  55.  pi.  14B.     1853. 

On  roots  of  Rhizophora  and  rarely  on  other  objects,  usually  just  above  the  low- 
water  mark,  Bimini,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Watling's  Island : — Ber- 
muda ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  and  Jamaica.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

2.  Amphibia  tenella  (Vahl)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  2:  882.    1891. 

Fucus  tenellus  Vahl,  Nat.  Selsk.  Skr.  5-:  45.     1802. 

Bliodomela  calamistrata  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  11.  8:  354.     1837. 

Bostrychia  calamistrata  Mont.;  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am,  2:  56.  pi.  14C.     1853. 

BostrycUa  tenella  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  869.     1863. 

BostrycUa  Vieillardi  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  15 :  10.  pi.  S6.  f.  a-e.     1865. 

Creeping  on  rocks,  roots  of  Rliizophora,  pneumatophores  of  Avicennia,  etc.,  near 
the  high-water  mark.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Gref^t  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  Wat- 
ling's  Island,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  West  Indies  generally  ; 
widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  seas.     Type  from  St.  Croix. 


EHODOMELACEAE.  573 

3.  Amphibia  Sertularia  (Mont.)  :\L  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

BostrycJiia  Sertularia  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  IV.  12:  176.  1S59. 
Bostrychia  scrtularina  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  15:  9.  pi.  S5.  f.  a-c.  1865. " 
Bostrychia  Mazei  Crouan;  J.  Ag.  Anal.  Alg.  Cont.  4:  83.     1897. 

Forming  dense  mats  on  rocks  near  the  high-water  mark,  Rose  Island,  Great 
Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Watling's  Ishmd  : — liermuda  to  northern  South 
America.     Type  from  Guiana. 

4.  Amphibia  pectinata  (Kiitz.)  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Bostrycliia  Vicillardi  pecti7iata  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  15 :  10.  pi.  26.  f.  f-li.     1865. 

Somewhat  intermediate  between  A.  tenella  and  A.  Sertularia,  being  found 
occasionally  in  herbaria  sometimes  under  the  one  specific  name  and  sometimes 
under  the  other,  but  usually,  in  the  West  Indies,  quite  distinct  from  either 
species,  differing  from  both  in  its  greater  rigidity,  in  its  habit  of  growth,  and 
in  the  frequent  presence  of  two  rows  of  "adventitious"  ventral  branches,  show- 
ing in  extreme  cases,  four  ranks  of  branches  of  almost  equal  size  and  similar 
development. 

Between  the  tide-lines  on  roots  of  Rhizophora  and  pneumatophores  of  Ariccnnia, 
rarely  pendent  from  the  roofs  of  caverns,  Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama, 
Bimini,  Exuma  Chain.  Watling's  Island,  and  Mariguana  : — Florida  and  the  West 
Indies  generally  ;  New  Caledonia.     Type  from  New  Caledonia. 

II.  HERPOSIPHONIA  Nag.  in  Schleid.  &  Xiig.  Zeits.  Wiss.  Bot.  3-4:    238 
(without  mention  of  species).    1846.    Ambronn,  Bot.  Zeit.  38 :  197.     1880. 

Main  axes  or  long  branches  with  a  branch   (or  branch  rudiment)  from  each  node. 

Main  axes  or  long  branches  strongly  curved,  with  convexity  dorsal,  giving  short 
branches    a    somewhat    squarrose    appearance ;    short 
branches   mostly   S-10   segments   long ;   plants   mostly 
4-10  cm.  long.  1.  //.  Pcctcn-Vcneris. 

Main  axes  or  long  branches  nearly  straight  or  slightly 
curved  w^ith  concavity  dorsal ;  short  branches  mostly 
12-30  segments  long  ;  plants  mostly  1-3  cm.  long.  2.  H.  tcncUa. 

Main  axes  or  long  branches  with  some  of  their  nodes  regu- 
larly and  wholly  destitute  of  branches. 

Plants  of  straggling,  intricate,  or  repent  habit,  elongate 
and  subsimple,  0.5—3  cm.  lonp-  with  apex  conspicuously 
rolled  towards  dorsal  surface;  main  axes  75— 150^  in 
diameter,  even.  3.  H.  sccunda. 

Plants  somewhat  bi-tri-pinnate,  filiculoid,  2.5-5  cm.  long, 
with  apex  inconspicuously  curved  towards  dorsal  sur- 
face ;  main  axes  150-250xt  in  diameter,  swollen  at 
nodes  in  older  parts.  4.  H.  hipitniata. 

1.  Herposiphonla  Pecten-Veneris   (Harv.)   Falkenb.  Ehodomel.  315.     1901. 

Polysiplwnia  Fcctcn-Veneris  var.  a,  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:    46.  pi.  16C. 
1853. 

On  PeniciUus,  Halimcda,  Tlialassia.  and  various  other  objects  in  shallow  water. 
New  Providence,  Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands.  Great  Bahama.  Bimini,  Andros.  Ex- 
uma Chain,  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Florida.  Type 
from  Key  West,  Florida. 

2.  Herposiphonia  teneUa  (Ag.)  Ambronn,  Bot.  Zeit.  38:  397.  pl.4.  f.  9,  11,  13- 

16.    1880. 

Eutchinsia  tenella  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  105.    1828. 
Polysiphonia  tenella  J.  Ag.  Alg.  Med.  et  Adriat.  123.     1842. 
Polysiphonia  Pecten-Veneris  var.  ^3,  Harv.  Xer.  Bor.-Am.  2:    46.  ;>/.  16D. 
1853. 

On  sponges,  various  algae,  roots  of  lihizoiilKini,  etc.,  from  low-water  mark  down 
to  a  depth  of  at  least  20  meters.  Berry  Islands.  Great  Bahama.  Bimini.  Exuma  Chain, 
Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  and  North  Carolina  to 
Florida  and  Barbados  ;  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  seas.     Type  from  Sicily. 


574  RIIODOMELACEAE. 

3.  Herposiphonia  secunda  (Ag.)  Ambronn,  Bot.  Zeit.  38:   197.  pi.  4.  f.  8,  12. 

1880. 

Hutchinsia  secunda  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  149.     1824. 
Polysiphonia  secunda  Zanard.  Syn.  Alg.  Adriat.  64.     1841. 

On  Sargassum,  Chondria,  Lonrenciu,  etc.,  in  shallow  water,  Berry  Islands,  Great 
Bahama,  Gun  Cay.  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and 
Castle  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados  ;  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  seas. 
Type  from  the  Mediterranean. 

4.  Herposiphonia  bipinnata  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Frond  rose-purple,  filiculoid  or  flocculose,  free,  or  subrepent  at  base  only, 
somewhat  bi-tri-pinnate,  or  paniculate,  2-5  cm.  long,  the  branchlets  here  and 
there  obviously  pectinate-secund;  main  axes  stramineous  or  decolorate  except 
in  youngest  parts,  1.50-2.50  /i  in  diameter,  somewhat  swollen  at  the  nodes,  the 
segments  11-4-2  times  as  long  as  broad,  becoming  subequal  towards  apices;  peri- 
central cells  usually  10,  the  central  cell  large,  50-90  ^u.  in  diameter;  branches 
obscurely  quadrifarious,  or  subsecund  through  the  abortion  of  the  usually  fre- 
quent lateral  long  branches,  commonly  arising  from  two  immediately  consecu- 
tive nodes,  one  from  each,  followed  by  one  or  two  naked  nodes,  and  then  by  two 
branches  from  immediately  consecutive  nodes,  and  so  on,  the  branches  being 
sometimes  represented  by  rudiments;  long  branches  abruptly  diminishing  in 
size  at  apex  and  rather  inconspicuously  dorsiflexed;  short  branches  8-12  seg- 
ments long,  slightly  flexed  or  subfalcate,  crowned  with  rather  coarse  tricho- 
blasts,  often  as  long  as  the  branch,  the  segments  %-l%  as  long  as  broad; 
sporangia  somewhat  protuberant,  mostly  in  a  single  linear  series,  the  sporan- 
giif erous  branch  105-135  ,u  in  greatest  width ;  cystocarps  ovoid,  short-stalked, 
subtruncate,  380-540  /x  X  300-450  /a. 

In  technical  microscopic  characters,  the  present  species  seems  to  be  related 
to  H.  secunda,  from  which,  however,  it  is  amply  distinct,  as  indicated  in  the 
above  key. 

On  Cymodocea,  washed  ashore,  Whale  Cay,  Berry  Islands  (Howe  3^97 — type), 

12.    LOPHOSIPHONIA  Falkenb.  in  Eng.  &  Prantl,  Nat. 
Pflanzenfam.  T:  459.     1897. 

Trichoblasts  spirally  arranged. 

Pericentral  cells  usually  11-18.  1.  L.  ohscura. 

Pericentral  cells  usually  6-10.  2.  L.  subadunca. 


3.  L.  cristata. 


Trichoblasts   in   a   single   secund   series   on    the    convex    (dorsal) 
surface   of  the   strongly   hamate   tips   of   the   erect   branches. 

1.  Lophosiphonia  obscura  Auct.    Xot  Hutchinsia  ohscura  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  108. 

1828. 

?  Conferva  intertexta  Eoth,  Cat.  Bot.  1:  188.  pi.  3.  f.  6.     1797. 
Folysiphonia  reptatunda  Suhr;  Klitz.  Sp.  Alg.  806.     1849. 
PolysipJionia  adunca  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  808.    1849. 

Foi'ming  mats  or  a  turf  on  rocks  and  on  roots  of  Rhizophora  between  the  tide- 
lines,  common.  New  Providence,  Hose  Island,  Berry  Islands,  Bimini,  Gun  Cay,  Exuma 
Chain,  Watling's  Island.  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  and 
Florida  to  the  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  Adriatic  and  Mediterranean  seas  and  England. 

2.  Lophosiphonia  subadunca  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  418.    1843. 

Hutchinsia  ohscura  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  108  (according  to  apparent  original  in 

herb.  Ag.).     1828. 
Polysiphonia  harhatula  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  417. 
Polysiphonia  pygmaea  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Grerm.  313.     1845. 

Making  a  close  nap  or  turf  on  surf-beaten  rocks,  between  the  tide-lines,  Exuma 
Chain  : — southern  Europe.     Type  from  Corsica. 


EHODOMELACEAE.  575 

3.  Lophosiphonia  cristata  Falkenb.  Rhodoniel.  499.  pi.  0.  f.  7-10.    1901. 

Making  a  velvety  coating  on  surf-beaten  rocks,  low-littoral.  Berrj'  Islands  Mari- 
guana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — St.  Thomas  and  Mediterranean  Sea.     Tvpe  from 

Naples. 

13.    DIPTEROSIPHONIA  Scliinitz  &  Falkenb.  in  Eng.  &  Prantl, 
Nat.  Pflanzenfam.  1-:  463.     1897. 

1.  Dipterosiphonia  dendritica  (Ag.)   Schmitz,  loc.  cit.  464. 
ButcMnsia  dcndriiica  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  146.     1824. 

Creeping  on  Chamacdoris  and  on  Laurencia  pai)illosa,  Eleuthera  : — American  Vir- 
gin Islands  ;  Brazil.     Tj'pe  from  Brazil. 

14:.  AMANSIA  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:  332.     1809. 
1.  Amansia  multifida  Lamour.  loc.  cit.  i>l.  6.  f.  2C,  D,  E. 

Usuallj'  found  waslied  ashore,  Eleuthera  : — Florida  to  Brazil.  Type  from  Santo 
Domingo. 

15.    HETEROSIPHONIA  Mont.  Prod.  Phyc.  Pol.  Antarct.  4.     1842. 
Trichoth AMNION  KUtz.  Pliyc.  Gen.  415.     1843. 

Main  axes  uncorticated,  mostly  65-130 ^  in  diameter;  fronds 

1-6  cm.  long  or  high.  1.  //.  M'urdcmauni. 

Main  axes  strongly  corticated,  mostly  0.45-1.1  mm.  in  diam- 
eter ;  the  brownish  diaphragms  of  the  central  siphon  visible 
through  cortex;  fronds  4-18  cm.  high.  2.  //.  Gibhcsii. 

1.  Heterosiphonia  Wurdemanni   (Bail.)   Falkenb.  Rhodomel.  638.  pJ.  16.  f.  11. 

1901. 

?  Callithamnion  crispellum  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  183.     1828. 

Dasya  Wurdemanni  Bail.;  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  64.  2>?-  l^C.    1853. 

Eesembling  a  species  of  Dasya,  as  pointed  out  on  a  later  page. 

On  corallines  and  various  other  algae,  under  shelving  rocks,  on  roots  of  Rhizo- 
pliora,  etc.,  low-littoral  or  in  shallow  water,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama.  Bimini, 
Gun  Cay,  Exuma  Chain.  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Little 
Inagua  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados  ;  Adriatic  and  Mediterranean  seas.  Type 
from  Key  West,  Florida. 

2.  Heterosiphonia  Gibbesii   (Harv.)  Falkenb.  Khodomel.  653.     1901. 

Dasya  &ibbesii  Harv.  Xer.  Bor.-Am.  2:  59.  pi.  15 A.     1853. 

In  tide-pools  and  in  shallow  water  down  to  2  meters  or  more.  New  Providence. 
Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island,  Exuma  Chain,  and 
Watling's  Island  : — Florida.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

16.  DASYA  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  xxxiv,  211  (as  Dasia).     1824. 

Ehodonema  Martens,  Reise  nacli  Venedig  2:  641.     1824. 

Dichotomous  monosiphonous  ramelli    (2-4  mm.   long)    springing  without  order  from 
the  firm  cortex,  densolv  clothing  the  main  axes  or  deficient  in  older  parts. 
Stichidia  on  1-  or  2-celled  monsii)honous  pedicels,  translucent  after  dehiscence  of 
sporangia,  showing  central  axis  clearly. 
Plants  mostly  8-SO  cm.  high,  main  axes  vaguely  quasi- 
pinnate  or  virgate  ;  cystocarps  pedicellate.  1.   D.  peatccUdta. 
Plants  mostly  8-6.5  cm.  high,  subdichotomous  ;  ramelli 
verv  soft  and  mucous,  more  or  less  coherent  or  con- 
fluent on  drying;  cystocarps  sessile  or  subsessile.  2.   D.  Crouduinna. 
Stichidia  sessile  or  (m  1 -celled  pedicels,  rather  opaque  after 

dehiscence  of  sporangia  and  conspicuously   zonate-anuu-  . 

late.  3.  D.  ramosi8!^ima. 


576  EHODOMELACEAE. 

Dichotomous  monosiphonous  ramelli  subvei-ticillate  and  often 

subsquarrose,    sometimes   lightly   corticated    at   base ;    main 

axes  well  corticated.  4.  D.  mollis. 

Monosiphonous  ramelli  spirally  disposed,  patent,  divaricate,  or 

subsquarrose,  divaricately  dichotomous. 

Main  axes  0.25-0.75  mm.  in  diameter,  corticated  except  in 

youngest  parts  ;  cystocarp  subspheric-rostrate,  0.67-0.92 

mm.  broad.  5.  D.  Oollinsiana. 

Main  axes  0.1-0.3  mm.  in  diameter,  uncorticated  or  slightly 
corticated  near  base ;  cystocarp  conic-ovoid,  about  0.2 
mm.  broad  (immature).  C.  D.rigidula. 

1.  Dasya  pedicellata  (Ag.)  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  211.    1824. 

Sphaerococcus  pediceUatus  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  321.     1822. 

Bliodoneinu  elegans  Martens,  Reise  nach  Venedig  2:  641.  pi.  8.    1824. 

Vasya  elegans  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  117.     1828. 

Mostly  in  shallow  water,  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  and  Great  Bahama  : — 
Massachusetts  to  Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  the  northern  West  Indies ;  Adriatic  and 
Mediterranean  seas  ;  Canary  Islands.     Type  from  New  York. 

The  southern  specimens  are  sometimes  yellowish  when  living  instead  of  the  cus- 
tomary lake-red. 

2.  Dasya  Crouaniana  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  6:  95.     1890. 

On  surf -beaten  rocks  at  low-water  mark,  Exuma  Chain  : — Florida  and  Guade- 
loupe.    Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

3.  Dasya  ramosissima  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  61.     1853. 

The  verticils  of  sterile  cells  of  tbe  stichidia  are  inclined  to  be  protuberant 
and  they  occasionally  develop  into  few-celled  simple  or  one-brauched  tricho- 
phylls.     In  two  observed  cases  the  stichidium  was  forked  near  the  apex. 

On  roots  of  Rhizophora  near  low-water  mark,  Great  Bahama  : — Florida.  Type 
from  Key  West,  Florida. 

4.  Dasya  mollis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  62.     1853. 

On  roots  of  Rhizophora,  under  shelving  rocks,  etc.,  near  low-water  mark,  Exuma 
Chain  and  Little  Inagua  : — Florida  and  Cuba.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

5.  Dasya  CoUinsiana  M.  A.  Howe,  in  Britton,  Fl.  Bermuda  524.     1918. 

The  only  specimen  seen  differs  from  the  Bermudian  type  in  being  more 
laxly  branched,  in  being  less  manifestly  dichotomo-corymbose,  in  the  more 
'^ocellate"  congestion  of  the  ramuli  at  the  apices,  and  in  the  lighter  cortica- 
tion.  It  also  bears  cystocarjDs,  hitherto  undescribed  for  this  species.  These  are 
sessile,  subspheric-rostrate,  670-920 /a  broad,  600-750 /u,  high  (without  beak) 
the  beak  being  350-500  fx  long.  In  its  cystocarps  it  seems  to  resemble  D. 
ramosissima,  but  the  ramuli  of  D.  CoUinsiana  are  coarser  and  more  divaricately 
dichotomous  and  have  a  regularly  spiral  arrangement  while  those  of  D.  ramosis- 
sima are  irregular  or  inclined  to  be  subverticillate. 

In  2  meters  of  water.  Great  Bahama  : — Bermuda.     Type  from  Bermuda. 

6.  Dasya  rigidula  (Kutz.)  Ardiss.  Florid.  Ital.  2:  140.    1878. 

Eupogoniuvi  rigidulum  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  415.  1843;  Tab.  Phyc.  14:  pi.  85. 

f.  G,  d.    1864. 
Eupogonium  squarrosum  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  415.  1843;   Tab.  Phyc.  14:   pi. 

85.  f.  a,  J).    1864. 
Dasya  squmrosa  Zanard.  Mem.  1st.  Veneto  13:   163.  pZ.  53B.     1866.     Not 

Dasya  squarrosa  Harv.  in  Hooker,  J.  D.,  Fl.  New  Zealand  2:  232.     1855. 

Much  resembling  Heterosiplionia  Wurdemanni  in  size,  habit,  and  micro- 
scopic characters  and  easily  confused  with  that  species,  but  differing  in  its 
radial  instead  of  dorsiventral  organization,  in  having  its  ramuli  spirally  dis- 


EHODOMELACEAE.  577 

posed  and  one  springing  from  each  segment,  while  IT.  Wurdemanni  has  two- 
ranked  ramuli,  one  from  every  second  segment;  the  main  axes  of  D.  rigidula 
are  also  sometimes  corticated  towards  base. 

On  rocks  and  various  algae  in  shallow  water,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama  and 
Exuma  Chain  : — Bermuda  ;  Adriatic  and  Mediterranean  seas.  Tj'pe  from  Spalato 
Adriatic  Sea. 

17.   DASYOPSIS  Zanard.  Saggio  Class.  Fie.  52.     1843. 

EUPOGODON  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Germ.  312.     184.5. 

1.  Dasyopsis  Antillarum  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Plants  dark  vinaceous-purple,  claret-brown,  or  orange-rufous,  4-10  cm. 
high,  rather  copiously,  irregularly  and  radially  branched,  or  quasi-pinnate,  occa- 
sionally subdichotomous  below;  main  axes  subterete  or  slightly  flattened,  1-2.5 
mm.  in  diameter;  principal  branches  showing  more  or  less  numerous  subspines- 
cent  branehlets  1-3  mm.  long,  the  surface  clothed  at  and  near  the  apices,  or 
sometimes  to  bases  of  the  branches  and  branehlets,  with  more  or  less  tufted 
dichotomous,  monosiphonous,  often  early  deciduous  ramelli,  these  springing 
chiefly  from  slightly  elevated  cushions  or  sorus-like  spots,  the  segments  mostly 
15-26  fji  in  diameter,  usually  3-6  times  as  long  as  broad ;  cortical  cells  mostly 
rather  short,  12-70 /^  long,  1-5  times  as  long  as  broad;  stichidia  fusiform,  300- 
450  fJi  long,  75—150  fi  in  maximum  width,  borne  close  to  the  rhachides,  on  one- 
celled  pedicels  or  sometimes  apparently  sessile  on  the  rhachides,  occasionally 
proliferous  at  apex  and  bearing  short  trichophylls. 

On  corals  in  shallow  water  and  washed  ashore,  Fort  George  Cay,  Caicos  Islands 
{HoicG  5625 — type),  and  Atwood  Cay. 

Dusijopsis  Antillarum  in  color  and  in  the  character  and  arrangement  of  the 
monosiphonous  ramelli  bears  some  resemblance  to  small  conditions  of  Da-siia  pcdiccl- 
lata,  but  differs  in  the  more  copious  and  more  irregular  branching,  in  having  short 
subspinescent  branehlets,  in  the  shorter  cortical  cells,  in  the  absence  of  visible  peri- 
central siphons  at  the  apices,  in  the  more  proximal  location  of  the  stichidia,  etc. 

From  the  Bermudian  Dasyopsis  spinuligera  (Collins  &  Ilervev)  M.  A.  Howe  {Dasi/a 
spimiligera  Collins  &  Herv.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:  130,  pi.  J,,  f.  2',,  25.  1017),  D.  Antil- 
larum  differs  in  being  much  larger  and  coarser,  in  the  more  vinaceous-purple  color, 
in  the  softer  longer-celled  monosiphonous  ramelli,  and  in  the  shorter,  more  fusiform 
stichidia  (the  stichidia  of  D.  spinuUgera  are  eventually  cylindric,  with  conic  apex, 
and  600-800 M  long  by  75-80 w  in  diameter,  and  they  are  often  geminate). 

From  the  Adriatic  and  Mediterranean  Dasiiopf<is  pcnicillata  and  D.  spinella,  the 
species  differs  much  in  habit  and  in  not  having  the  monosiphonous  ramelli  confined 
to  the  apices  but  springing  irregularly  from  the  cortex  or  from  slightly  elevated 
cushions  or  sorus-like  areas. 

18.    FALKENBERGIA  Schmitz,  in  Eng.  &  Prantl,  Xat. 
Pflanzenfam.  T:  479.     1897. 

1.  Falkenbergia  Hillebrandii  (Born.)  Falkenb.  Rhodomel.  6S9.     1901. 

Folysiphonia  Hillehrandii  Born.;  Ardiss.  Phyc.  Med.  1:  376.     1883. 

On  roots  of  Rhizoplwra,  etc.,  in  shallow  water.  Gun  Cay  and  Exuma  Chain  : — 
Bermuda  to  Barbados;  Canary  Islands;  Mediterranean  Sea.  Type  from  the  Canary 
Islands. 

19.    HAIiODICTYON  Zanard.  Saggio  Class.  Fie.  52  - 
(as  Halydictyon) .     1843. 

Hanowia  Sond.  Bot.  Zeit.  3:  52.     1845. 
COELODICTYOX  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Germ.  287.    1845. 

1.  Halodictyon  miralDile  Zan.  loc.  cit. 

On  and  with  other  algae  (Tletcrosipliotiia  M'linlrntatmi,  Jania,  Poh/siphonia, 
etc.),  Exuma  Chain  and  Little  Inagua  : — Florida  and  Barbados;  Mediterranean  and 
Adriatic  seas.     Type  from  the  Adriatic  Sea. 


578 


CERAMIACEAE. 


Family  12.     CERAMIACEAE. 

1.  SPERMOTHAMNION  Areseh.;  Fries,  Siimma  Veg.  Scand.  127.     1845. 

Cells  of  erect  filaments  mostly   10-20 ^  in   diameter,   3-6  times   as  long  as   broad; 
tetrasporangia  on  1— 4-celled  pedicels  ;  plants  usually  grow- 
ing on  Galaxaura.  1.  s.  investiens. 
Cells  of  erect  filaments  mostly  20-40 /^  in  diameter,  2-5  times 
as  long  as  broad. 
Vinaceous-purple    or    Indian    lake,    on    Godium,    manifestly 

repent.  2.  8.  gorgoneum. 

Usually  dark  vinaceous-brown,  under  shelving  rocks  and  on 

Jania,  Galaxaura,  etc.,  intricate,  less  manifestly  repent.      3.  8.  speluncarum. 
Cells  of  erect  filaments  40-65^  in  diameter,  5-1.5  times  as  long 
as  broad:  terminal  cells  clavate,  20-40^  in  diameter,  walls 
of  all  cells  6-14  u  thick  ;  tetrasporangia  terminal,  often  more 

or  less  corymbose;  plants  growing  on  rocks.  4.  8.  macromeres. 

Cells  of  erect  filaments  50-115  ^  in  diameter,  3-7  times  as  long 
as  broad,  their  walls  5-40  u  thick;  terminal  cells  commonly 
cylindric,  often  only  12-15^1  in  diameter,  their  walls  1-2  it 
thick  ;  tetrasporangia  at  nodes,  solitary  or  more  commonly 
several  and  unilaterally  glomerate  or  subverticillate  ;  plants 
on  or  with  other  algae.  5.   8.  gijmnocarpum. 

1.  Spermothamnion  investiens   (Cronan)   Vickers,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  IX.  1: 

64.    1905. 

Callithamnion  investiens  Crouan;    Schramm  &•  Maze,  Alg.  Guad.  7.     1865 
[not  seen]. 

On  Galaxaura  flagelliformis,  G.  suhverticillata,  and  G.  comans,  and  on  and  with 
Jania  (growing  on  Sargassum),  Great  Bahama,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and 
Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  to  Barbados.     Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

2.  Spermothamnion  gorgoneum  (Mont.)  Bornet;  Vickers,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot. 

VIII.  4:  305.     1897. 

Callithamnion  gorgoneum  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  IV.  8:  289.     1857. 

On  Godium  isthmocladum.  Berry  Islands  : — Bermuda  to  Barbados  ;  Canary  Islands 
and  Cape  Verde  Islands.     Type  from  island  of  St.  Nicholas,  Cape  Verde  Islands. 

3.  Spermothamnion  speluncarum  (Collins  &  Hervey)  M.  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

Bliodocliorton  speluncarum   Collins   &   Hervey,  Proc.   Am.   Acad.   53:    148. 
1917. 

Variable  in  length  of  cells  and  thickness  of  the  cell-walls;  cells  mostly  2-4 
times  as  long  as  broad,  but  occasionally  as  much  as  8  times;  cell-walls  usually 
3-6^  thick,  but  ranging  up  to  12 /^  thick;  tetrasporangia  occurring  mostly  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  main  erect  filaments,  solitary  or  rarely  two  (opposite)  on  a 
segment,  ellipsoid  or  subglobose,  52-65  ^l  in  maximum  diameter,  subsecund, 
sessile  or  on  1-  or  2-celled  pedicels;  antheridial  stands  terminal,  short-cylindric 
or  ovoid-ellipsoid,  about  40  /*  X  20-28  fi.  Erect  filaments  sometimes  tortuous 
and  intricate,  forming  intertangled  cushions.  Belated  to  the  North-European 
S.  roseolum  (Ag.)  Pringsh.,  especially  to  the  form  occasional  in  herbaria  under 
the  name  Callithamnion  repens  Lyngb.,but  filaments  more  intricate  and  flexuous, 
more  slender  (commonly  22-39 /a  vs.  35-55 /x),  cells  shorter  (usually  2-4  times 
vs.  3-8  times  as  long  as  broad),  more  often  dolioform,  and  more  often  collabent. 

Under  shelving  rocks  and  on  various  algae  {Ghamaedoris,  Galaxaura,  Jania,  etc.) 
and  on  sponges,  in  shaded  situations,  near  low-water  mark.  Rose  Island,  Great  Ba- 
hama, North  Cat  Cay,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island: — Bermuda.  Type  (ster- 
ile) from  Bermuda. 

4.  Spermothamnion  macromeres  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:   132. 

1907. 

On  surf-beaten,  sand-covered  rocks  at  low-water  mark.  Berry  Islands  : — Bermuda. 
Type  from  Bermuda. 


CERAMIACEAE.  579 

0.  Spermothamnion  gymnocarpum  :\r.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Indian  lake  or  purplish-vinaceous,  fading  to  brownish-vinaeeous,  grayish- 
vinaceous,  or  vinaceous-fawn,  forming  rather  dense  cushions  1-3  em.  deep  or 
somewhat  straggling  in  habit;  primary  creeping  filaments  50-130 /x  in  diameter, 
their  cells  130-400 /i  long,  mostly  3-5  "times  as  long  as  broad,  their  walls  13-50  ^ 
thick,  the  erect  branches  arising  mostly  from  near  the  end  of  the  cell ;  erect 
filaments  50-115^  in  diameter,  rather  freely  subdichotomously,  alternately,  or 
subsecundly  branched,  rarely  with  3  or  4  branches  at  a  node,  the  branches  patent 
or  erecto-patent,  arising  subterminally  or  laterally  just  below  the  septum,  the 
cells  300-750^  long,  mostly  3-7  times  as  long  as  iDroad,  cylindric  or  slightly 
enlarged  at  upper  end,  the  walls  5-40^  thick,  the  terminal  cells  40-65 /u  in  di- 
ameter, obtuse,  or  in  the  more  branched  conditions  often  only  12-15  /*  in  diam- 
eter with  walls  only  1-2  ;U  thick;  chromatophores  suborbicular,  elliptic,  fusiform, 
substellate,  or  diff  orm,  more  or  less  confluent  discs  2-13  m  in  maximum  diameter ; 
monoicous  (polyoicous  ?)  ;  procarps  and  cystocarps  solitary  or  several  closely 
approximate;  procarps  subglobose  or  hemispheric,  40-50 /a  broad,  the  trichogyn'e 
10-13 /i  in  diameter;  cystocarps  moriform  or  irregularly  hemispheric,  80-150/* 
broad,  wholly  destitute  of  an  involucre ;  antheridial  stands  ovoi<l  to  subcylin- 
dric,  40^80 /a  X  26-40  m;  tetrasporangia  borne  on  one-celled  pe<licels  at  nodes 
in  distal  parts  of  the  main  erect  filaments  and  their  branches,  solitary  or  more 
often  2-5  at  a  node  and  aggregated  on  the  inner  side,  or  subvertieillate,  sub- 
globose,  60-80  IX  in  diameter,  their  walls  5-12  /i  thick. 

On  and  with  various  other  algae  (Jania,  Laurencia.  Chamnedoris,  etc.).  in  shal 
low  water  and  washed  ashore,  Great  Bahama   (Howe  3879 — type)   and  Exuma  Chain. 

The  species  is  perhaps  related  to  the  European  8.  irreoularc  (.1.  Ag.)  Ardiss., 
but  manifestly  diiTers  in  its  longer,  less  ventricose  cells,  naked  cystocarps.  etc.  Most 
of  the  few  antheridial  stands  seen  have  been  very  close  to  the  procarps.  but  the 
procarps  preponderate  so  much  in  number  that  it  may  be  suspected  that  dioicous 
conditions  also  occur. 

2,   MESOTHAMNION  Borg.  Dansk  Bot,  Ark.  3':  208.     1917. 

1.  Mesothamnion  caribaeum  Borg.  loe.  cit. 

The  single  Bahamian  specimen  seen  is  sterile  and  the  determination  is 
open  to  possible  doubt.  It  is  0.5-1  cm.  high  and  is  remarkable  for  its  pcnicil- 
lately  tufted  apices,  the  lower  parts  of  the  main  axes  being  more  or  less 
denudate. 

On  Gelidium  rigidum,  near  low-water  mark,  Gun  Cay  : — American  Virgin  Islands, 
Type  from  St,  Jan  (dredged  in  30  meters  of  water), 

3,   GRIFFITHSIA  Ag,  Syn.  Alg,  Scand.  xxwiii.  (as  Griffitsia).     1817. 

Branching  mostlv  subdichotomous,  the  branches  issuing  from  the 

upper  end  of  the  parent  cell.  1.    G.  filohulifcra. 

Branching  distinctly  lateral,  the  branches  issuing  from  near  the 

middle  or  below  the  middle  of  the  parent  cell.  2.  G.  tenuis. 

1,  Griffithsia  globulifera  Harv,;  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  12:  10,  pL  30.  f.  a-d.    1862. 

Griffithsia  coraUma  glohifera  Harv,  Xer,  Bor,-Am.  2:  228.  pi.  35 A.     1853. 

Grijfithsia  corallina  tenuis  Harv.  loc,  cit. 

Griffithsia  gloUfera  Harv.;  J.  Ag,  Sp.  Alg,  3':  67,     1876, 

GrijfitJisia  Bornetiana  Farl,  Proe,  Am.  Acad.  12:  243.     1877. 

The  Bahamian  plants  referred  here  seem  to  agree  essentially  with  the 
northern  type  in  the  character  of  the  antheridia,  cystocarps^,  and  tetrasporangia, 
but  they  are  smaller  plants  and  the  filaments  are  often  more  moniliform,  these 
differences  being  especially  manifest  in  sterile  and  more  doubtful  specimens 
that  have  been  identified  tentatively  with  this  species.     The  plants  occur  on  surf- 


580  CEEAMIACEAE. 

beaten  rocks  between  the  tide-lines  and  as  epiphytes  on  other  algae,  habitats 
that  are  not  characteristic  of  the  northern  G.  glohuUfera. 

Joulter's  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Atwood  Cay,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged 
Island: — Massachusetts  to  the  American  Virgin  Islands  and  Barbados  (?).  Type 
from  New  York. 

2.  Griffithsia  tenuis  Kg.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  131.    1828. 

Callithamnion  tenue  Harv.  jSTer.  Bor.-Am.  3:  130.     1858. 
Griffithsia  thyrsigera  (Thwait.)  Grun.  Alg.  Fidschi  8.     1877. 

An  antheridial  fragment,  washed  ashore.  Berry  Islands  : — Massachusetts  and 
Bermuda  to  Barbados  ;  Adriatic  Sea  ;  Ceylon  ;  Australia  ;  etc.     Type  from  Venice. 

4.   CALLITHAMNION  Lyngb.  Hydroph.  Dan.  123.     1819. 
1.  Callithamnion  Halliae  Collins,  in  C,  H.,  &  S.,  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  698.     1900. 

Eelated  to  C.  corymbosum  and  C.  'byssoides,  but  differs  from  both  in  having 
the  main  axes  uncorticated  throughout. 

On  other  algae  at  low-water  mark,  under  shelving  rocks  (and  washed  ashore), 
Great  Bahama  and  Exuma  Chain  : — Florida.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

5.     SEIROSPORA  Harv.  Phyc.  Brit.  pi.  21.     1846. 
1.  ?Seirospora  occidentalis  Borg.  Bot.  Tidsskr.  30:   14.  /.  8,  9.     1909. 

The  scanty  fertile  material  has  the  triangularly  divided  tetrasporangia  sessile 
or  on  one-celled  pedicels;  paraspores  30^0 /i  broad,  in  branching,  subterminal  tufts; 
main  axes  uncorticated  throughout.  Exuma  Chain  : — American  Virgin  Islands.  Type 
from  sound  between  St.  Thomas  and  St.  Jan. 

6.   HALOPLEGMA  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  18:  258.     1842. 
Ehodoplexia  Harv.  in  Hook.  Ic.  PL  7:  pi.  613.    1844. 
1.  Haloplegma  Duperreyi  spinulosum  M.  A.  Howe,  subsp.  nov. 

Differs  from  typical  H.  Duperreyi  Mont,  in  having  a  thallus  that  is  beset 
with  numerous  rigid  subspinescent  ramelli  usually  in  twos  or  thref^s  and  25-140  yu. 
(2-11  cells)  long,  the  cells  of  these  ramelli  mostly  1.5-3  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Between  the  tide-lines  on  a  rock  shelf,  under  an  overhang.  Cave  Cays,  Exuma 
Chain   (Hone  3998). 

7.    GYMNOTHAMNION  J.  Ag.  Anal.  Alg.  27.     1892. 

1.  Gynmotharanion  elegans  (Schousb.)  J,  Ag.  loc.  cit.  178. 

Callithamnion  elegans  Schousb.;  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  162.  1828;  Born.  &  Thur. 

Not.  Alg.  32.  pi.  10.     1876. 
Ptilota  Schoushoei  Born,  in  Born.  &  Thur.  loc.  cit.  34. 
Plumaria  Schoushoei  Schmitz;   Born.  Mem.   Soc.   Sci.  Cherbourg  28:    330. 

1892. 
?  Gymnothamnion  hipinnatum  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:   139. 

pi.  4.  f.  26.    1917. 
?  Ptilothamnion   Mpinnatum   M.   A.   Howe,  in   Britton,  Fl.   Bermuda  525. 
1918. 

The  main  branches  are  simply  pinnate  and  the  opposite  ramuli  are  usually 
longer  than  in  Bermudian  specimens  des^cribed  as  G.  bipinnatum  but  not  alto- 
gether dissimilar  conditions  occur  in  the  Bermudian  type  and  the  species  is 
probably  the  same.  The  Bahamian  specimens,  like  the  Bermudian,  appear  to 
bear  only  tetrasporangia   (tripartite),  and  pending  the  discovery  of  antheridia 


CERAMIACEAE.  681 

and  cystocarps,  the  generic  position  of  the  plants  must  remain  in  some  douljt. 
There  are  discrepancies  between  Bornet's  and  J.  Agardh's  figures  of  the  cysto- 
carp  of  Gymnotliamnion  elegans  and  the  relation  of  Gymnothaninion  to  Ptilo- 
thamnion  would  seem  to  be  in  need  of  further  study. 

Forming  a  thin  coating  on  rocks  a  little  above  the  low-water  mark,  Gun  Cay  : 

northern  Africa  and  Mediterranean  shores  of  Europe;  Bermuda  i'i).  Type  from 
Tangier,  Morocco. 

8.   ANTITHAMNION  Nag.  Neu.  Algensyst.  200.     1847. 

Main  axes  24-30 u  in  diameter,  for  the  most  part  regularly  bi- 

pinnate.  1.  A.  Butleriae. 

Main  axes  75— 150  «  in  diameter,  their  branches  tetrastichous,  the 

ultimate  branchlets  often  alternate  or  subdistichous.  2.   A.  cruciatum. 

1.  Antithamnion  Butleriae  Collins,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  37:  258.     1901. 

The  fronds  in  Bahamian  specimens  are  broader  and  the  cells  are  usually 
longer,  both  actually  and  relatively,  than  in  the  type  form. 

On  a  rock  slielf  under  an  overhang,  between  the  tide4ines.  and  washed  ashore. 
Rose  Island,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Jamaica  and  Barbados.  Type  from 
Kingston,  Jamaica. 

2.  Antithamnion  cruciatum  (Ag.)  Nag.  Neu.  Algensyst.  200.     1847. 

With  Jan  la,  washed  ashore.  Great  Bahama: — Massachusetts  and  Bermuda  to 
Barbados  ;  Eui-ope.     Type  from  Trieste. 

9.    CROUANIA  J.  Ag.  Alg.  Med.  et  Adriat.  83.     1842. 
1.  Crouania  attenuata  (Bonnem.)  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit. 

Batracliospermum  attenuatum  Bonnem.  iide  Ag. 
Mesogloia  attenuata  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  51.     1824. 

On  various  algae,  Thalassia,  etc.,  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to  20  meters 
(/?rfc  Borgesen),  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Joulter's  Cay.  Great  Bahama,  Wat- 
ling's  Island,  and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados  ;  southern  Europe. 
Type   (in  herb.  Ag.)  from  northwestern  France   ('•  Armorica  "). 

10.   SPYRIDIA  Harv.  in  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  5^ :  336.     1833. 

Ramuli  without  lateral  uncinate  spines.  1.  -S".  fihimcntosa. 

Ramuli  normally  with  one  or  more  uncinate  spines  on  the  distal 

nodes.  2.  S.  aculcata. 

1.  Spyridia  filamentosa  (Wulf.)  Harv.  loc.  cit.  337. 

Fucus  filamentosiis  "Wulf.  Crypt.  Aquat.  64.     1803. 

Spyridia  occidentalis  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  666.     1849. 

Spyridia  apiculata  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  12:  15.  pi.  49.  f.  c,  d.    1862. 

Common  in  shallow  warm  water.  Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands.  Great  Bahama, 
Bimini,  North  Cat  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Massachu- 
setts and  Bermuda  to  South  America  ;  widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  seas.  Type 
from  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

2.  Spyridia  aculeata  (Schimp.)  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  377.     1S43. 

Ceramium  acuJcatum  Schimp.  in  Unio  Itin.  no.  966  (not  seen). 

On  rocks  and  on  other  algae  in  shallow  water  or  down  to  30  meters  (fide 
Borgesen),  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  and  Mariguana: — Bermuda  and 
Florida  to  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  southern  Europe  and  northern  Africa  ;  Red  Sea. 
Type  from  the  Red  Sea. 


682 


CEEAMIACEAE. 


11.    CERAMIUM  Ag.  Syn.  Alg.  Seand  xxvi.     1817. 

?  Apoxa  Adans.  Fam.  PL  2:  2,  519.  1763. 
?  Episperma  Eaf .  Prec.  Somiol.  48.  1814. 
BORYNA  Grateloup.  Bory,  Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.  2:  412. 


1822. 


Filaments  continuously  corticated.  1,  C.  nitens. 

Filaments  manifestly  zonate,  corticated  at  nodes  only. 

Filaments  regularly  and  equally  dichotomous,  more  or  less 
fastigiate,  apices  forcipate. 
Segments  mostly  longer  than  broad,  becoming  3-7  times 
longer  than  broad  below  ;  tetrasporangia  triangularly 

divided.  2.   C.  tenuissimum. 

Segments  mostly  shorter  than  broad  or  subequal,  becom- 
ing 2-3  times  longer  than  broad  below  ;  tetrasporangia 
often  cruciate  or  decussately  paired.  3.  C.  cruciatum. 

Filaments  unequally  dichotomous  or  showing  various  inter- 
mediate conditions  between  dichotomy  and  lateral 
branching. 
Upper  margins  of  cortex-zones  commonly  showing  in 
younger  parts  verticils  of  delicate  caducous  mostly 
1-  or  2-celled  hairs ;  branching  dichotomo-alternate 
and  slightly  zig-zag.  4.  C.  siibtile. 

Hairs  wanting  or  very  rare. 

Main  filaments  mostly  45-75 w  in  diameter;  nodal 
bands  protuberant,  bitruncate,  most  of  the  corti- 
cating  cells,  or  at  least  the  lower  with  their  longer 
axes  running  transversely  to  the  filament ;  tetra- 
sporangia on  main  filaments.  5.  C.  hyssoideiim. 
Main  filaments  mostly  90-200 w  in  diameter;  nodal 
bands  not  protuberant,  the  corticating  cells  with 
their  longer  axes  lengthwise  of  the  filament ;  tetra- 
sporangia on  clavate  or  fusiform  lateral  branches.        6.  C.  corniculatum. 

1.  Ceramium  nitens  (Ag.)  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  130.    1851. 

Ceramium  ruhrum  nitens  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  136.     1824. 

?  Ceramium  leptopMoeum  Kiitz.  Linnaea  15:  740.     1841. 

Ceramium  divaricatum  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phye.  13:  5.  pi.  12.  f.  c-e.    1863. 

Rather  common  in  shallow  water,  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Joulter's  Cay, 
Great  Bahama,  Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Watling's  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida 
to  the  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  the  "  Antilles." 

2.  Ceramium  tenuissimum  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  120.     1851. 

F  Ceramium  diaplianum  tenuissimum  Eoth,  Cat.  Bot.  3:  156.     1806. 

The  usually  sterile  Bahamian  plants  referred  tentatively  to  C.  tenuissimum 
seem  to  agree  essentially  with  other  West  Indian  specimens  currently  thus  re- 
ferred, but  their  identity  with  the  European  type  is  doubtful.  They  are  more 
regularly  dichotomous,  more  fastigiate,  firmer  and  more  rose-colored  than  the 
plants  here  referred  to  C.  subtile. 

On  various  other  algae,  roots  of  Rhizophora.  etc.,  in  shallow  water.  Great  Ba- 
hama, Exuma  Chain.  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Europe ;  Massachusetts  ; 
Bermuda  ;  and  the  West  Indies  generally.     Type  locality  unknown. 

3.  Ceramium  cruciatum  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53 :  144.  pi.  4.  f.  S7, 

28.     1917. 

Similar  in  structure  to  the  Bermudian  plant,  but  less  obviously  repent  and 
taller,  reaching  a  height  of  1-3  cm. 

On  Digenea,  Thalassia,  etc.,  and  on  rocks,  near  the  low-water  mark,  Mariguana, 
Calcos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda.     Type  from  Bermuda. 

4.  Ceramium  subtile  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  120.     1851. 

On  Chondria  and  various  other  algae,  roots  of  Rhizophora,  etc.,  in  shallow  water, 
New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Bimini,  Joulter's  Cay,  Exuma  Chain, 
and  Watling's  Island  : — Mexico.     Type  from  Vera  Cruz. 


CEKAMEACEAE.  583 

5.  Ceramium  byssoideum  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am,  2:  218.     1853. 

Ccramium  transversale  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am    Acad    53-    145    vl    5 
f.  29-31.    1917.  ■        ■  •  ^  •     • 

On  various  algae,  leaves  of  Ci/modocca,  roots  of  Rhizoiihora,  etc     near  the  low- 
water  mark,  Berry  Islands,  North  Cat  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Marihuana  : Bermuda 

and  Florida  to  the  American  ^'irgin  Islands.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida 


6.  Ceramium  comiculatum  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  IV.  14:   ]72.     i860. 

Gongroceras  comiculatum  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  12:  25.  yl.  81.  f.  e-g.    1862. 

Under  shelving  rocks,  on  roots  of  Rhizophora,  etc.,  near  low-water  mark  Rose 
Island,  Bimini,  Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  to  Guadeloupe  and  Mar- 
tinique.    Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

12.   CERAMOTHAMNION  Eichards,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  28: 
257,  264.     1901. 

1.  Ceramothamnion  Codii  Eichards,  loc.  cit.  pi.  SI,  22. 

On  Codium  intertextum,  Atwood  Cay  : — Bermuda  to  Barbados.  Tvpe  from  Ber- 
muda. 

13.   CENTROCERAS  Kiitz.  Linnaea  15:  731,  741.     1842. 

1.  Centroceras  clavulatum  (Ag.)  Mont,  in  Durieii,  Fl.  Algerie  1:  140.     1846. 

Ceramium  clavulatum  Ag.  in  Kunth,  Syn.  PI.  Aeq.  1:  2.     1822. 
Centroceras  cryptacanthum  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  741;   Tab.  Phyc.  13:   pi.   17.  f. 

a-d.    1863. 
Centroceras  micrantliemum  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  741;  Tab.  Phyc.  13:  pi.  18.  f.  a-d. 
Centroceras  hyalacanthum  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  742;  Tab.  Phyc.  13:  pi.  If),  f.  d-f. 
Centroceras  oxyacanthum  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  742 ;  Tab.  Phyc.  13 :  pi.  20.  f.  a^c. 
Centroceras  brachyacaathmn  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  13:  8,  pi.  20.  f.  d-f. 

On  rocks  and  on  various  algae,  low-littoral  and  in  shallow  w'ater  ;  very  common 
and  variable.  Most  of  the  Bahamian  specimens  accord  with  Kiitzing's  C.  hyalacanthum 
and  C.  oxyacanthum ;  a  few  agree  with  his  C.  cryptacanthiun  (type  form  of  C  clavu- 
latum), C.  micrucanthum,  and  C.  hrachyacanthuvi.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island, 
Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Bimini,  North  Cat  Cay,  Abaco,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island, 
Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island,  and 
Orange  Cay  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  South  America  ;  widely  distributed  in  the 
warmer  seas.     Type  from  Callao,  I'eru. 

Family  13.     DUMONTIACEAE. 

1.   DUDRESNAYA  Bonnem.  Jour.  Phys.  94:  ISO.     1822  (not  seen). 

1.  Dudresnaya  bermudensis  Setchell,  Univ.  California  Publ.  Bot.  4:    244.  pi. 
27.     1912. 
Washed  ashore,  Great  Bahama  : — Bermuda.     Type  from  Bermuda. 

Family  14.     RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE. 

1.    OCHTODES  J.  Ag.  Act.  Univ.  Lund.  8":  5.     1872. 

1.  Ochtodes  secundiramea  (Mont.)  M.  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

Hypnea  ?  secundiramea  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  18:  255.     1842. 

Chondrococcus  filiformis  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  752.  1849;  Tab.  Phyc.  17:  28.  pi. 
95.  f.  c,  d,  e.    1867. 

Spliaerococciis  filiformis  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  644.     1852. 

Ochtodes  filiformis  J.  Ag.  Act.  Univ.  Lund.  8":  5.     1872. 

Acantliococcus  adelphinus  Mont.;  Crouan  in  Maze  dsL'  Schramm,  Alg.  Guad. 
189.     1870-1877. 

Near  low-water  mark,  commonly  iridescent,  Cave  Cays,  Exuma  Chain  : — Cuba  ; 
Jamaica;  Porto  Rico;  Martinique;  and  Barbados.  Type  from  Martinique  (in  herb. 
Mus.    Paris.). 


584  COEALLINACEAE. 

Family  15.     SQUAMARIACEAE. 

1.   PEYSSONNELIA  Decaisne,  Arch.  Mus.  2:  168  (as 

Peyssonellia)  .     1841. 

Squamaria  Zanard.  Syn.  Alg.  Adriat.  133.     1841.    Not  Squamaria 

(Eivin.)  Hall.     1768. 

1.  Peyssonnelia  rubra  (Grev.)  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:  502.     1852. 

Zonaria  rubra  Grev.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  15:  340.  pi.  3.  f.  3.     1827. 

On  Valonia  ventricosa  under  shelving  rocks  at  low-water  mark,  Cave  Cays,  Ex- 
uma  Chain  : — Bermuda  ;  Cuba  ;  and  American  Virgin  Islands ;  Mediterranean  Sea. 
Type  from  Greece. 

The  genus  Peyssonnelia  is  represented  by  other  species  in  the  Bahamas  and  the 
family  Squamariaceae  doubtless  has  other  generic  representatives  besides  Peysson- 
nelia, but  the  available  material  has  not  yet  been  studied  with  sufficient  care  to 
warrant   the   publication   of  further   determinations. 

Family  16.     CORALLINACEAE. 

1.  ARCHAEOLITHOTHAMNIUM  Eothpl.  Zeits.  Deuts.  Geol. 
Ges.  43:   295.     1891. 

Sporolithon  Heyd.  Ber.  Deuts.  Bot.  Ges.  15:  66.     1897. 

1.  Archaeolithothamnium  dimotum  Fosl.  &  Howe,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4: 
128.  pi.  80.  f.  1;  pi.  87.     1^06. 

Forming  rather  smooth  crusts  on  the  older  parts  of  living  corals,  near  low-water 
mark,  Mariguana  : — Jamaica  and  Porto  Rico.     Type  from  Porto  Rico. 

2.   LITHOTHAMNIUM  Philippi,  Wiegm.  Archiv  Naturgesch.  3^:  387.     1837. 

Thallus  forming  smooth,  thin,  fragile,  often  ascending, 

o-^erlapping,  scarcely  adherent  crusts  0.15-0.2  mm. 

thick.  1.  L.  mesomorphum  ornatum. 

Thallus  forming  an  irregularly  nodulose  crust  10-15 

mm.  thick,  2.  L.  aemulans. 

1.  Iiithothamnium  mesomorphum   ornatum  Fosl,   &  Howe,  Bull.  jST.  Y.  Bot. 

Gard.  4:  129.  pL  80.  f.  2;  pi.  90.  f.  2.    1906. 

Low-littoral  on  a  deeply  shaded  rock  shelf,  yellowish-rose  or  salmon-colored  when 
living,'  Cave  Cays,  Exuma  Chain.  Type  of  variety  from  Cave  Cays ;  type  of  species 
from  Bermuda. 

2.  Lithothamnium  aemulans  (Fosl.  &  Howe)  Fosl.  &  Howe,  K.  Norske  Vidensk. 

Selsk.  Skr.  1908^:  9.     1908. 

LitJwthamnhim   fruticulosum   aemulans   Fosl.   &   Howe,   Bull.    N.   Y.   Bot. 
Gard.  4:  130.  pi.  81.  f.  1,  2.     1906. 

Encrusting  an  old  conch  shell,  Andros  : — Porto  Rico.  Type  from  San  Juan, 
Porto  Rico. 

3.   GONIOLITHON  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1900^:   15.     1900. 
[Apparently  not  Goniolithon  Fosl.  loc.  cit.  1898- :  5.     1898.] 

Thallus  wholly  and  permanently  crustaceous. 

Thallus  commonly  rather  loosely  attached,  the  margins  often  free  and  ascending ; 
conceptacles  large,  mostly  0.6-1.2  mm.  broad,  usually  with 
long-rostrate  ostioles.  1.   G.  soluhile. 

Thallus  very  firmly  and  persistently  adherent. 

Thallus  essentially  smooth  and  plane  or  roughened  only 
by  inequalities  of  substratum  or  by  conceptacles,  which 
are  200-400 ^  in  diameter.  2.   O.  accretum. 


SQUAMARIACEAE.  585 


.^.    a.  Ilnnn, 


4.    (j.  diHiJiiltttum. 


Thallus  plane  or  becoming  verrucose  or  manimlUate    the 
surface    minutely    and    irregularly    tessellated  ;    coiicep- 
tacles  30(i-4(K>it  in  diameter. 
Thallus    with     rounded-obtuse    or    subtruncate    warts    or 
bosses    4-10    mm.    broad    and    high;    superficial    layers 
exfoliating  along  concentric  or  zonate  lines  ;  conceptacles 
1-1.2  mm.  in  diameter. 
Thallus   fruticulose,    the   Drimary   crust   usually   disappearing   or 
concealed  by  the  erect  branches. 
Branches    much    anastomosed,    compressed    oi-    sul)terete    and 
1.25-3.1   mm.   in  diameter,  or  becoming  flabellate  or  some- 
what foliar  and  l(»-2r»  mm.  broad  by  1-2  mm.  thick.  ,".   a  anonrtuin 
Branches  terete  or  subterete. 

Plants  attached,  the  intertangled  frequently  anastomosing 

branches  forming  rather  compact  cushions.  0.   (j.  (Irciitrsmis 

Plants  commonly  free,  the  branches  mostly  erect  and  strict 
or,  in  free-lying  conditions,  few,  elongate,  and  very  ir- 
regular or  somewhat  cervicorn.  7.   (!.  Htrictum. 

1.  Goniolithon  solubile  Fosl.  &  Howe,  K.  Noi>ke  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1907": 

21.     1907. 

Goniolitlion  Notarisii  proinnquum  Fosl,  loc.  cit.  1899'':   21.     1900. 
Goniolithon  inopinquum  FobI.  loc.  cit.  1908'-:  4.     190S. 

Litliophyllum   {?)  propinquum  Lemoine,  in  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  3':    166. 
/.  161,  162.     1917. 

The  name  sohibile  appears  to  be  the  first  name  given  to  this  phmt  in  the 
specific  category,  propinquum  antedating  it  as  a  form  name  only. 

On  old  corals,  coral  pebbles,  and  old  shells  in  shallow  water,  sometimes  cover- 
ing and  smothering  living  corals  of  fruticose  habit.  Uose  Island,  (ireat  Bahama.  Cat 
Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  and  Castle  Island  : — ^Florida  to  Barliadus.  Type 
from  Culebra  Island,  I*orto  Rico. 

2.  Goniolithon  accretum  Fosl.  &  Howe,  Bull.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  4:  131.  pi.  So.  f. 

2;  pi.  91.     1906. 

Lithophyllum  accretum  Lemoine,  in  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  3*:   159.     1917. 

On  surf-beaten  limestone  rocks  near  low-water  mark  or  in  tide-pools  or  on  old 
corals  or  pebbles.  Berry  Islands.  South  Cat  Cay,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguan:i.  and 
Castle  Island  : — Florida  to  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  Sand's  Key,  Florida. 

3.  Goniolithon  Boergesenii  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1900' :  1 9.      1901. 

Porolithon   Boergesenii  Lemoine,  in   Borg.   Dansk  Bot.   Ark.   3':    17S.    f. 
168,  169.     1917. 

On  old  shells,  corals,  and  calcareous  pebbles  in  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands, 
Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  to  Barbados.     Type  from  St.  Ci-ois. 

4.  Goniolithon    dispalatum    Fosl.    &    Howe,    K.    Norske    Vidensk.    Selsk.    Skr. 

1908'-:  6.     1908. 
On  calcareous  rocks  at  low-water  mark.  Atwood  Cay.     Type  from  Atwixxl  Cay. 

5.  Goniolithon  acropetum  Fosl.  &  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  33:  577.     19t'6. 

Litliophyllum  acropetum  Lemoine,  in  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  3':  151.     1917. 

Sometimes  approaching  G.  Ucoutcscens  and  G.  utrictKin,  which  appear  to  inter- 
grade  and  forms  of  which  are  close  to  the  earlier-published  (/.  fnttcticcnii  of  the 
South  Pacific. 

On  old  corals  and  calcareous  rock  in  shallow  water,  (at  Island  and  Salt  Cay  : — 
Porto  Kico.     Type  from  Culebra  Island,  I'orto  Uico. 

6.  Goniolithon  decutescens   (Hcyd.)   Fosl.;   M.  A.  Howe,  in  Britton,  Fl.  Ber- 

muda 538.     1918. 
Lithothamnium    (.?)    decutescens  Heyd.  Bot.  .lalirb.  28:    541.  pi.    11.   f.   7. 

11  Ja  1901. 
Goniolithon  {?)  spectabilc  FobI.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1900'  :   16. 

F  1901. 
38 


586  CORALLINACEAE. 

;  Goniolithon  EMzoplwrae  Fosl.  &  Howe,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:  130.  pi. 
8S.  f.  2.     1906. 

.  ?  GoniolitJw7i  strictum  nanum  F'osl.  &  Howe,  loc.  cit.  131.  pi.  8B.  f.  7. 
?  LitJiopTiyllum  strictum  nanum  Lemoine,  in  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  3M  164. 
/.  159,  160.    1917. 

On  rocks,  old  corals,  shells  of  (sometimes  living)  molluscs,  etc.,  in  shallow  water, 
common,  Rose  Island,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  South  Cat  Cay, 
Eleuthera,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island.  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : 
— Bermuda  and  Florida  to  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  Bermuda. 

7.  Goniolithon  strictum  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1900'':   14.  1901. 

Goniolithon  intermedium  Fosl.  loe.  cit.  15. 

Lithophyllum  strictum  Lemoine,  in  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  3^:  164.     1917. 

Mostly  unattached  or  forming  mats,  in  shallow  water,  common.  New  Providence, 
Rose  Island,  Andros,  Berry  Islands,  Bimini,  North  Cat  Cay,  Cat  Island,  Watling's 
Island,  and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  and  Jamaica.     Type  from  Florida, 

4.    LITHOPHYLLUM  PMlippi,  Wiegm.  ArcMv  Naturgesch. 
3^:   387.     1837. 

Conceptacles  80-160/*  broad,  usually  abundant;  thallus  thin 
( 100-300 w  thick),  its  surface  nearly  smooth  or  roughened  by 
substratum.  1.  L.  carihaeum. 

Conceptacles  200-600  u  in  diameter. 

Thallus  thin  (mostly  50-600w  thick),  smooth,  forming  subor- 
bicular  crusts  2-10  mm.  broad,  epiphytic ;  vertical  section 
showing  small  cells  in  superficial  layer  only.  2.  L.  pustiilatiim. 

Thallus  usually  thiu  (200-500/*;  very  rarely  5-10  mm. 
thick)  ;  the  surface  showing  imbricate,  reniform-auriculate 
or  semiorbicular  lamellae  ;  vertical  section  showing  a  regu- 
lar alternation  of  vertically  elongate  cells  and  very  short 
flattened  or  discoid  cells  ;  usually  on  shells,  old  corals,  etc.  3.  L.  prototypum. 
Thallus  0.5  mm.-6  cm.  thick ;  the  surface  with  densely 
crowded  knobs,  verrucae,  or  short  branches  ;  vertical  sec- 
tions showing  irregular,  often  subcrescentic  or  sublunate 
zonations ;  conceptacles  200-300/*  in  diameter,  becoming 
overgrown  and  included.  4.  L.  munitum. 

1.  Lithophyllum  caribaeum  (Fosl.)  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1906«: 

22.     1907. 

Lithophyllum  decipiens  carihaeum  Fosl.  loc.  cit.  1906^:   18.     1906. 

Forming  thin  white  or  light  pink  crusts  on  rocks,  pebbles,  and  shells  from  just 
above  low-water  mark  down  to  15  fathoms  {Me  Borgesen),  Watling's  Island  and 
Great  Ragged  Island  : — Jamaica  and  American  Virgin  Islands.  Type  from  the  West 
Indies. 

2.  Lithophyllum  pustulatum   (Lamour.)   Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr. 

1904^:  3.     1904. 

Melohesia  pustulata  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  315.  pi.  12.  f.  2.    1816. 
Dermatolithon  pustulatum  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1900^  21. 
1900. 

On  Dilophus,  Dictyota,  Sargassum,  Ilalimeda  and  Thalassia,  in  shallow  water, 
Berry  Islands,  North  Cat  Cay,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  and  Little  Inaguu  : — 
New  England  to  Jamaica  ;  Europe.     Type  from  France. 

3.  Lithophyllum  prototypum  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1897^:   18. 

1897. 

Dermatolithon  {?)  prototypus  F'osl.  loc.  cit.  1900^:  22.     1900. 

On  old  corals,  shells,  etc.,  near  low-water  mark  or  in  shallow  water,  Exuma 
Chain  and  Atwood  Cay  : — Florida ;  Jamaica ;  Porto  Rico ;  and  American  Virgin 
Islands.     Type  from  St.  Croix. 


CORALLTXACEAE.  587 

4.  Lithophyllum  munitum  Fosl.  &  Howe,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gar.l.  4-  }[V>    pi  SO 
88,  89.     1906.  ' 

Covering  an  old  coral  near  low-water  mark   under  shelving   rocks,   Cave  Cays 
Exuma  Chain  : — Jamaica  and  I'orto  liico.     Type  from  Cave  Cays.  ' 

5.    POROLITHON  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Sclsk.  Skr. 
1909=':   57.     1909. 

Vertical  sections   (of  decalcified  material)   showing  vertical  rows  of  small  oval,  sub- 
globose,  or  ellipsoidal  perithallic  cells,  mostly  4-12(1  high,  with  the  firmly  coherent 
horizontal   lamellations   usually   obscure   or  unrecognizable ; 
grouped  heterocysts  mostly  13-15^  broad.  1.  P.  pachydennuin. 

Vertical  sections  (of  decalcified  material)  showing  distinct 
horizontal  lamellations,  easily  separable  in  pairs,  each  pair 
consisting  of  one  moderately  long-celled  layer  (cells  12-2~>ix 
high)  and  one  inconspicuous  short-celled  layer  (cells  3-Gu 
high)  ;  grouped  heterocysts  mostly  20-26  u  broad.  2.  P.  improccrum. 

1.  Porolithon  pachyderraum  (Fosl.)  Fosl.  loc.  cit. 

LithophyUum  oncodes  pachydermum  Fosl.  loc.  cit.  1904^:  5.     1904. 
Lithophyllum  pachydermum  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Aarsber.  1905 : 
22(6).     1906. 

On  rocks,  corals,  corallines,  etc.,  near  low-water  mark,  New  Providence,  Berry 
Islands,  Great  Bahama.  South  Cat  Cay,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged 
Island  : — Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  and  Barbados.  Type  from 
West  Indies. 

■)> 

2,  Porolithon  improcerum  (Fosl.  &  Howe)  Lemoine;  in  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark. 

3^:  1.51.     1917. 

Goniolithon  improcerum  Fosl.   &  Howe,  K.   Norske   Vidensk.   Sclsk.   Skr. 

1907«:  24.     1907. 
Hydrolithon  improcerum  Fosl.  loc.  cit.  1909":  55.     1909. 

On  old  corals  or  calcareous  rocks,  near  low-water  mark. 

The  basis  for  recording  this  species  from  the  Bahamas  is  a  note  from  M.  Foslie 
(in  litt.)  to  the  effect  that  a  specimen  of  Goniolithon  propinquum  {—  G.  soluhilc) 
from  Mariguana  (H oh- e  5330)  was  "partly  covering  Goniolithon  (IlydroUthon)  impro- 
cerum." In  the  type  (from  Jamaica),  the  species  accompanied  Porolithon  pachy- 
dermum, which  it  resembles  in  habit.  In  structure  the  plant  is  suggestive  of  Litho- 
phyllum prototypuni,  from  which,  however,  it  differs  in  the  presence  of  heterocysts 
(in  groups)  as  well  as  in  general  habit  and  in  the  mostly  smaller  conceptacles. 

6.    FOSLIEIiLA  M.  A.  Howe,  nom.  nov. 

Type:  Melohesia  farinosa  Lamour.  Hist,  Polyp.  315.  pi.  12.  f.  3.    1816. 
MELOBESiA,subgen.EuMELOBESiA  Fosl.  K.  Norske  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1905^:  1905. 
Melobesia  Lamour.  p.  p.  min.  Hist.  Polyp.  313.    1816.    Not  Melobesia  Lamour. 

Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  3:  186.     1812   (type,  CoralUna  membranacea 

Esper). 

Thallus  1-3  cells  thick. 

Heterocysts  present;  growing  on  other  algae.  1.  F.  farinosa. 

Heterocysts  wanting;  growing  on  Thalassia.  2.  F.  LijoUsii. 

Thallus  mostly  8-10  cells  thick  except  at  or  near  the  unistra- 

tose  margin  ;  growing  on  Cliamaedoris.  3.  F.  ChamacOoris. 

1.  Fosliella  farinosa   (Lamour.)  M.  A.  Howe,  condx  nov. 

Melobesia  farinosa  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  315.  pi.  1'2.  f.  S.     1816. 

On  various  algae  (Dictyota,  Dilophus.  Pudina,  Sargassuin,  and  Polysiphonia), 
in  shallow  water,  verv  common.  Rose  Island,  Berry  Islands.  Watling's  Island,  Marl- 
guana,  and  Little  Inagua  : — Massachusetts  to  Barbados;  widely  distributed.  Type 
European. 


588  CORALLINACEAE. 

2.  Fosliella  Lejolisii  (Eosau.)   M.  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

Melohesia  Lejolisii  Eosan.   Mem.   Soc.  Imp.   Sci.  Nat.   Cherbourg  12:    62. 
pi.  1.  f.  1-13.     1866. 

On  Thalassia  in  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands  and  Watling's  Island  : — Nova  Scotia 
to  Florida  ;  Europe.     Type  frona  Cherbourg,  France. 

3.  Fosliella  Chamaedoris  (¥osI.  &  Howe)  M,  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

Lithophyllum  Chamaedoris  Fosl.  &  Howe,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   134. 

2)1.  90.  f.  1.    1906. 
Melohesia    {Pliostroma)    Chamaedoris  Fosl.  &  Howe,  K.  Xorske  Vidensk. 

Selsk.  Skr.  1908":  6.     1908. 

Encrusting  and  often  completely  encircling  the  stalks  of  Chamaedoris  Pcnicuhim, 
from  low-water  mark  (under  shelving  rocks)  down  to  a  depth  of  40  meters  (fide 
Borgesen),  Cave  Cays,  Exuma  Chain: — American  Virgin  Islands.  Type  from  Cave 
Cays. 

7.  AMPHIROA  Lamour.  Xouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  3:  186.     1812. 

Thallus    usually    distinctly    flattened,    1—3    mm.    broad,    the 

branches  2-5  at  a  node,  often  patent  or  arcuate-deflexed.        1.  A.  Trihiiliis. 
Thallus  terete  or  subterete,  0.1.5-1.4  mm.  in  diameter. 

Thallus  0.15-0.6  mm.  in  diameter,  usually  yellowish  or 
pale  rose  when  living,  commonly  dichotomous  (rarely 
3-5  branches  at  a  node)  :  nodes  at  the  dichotomies,  the 
nodal  cushions  conspicuous,  often  protuberant  or  their 
diameter  equaling  that  of  the  segment,  which  is  often 

enlarged  at  the  nodes.  2.  A.  fragiUssima. 

Thallus  0.45-1.4  mm.  in  diameter,  bluish-violet  when  liv- 
ing ;  nodes  mostly  above  the  dichotomies,  often  obscure 
or  more  or  less  deficient,  the  nodal  cushions  short  and 
their  diameter  V2-%  that  of  the  segments.  3.  A.  rigida  antillana. 

1.  Amphiroa  Tribulus  (Ell.  &  Solaud.)  Lamour.  loc.  cit. 

Corallina  Tribulus  Ell.  &  Soland.  Xat.  Hist.  Zooph.  124.  pi.  21.  f.  e.    1786. 

In  shallow  water.  South  Cat  Cay  and  Watling's  Island  : — Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 
Type  from  the  West  Indies. 

2.  Amphiroa  fragilissima  (L.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  298.     1816. 

Corallina  fragilissima  L.  Syst.  Nat.  1:  806.     1758  [ed.  10]. 
Amphiroa  dehilis  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  700.     1849. 

Variable  as  to  diameter  of  the  segments  and  in  the  presence  or  absence  of 
nodal  enlargements  of  the  segments,  and  possibly  including  two  spcies.  Whether 
Linnaeus  originally  described  the  species  from  an  actual  specimen  or  relied 
wholly  upon  Sloane  's  description  and  figure  of  a  Jamaican  plant  is  not  alto- 
gether clear. 

Forming  mats,  especially  in  association  with  Thalassia  and  Cijmodocea  in  shal- 
low bays,  common.  New  Providence.  Berry  Islands,  Bimini,  South  Cat  Cay,  North  Cat 
Cay,  Watling's  Island.  Atwood  Cay.  and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Bar- 
bados ;  East  Indies.     Type  "in  Indiis  "    (Jamaica  ?). 

3.  Amphiroa  rigida  antillana  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  3^:  182.  /.  171-173.    1917. 

In  shallow  water,  often  with  A.  fragUissima.hut  always  distinct,  South  Cat  Cay, 
North  Cat  Cay,  and  Mariguana  : — Florida  to  Barbados.     Type  (of  var.)  from  St.  Croix. 

8.    CORALLINA  L.  Syst.  Nat.  1:  805.     1758  [ed.  10]. 

Rather  vaguely  and  irregularly   pinnate  or  subverticillate,  the  branches   often  few ; 
segments  of  main  axes  terete  or  subterete,   1.5-6  times  as  long 
as  broad.  1.   C.  cnhensis. 

Pinnate  or  bipinnate,  the  rapidly  tapering  branchlets  somewhat 
penicillate  or  fasciculate ;  segments  of  main  axes  distinctly  flat- 
tened, cuneate-obovate,  or  inversely  deltoid,  about  as  broad  as 
long.  2.   C.  suhulata. 


ECTOCARPACEAE.  589 

1.  CoraUina  cubensis  (Mont.)  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  8:  37.  pi.  77.  f.  c,  e,  /.    1858. 
Jania  cuhensis  Mont.;  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  709.     lS-t9. 


Forming  dense  cushions  on  various  algae  (SaryanHum,  Galuxaura  Ditfcnra  etc  ) 
and  on  rocks  with  other  algae,  in  shallow  water,  often  associated  witli  snt-cies  of 
Jama,  ^ew  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  ("ay,  ("aicos  Islands  and 
Great  Bagged  Island: — Florida  to  the  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  Cuba. 

2.  Corallina  subulata  Ell.  &  Soland.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  119.  pi.  21.  f.  B,  b.    1786. 
On  or  with  Amau.sia  iniiltifida,  Eleuthera  : — Brazil.     Type  from  the  West  Indies. 

9.    JANIA  Lamour.  Xoiiv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  3:  18(5.     1812. 

The  characters  relied  upon  to  distinguish  the  currently  recognized  European 
and  West  Indian  species  of  Jania  appear  to  be  unstable  and  unsatisfactory  and 
the  determinations  often  arbitrary. 

Branches  mostly  strict  and  fastigiate,  mostly  100-160^1  in   diam- 
eter, the  terminal  segments  usually  acute  or  taper-pointed.  1.  ./.  nibins. 
Dichotomies  mostly  wide-angled,  the  branches  often  subdivaricate, 
recurved,    and    interwoven,    the    terminal    segments    usually 
obtuse. 
Segments  mostly  90-150  ^  in  diameter  and  2-4   times  as  long 

as  broad.  2.  ./.  ailhacrcna. 

Segments  mostly  50-1 00 /x  in  diameter  and  4-10  times  as  long 

as  broad.  3.  J.  cajjiUacca. 

1,  Jania  rubens  (L.)  Lamour.  loc.  cit. 

CoraUina  rubens  L.  Syst.  Nat.  1:  806.     1758  [ed.  10]. 

On  Sargassum ,  Chondria,  and  other  algae,  from  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth 
of  10-20  meters,  Rose  Island,  Great  Bahama.  Exuma  Chain.  Watling's  Island.  Caicos 
Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  ;  Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  and  probably  through- 
out the  \Yest  Indies.     Type  European. 

2,  Jania  adhaerens  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  270.     1816. 

Corallina  adliaerens  Kutz.  Tab.  Phyc.  8:  40.  pi.  83.  f.  d,  f,  g,  h.    1858. 

On  Sargassum,  Bryothamnion,  Gclidium,  etc.,  in  shallow  water: — American  Vir- 
gin I  s  hinds  ;  Red  Sea;  Japan.     Type  from  the  Mediterranean  Sea   (V). 

3,  Jania  caplllacea  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  2:  84.     1853. 

On  Sari/assum .  pneamatophores  of  Aciceiinia.  etc.,  in  shallow  water,  and  more 
or  less  free  in  lagoons.  New  I'rovidence,  Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged 
Island  : — North  Carolina  and  Florida.     Type  from  Bahia  Honda,  Florida. 

Subclass  PHAEOPHYCEAE. 

Family  1.     ECTOCARPACEAE. 

1.  PYLAIELLA  Bon-,  Diet.   Class.  Hist.   Nat.  4:    393    (as  PilaycUa).     1823. 

1.  PylaieUa  Antillarum  (Grun.)  De-Toni,  Syll.  Alg.  3:  535.     1895. 

Ectocarpus  (Pilayella)  Antillarum  Grun.  Reise  Novara  Bot.  1:  46.  pi.  -/.  /. 
2.     1867. 

PylaieUa  sp.  Bornet,  Rev.  Gen.  Bot.  1:  9.     1889. 

PylaieUa  Hooperi  De-Toni,  Syll.  Alg.  3:   537.     1895.     Probably  not  Ecto- 
carpus Hooperi  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  1:   143.  pi.  HE.     1852. 

Forming  yellowish  brown,  subcylindric.  wick-like  tufts.  L.'t-.'i.o  cm.  high  in  tide- 
pools  and  low-littoral  on  surf-beaten  rocks.  Great  Stirrup  Cay,  Berry  Islands  : — 
Bermuda  to  northern  South  America.     Type  from  Guadeloupe. 


590  ENCOELIACEAE. 

The  filaments  are  mostly  25-40  n  in  diam.,  while  Grunow's  description  of  the 
type  makes  the  diameter  only  11-25  fx,  but  as  the  base  of  one  of  the  filaments 
figured  by  Grunow  is  nearly  35  n  broad  it  seems  difficult  to  distinguish  the  Bahamian 
plant.  The  later-described  P.  fulvescens  (Schousb.)  Bornet  may  be  a  synonym,  but 
perhaps  differs  in  the  more  protuberant,  sometimes  laterally  geminate  sporangia. 

2.  ECTOCARPUS  Lyngb.  Hydroph.  Dan.   130.     1819. 
1.  Ectocarpus  Mitchellae  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  1:  142.  pi.  12G.     1852. 

On  Thala-ssia,  etc.,  in  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  and  Exuma 
Chain  : — Massachusetts  to  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  apparently  widely  distributed 
in  temperate  and  tropical  seas.     Type  from  Nantucket,  Mass. 

Family  2.     SPHACELARIACEAE. 

1.  SPHACELARIA  Lyngb.  Hydroph.  Dan.  103  p.p.     1819. 
1.  Sphacelaria  tribuloides  Menegh.  Lett,  al  Corinaldi  2.  1840.     [Not  seen.] 

Low-littoral.  Berry  Islands  : — Bermuda  to  Mexico  and  Barbados  ;  widely  dis- 
tributed in  the  warmer  seas.     Type  from  Italy. 

Family  3.     ENCOELIACEAE. 

1.  PHAEOSTROMA  Kuckuck,  in  Eeiubold,  Sclirift.  Naturwiss.  Ver. 

Schleswig-Holst.  10:  43.     1893. 

1.  Phaeostroma  pusillum  Howe  &  Hoyt,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  6:  109.  pi.  11. 
f.  1-9.     1916. 

Making  minute  discs.  0.15-0.35  mm.  in  diameter,  on  PolysipJionia  fervlacea;  the 
unilocular  sporangia  mostly  in  sori.     Berry  Islands: — North  Carolina    (type). 

2.  COLPOMENIA   (Endl.)   Derb.  &  Sol.  Mem.  Phys.  Alg.  11.     1856. 

].  Colpomenia  sinuosa  (Both)  Derb.  &  Sol.  loc.  cit.     [C.  siniiata  by  misprint.] 

Ulva  sinuosa  Eoth,  Cat.  Bot.  3:  327.  pi.  12.     1806. 
Encoelium  sinuosum  Ag,  Sp.  Alg.  1:  146.     1820. 
Asperococciis  sinuosus  Bory,  Exped.  Sci.  Moree  3":   326.     1832. 
Hydroclathrus  sinuosus  Zanard.;   Mitchell,  in  Murray,  Phyc.  Mem.  53-56. 
pi.  14.  pi.  15.  f.  1.     1893. 

On  rocks  near  low-water  mark  or  in  shallow  water.  Gun  Cay  : — Bermuda  and 
Florida  to  Brazil ;  Peru :  widely  distributed  in  warm-temperate  and  tropical  seas. 
Type  from  near  Cadiz,  Spain. 

3.  HYDROCLATHRUS  Bory,  Diet.   Class.  Hist.  Nat.  8:   419.     1825. 
1.  Hydroclathrus  clathratus  (Bory)  M.  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

Encoelium  clathrahim  (Bory)  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  412.     1822. 
Hydroclathrus  cancellatus  Bory,  Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.  8:  419.     1825. 
Stilopliora  clathrata  Ag.  Flora  10:  642.     1827. 
AsperocoGcus  clathratus  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  75.     1848. 

On  rocks  near  low-water  mark  or  in  shallow  water.  Gun  Cay  and  North  Cat 
Cay  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Brazil ;  widely  distributed  in  warm-temperate  and 
tropical  seas.     Type  from  Belle  Isle,  France. 


FUCACEAE.  591 

Family  4.     MESOGLOIACEAE. 

1.  CASTAGNEA  Derb.   &   Sol.   Mem.  Phys.  Alg.   5G.     1S5G. 

1.  ?Castagnea  Zosterae    (Mohr)    Thurct;   Le  Jol.  Liste  Mar.  Alg.  Cherbourg 
85.     1864. 

Eivularia  Zosterae  Mohr,  in  Weber,  Beitr.  Xaturkunde  2:  .367.     1810. 
Mesogloia  Zosterae  Aresch.  Liiniaea  16:  228.  i^l-  8.  f.  la,  b.     1842. 

On  Thalassia,  etc.,  Berry  Islands  and  North  Cat  Cay  : — Bermuda  to  American 
Virgin  Islands  ;  Europe.     Type  from  near  Kiel,  Germany. 

Family  5.     CUTLERIACEAE. 

1.  AGLAOZONIA   Zanard.    Saggio    Class.    Fie.    15,    38.     [Mr]    1843. 

Padinella  Aresch.  Linnaea  17:   259.     [My-Je]   1843. 

1.  Aglaozonia  canariensis  Sauv.  Soc.  Sci.  d'Arcachon  Trav.  Lab.  8:   79.     1905. 
Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  2-;  37.     1914. 

Forming  dark  brown  closely  adherent  crusts  on  calcareous  rocks  or  old  corals 
at  low-water  mark  or  a  little  above.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Atwood  Cay, 
Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — American  Virgin  Islands  ;  Canary  Islands.  Type 
from  the  Canary  Islands. 

This  plant  (sterile)  bears  much  resemblance  to  young  prostrate  conditions  of 
Zonaria  variegata  in  habit  and  color,  in  the  apical  margin  of  large  cells,  and  in 
general  structure,  but  seems  to  differ  in  the  usually  thinner  and  more  closely  ad- 
herent thallus,  the  absence  of  frequent  or  occasional  mats  or  tufts  of  brown  rhiz- 
oids,  and.  under  the  compound  microscope,  in  the  more  translucent  thallus  with  a 
more  obviously  tessellated  dorsal  surface,  4-1 G  cells  of  the  dorsal  epidermis  corre- 
sponding to  one  of  the  large  medullary  cells,  while  in  Z.  varicgata  1-4  (more 
elongate)  epidermal  cells  correspond  to  and  overlie  a  single  large  medullary  cell  ; 
and,  in  section,  the  dorso-ventrality  is  seen  to  be  more  pronounced,  the  dorsal  epi- 
dermis always  consisting  of  more  numerous  and  smaller  cells  than  the  ventral  epi- 
dermis, while  in  Z.  variegata  the  two  epidermal  layers  are  essentially  the  same. 

Family  6.     FUCACEAE. 

1.  CYSTOSEIRA  Ag.   Sp.   Alg.   1:    50.     1820. 

1.  Cystoseira  Myrica   (S.  G.  Gmel.)  Ag.  loc.  cit.  53.. 

Fucus  Myrica  S.  G.  Gmel.  Hist.  Fuc.  88.  pJ.  3.  f.  1.     1768. 

On  rocks  and  in  tide-pools,  near  low-water  mark.  New  Providence.  Rose  Island, 
Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  and  Gun  Cay : — Florida  and  the  Red  Sea.  Type 
locality   unknown. 

2.  TURBINARIA  Lamour.;  Bory,  Voy.  Coquille  116.     182S. 

Petiole   wings   entire,    the   lamina   usually   with   vesicle.  i.   T.  turhimita. 

Petiole  wings  dentate,  the  lamina  without  vesicle.  2.   T.  tricostata. 

1.  Turbinaria  turbinata  (L.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  3:  434.    1S9S. 

Fucus  turdina.tns  L.  Sp.  PI.  1160.     1753.     (Excluding  presumably  spurious 

"type"  from  Sumatra  in  herb.  Linn.). 
Sargassum  turbinatuni  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  41.     1820. 
Turbinaria  vulgaris  trialata  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  268.     1848. 
Turbinaria  trialata  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phye.  10:  24.  pi.  67.     1860. 

On  surge-swept  rocks,  near  low-water  mark.  New  Providence,  Joulter's  Cay. 
Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  George  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay, 
Caicos  Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island,  nnd  Anguilla  Isles  : — Florida  to  northern  South 
America  ;  Indian  Ocean.     Type  from  Jamaica. 


592 


FUCACEAE. 


2.  Turbinaria  tricostata  Barton,  Trans.  Linn.  Soe.  Bot.  II.  3:  218.  vl.  54   f  3. 
1891. 

On  surge-swept  rocks,   low-littoral.     New  Providence.   South  Cat  Cay,  and  Gun 
Cay: — Bermuda   to   Guadeloupe.      Type  from   Guadeloupe  (  ?). 
Apparently   intergrading  with    T.   turbinata. 


3.    SARGASSUM  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:    1.     1820. 
Floating  and  sterile. 

Leaves  very  narrowly  linear  or  linear-filiform,   mostlv   1-2  mm. 
aculeate-acuminate ;  vesicles  commonly  aristate-apicu- 


broad,  the  teeth 
(S.  nutans. 


late. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  2-4  mm.  broad, 

the  teeth  triangular-acuminate ;  vesicles  muticous.  2,  S.  f.uitans. 

Tsormally  attached   (nos.  3  and  10  sometimes  more  or  less 
pelagic). 
Leaves   mostly  narrowly   linear,    usually   7-50   times   as 
long  as  maximum  width. 
Leaves  rather  rigid,  cryptostomata  usually  somewhat 
obscure,  pedicels  of  the  muticous  vesicles   com- 
monly   shorter    than    the    vesicles    themselves ; 
receptacles  in  rather  short  axillary  clusters. 
Leaves   serrate-dentate,    the   costa   prominent   and 
often    dentate ;    vesicles    commonly    large    and 

crowded  ;  stems  often  1-2  m.  long  and  subsimple.  3.  8.  pteropleuron. 

Leaves  subentire,  the  costa  not  dentate  ;   vesicles 

usually  scattered  ;  stems  mostly  2-10  dm.  long.  4.  8.  cymosum. 

Leaves  thinly  membranous,  cryptostomata  obvious,  ped- 
icels of  the  often  appendaged  usually  scattered 
vesicles  commonly  of  about  the  same  length  as 
the  vesicles  themselves  ;  receptacles  finally  elon- 
gate and  often  forming  a  kind  of  loose  terminal 

panicle  through  reduction  of  the  leaves.  5.  8.  Filipendula. 

Leaves  ovate,  ovate-elliptic,  oblong,  lanceolate,  or  rather 

broadly  linear. 

Cryptostomata  elevated,  very  large  and  conspicuous 

(0.6-0.9    mm.    in    maximum    diam.)    often    elliptic, 

in    a    single    series    on    either    side    of   the    costa ; 

leaves  linear  or  lanceolate.  6.  S.  platycarpum. 

Cryptostomata  smaller,  sometimes  obscure  or  wanting. 
Cryptostomata   obvious. 

Receptacles  mostly  in  a  rather  dense  terminal 
panicle :  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong, 
rather  obscurely  and  obtusely  dentate  or 
margins  merely  sinuate,  cryptostomata  in 
almost  a  single  series  on  either  side  of  the 

costa  ;  vesicles  sometimes  few.  7.  8.  lendigerum. 

Receptacles  obviously  lateral  and  axillary, 
elongate  or  contracted  ;  cryptostomata  in 
more  than  a  single  series. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  mostly  4-8 
times  as  long  as  broad,  sharply  sei'rate- 
dentate  ;  vesicles  mostly  ellipsoid  or  ob- 
ovoid,     often     subapiculate :     receptacles 

contracted,    often    (9?)    spinose-dentate.  8.  8.  vulgare? 

Leaves  ovate,  elliptic,  oblong,  or  lanceolate, 
mostly  2-4  times  as  long  as  broad,  com- 
monly crisped,  variously  aculeate-dentate 
or  7/ej?-toothed  ;  vesicles  globose  or  sub- 
globose,  muticous  ;  receptacles  sometimes 
elongate,    occasionally    with    a    few   sub- 

spinescent  processes.  9.  8  pohjceratium. 

Cryptostomata  obscure  or  wanting :  leaves  cori- 
aceous, oblong-elliptic,  spinescent-dentate  or 
entire   or   sub-entire ;    receptacles   more   or   less 

spinescent-dentate.  10.  8.  Hystrix. 

1.  Sargassum  natans  (L.)  Meyen,  Wiegm.  Arch.  Naturgesch.  4r:  185.     1838. 
Fucus  natans  L.  Sp.  PI.  1160.     1753. 
Fucus  Sargasso  S.  G.  Gmel.  Hist.  Fue.  92.     1768. 
Fucus  hacciferus  Turn,  Hist.  Fuc.  1:   105.  pi.  47.     1808. 
Sargassiun  hacdferum  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:   6.     1820. 

The  chief  ingredient  of  the  "  Sargasso  Sea  " — found  floating  or  washed  ashore 
throughout   the   archipelago. 


FUCACEAE.  593 

2.  Sargassum  fluitans  (Borg.)  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  2-:  06.     1914. 

Sargassum  Hystrix  fluitans   Burg.   Miudeskr.   for   Japetus  Steenstrup   32: 
11.     1914. 

Often  associated  with  S.  nataus.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Great  Bahama, 
Cat  Island,  and  Watling's  Island. 

3.  Sargassum  pteropleuron  Grun.  Rcise  Xovara  Bot.  1:  o5.  pi.  o.  f.  1.     1SC7. 

In  1-3  meters  of  water,  often  detached  and  floating.  New  Providence,  Rose 
Island,  Berry  Islands,  Andros,  Joulter's  Cay,  Great  Bahama,  Green  Cay,  Exuma 
Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Orange  Cay  : — Bermuda  and  Florida. 
Type  from  New  Providence. 

4.  Sargassum  cymosum  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  20.     1820. 

Sargassum  stcnopliyllum  (Mert.)  Mart.  Ic.  PI.  Crypt.  8.  pi.  5.     1828. 
Sargassum  ramifolium  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  362.     1843. 
Sargassum  rigidulum  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  615.     1849. 

In  shallow  water  and  floating.  Great  Bahama,  P]xuma  Chain,  and  Cat  Island  : — 
Bermuda  to  Brazil.     Type  from  Brazil. 

5.  Sargassum  Filipendula  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  300.     1824. 

Sargassum  Montagnei  Bail.;  Harv.  Xer.  Bor.-Am.  1:   58.  pL  lA.     1852. 
Sargassum  Filipendula  Montagnei  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53: 
83.     1917. 

Apparently  rare  in  the  Bahamas,  its  place  being  taken  by  S.  pteropleuron. 
New  Providence  and  Orange  Cay  : — Massachusetts  and  Bermuda  to  South  America. 
Type  from    the   Gulf  of  Mexico    (?). 

6.  Sargassum  platycarpum  Mont.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  18:  248.     1842. 

Carpacanthu^  platycarpus  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  623.     1849. 

In  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  South  Cat 
Cay,  and  Exuma  Chain  : — Cuba,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  and  Martinique.  Type  from 
Martinique. 

The  most  sharply  defined  species  of  Sargassum  of  the  West  Indian  region,  rather 
constant  in  the  form  of  its  leaves  and  easily  identified  by  its  very  large  elevated 
cryptostomata  in  a  single  series  on  each  side  of  the  costa. 

7.  Sargassum  lendigerum  (L.)  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  9.     1820. 

Fucus  lendigerus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1160.     1753. 

Near  low-water  mark.  Berry  Islands  : — Bermuda  to  St.  Thomas.  Type  from 
Ascension  Island. 

8.  ?  Sargassum  vulgare  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  3.     1820. 

FiLCUS  natans  Turn.  Hist.  Fuc.  1:  99.  pi.  46.     1808.     Xot  F.  natans  L. 

Near  low-water  mark.  Andros,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Watling's  Island.  Atwood 
Cay,  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands,  Little  luagua.  and  Castle  Island  : — Supposed  to  be 
widely  distributed  in  warm-temperate  and  tropical  seas.     Type  locality  unknown. 

The  plants  that  are  now  placed  provisionally  and  doubtfully  under  6'.  vulyare 
form  a  rather  homogeneous  group  and  are  apparently  different  in  species  from  the 
more  diversified  assemt)lage  here  grouped  undei-  N.  iHiljucnitiinii.  They  differ  from 
Turner's  figure  a,  which  seems  to  have  furnished  the  type  idea  for  .S.  ruUfurc,  in 
their  more  virgate  habit,  their  somewhat  smaller  (l)(>th  shorter  and  narrower), 
more  sharply  serrate  and  less  sinuate-dentate  leaves,  and  their  shorter,  probably 
more  spinose-dentate  receptacles. 

9.  Sargassum  polyceratium  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  8:   356.     1837;   PI. 

Cell.  Cuba  72.  pi.  1.     1842. 

Fucus  foliosissimus  Lamour.  Essai  16.  pi.  1.  f.   1.     1813.      (Xonien  nudum 

aut  seminudum.) 
Sargassum  leptocarpum  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  362.     1843. 


594  DICTYOTACEAE. 

Sargassum  pteropus  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg,  60S.     1849. 

Sargassum  haliiense  Kiitz.  loc.  cit. 

Sargassum  iracliypliyllum  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  609. 

Sargassum  polypliyllum  Kiitz.   loc.   cit.     Not   S.   polyphyllum  J.   Ag.    Sp. 

Alg.  1:   308.     1848. 
Carpacanthus  polyceratms   Kiitz.   loc.    cit.      624. 
Carpaconthus  spinulosus  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  11:   15.  pi.  46  f.  II.     1861. 

At  low-water  mark  and  in  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Great 
Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  Watling's  Island,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Castle  Island  : — West 
Indies  in  general.     Type  from   Cuba. 

The  species,  as  here  conceived,  shows  great  variability  in  form,  size,  and  texture 
of  the  leaves,  in  the  size  and  number  of  the  cryptostomata,  in  smoothness  or  rough- 
ness of  the  stem,  and  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  spines  on  the  receptacles,  but 
specific  segregations  seem  impossible, 

10.  Sargassum  Hystrix  J.  Ag.  Ofv.  K.  Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  4 :  7.     1847. 

Sargassum  Hystrix  huxifoUum  (Chauv.)  J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  322.     1848. 

Usually  found  floating  or  washed  ashore,  but  also  attached,  in  about  3  m.  of 
water.  New  Providence,  .Toulter's  Cay,  Abaco,  Berry  Islands,  and  Exuma  Chain  : — 
off  North  Carolina,  Isle  of  Pines,  and  Mexico.     Type  from  the  Campeche  Banks. 

A  form  with  large  oblong  entire  or  subentire  leaves  is  var.  huxi folium. 

Family  7.     DICTYOTACEAE. 
1,    ZONARIA  Drap.;    Ag.   Syn.  Alg.   Scancl.  xx.     1817. 
Stypopodium  Kiitz.  -Linnaea  17:   97.     1843. 
Phycopteris  Kiitz.  loc.  cit. 

Gymnosorus  J.  Ag.  Anal.  Alg.  Cent.  1:    9.     1894.     Not  Gymnosorus  Trevis. 
Alg.  Cocc.   108.     1848. 

Thallus  obscurely  zonate,  brownish  both  when  living  and  on  drying,  2-7  cm.  long, 
at  first  more  or  less  prostrate  or  subrepent  and  semiorbicular  or  flabelliform,  later 
free  except  at  the  broad   or  occasionally  substipitate  base   and 
showing  few  entire  or  sparingly  laciniate  flabelliform  lobes.  1.  Z.  variegata. 

Thallus  distinctly  zonate,  more  or  less  brownish  blue-green  and 
iridescent  when  living,  commonly  blackening  on  drying,  mostly 
7-30  cm.  long,  erect,  stipitate  or  substipitate,  repeatedly  cleft 
or  lobed,  the  lobes  cuneate,  cuneate-oblong,  cuneate-flabelliform, 
or  linear,  occasionally  lacerate  or  flmbriate-laciniate.  2.  Z.  zonalis. 

1.  Zonaria  variegata  (Lamour.)  Ag.  loc.  cit. 

Dictyota  variegata  Lamour.  Noiiv.  Bull.  Sci.  See.  Philom.  1:    331.     1809. 

Zonaria  collaris  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  127.     1820. 

Padina  variegata  Gaill.  in  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  53:   371.     1828. 

Spatoglossum  variegatum  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  560.     1849. 

Gymnosorus  variegatus  J.  Ag.  Anal.  Alg.  Cent.  1:   11.     1894. 

Gymnosorus  collaris  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit. 

On  calcareous  algae,  rocks,  old  corals,  Gorgoniidae,  roots  of  BMzophora.  shells 
of  conchs,  etc.,  common  from  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  several  meters ; 
often  found  washed  ashore.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island.  Andros,  Berry  Islands, 
Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  Abaco,  Green  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood 
Cay.  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida 
to  Brazil ;  Canary  Islands ;  Philippines ;  widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  seas. 
Type  from  the  "  Antilles."  Prostrate  or  subrepent  forms  are  to  be  distinguished 
carefully  from  Aglaozonia  canariensis. 

2.  Zonaria  zonalis  (Lamour.)  M.  A.  Howe,  in  Britton,  Fl.  Bermuda  507.    1918. 

Fucus  zonalis  Lamour.  Diss.  38.  pi.  25.  f.  1.     1805. 

Dictyota  sonata  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:  331.     1809. 

Zonaria  lolata  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  265.     1824. 

Stypopodium  lohatum  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phye.  9 :  25.  pi.  63.  f.  I.     1859. 

On  rocks,  etc.,  in  shallow  water,  in  moderately  exposed  positions.  New  Provi- 
dence, Berry  Islands.  South  Bimini,  Gun  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Atwood  Cay ; 
Bermuda  to  Brazil ;  Canary  Islands.     Type  from  Santo  Domingo. 


DICTYOTACEAE.  596 

2.    PADINA  Adans.  Earn.  PI.  2:   13.     17G3. 

Thallus  consisting  of  only  two  layers  of  cells  except  near  base ;  tetrasporic  sori  just 
above  every  second  piliferous  line  and  provided  with  evan- 
escent indusium.  1,  P.  Sanctae-Cnicis. 

Thallus  consisting  of  3-6  layers  of  cells  except  at  sometimes 
bistratose  apical  margin ;  tetrasporic  sori  scattered  irreg- 
ularly or  forming  an  irregular  confluent  line  near  middle  of 
each  interpilar  zone,  indusium  subpersistent.  2.  P.  Tickcrsiac. 

1.  Padina  Sanctae-Crucis  Borg.  Dansk  Bot.  Ark.  2':  45.  /.  S7,  28.     1914. 

Common  on  rocks  near  the  low-water  mark.  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands, 
Gun  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Crooked  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands. 
Great  Ragged  Island.  Orange  Cay.  and  Anguilla  Isles : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to 
northern  South  America.     Type  from   St.  Croix. 

2.  Padina  Vickersiae  Hoyt,  sp.  nov.* 

Spatoglossum  variegatum  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  560  p.p.     1849. 

Zonaria  variegata  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  9:   30  p.p.  pL  73.  f.  II.     1859.     Not 

Zonaria  variegata.  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:  331.     1809. 
Padina  variegata  Hauck,  Hedwigia  26:  42.     1887;  Vickers,  Phyc.  Barb.  2: 

37.  pi.  8.     1908.     Not  Padina  variegata  Gaill.  in  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  53: 

371.     1828. 

Thallus  stipitate,  4—22  cm.  tall,  5-37  cm.  broad,  entire  when  young,  becom- 
ing repeatedly  more  or  less  deeply  laciniate,  the  segments  var^'ing  from  cuneate- 
spatulate  to  fan-shaped,  sometimes  encrusted  with  lime,  the  interpilar  zones 
1.5-8  mm.  wide,  often  inconspicuous  in  older  parts,  the  subterete,  rhizoid- 
covered  stipe  commonly  3—12  mm.  long;  lamina  of  2  or  3  layers  of  cells  at 
revolute  apical  margin,  of  4  layers  throughout  most  of  thallus,  becoming  6-8 
layers  toward  base;  epidermal  cells  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  central  cells; 
dioicous;  antheridia  and  oogonia  in  often  broken  lines  near  the  middle  of  each 
interpilar  zone,  occurring  on  both  surfaces  but  chiefly  on  the  ventral,  the 
oogonia  with  a  thin  evanescent  indusium,  the  antheridia  naked;  tetrasporangia 
borne  in  a  similar  manner,  often  in  scattered  irregular  sori  near  middle  of 
interpilar  zone,  the  thin  indusium  commonly  subpersistent. 

Type  a  tetrasporic  plant  collected  from  Fort  Macon  .iettv,  Beaufort.  North 
Carolina,  by  W.  D.  Hoyt.  August  23,  1907,  and  deposited  in  the  V.  S.  National 
Herbarium.  Representatives  of  this  species  have  often  been  erroneously  identified  with 
Pnrlina  vavouia  (L.)  Gaill.  and  /'.  DurrUlaci  Bory.  Pndinn  diibia  Hauck.  from  East 
Africa,  is  a  much  closer  relative  and  may  prove  to  be  identical. 

In  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  and  Eleuthera  : — Bermuda 
and  North  Carolina  to  Brazil.     Type  from  North  Carolina. 

3.  NEUROCARPUS  Web.  &  Mohr,  Beitr.  Naturk.  1:   300    (242-246).     1805. 

DiCTYOPTERis  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:  332.    'My  1809. 
PoLYPODOiDEA  Stackh.  Mem.  Soc.  Imp.  Nat.  Moscou  2:  96,  97.     1809. 
Haliseris   (Mich.)  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  141.     1820. 
1.  Neurocarpus  Justii  (Lamour.)   Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  2:   907.     1*^91. 

Dictyopteris  Justii  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.   Sci.   Soc.  Philom.  1:    332.  pJ.   6. 

f.  2 A.     1809. 
Haliseris  Justii  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:    142.     1820. 

On  rocks  in  1-20  meters  of  water.  Gun  Cay.  Abaco,  and  Green  Turtle  Cay  : — 
Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados.     Type  from   Santo  Domingo. 

Neurocarpus  (lelicatulus  (Lamour.)  Kuntze  is  of  general  occurrence  In  the  West 
Indian  region  and  is  to  be  expected  in  the  Bahamas.  It  is  a  much  smaller  and  more 
delicate  plant  than  N.  Jvatii,  the  thalhis  segments  being  mostly  only  1-4  mm. 
broad,  while  in  N.  Justii  they  are  1-3  cm.  broad;  when  living  it  commonly  shows 
beautifully  iridescent  blue-green  hues.     It  grows  in  sheltered  and  well-shaded  places. 

*  This  preliminary  diagnosis  is  published  with  the  permission  of  the  U.  S.  Com- 
missioner of  Fisheries. 


596  DICTYOTACEAE. 

4.    DICTYOTA  Lamoiir.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sei.  Soc.  Philom.  1:   331.     My  1809. 
Jour,  de  Bot.  2:   38.     1809. 

Branching  more  or  less  regularly  dichotomous. 

Segments  mostly  1-5  mm.  broad,  the  apical  obtuse,  patent  or  suberect. 

Segments  linear,  the  dichotomies  usually  1-2  cm.  apart.  1.  D.  dichotoma. 

Segments  oblong,  the  dichotomies  usually  0.5-1  cm.  apart.        2.  D.  Bartuyresii. 
Segments  mostly  0.3-1  mm.  broad,  the  apical  acute,  acuminate 

or  subobtuse,  divaricate  or  subdivaricate.  3.  D.  divaricata. 

Branching  dichotomo-pinnatifid  or  cervicorn. 

Branching  cervicorn,  or  dichotomo-subpinnate  below  and 
dichotomous  above ;  segments  narrowly  ribbon-shaped, 
mostly  0..5-1  mm.  broad,  often  proliferous  along  the  middle, 
the  apical  segments  acute  or  subobtuse,  sometimes  sub- 
terete  or  subconic,  mostly  patent.  4.  D.  cervicornis. 
Branching  dichotomo-pinnatifid,  main  segments  or  axes  mostly 
2-5  mm.  broad,  the  apices  usually  acuminate,  sometimes 
obtuse.  5.  D.  dentata. 

1.  Dictyota  dichotoma  (Huds.)  Lamour.  Xouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:  331. 

My  1809. 

Ulva  dichotoma  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  476.     1762. 

From  near  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  several  meters.  Rose  Island, 
Berry  Islands,  Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling"s  Island.  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana, 
Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda,  North  Carolina,  Florida  and 
West  Indies  :  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  seas.  Type  from  Isle  of 
Walney,  England. 

2.  Dictyota  Bartayresii  Lamour.  loc.  cit. 

Dicfyota  Bartayresiana  Lamour.  Jour,  de  Bot.  2:   43.     1809. 
Dictyota  patens  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  2:  93.     1882. 

Common,  mostly  in  shallow  water,  often  slightly  iridescent  when  living.  New 
Providence,  Rose  Island,  Berry  Islands,  South  Cat  Cay,  North  Cat  Cay,  Eleuthera, 
^Yatling■s  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — 
West  Indies.     Type  from  Santo  Domingo   (?). 

The  type  specimen  (in  "  Zonana  dichotoma"  cover  in  herb.  Lamour.  at  Caen) 
has  segments  2-5  mm.  broad  and  obtuse  apices.  Specimens  with  acute  and  acuminate 
apices  referred  to  this  species  by  later  writers  are  to  be  looked  upon  as  probably 
representing  the  more  dichotomous  or  less  pinnate  conditions  of  D.  dentata. 

3.  Dictyota  divaricata  Lamour.  loc.  cit. 

In  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Berry  Ishrnds,  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat 
Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — West  Indies  and  warmer  seas  generally. 
Type  from  the  Mediterranean. 

Apparently  intergrades  with  D.  cervicornis^  D.  indica,  and  D.  Bartayresii. 

4.  Dictyota  cervicornis  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  9:   11.  pi.  S4.  f.  II.     1859. 

Dictyota  Fasciola  Harv.  Xer.  Bor.-Am.  1:   108.  pi.  8B.     1852.     Not  Fucus 
Fasciola  Eoth.  (^Dilophus  repens  J.  Ag.). 

On  rocks  near  low-water  mark  in  rather  exposed  situations.  New  Providence, 
Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Mariguana, 
Caicos  Islands,  and  Little  Inagua  : — Bermuda,  Florida,  and  probably  West  Indies 
in  general.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

Often  proliferous  near  the  middle  line  of  thallus  and  easily  confused  with 
Dilophiis  guineensis  which  is  rather  similar  both  in  general  habit  and  in  tendency  to 
proliferate. 

5.  Dictyota  dentata  Lamour.  Xouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:  331.     My  1809. 

Fucus  atoniarius  S.  G.  Gmel.  Hist.  Fuc.  125.  pi.  10.  f.  1.     1768.     Xot  D. 

Atomaria  Grev.     Xot  Dictyota  Atomaria  Hauck. 
Ulva  MertenMi  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  Acot.  21.     1833. 
Dictyota  Brongiartii  J.  Ag.  Linnaea  15:   5.     1S41. 
Dictyota  Mertensii  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  9:   15.  pi.  '36.  f.  1.     1859. 
Dictyota  subdentata  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  14.  pi.  33.  f.  II. 

On  rocks  In  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama, 
North  Cat  Cay,  Gun  Cay,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great 
Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Brazil.     Type  from  the  Antilles. 


PROTOCOCCACEAE.  597 

5.    DILOPHUS  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  2:   106.     18S2. 

Segments  mostly  0.3-1  mm.  l)ro:ul,  the  apices  ncute.  jicuminate  or  subobtuso  •  raodulla 
2-4  cells  thick  or  here  and  there  only  1   cell  thick.  1.  D.ijuintnisia 

Segments  mostly   1-L'   mm.   broad,   the  apices  ol)tusp  :   medulla   2-.j 

cells  thick  at  or  near  the  margins,  1  or  2  cells  thick  in  the  middle.     2.   It.  altirnaitH. 

1.  Dilophus  guineensis  (Kiitz.)  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit.  108. 

Spatoglossum  guincense  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  339.     1S43. 
IDictyota  Antiguae  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  9:  16.  pL  37.  f.  II.     1859. 
Dictyota  guineensis  Crouan;  Maze  &  Schramm,  Alg.  Guad.  126.     1870-1877. 

On  rocks  in  shallow  water  in  rather  exposed  situations.  Rose  Island,  Berry 
Islands,  Great  Bahama.  Gun  Cay,  Watling's  Island.  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands.  Little 
Inagua.  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Jamaica  and  Barbados. 
Type  from   St.  Thomas. 

Often  proliferous  along  the  middle  line  and  often  closely  resembling  Dictyota 
cervicornis  but  usually  darker  on  drying. 

2.  Dilophus  altemans  J.  Ag.  loc.  cit.  108. 

On  rocks  near  low-water  mark.  Gun  Cay.  North  Cat  Cay.  South  Cat  Cay,  and 
Caicos  Islands: — Florida  to  Barbados.     Type*  from  Key  West,'  Florida. 


6.    DICTYERPA  Collins,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  an-l  Sci.  37:   251.     1901. 
1.  Dictyerpa  jamaicensis  Collins,  loc.  cit. 

On  rocks  in  shallow  water.  South  Cat  Cay  and  Watling's  Island  : — Jamaica. 
Type  from  Jamaica. 

Resembles  narrow  conditions  of  Dilophus  f/uincensis,  but  is  more  irregular  in  its 
branching  and  is  terete  or  subterete,  with  a  medulla  more  than  four  cells  wide. 
Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  780  in  herb.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  shows  tetrasporangia  (?)  similar  to 
those  of  Diloi)hus  i/»//!Cf?isi'.s. 

Sub-class  CHLOROPHYCEAE. 

Family  1.     PLEUROCOCCACEAE. 

1.    PSEUDOTETRASPORA  Wille,   K.   Xorske  Vi.lensk.   Selsk.   Skr. 
1906=':    20.     1906. 
1.  Pseudotetraspora  Antillarum  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Thallus  subglobose,  obovoicl,  pyriform,  saccate,  or  allantoiil,  variously 
wrinkled,  constricted,  or  bullate,  mostly  2-20  mm.  in  length  or  height,  often 
more  or  less  explanate  and  laeunose  with  age,  yellowish  brown  when  living, 
brownish  or  dark  brown  on  drying;  cells  subglobose  or  ellipsoid,  mostly  3-7  m 
in  maximum  diameter. 

Enveloping  leaves  of  Halodulc  and  Thnlassia  and  older  parts  of  the  thallns  of 
Chondria  Uttoralis  and  other  marine  algae,  in  shallow  water.  Sometimes  washed 
ashore  in  great  quantities.  New  I'rovidenco.  Roso  Island,  K.\uma  Chain  and  Cat 
Island.     Type  Hoirc  S!,.',S,  Rose  Island.   Jan.   2S.   lOo.". 

The  species  apparently  differs  from  the  Norwegian  /'.  mnrina  WiUe  in  Its  yel- 
lowish brown  color,  its  larger  more  saccate  or  allautoid  thallus.  and  the  somewhat 
smaller   cells. 

Family  2.     PROTOCOCCACEAE. 

1.    PROTOCOCCUS   Ag.   Syst.  Alg.   13.     1S24. 

1.  Protococcus  viridis  Ag.  loc.  cit. 

Flcuroeoccus  vulgaris  Naeg.  Gatt.  einzel.  Alg.  65.  pi.   iK.  f.  :2.     1S49. 

On  trunks  of  trees,  etc.  (det.  F.  S.  Collins),  pr(>l)al>ly  common.  New  Provi- 
dence : — cosmopolitan.     Type  from  Sweden. 


598  ■  CHAETOPHOEACEAE. 

Family  3.     ULVACEAE. 

1.    ULVA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1163.     1753. 

1.  Ulva  Lactuca  L.  loc,  cit. 

]S*ear  low-water  mark,  apparently  not  common.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Baliaiiiii, 
and  Atwood  Cay  : — widely  distributed.     Type  locality  presumably  European. 

2.    *ENTEI10M6rPHA  Link,  Hor.  Phys.  Berol.  5.     1820. 

Tliallus  simple.  1.  E.  ffexuosa. 

Thallus    branched,    the    branches    often    monosiphonous    at 
apices. 

Chromatophores  much  smaller  than  the  cells.  2.  E.  plumosa. 

Chromatophores  nearly  filling  the  cell.  3.  E.  salina  polyclados. 

1.  Enteromorpha  flexuosa  (Wulf.)  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  3:  126.    1883. 

Conferva  flexuosa  Wulf.;  Eoth,  Cat.  Bot.  2:   188.     1797. 

On  stones,  low-littoral.  Great  Bahama,  Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Ber- 
muda to  American  Virgin  Islands ;  widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  seas.  Type 
from  shores  of  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

2.  Enteromorpha  plumosa  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  300.  pi.  20.  f.  I.    1843. 

Enteromorpha  HopMrTcii  McCalla;   Harv.  Phyc.  Brit.  pi.  S63.     1849- '51. 

On  stones,  etc.,  near  low-water  mark.  Berry  Islands,  Joulter's  Cay,  Exuma 
Chain,    and   Mariguana  : — Maine  to   American   Virgin   Islands  ;    Europe.     Type  from 

Trieste. 

3.  Enteromorpha  salina  polyclados  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Germ.  248.     1845. 

Enteromorpha  polyclados  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  6:  13.  pi.  36.  f.  d-f.     1856. 

On  stones  at  low-water  mark.  South  Caicos  : — Florida  ;  Europe.  Type  from 
Spiekeroog,  East  Friesian  Islands,  North  Sea. 

Family  4.     CHAETOPHORACEAE. 

1.    GOMONTIA  Born.  &  Flah.  Jour,  de  Bot.  2:   163,  164.     1888. 

1.  Gomontia  polyrhiza  (Lagerh.)  Born.  &  Flah.  loc.  cit. 

Codiolum  polyrhizum  Lagerh.  Of  vers.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  42^:  21.  pi.  S8. 
1886. 

Boring  into  old  crusts  of  various  Lithothamnieae  (GoniolWwn  Borgesenii,  G. 
accretum,  and  Porolitlion  pachydermum)  and  probably  common  in  shells.  IBerry 
Islands  and  Mariguana  : — widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  seas.  Type 
from  near  Kristineberg,  Sweden. 

2.    ENDODERMA  Lagerh.  Of  vers.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.  40^  75.     1883. 

Entocladia  Reinke,  Bot.  Zeit.  37:  476.     1879.     Not  Endocladia  J.  Ag.  Linnaea 

15:  449.     1841. 

1.  Endoderma  viride  (Eeinke)  Lagerh.  loc.  cit. 

Entocladia  viridis  Eeinke,  Bot.  Zeit.  37:  476.  pi.  6.  f.  6-9.     1879. 

In  the  cell  walls  of  Hypnea  musciformis.  Cave  Cays  : — Bermuda  to  American 
Virgin  Islands  ;  Europe ;  Peru.     Type  from  the  Bay  of  Naples. 

*  The  treatment  of  the  known  Bahamian  species  is  based  upon  determinations 
by  Mr.  F.   S.   Collins. 


CLADOPHOEACEAE.  599 

Family  5.     CHROOLEPIDACEAE. 

1.    TRENTEPOHLIA   :Mart.  Fl.   Crypt.   Erlang.   351.     1S17. 

Amphiconium  Nees,  Syst.  Pilz.  69.     1817. 

Chroolepus  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  xxi,  34.     1824. 

Filaments  cylindric  or  subcylindric.  1,  t.  aurca 

Filaments    torulose,   diameter   of   cells   at   middle   about   twice   the  ' 

diameter  at  septa;  occurring  on  or  with  crustaceous  lichens.  2.   T.  rigidula. 

1.  Trentepohlia  aurea  (L.)  Mart.  loc.  cit. 

Byssus  aurea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1168.     1753. 
Chroolepus  aureus  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  284.     1843. 

On  rocks,  fences,  trunks  of  trees,  etc.,  probably  common.  New  Trovidence, 
Andros,  Abaco,  and  Great  Bahama  : — cosmopolitan.     Type  European. 

2.  TrentepoMia  rigidula    (Miill.  Arg.)    Harlot,  Jour,  de  Bot.  3:    403.  /.  17. 

1889. 

Coenogonium  rigidulum  Miill.  Arg.  Flora  65:    490.     1882. 

Trentepohlia  iorulosa  De  Wild.  Bull.  Soc.  Roy.  Bot.  Belg.  27=:   181.     1888. 

On  and  with  small  crustaceous  lichens,  especially  on  bark  of  Annotia  sp.  New 
Providence : — widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  earth.  Type  from 
Australia. 

The  cell  walls  of  the  Bahamian  specimens  are  smooth  or  slightly  roughened, 
differing  in  that  respect  considerably  from  those  of  the  Australian  type,  which  are 
strongly  roughened. 

Family  6.     CLADOPHORACEAE. 

1.    CHAETOMORPHA  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Germ.  203.     My  1845. 

Aploxema  Hass.  Brit.  Fresliw.  Alg.  213.     Jl  1845. 

Filaments  attached,  400-800  fi  in  diameter  except  at  extreme  base,  commonly  monill- 

form  in  upper  part,  with  cells  about  as  broad  as  long  or  broader.     1.  C.  clavata. 
Filaments  free,  less  than  400  jj,  in  diameter. 

Filaments  mostly  200-250 /a  in  diameter.  2.  C.Linum. 

Filaments  mostly  80-180  fj.  in  diameter.  3.  C.  hrachygona. 

1.  Chaetomorpha  clavata   (Ag.)   KUtz.  Bot.  Zeit.  5:   166.     1847. 

Conferva  clavata  Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  99.       1824. 
?  Conferva  intestinalis  Ag.  loc.  cit. 

In  a  tide-pool,  Hog  Island  (near  Nassau)  : — Jamaica,  American  Virgin  Islands, 
and  Barbados.     Type  from  West  Indies. 

2.  Chaetomorpha  Linum  (O.  F.  Miill.)  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Germ.  204.     1845. 

Conferva  Linum  O.  F.  Miill.  Fl.  Dan.  5^^:  7.  pi  771.  f.  2.     1778. 

In  a  RMzophora  swamp.  Rose  Island : — widely  distributed,  especially  in  the 
North  Temperate  Zone.     Type  from  Denmark. 

3.  Chaetomorpha  brachygona  Harv.  Ncr.  Bor.-Am.  3:  87,  /)/.  46  A.     1858. 

In  shallow  water,  especially  In  tidal  ponds.  New  Providence.  Exuma  Chain. 
Atwood  Cay,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda,  Florida.  Porto  Rico.  American  Virgin 
Islands,  and  northern  South  America.     Type  from  Key   West,   Florida. 

2.    RHIZOCLONIUM  Kiitz.   Linnaea   17:    90.     1843. 

Filaments    39-110  nt    in    diameter:    cell-walls    mostly 
10-26  fx  thick,  usually  laminated. 
Cells  2-4  times  as  long  as  broad.  1.  R.  TTnokeri. 

Cells  1-2  times  as  long  as  broad.  2.  R.  rnissipcUitum  robustum. 


600  CLADOPHORACEAE. 

Filaments    10—28  fi    in    diameter ;    cell    walls    mostly 

1-4  fjL  thick. 
In  or  near  salt  water  ;  cells  mostly  1-2  times  as 

long   as   broad ;    chromatophore   usually    rather 

solid  and  uniform.  3.  R.  ripariuni  implexum. 

In  fresh   water ;   cells  mostly   1—5   times   as   long 

as   broad :    chromatophore   usually   lacunose    or 

resolved  into  discs,  plates,  or  bands  of  protean 

forms.  4.  R.  hieroglyphicum. 

1.  Rhizoclonium  Hookeri  Klitz.  Sp.  Alg.  383.     1849. 

High-littoral  to  low-water  mark,  often  in  Rhizophora  association  : — Bermuda 
and  Florida  to  South  America.     Type  from  Kerguelen  Island. 

The  West  Indian  plants  currently  referred  to  this  species  appear  to  be  coarser, 
longer-celled,  and  thicker-walled  than  the  Kerguelen  Island  type. 

2.  Rhizoclonium  crassipellitum  robustum  G.  S.  West,  Jour.  Bot.  42:  283.    1904. 

In  fresh  or  brackish  water,  often  in  association  with  RhhopJiora.  New  Provi- 
dence, South  Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  and  Mariguana  : — Barbados.  Type 
of  variety  from  Barbados. 

The  filaments  of  the  Bahamian  specimens  have  a  diameter  of  39-90  fi.  Ap- 
parently distinct  from  the  plants  here  referred  to  R.  Hookeri. 

3.  Rhizoclonium  riparium  implexum   (Dillw.)   Eosenv.  Mecld.  om  Gronland  3: 

915.  /.  34.     1893. 
Conferva  implexa  Dillw.  Brit.  Conf.  46.  p?.  B.     1809. 

In  association  with  RhizopJioro,  often  clothing  its  roots.  Berry  Islands  and 
Bimini   (det.  F.  S.  Collins)  : — widely  distributed.     Type  from  Ireland. 

4.  Rhizoclonium  hieroglyphicum   (Ag.)   Kiitz.  Phyc.  Germ.  206.     1845. 

Conferva  MeroglypMca  Ag.  Flora  10:    636.     1827. 

In  fresh-water  pools.  New  Providence  {Brace)  : — widely  distributed.  Type 
from  Carlsbad,  Austria. 

3.    *CLAd6pH0RA  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:    91.     1843. 

Plants  of  fresh  or  brackish  water,  unattached,  usually  floating :  filaments  much  bent 
and  curved ;  main  filaments  60—120  fi  in  diameter,  the  ramuli 
20-40 /i ;  cells  3—6  times  as  long  as  broad.  1.  C.fracta. 

Marine. 

Ultimate  ramuli  nearly  as  stout  as  the  main  filaments. 

Filaments  35-95  fi  in  diameter ;  plants  spongiose-cespi- 
tose  or  spongiose-funicular  ;  cells  mostly  8-10  times  as 
long  as  broad.  2.  C.  crispule. 

Filaments  150-320  fi  in  diameter,  plants  cespitose,  rather 
rigid,    dark   green    or   blackish   green,   blackening  after 
collection,  known   only  in  association  with  a  filament- 
ous fungus  endophytic  in  its  cell  walls.  3.  C  fulifjinosa. 
Ultimate  ramuli  much  more  slender  than  the  main  filaments. 
Plants  bright  green  or  light  green. 

Ultimate   ramuli   more   or   less   fascicled,    50—120  fi   in 

diameter,  constricted  at  septa.  4.  C.  fasctcularis. 

Ultimate  ramuli  not  fascicled,  16-40  n,  in  diameter. 

Virgate  in  habit.  5.   C.  nitida. 

Dichotomous  or  trichotomous,  not  virgate.  6.  C  crystalUna. 

Plants  yellowish  :  cells  4-10  times  as  long  as  broad,  often 
somewhat  enlarged  at  distal  end ;  diameter  of  main 
filaments  60-80  /x,  the  often  secund  ultimate  ramuli 
18-50  11.  7.  C.  luteola. 

1.  Cladophora  fracta  (Vahl)  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:   91.     1843. 

Conferva  fracta  Vahl,  FI.  Dan.  6":  7.  pi.  946.     1787. 
P  Conferva  vagabimcla  L.  Sp.  PI.  1167.     1753. 

Floating  on  brackish  ponds.  New  Providence  and  Berry  Islands  : — widely  dis- 
tributed.    Type  from  Denmark. 

*  The  treatment  of  the  recognized  Bahamian  species  is  based  chiefly  upon  deter- 
minations by  Mr.  F.  S.  Collins. 


YALOXIACEAE.  601 

2.  Cladophora  crispula  Vickers,  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  IX.  1:  56.     1905. 

On  Digenea,  near  low-water  mark.  Mariguana  : — Bermuda,  American  Virpln 
Islands,  and  Barbados.     Type  from  Barbados. 

3.  Cladophora  fuliglnosa  Kutz.  Sp.  Alg.  415.     1849. 

Blodgettia  confervoides  Harv.  X'er.  Bor.-Am.  3:   48.  i^J.  45  C.     1858. 

Common  in  shallow  water,  mostly  in  rather  exposed  places.  New  rrovidoiK-p, 
Rose  Island,  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  Eleuthera,  Cat  Island.  MarlRuana, 
Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  to  the  American  Virgin  Islands. 
Type  from  Havana,  Cuba. 

4.  Cladophora   fascicularls    (:Meit.)    Kiitz.   Linnaea   17:    91.     1843. 

Conferva  fascicularis  Mert.;   Ag.  Syst.  Alg.  114.     18-24. 

In  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands  and  Great  Bahama  : — Florida  to  Brazil ;  Peru. 
Type  from  the  West  Indies. 

5.  Cladophora  nitida  Klitz.  Pbvc.  Gen.  269.     1843. 

In  shallow  water.  Great  Bahama  and  Exuma  Chain  : — .Tamaica  ;  Europe.  Type 
from  Trieste. 

6.  Cladophora  crystallina   (Roth)   Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:   91.     1843. 

Conferva  crystallina  Eoth,  Cat.  Bot.  1:    196.     1797. 

In  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain.  Atwood  Cay. 
and  Caicos  Islands : — Massachusetts  to  West  Indies ;  Europe.  Type  from  the 
Baltic  Sea. 

Tho  Bahamian  specimens  provisionally  referred  to  this  species  are  not  typical 
forms. 

7.  ?  Cladophora  luteola  Harv.  Xer.   Bor.-Am.   3:    81.     1858. 

In  tide-pools.  Atwood  Cav  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida  and  Cuba.  Tvpe  from 
Key  West.  Florida. 

The  Bahamian  specimens  somewhat  doubtfully  referred  to  this  snecies  have  a 
more  cespitose,  less  diffuse  habit  than  the  type,  with  rather  stouter  filaments,  and 
less  secund  ultimate  ramuli. 

4.    PITHOPHORA  Wittr.  Syst.  Arr.  Pithoph.  48.     1877. 

1.  Pithophora  oedogonia  (Mont.)  Wittr.  loc.  eit.  55.  pi.  6. 

Conferva  {Cladophora)   oedogonia  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  III.  14:   301. 

1850. 

In  fresh-water  holes.  New  Providence  (Brace)  : — Pennsylvania  and  Nei)raska  to 
South  America.     Type  from  Cayenne. 

Family  7.     VALONIACEAE. 

1.    CLADOPHOROPSIS  Bihg.  Overs.  K.  Danske  Videiisk.  Solsk.  Forh. 
1905^:  288.     1905. 

1.  Cladophoropsis  membranacea  (Ag.)  Borg.  loo.  cit.  276.  /.  S-13. 
Conferva  membranacea  Ag.  Syst.  120.     1824. 

Cladophora  aegagropila  membranacea  Kiitz,  Sp.  Alg.  415.     1849. 
Siphonocladus  membranaceus  Born.;  De-Toni,  Syll.  Alg.  1:  358.     1889. 

Common  in  shallow  water  and  washed  ashore.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island. 
North  Cat  Cay,  Gun  Cay,  Andros.  Exuma  Chain.  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay, 
Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados.  T^-pe  from 
St.  Croix. 

The  plant  is  normally  rather  compactly  or  somewhat  diffusely  cespitose.  but 
when  attacked  by  a  dark  filamentous  endophytic  fungus  it  becomes  depressed  or 
prostrate  and  the  filaments  become  thicker-walled. 

39 


602  YALONIACEAE. 

2.    SIPHONOCLADUS    Schmitz,   Ber.    Sitz.   Naturf.    Ges.   Halle 
1878:    18.     1878  (?) 

1.  Siphonocladus  rigidus  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:  244.  pi.  13.  f.  1.; 
pi.  14.     1905. 

In  shallow  water  in  rather  protected  places,  sometimes  forming  pulvinate  crusts 
on  corals,  occasionally  in  tide-pools.  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain, 
Cat  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — 
Bermuda,  Florida,  and  Jamaica.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

3.  PETROSIPHON  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:   247.     1905. 

1.  Petrosiphon  adhaerens  M.  A.  Howe,  loc.  cit.  248.  pi.  15. 

Forming  crusts  and  patches  on  calcareous  rocks  and  corals  near  low-water  mark 
and  in  tide-pools,  not  uncommon.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Great  Bahama, 
Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Castle  Island  : — Bermuda,  Cuba,  and 
Jamaica.     Type  from   Silver  Cay,  in  Nassau  Harbor,  N.  P. 

4.  CHAMAEDORIS  Mont.  Compt.  Eend.  Acad.  Sci.  15:   171.     1842. 

1.  Chamaedoris  Peniculum    (Ell.   &   Soland.)    Kuntze,  Eev.   Gen.   PI.   3:    400. 
1898. 

Corallina  Peniculum  Ell.  &  Soland.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  127.  pi.  7.  f.  5-8 ;  pi. 

25.  f.  1.     1786. 
Penicillus  annulatus  Lamarck,  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  20:    299.     1813. 
Nesea  annulata  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  256.     1816. 
Clmmaedoris  annulata  Mont.  loc.  cit. 

Under  shelving  rocks  near  low-water  mark,  but  more  commonly  found  washed 
ashore  from  deeper  water.  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco,  Eleuthera,  and 
Exuma  Chain  : — Florida  to  Barbados  and  South  America  ;  Mauritius  ;  Ceylon.  Type 
from  the  Bahama  Islands. 

5.  MECEODfCTYON  Decaisne,  Arch.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  2:   115.     1841. 

1.  Microdictyon  crassum  J.  Ag.  Anal.  Alg.  Cont.  1:  107.     1894. 

Common  from  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  at  least  8  meters  ;  especially 
abundant  on  the  "  Long  Bank  "  in  3-8  meters  of  water,  growing  particularly  about 
sponges.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  Long  Bank, 
Green  Turtle  Cay,  Green  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood 
Cay,  Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Cuba.     Type  from  the  Bahama  Islands. 

6.    ANADYOMENE  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  3:   187.  1812. 
[As  Anadyomena..] 

1.  Anadyomene  steUata    (Wulf.)    Ag.  Sp.  Alg.   1:    400.     1822.      [As  Anady- 
nomene  stellata.] 

Viva  stellata  Wulf.  in  Jacq.  Collect.  1:351.     1786. 

Anadyomena  fiahellata  Lamour.  loc.  cit. 

Anadyomene  flahellata  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  366.  pi.  14.  f.  3.     1816. 

Not  uncommon  in  shallow  water  and  ranging  down  to  a  depth  of  at  least  50 
meters  {-fide  Borgesen).  New  Providence,  Andros,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain, 
Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda 
and  Florida  to  Brazil  :  ;Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  seas.     Type  from  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

Just  above  the  low-water  line  under  shelving  rocks  and  on  roots  of  Rhizophora, 
there  occurs  a  form  of  Anadyomene  consisting  chiefly  of  free  or  solute  filaments,  with 
the  pseudoparenchyma  reduced  to  a  small  few-celled  palmate-flabellate  apical  expan- 
sion or  wholly  deficient.  Possibly  this  represents  a  species  bearing  to  A.  stellata 
about  the  same  relation  that  Struvea  anastomosans  bears  to  the  more  elaborate 
species  of  Struvea,  but  as  conditions  intermediate  appear  to  occur,  the  writer  prefers 
to  consider  it  a  form,  which  may  be  designated  as  forma  prototvpa  ftvne  Howe  58.'f2, 
on  roots  of  Rhizophora  in  a  lagoon,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Dec.  26,  1907). 


VALONIACEAE.  603 

7.    DICTYOSPHAERIA  Decaisne,  Auu.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  17:  32S.     1842. 

1.  Dictyosphaeria  favulosa  (Ag.)   Decaisne,  loe.  cit. 

Valonia  favulosa  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  432.     1822. 

Common,  especially  on  old  corals  in  shallow  warm  water.  New  Providence, 
Andros,  Great  Bahama,  South  Cat  Cay,  North  Cat  Cay,  Bimiui,  (Jreen  Cay,  Watllng'B 
Island,  and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados;  widely  distributed  In 
the  warmer  seas.     Type  from  the  island  of  Kawak,  Dutch  East  Indies. 

8.    VALONIA  Ginn.;    Ag.  Sp.   Alg.   1:    428.     1822. 

Thallus  simple  or  subsimple,  ovoid,  obovoid,  pyriform,  or  sub- 
globose,  mostly  1.5-5  cm.  in  maximum  diameter.  1.   ]'.  laitticoaa. 
Thallus  branched. 

Cells   mostly   5-10   mm.   broad,    obovoid   or  pyriform,    occa- 
sionally subglobose  ;  thallus  sparingly  or  rather  copiously 

branched.  2.   V.  macrophysa. 

Cells  mostly  0.45-2  mm.  broad. 

Cells  all  subcylindric  or  subclavate  ;  thallus,  under  favor- 
able  conditions,    forming   subglobose,    solid    or    finally 

hollow,  free  or  attached  masses  4-2U  cm.  in  diameter.        3.   V.  Acgayropila. 
Cells  in  superior  or  dorsal  parts  irregularly  polyhedral  or 
angulate-subglobose :    those    of   descending    inferior  or 
ventral   parts  subcylindric  ;   thallus  cespitose  or  crus- 
taceous.  4.   V.  oci  Uata. 

1.  Valonia  ventricosa  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  5:  96.     1887. 

Under  shelving  rocks  at  low-water  mark  and  among  corallines  uud  "  mossy  " 
algae  in  shallow  water.  Rose  Island,' Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay, 
South  Cat  Cay,  Abaco,  Eleuthera,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Calcos 
Islands  : — Bermuda  to  Barbados.     Type  from  St.  Croix. 

2.  Valonia  macrophysa  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  307.     1843. 

Under  shelving  rocks  at  low-water  mark  and  on  and  among  other  algae  and 
corals  in  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Eleuthera,  Atwood  Cay, 
Mariguana,  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda,  Cuba,  .lamaica.  and  American  Virgin 
Islands  ;  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  seas.  Type  from  the  island  of  Lessina,  in  the 
Adriatic  Sea. 

3.  Valonia  Aegagropila  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  429.     1822. 

Valonia   utricularis   Aegagropila   Hauek,    in    Eabcuh.    Krypt.-Fl.    2:    4G9. 
1885. 

In  shallow  water  and  at  its  best  in  lagoons.  New  Providence.  Rose  Island. 
Great  Bahama,  North  Cat  Cay,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  and 
Caicos  Islands  : — Cuba,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  and  American  Virgin  Islands  ;  widely 
distributed  in  the  warmer  seas.     Type  from  the  lagoons  of  Venice. 

4.  Valonia  ocellata  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov. 

Plants  for  the  most  part  filamentous,  densely  cespitose  or  crustaceous,  the 
cushions,  under  favorable  conditions  becoming  10-20  cm.  broad  and  4-6  cm. 
thick;  the  superior  or  dorsal  parts  consisting  of  small  few-celled  discs,  or  more 
often,  oblong  or  linear,  irregular,  multicellular  filaments  mostly  1-4  cells  broad, 
the  cells  polyhedral  or  angulate-subglobose,  0.45-0.9  mm.  in  maximum  <]iameter, 
with  numerous  small  flattened  ellipsoidal  or  lentiform  cells  50-90  /x  in  long 
diameter  along  their  separating  walls;  few  or  many  of  the  ventral  and  lateral 
cells  qf  the  superior  or  dorsal  facetted  parts  growing  out  into  rather  rigid 
descending  stilt-like  or  root-like  non-septate  processes,  mostly  5-30  mm.  long 
and  0.5-O.S  mm.  in  diameter;  occasional  cells  in  dorsal  parts  enclosing  few  or 
numerous  aplanospores  200-320  /j.  in  diameter. 

In  shallow  water  in  lagoons,  on  pneumatophores  of  Aviccntiia  between  the  tide- 
lines,  and  low-littoral  on  ntcks.  Ixitli  in  exposed  and  sheltered  locations,  common. 
New  Providence,  Bimini,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay.  Mariguana,  and  Caicos 
Islands  : — Bermuda.  Porto  Rico.  ;ind  .\inericMn  \'irein  Islands.  Type,  llouc  5090 
from  the  great  lake  or   lagoon   of  Watling's   Island,   Nov.   25,    1W7. 


604  DASYCLADACEAE. 

Valonia  ocellata  is  perhaps  related  to  Dictyosphaeria  valonioides  Zanard.,  which 
Hauck  believed  to  be  a  condition  of  Valonia  macrophiisa,  but  manifestly  differs  in 
Its  smaller  cells,  in  never  being  hollow,  and  rarely,  if  ever,  globose,  and  in  the 
absence  of  large  vesicular  marginal  cells.  Specimens  from  Bermuda  and  the  West 
Indies  have  sometimes  been  referred  to  VaJouio  utriciihiris  forma  crufitacca  Kuck., 
from  which  it  differs  in  having  its  superior  parts  divided  by  cross-walls  into  more 
or  less  polyhedral  or  angulate-subglobose  cells  instead  of  consisting  of  interwoven 
and  compacted  clavate  or  obovoid  cells.  The  plant  bears  some  resemblance  to  young 
stages  of  species  of  Dictyofiphaerio  but  the  small-celled  or  facetted  parts  are  usually 
elongate,  vittate,  or  irregularly  discoid,  very  rarely  subglobose.  It  occurs  in  great 
abundance  in  lagoons,  often  associated  with  Valonia  Acgagropila  and  remaining  per- 
fectly distinct.  It  is  found  in  a  great  variety  of  habitats  and  it  evidently  deserves 
a  distinctive  specific  name,  at  least  until  such  time  as  cultures  may  prove  it  to  be 
capable  of  assuming  the  characters  of  some  previously  described  species. 

Family  8.     DASYCLADACEAE. 

1.    DASYCLADUS  Ag.  Mora  10':    640.     1827. 

1.  Dasycladus  vermicularis   (Scop.)   Krasser,  Ann.  K.  K.  Naturhist.  Hofmus. 
13:  459.     1899. 

Spongia  vermicularis  Scop.  Fi.  Carn.  2:  412.  pi.  64.     1772. 
Conferva  davaeforinis  Eoth,  Cat,  Bot.  3:   315.     1806. 
Fucus  vermicularis  Bertol.  Amoen.  Ital.  308.     1819. 
Dasycladus  clavaeformis  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  2:    16.     1828. 

On  stones,  shells,  etc.,  in  shallow  water,  mostly  in  protected  bays.  New  Provi- 
dence, Rose  Island,  Berry  Islands.  North  Cat,  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Caicos  Islands, 
Castle  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda,  Florida,  Cuba,  and  .Jamaica  ; 
Canary  and  Madeira  Islands ;  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  seas.  Type  from  Adri- 
atic Sea. 

2.   BATOPHORA  J.  Ag.  Ofv.  K.  A>t.-Akad.  Forh.  11:  107.     1854, 

BoTRYOPHORA  J.  Ag,  Till  Alg,  Syst,  5:    139,     1887.     Not  Botryophora  Bom- 

pard,  Hedwigia  6:  129.     1867. 
CoccocLADUS  Cramer,  Neue  Denksclir.  Scliweiz.  Xaturf,  Ges.  30:-(37).     1887. 

1.  Batophora  Oersted!  J.  Ag.  Ofv.  K,  Yet,-Akad,  Forh,  11:  108,     1854, 

Botryophora  Conquerantii  Crouan;    Cramer,  Neue  Denksclir.  Schweiz.  Na- 

turf.  Ges.  32:-(6).  pi.  4.  f.  1.     1890. 
Coccocladus  occidentalis  Conquerantii  M,  A,  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  31: 

96.     1904. 
Coccocladus  occidentalis  laxus  M,  A,  Howe,  loc,  cit,  95.  pi.  6.  f.  1,  2. 

Common  in  lagoons,  creeks,  ponds,  and  sink-holes  of  salt  or  brackish  water,  the 
laxer  conditions  in  water  that  is  almost  fresh.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island.  Berry 
Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Andros,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Caicos  Islands, 
Acklin's  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Florida  to  Guadeloupe.  Type  from 
Krause's  Lagoon,  St.  Croix. 

la.  Batophora  Oersted!  occidentalis   (Harv.)   M.  A.  Howe,  Bull,  Torrey  Club 
32:    579,     1905, 

Dasycladus  occidentalis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  3:   38.     1858. 
Botryophora  occidentalis  J,  Ag.  Till  Alg,  Syst.  5:    141.     1887, 
Coccocladus   occidentalis   Cramer,   Neue    Denkschr,    Schweiz.    Naturf!   Ges. 
30:-(37),     1887, 

On  stones,  shells,  etc.,  in  shallow  salt  water,  mostly  in  protected  bays,  common. 
New  Providence,  Andros,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island, 
Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Bermuda,  Florida,  and 
Cuba.     Type  of  variety  from  Key  West,  Florida. 


DASYCLADACEAE.  005 

3.  NEOMERIS    Lainour.    Hist.   Polyp.   241.     1816. 

Hairs  monomorphous  ;  ends  of  branches  of  second  order  forming  a  cortex  with  dis- 
tinct facets. 
Sporangia    colierent    laterally    by    their    calcareous    capsules,    the    plant    thereby 
appearing  transversely   annulate   in   the   lower  fertile  parts.  1.  .V.  uunulata. 

Sporangia   strongly   calcitied   but   mutually   free.  'J.    V,  ,„./,,,«,/. 

Hairs  dimorphous,  the  two  forms  in  alternating  zones;  branches  of 
the  second  order  subfusiform,  scarcely  forming  a  cortex,  surface 
of  tlie  plant  after  the  fall  of  the  hairs  somewhat  shaggy  or 
minutely  and  irregularly  punctate ;  sporangia  free  or  coherent 
in  short  rows  of  2-8.  3.  N.  Cokcri. 

1.  Neomeris  annulata  Dickie,  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  But.  ll:  198.     1874. 

Neomeris  Eelleri  Cramer,  Neue  Denkschr.  Schweiz.  Xaturf.  Cics.  30:-(3- 
10,  39).  pi.  1;  pi.  2.  f.  1-12;  pi.  3.  f.  1,  2.     1887. 

On  stones,  shells,  etc.,  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  .")0  meters 
(/ide  Borgesen).  New  Providence,  Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  North 
Cat  Cay,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Castle  Island,  and  Great  Bagged  Isl.nnd : — 
Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados ;  Mauritius,  Madagascar,  and  the  Dutch  East 
Indies.     Type  from  Mauritius. 

2.  Neomeris  mucosa  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  36:  84.  pi.  1.  f.  5 ;  pi.  5.  f. 

1-14.     1909. 

On  moderately  exposed  rocks,  at  and  near  low-water  mark,  often  with  other 
species  of  the  genus.  Atwood  Cay,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island.  Ap- 
parently endemic.     Type  from  Atwood  Cay. 

3.  Neomeris  Cokeri  :\r.  A.  Howe,  Bull.   Torrey  Club   31:    97.   pi.  6.  f.  3-12. 

1904. 

Common,  usually  under  shelving  rocks,  near  low-water  line,  occasionally  on 
shells  and  pebbles  in' deeper  water.  New  I'rovidence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama, 
Gun  Cay,  Eleuthera,  Exuma  Chain,  Atwood  Cay,  Castle  Island,  and  Great  Ragged 
Island.     Apparently  endemic.     Type  from  opposite  Current  Town,  Eleuthera. 

4.  CYMOPOLIA  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  292.     1816. 

1.  Cymopolia  toarbata  (L.)  Lamour.  loc.  eit.  293. 

Corallina  harbata  L.  Syst.  Nat.  1:  806.     1758. 

Corallma  J^osarium  Ell.  &  Soland.  Xat.  Hist.  Zooph.  111.  pi.  21.  f.  h,  U. 

ffi-a.     1786. 
Cymopolia  Hosarium  Lamour.  loc.  cit.  294. 
Cymopolia  bibarhata  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  312.     1843. 
Cymopolia  unibarbata  Kutz.  loc.  cit.  3]  3. 
Cymopolia  mexicana  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  5:  147.     1887. 

On  rocks  and  stones  in  shallow,  moderately  agitated  water.  New  Providence, 
Andros.  Berrv  Islands,  and  Mariguaua  : — Florida.  Cuba.  .Tam:iica,  Haiti.  Porttt  Rico, 
and  Mexico;  reported  also  from  Canary  Islands  and  Si)ain.     Type  from  Jamaica. 

5.    ACETABULUM   (Tourn.)   Liuhvig.  Def.  Gen.  PI.  504.     1760. 
Olivia  Bertol.  Ear.  PI.  Ital.  Dec.  3:  117.     1810. 
AcETABULARiA  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  3:  185.     1812. 
POLYPHYSA  Lamarck;  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  250.     1816. 

Plants  large  or  medium-sized  (discs  5-18  mm.  broad)  ;  hypo- 

peltal  processes  present.  1-  A.  crcnulatum. 

Plants   small    or   minute    (discs   1-5   mm.   broad)  ;    hypopeltnl 
processes  wanting. 
Discs    2-5    mm.    broad;    coronal    processes    75-1 50/i    In 
radial    diameter,    with    5-13    hairs    or    hair-rudiments; 

aplanospores  88-100  ^u  in  diameter.  2.  A.  polyphysoidca. 

Discs  1-2.5  mm.  broad ;  coronal  processes  22-35  /*  In 
radial  diameter,  with  2  (rarely  3)  hairs  or  hair- 
rudiments;  aplanospores  68-82  |x  In  diameter.  3.  A.  pusillum. 


606  BEYOPSIDACEAE. 

1.  Acetabulum  crenulatum    (Lamour.)    Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PL  2:    881.     1891. 

Acetabularia  crenulata  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  249.     1816. 

Acetabulum  caribaeum   Lamarck,   Hist.   Nat.  Anim.   sans  Verteb.   2:    150. 

1816. 
Acetabularia  caraibica  Klitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  6:   33.     1856. 

On  sandy  bottom  and  on  stones,  shells,  sticks,  etc.,  in  shallow  rather  quiet  water 
(down  to  10  meters  or  more),  common.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Andros, 
Great  Bahama,  Green  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana, 
Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  and  southern  Florida  to  Bar- 
bados.    Type  from  "  mer  des  Antilles"  [Santo  Domingo]. 

2.  Acetabulum  polyphysoides   (Crouan)  Kuntze,  Eev.  Gen.  PI.  2:   881.     1891. 

Acetabularia  polyphysoides  Crouan;   Solms,  Trans.  Linn.  See.  Bot.  II.  5: 
29.  pi  4.  f.  2,  6.     1895. 

Low-littoral  down  to  a  depth  of  at  least  4  or  5  meters.  Atwood  Cay,  Caicos 
Inlands,  and  Castle  Island  : — Jamaica  and  Guadeloupe.     Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

2a.  Acetabulum  polyphysoides  deltoideum  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrev  Club  36: 
92.  pi.  6.  f.  Bl;  pi.  7.  f.  10.     1909. 

Just  above  low-water  mark,  with  the  typical  form  and  with  Neomeris  CoTceri. 
Atwood  Cay   (type  station  of  form  deltoideum). 

3.  Acetabulum  pusillum  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrev  Club  36:   89.  pi.  6.  f.  13- 

15;  pi.  7.  f.  1-4.     1909. 

Acetabularia  pusilla  Collins;  Tufts  College  Stud.  2:   379.     1909. 

On  stones,  shells,  and  film-covered  rocks  in  shallow  water,  sometimes  with  A. 
polyphysoides  and  A.  crenulatum.  Mariguana  and  Castle  Island : — Jamaica.  Type 
from  Montego  Bay,  Jamaica. 

A  minute  plant,  only  1-3  mm.  high,  and  the  disc  averaging  about  1.6  mm.  in 
diameter. 

6.    ACICULARIA  d'Archiac,  Mem.  Soc.  Geol.  France  5=^:  386.     1843. 
Solms,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  II.  5:   32.     1895. 

1.  Acicularla  Schenckii  (Mob.)  Solms,  loe.  cit.  33.  pi.  3.  f.  9,  11,  IS,  14,  15. 
1895.  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  28:  323-331.  pi.  24.  f.  1-16, 
18-22;  pi.  25.     1901. 

Acetabularia  Schenchii  Mob.  Hedwigia  28:  318-320.  pi.  10.  f.  8-12.    1889. 

On   stones,    etc.,   from  near  low-water   mark  down   to   a   depth   of   at   least   30 

meters    {fide   Borgesen),    usually  in   association    with    Rhizophora.     Rose   Island: — 

Bermuda,    Jamaica,    Porto    Rico,  American    Virgin    Islands,    Barbados,    and    Brazil. 
Type  from  Cabo  Frio,  Brazil. 

Family  9.     BRYOPSIDACEAE. 

1.    BRYOPSIS  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:   333.     My  1809. 

Ultimate  ramuli  2-ranked,  the  main  axes  for  the  most  part 

simply  pinnate,  commonly  naked  in  lower  half.  1.  B.  pennata. 

Ultimate  ramuli  irregularly  disposed. 

Main    axes    usually    deliquescent,    the    ultimate    ramuli 

rarely  less  than  20  fi  in  diameter  at  apex.  2.  B.  Jiypnoides. 

Main  axes  persistent,  strongly  contrasting  in  size  with 
the  various  orders  of  branches  and  branchlets,  the 
ultimate  ramuli  often  only  5-15  fx  in  diameter  at  apex  ; 
plant  very  gelatinous.  3.  B.  Duchassadngii. 

1.  Bryopsis  pennata  Lamour.  loc.  cit.;  Jour,  de  Bot.  2:  134.  pi.  7.  f.  1  a,  b. 
1809. 

On  stones  at  low-water  mark.  Atwood  Cay  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Bermuda  to 
Barbados.     Type  from  "  Antilles." 


CAULERPACEAE. 


607 


2.  Bryopsis  hypnoides  Lamour.  loc.  cit.;  Jour,  de  But.  2:   13o.  i>L 
1809. 


f.  A?  a,  b. 


Found  washed  ashore — probably  from  a  little  deeper  water  than  the  last. 
Great  Bahama: — southern  Massachusetts  to  Bermuda;  widely  distributed  in  the 
warm  temperate  seas.     Type  from  near  Cette,  southern  France. 

3.  Bryopsis  Duchassaingii  J,  Ag.  Ofv.  Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  11:    lii7.     1x54. 
Trichosolcn  Antillarum  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  IV.  14:   171.     ISOO. 

Found  washed  ashore.  Great  Bahama: — Bermuda  to  Guadeloupe  (Barbados?). 
Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

Family  10.     CAULERPACEAE. 

1.    CAULERPA    Lamour.    Nouv.    Bull.    Sei.    Soc.    Philom.    1:    332.     My    1809. 
Chauvixia  Borj,  Voy.  Coquille,  Bot.  Crypt.  204.     1829. 
Tricladia  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  17:   337.     1842. 
Herpochaeta  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  20:   305.     1843.' 
Stephanocoelium  Kiitz.  Bot.  Zeit.  5:  54.     1847. 
Chemnitzia   (Decaisne)    Mont.  Orb.  Diet.  10:    53.     1849. 
Phyllerpa  Kutz.  Sp.  Alg.  494.     1849. 

Stolons    and    upright    fronds    similar,    filiform,    in    habit    somewhat    suggestive    of 
Vaucheria,  Derbesia,   or   the   irregularly   branched   species 
of  Bryopsis. 
Stolons   and  upright  fronds  more  or   less   different  in  form. 
Fronds    filiform,    the    ramuli    verticillate     (at    least    the 

upper),  fastigiate  or  subfastigiate.  di-  or  trichotomous.  2.   C.  vcrticiUata. 

Fronds  stouter,  ramuli  not  in  distinct  whorls. 

Fronds    foliaceous,    entire,    linear    or    elliptic-oblong, 

often  proliferous. 
Fronds   terete,   subterete,    or   angled,    or,    if  flattened, 
pinnately   dentate,    lobed,    or   plumose-pinnate. 
Fronds  distinctly  flattened. 

Fronds    plumose-pinnate,    the    pinnules    terete, 

mucronate. 
Pinnules  or  teeth  flattened. 

Fronds     linear-lanceolate     in     outline.  6-15 

mm.  broad,  the  pinnules  often  contracted 

at  base. 

Fronds    narrowly    linear,    2-3    mm.    broad. 

often    twisted    and    constricted    here    and 

there,   the   margins   occasionally   entire.  G.   C.  Frctjcinctii. 

Fronds    terete,    subterete,    or    angled,    in    general 
outline. 
Stolons    densely   clothed    with   short    simple  or 
sparingly     branched     root-hairs:      fronds 
with  crowded,   imbricate,  bristle-like,  mu- 
cronate ramuli. 
Stolons  nakcfl. 

Frond  with  a  naked  stipe  bearing  usually 
a  dichotomo-palmate  or  dichotomo-umbel- 
late  cluster  of  secondary  ranuiliferous 
branches;  ramuli  ( 2):?-10(]r))-ranketl. 
with  aclcular  2-ranked  ramelli  pectinately 
secund  or  pinnately  disposed,  the  longer 
often  sparingly  dichotomous  or  again 
pinnate. 
Stipe  usually  not   well  differentiated. 

Frond  usually  angled,  the  ramuli  mostly 
in    2-0    ranks,    somewhat    boat-shapod 
or   prow-shnped    (at    least    the   ba.«;an. 
ovoid,  mammiform,   or  less  commonly 
terete,    always   nnicroiiat<>. 
Frond  not  angled,  the  ramuli  subglobose. 
pyriform.     pcstie-shaiJed.     or    occa- 
sionally subclavate. 
Ramuli     in     more     or     less     elongate 
raceme-like  clusters,  several-ranked, 


1.   C.  fastifjiata. 


3.   C.  proUfcra. 


4.   C.  scrtularioides. 


5.   C.  crassifolia. 


C.  latiuninosa. 


S.   C  j)iisj)iil()i<li-!f. 


0.   C.  ruprrssoidcs. 


608  CAULEEPACEAE. 

mostly  pestle-shaped,  the  pedicel 
usually  as  long  as  the  subglobose 
or  flattened-subglobose  summit  or 
often   longer.  10.  C.  racemosa. 

Ramuli  mostly  irregularly  2-  or  3- 
ranked,  subglobose  or  obliquely 
pyriform,  the  pedicel  usually 
shorter  than  the  enlarged  summit 
or  obsolete ;  clusters  short  and 
somewhat  botryoid  or  more  elongate 
with  rather  distant  ramuli.  11.  C.  clavifera. 

1.  Caulerpa  fastigiata  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  8:   353.     1837. 

Herpocliaeta  fastigiata  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  20:  305.     1843. 

On  stones,  etc.,  near  low-water  mark.  New  Providence,  Mariguana,  and  Great 
Bahama  (profusely  abundant  in  a  "  boiling  hole  "  in  Golden  Grove  Creek)  : — Ber- 
muda and  Florida  to  Brazil ;  Friendly  Islands.     Type  from  Cuba. 

The  plant  has  quite  a  different  habit  from  the  other  West  Indian  species  of  the 
genus,  bearing  a  superficial  resemblance  to  filamentous  siphonaceous  algae  of  other 
genera  and  families,  from  which,  however,  it  is  usually  distinguishable  at  sight  (in 
the  dried  condition)  by  its  greater  rigidity  and  dull  dark  green  color;  under  a 
moderately  high  magnification,  the  delicate  cellulose  threads  running  from  the  inner 
surface  of  the  wall  into  the  lumen  serve  at  once  to  determine  its  affinities. 

2.  Caulerpa  verticillata  J.  Ag.  Ofv.  K.  Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  4:  6.     1847. 

Herpocliaeta  verticillata  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phjc.  7:   1.  pi.  1.  f.  II.     1857. 
Stephanocoelium  verticillatum  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  7:   1. 

In  shallow  water  in  sheltered  places,  usually  in  association  with  Rhizophora. 
New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  and  Bimini : — Bermuda  to  Brazil ;  Indian  and 
Pacific  Oceans.     Type  locality  indefinite  (American  Virgin  Islands  or  Guadeloupe?). 

This  species  in  habit  and  size  is  suggestive  of  some  of  the  more  delicate  species 
of  mtella. 

3.  Caulerpa  prolifera  (Forsk.)  Lamour.  Xouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1:  332. 

My  1809. 

Fucus  proUfer  Forsk.  Fl.  Aegypt.-Arab.  193.     1775. 

From  near  low-water  mark  to  rather  deep  water.  Joulter's  Cays,  Watling's 
Island,  Castle  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Guade- 
loupe ;  Canary  Islands  and  Mediterranean  Sea.     Type  from  Alexandria,  Egypt. 

Most  of  the  Bahamian  specimens  have  short,  elliptic-oblong,  or  obovate  fronds 
and  represent  f.  ohovata  J.  Ag. 

4.  Caulerpa    sertularioides    (S.    G.    Gmel.)    M.   A.   Howe,   Bull.    Torrey   Club 

32:  576.     1905. 

Fucus  sertularioides  S.  G.  Gmel.  Hist.  Fuc.  151  pi.  15.  f.  4.     1768. 
Fucus  plumaris  Forsk.  Fl.  Aegypt.-Arab.  190.     1775. 
Caulerpa  plumaris  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  436.     1822. 

From  near  low-water  mark  to  a  depth  of  several  meters.  New  Providence, 
Great  Bahama,  Bimini,  North  Cat  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  Watling's  Island, 
Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to 
Barbados  ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas.     Type   "  American." 

5.  Caulerpa  crassifolia  (Ag.)  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  1:  13.     1873. 

Caulerpa  taxifolia  crassifolia  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.   1:   436.     1822.     (Excl.   syn.) 
Caulerpa   pinnata   "Web. -v.    Bosse,    Ann.    Jard.    Bot.    Buitenzorg   15:    289. 

1898.     (Excl.  syn.  Fucus  pinnatus  L.  fil.  Suppl.  452.     1781.) 
Caulerpa  mexicana  Sond.;  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  496.     1849. 

In  sheltered  localities  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  30  meters 
{fide  Borgesen).  Exuma  Chain,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island: — Bermuda 
and  Florida  to  Mexico  and  Brazil ;  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  subtropical 
seas.     Type  from  the  West  Indies. 


CAULERPACEAE.  009 

6.  Caulerpa  Freycinetii  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  44(5.     1S22. 

On  corals  in  shallow  water.  Atwood  Cay  :— Guadeloupe  ;  lied  Sea  ;  I'acinc  Ocean 
Type  from  the  Mariana  Islands. 

The  Atwood  Cay  siXH-imcus  apparently  hclon^  witli  var.  iivrtinntn  Wi-l.  v 
Bosse,  differing  from  the  type  in  being  only  slightly  twisted  and  in  the  more  regular 
and  better  developed  marginal  teeth  ;  it  seems  to  approach  closely  certain  conditions 
of  C.  cupressoides. 

7.  Caulerpa  lanuginosa  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  1:  28.     1873. 

Caulerpa  Lycopodium  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  3:   19.  pi.  37 B.     1858.     Not  C, 

Lycopodium  J.  Ag.  Of  v.  K.  Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  4:  0.     1847. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  in  shallow  water.  New  Providence  (south  shore)  : — Florida. 
Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

8.  Caulerpa  paspaloides   (Bory)   Grev.  Alg.  Brit.  Ixiv.     1830. 

Chauvinia  paspaloides  Bory,  Vov.  Coquillc,  Bot.   Crvpt.   205.  pi.  23.  f.  1. 
1829. 

On  a  sandy  bottom,  mostly  in  1-40  dm.  of  water.  New  Providence  (south 
shore).  Long  Bank,  Abaco,  Green  Cay,  and  Great  Bahama: — Florida  and  Cuba. 
Type  from  the  Bahama  Islands. 

The  type  is  characterized  by  having  its  ramuli  in  (2)3  or  4  ranks,  the  spikes 
distinctly  alate  or  strongly  angled  when  living  and  shaggy  when  dry,  the  raraelll 
pectinately  secund,  and  always  much  shorter  than  the  axis  from  which  they  spring. 
In  addition  to  the  type  form,  there  are  in  the  Bahamas  two  other  strongly  marked 
forms,  varieties,  or  subspecies,  which  appear  to  be  locally  distinct,  that"  is,  they 
seem  to  occur  with  little  if  any  local  intergrading  or  intermingling,  though  growing 
in  similar  habitats  ;  however,  when  plants  from  various  localities  are  compared,  it 
seems  difficult  to  maintain  these  three  groups  as  distinct  species. 

8a.  Caulerpa  paspaloides  phleoides  (Bory)  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  1:  32.    1873. 

Chauvinia   phleoides   Bory,   Voy.   Coquille,   Bot.    Crvpt.    206.   pi.   23.   f.   2. 
1829. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  in  shallow  water.  Exuma  Chain.  Type  from  the  Bahama 
Islands.     Apparently   endemic. 

Differs  from  the  typical  C  paspaloides  in  having  its  ramuli  in  G-10  ranks,  the 
spikes  slightly  angular  or  strongly  ribbed  when  living,  more  or  less  shaggy  when 
dry,  the  ramelli  mostly  pinnately  distichous  or  occasionally  subsecund. 

8b.  Caulerpa  paspaloides  compressa  (Web. -v.  Bosse)  M.  A.  Howe,  comb.  nov. 

Caulerpa  paspaloides  var.  iiipica  f.  eompressa  Web. -v.  Bosse,  Ann.  JarJ. 

Bot.  Buitenzorg  15:  353.  i)l.  30.  f.  3,  4.     1898. 
Caulerpa  compressa  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Cluh  31:  93.     1904. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  in  shallow  water.  Rose  Island,  Long  Island.  Exuma  Chain, 
and  Ragged  Island.     Type  from  the  Bahama   Islands.     Apparently  endemic. 

Differs  from  the  typical  C.  paspaloides  and  C.  paspaloides  phleoides  in  having 
its  ramuli  in  8-16  ranks,  the  spikes  dense  and  wholly  terete  or  very  lightly  ribbed, 
the  ramelli  pinnately  distichous  and  corymbose,  the  lower  ramelli  as  long  or  nearly 
as  long  as  the  axis  from  which  they  spring. 

9.  Caulerpa  cupressoides  (West)  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  441.     1822. 

Fucus  cupressoides  West;  Vahl,  Nat.  Selsk.  Skr.  5=:  38.     1802. 

Caulerpa  hypnoides  Lamour.  Jour,  de  Bot.  2:  145.  pi.  7.  f.  3.     1809. 

Fucus  ericifolius  Turn.  Hist.  Fuc.  1:   124.  pi.  56.     1808. 

Caulerpa  ericifolia  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:   442.     1822. 

Caulerpa  mamillosa  Mont.  Prod.  Phye.  Antarct.  13.     1842. 

Caulerpa  Lycopodium  J.  Ag.  6fv.  K.  Yet.-Akad.  Forh.  4:   6.     1847. 

Caulerpa  juniperoides  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  1:  26.     1873. 

On  sand-covered  rocks  and  sandy  bottoms  in  .shallow  water  and  In  tide-pools, 
common.     Andros,  Great  Bahama,   Bimini,   Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Atwood 


610  DERB'ESIACEAE. 

Cay,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida 
to  South  America ;  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans.  Type  from  St.  Croix,  American 
Virgin   Islands. 

Variable  in  the  number  of  ranks  of  the  ramuli  and  in  the  length  of  the  ramuli. 
The  forms  or  varieties  chiefly  represented  are  the  typical  form,  the  var.  ericifolia 
(Turn.)  Web.-v.  Bosse,  and  the  var.  Lycopodiuui   (J,  Ag.)   Web. -v.  Bosse. 

10.  Caulerpa  racemosa  (Forsk.)  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Sjst.  1:  35.     1873. 

Fucus  racemosus  Forsk.  Fl.  Aegypt.-Arab.  191.  1775. 

Fiicus  uvifer  Turn.  Hist.  Fuc.  4:    81.  pi.  230.  1819.     Xot  Fucus  uvifer 

Forsk.  Fl.  Aegypt.-Arab.  192.     1775. 

Caulerpa  clavifera  uvifera  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  438.  1822, 

On  reefs  in  shallow  water  and  in  more  sheltered  places,  as  on  roots  of  RMzo- 
phora.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  At- 
wood  Cay.  and  Castle  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados  :  widely  distributed 
in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas.     Type  probably  from  the  Red  Sea. 

11.  Caulerpa  clavifera  (Turn.)  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  1:  438.     1822. 

Fucus  clavifer  Turn.  Hist.  Fuc.  1:  126.  pi.  57.     1808. 

Caulerpa  racemosa  clavifera  Web.-v.   Bosse,   Ann.   Jarcl.  Bot.   Buitenzorg 

15:   360.  pi.  33.  f.  1-5.     1898. 
Caulerpa  racemosa  uvifera  Web.-v.  Bosse,  loc.  cit.  362  p.p. 

Habitat  same  as  C.  racemosa.  Exuma  Chain,  South  Cat  Cay,  Mariguana, 
Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Florida  to  Barbados ;  widely  dis- 
tributed in  tropical  and  subtropical  seas.     Type  from  the  Red  Sea. 

Caulerpa  racemosa  and  C.  clavifera  sometimes  approach  each  other  in  form 
and  habit  and  rarely  occurring  specimens  are  difficult  to  determine,  but  the  writer 
has  often  seen  the  two  growing  close  together,  in  apparently  identical  surroundings 
(especially  in  Porto  Rico  and  Jamaica)  and  maintaining  their  distinctions  so  per- 
fectly and  strikingly  that  it  seems  more  satisfactory  to  treat  them  as  independent 
species  than  to  follow  the  prevailing  modern  fashion  of  regarding  them  as  forms 
of  a  single  polymorphous  species. 

Family  11.     DERBESIACEAE. 

1.    DERBESIA  Solier,  Ann.   Sci.  Xat.   Bot.  III.  7:    158.     1847. 
1.  Derbesia  vaucheriaeformis  (Harv.)  J.  Ag.  Till  Alg.  Syst.  5:  34.     1887. 

Chlorodesmis  C^)   vaucheriaeformis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  3:    30.  pi.  40  D. 

1858. 
Derhesia  tenuissima  Farl.  Mar.  Alg.  N.  E.  60  p.p.  pi.  4.  f.  4.     1881.     Not 

B.  tenuissima  (De  Not.)  Crouan. 

On  rocks  in  a  salt  spring,  high  littoral.  Cave  Cays.  Exuma  Chain  : — southern 
Massachusetts,  Bermuda,  and  Florida.     Type  from  Key  West,  Florida. 

The  only  Bahamian  collection  seems  to  be  sterile,  like  Harvey's  original ;  its 
filaments  are  somewhat  coarser,  being  35-93  p,  in  diameter,  while  those  of  the  type 
are  30-52  /i  ;  the  plants  are  also  much  darker  green  than  Harvey's  specimens  at  the 
present  day.  but  the  latter  have  doubtless  suffered  some  loss  of  color  in  nearly 
seventy  years  of  preservation. 

2.  BRYOBESIA  Web.-v.  Bosse,  Ann.  Jard.  Bot.  Buitenzorg  24:  26.     1910. 
1.  Bryobesia  cylindrocarpa  sp.  nov. 

Filaments  sparingly  subdichotomous,  5-15  mm.  long,  75-156  /z  in  diameter, 
very  rarely  septate,  their  walls  mostly  3-10  /x  thick,  the  branches  occasionally 
with  a  septum  at  the  base  ;  sporangia  short-cylindric,  obovoid,  or  eylindric-elavate, 
150-450  fl  X  90-180  fx,  sessile,  erect  or  erecto-patent,  constituting  one  arm  of  a 


CODIACEAE.  Gil 

dichotomy  or  pseudo-dichotoiny,  or  sometimes  apparently  terminal,  the  filament 
continued  by  a  lateral  innovation;  zoospores  numerous  (about  20u-o00  to  a 
sporangium),  ellipsoid  or  ovoid,  20-40  m  X  20-25  m. 

Green  Cay,  W.  C.  Coker,  June  30.  1903,  dredged  in  4  fathoms, — n  smnll  amount 
of  material  preserved  in  formalin.  There  is  a  possibility  that  the  plant  belongs  In 
Cladophoropsis,  but  the  terminal  rather  than  intercalary  sporangia  and  the  large 
zoospores,  on  some  of  which  indications  of  a  circle  of  cilia  have  l)een  noted,  have 
suggested  its  reference  to  Briiohcsia,  the  .Tavan  type-species  of  which  it  rosfinbles 
closely,  though  the  Bahamian  plant  is  evidently  lunger  and  coarser,  with  lilaments 
twice  as  broad. 

Family  12.     CODIACEAE. 

1.    AVRAINVILLEA  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Lot.   II.  18:    lOS.     1842. 

I'radelia  Cliauv.  Eecherches  124.     1842. 
Chloroplegma  Zanard.  Mem.  R.  1st.  Yen.  7:  290.     18o8. 

Thallus  eventually  developing  a  flabellum    (usually  stipitate). 

Fusco-nigrescent,     yellowish     brown,     or     tawny     groon ;     surface     subvelutinous. 
spongiose,   or  strigose ;   filaments   of  flabellum    28-70  ^ 
in  diameter. 
Filaments  of  flabellum  moniliform.  1.  .4.  ninricans. 

Filaments  of  flabellum  cylindric,  with  a  strong  constric- 
tion at  base  of  each  branch,   rarely  subtorulose.  2.  A.  lougicaulis. 
Olivaceous  or  cinereous  ;   surface  smooth   and  compact ;  fila- 
ments of  surface  of  flabellum  6-24 /^  in  diameter.                         3.  A.lcvis. 
Thallus  not  developing  a  flabellum,   forming  more  or   less  digi- 
tate, sometimes  capitate  lobes,  these  commonly  very  irregular 
In  form,   and  often  branching,   diflluent,   or  anastomosing.               4.  A.  Rausoni. 

1.  Avrainvillea  nigricans  Decaisne,  loc.  cit. 

Fradelia  fuliginosa  Chauv.  Eecherches  124.     1842. 

Avrainvillea  longicavlis  Murr.  &  Boodle,  Jour,  Bot.  27:  70  p.p.  pi.  228. 
f.  1-5.     1889.     [Excluding  syn.  lihipilia  longicaulis  Kiitz.] 

Common  in  shallow  water,  mostly  on  reefs  or  in  places  protected  by  reefs. 
New  Providence,  Andros,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Gun  Cay,  Eleuthera.  Exuma 
Chain,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Castle  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Ber- 
muda and  Florida  to  South  America.     Type  fiom  lies  des  Saintes.  noar  Guadeloupe. 

Forma  fiilva  M.  A.  Howe  (in  C.  H.  &  S.  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  l',SO)  differs  from  the 
tyuical  form  in  its  thicker,  more  snon.ciose.  and  usvially  more  cnuo.-itt*  llal>elluni.  in 
its  flatter,  broader,  less  differentiated  stipe,  and  in  the  firmer-walled,  usually 
coarser,  though  often  more  tapering  filaments,  which  are  less  regularly  moniliform, 
often  more  tortuous  or  zig-zag,  more  frequently  and  more  divaricately  dichotomous, 
and  nearly  always  yellow  or  yellowish  brown  rather  than  fuscous  at  maturity. 

2.  Avrainvillea  longicaulis   (Kiitz.)   Murr.  &:  Boodle,  Jour.  Bot.  27:    70  p.p. 

1889.     [Excluding  all  but  syn.  FhipiUa  longicaulis  Kiitz.] 

BMpilia,  longicaulis  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  8:   13.  pi.  2S.  f.  II.     185S. 
Avrainvillea  Mazei  Murr.  &  Boodle,  loc.  cit. 

Common  in  shallow  or  moderately  deep  water,  often  with  .4.  nitnirans.  New 
Providence,  Exuma  Chain,  ^Yatling's  Island,  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands,  Castle 
Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  and  Salt  Cay : — Bermuda  to  Barbados.  Type  from 
Antigua. 

3.  Avrainvillea  levis  M.   A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Hub  32:    565.  />/.  ^3.  f.  1: 

pi.  26.  f.  8-W.     19'05. 

Avrainvillea  sordida  Murr.  c^-  Boodle,  Jour.  Bot.  27:  70.  1SS9.  Xot  A. 
sordida  (Mont.)  Oouan ;  Maze  &  Schramm,  Alg.  Guad.  S9.  lS70-'77. 
[Based  upon  Udotea  sordida  Mont,  in  technicalities  of  publication.] 

Near  low-water  mark.  Exuma  Chain,  Mariguana.  and  Caicos  Islands  : — Florida. 
Cuba,  and  Jamaica.     Type  from  Cave  Cays,  Exuma  Chain. 


612  CODIACEAE. 

4.  AvrainviUea  Rawsoni    (Dickie)    M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.   Torrey   Club  34:    510. 
1907. 

BJiipilia  Baivsoni  Dickie,   Jour.  Linn.   Soc.  Bot.   14:    151.   «/.  11.  f.  1,  2 
1874. 

In  shallow  water,  often  at  low-water  line  on  exposed  rocks.  Abaco,  Gun  Cay, 
North  Cat  Cay.  Berry  Islands,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling"s  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos 
Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  Guadeloupe,  and  Bar- 
bados.    Type  from  Barbados. 

2.    RHIPILIA  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  8:  12.     1858. 

1.  Rhipilia  tomentosa  Kiitz.  loc.  cit.  p7.  28.  f.  1. 

TJdotea  tomentosa  Murr.  Jour.  Bot.  27:  239.     1889. 

In  shallow  water  (down  to  30  meters,  -fide  Borgesen).  North  Cat  Cay: — Cuba, 
Porto  Rico,  American  Virgin  Islands,  Antigua,  and  Guadeloupe.     Type  from  Antigua. 

3.    CLADOCEPHALUS  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:  569.     1905. 

1.  Cladocephalus  scoparius  M.  A.  Howe,  loc.  cit.  pi.  25;  pi.  26.  f.  11-20. 

In  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Exuma  Chain,  and  Watling's  Island.  Ap- 
parently endemic.     Type  from  a  tidal  pond,  Georgetown,  Great  Exuma. 

4.    PENICILLUS  Lamarck,  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Xat.  20:    297.     1813. 
Nesaea  Lamour.  Xouv.  Bull.   Sci.   Soc.  Philom.  3:    185.     1812.     Xot  Xesaea 

Commers. ;  Juss.  Gen.  PI.  332.     1789. 
CORALIJODEXDROX  Kiitz.  Polyp.  Calcif.  11.     1841. 
Corallocephalus   Kiitz.    Linnaea   17:    95.     1843. 

Surface  of  stipe  compact,  indurated,  smooth  or  minutely  granulose  under  a  hand- 
lens  ;  ultimate  branchlets  of  corticating  filaments  short-oblong,  obtuse,  trun- 
cate, or  capitate. 

Filaments  of  capitulum  135-250  fj,  in  diameter.  1.  P.  capitatus. 

Filaments  of  capitulum  300-550  jj.  in  diameter.  2.  P.  Lamourouxii. 

Surface  of  stipe  spongiose  or  velutinous-tomentulose  under  a 
hand-lens ;  ultimate  branchlets  of  corticating  filaments 
elongate,    taper-pointed. 

Filaments  of  capitulum  500-900  fi  in  diameter.  3.  P.  dumetosus. 

Filaments  of  capitulum  150—320  /a  in  diameter.  4.  P.  pyriformis. 

1.  Penicillus  capitatus  Lamarck,  loc.  cit.  299. 

?  Corallina  Penicillus  L.  Syst.  Xat.  1:  807.     1758. 

CoraUina  Penicillus  Ell.  &  Soland.  Xat.  Hist.  Zooph.  126  p.p.  pi.  25.  f.  4. 

1786. 
Nesea  Penicillus  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  258.     1816. 
Penicillus  elongatus  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  18:   109,     1842. 
Cor  alloc  eplmlus  Penicillus  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:  95.  p.p.     1843. 
Corallocephalus  larhatus  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  7:   8.  pi.  20.  f.  II.     1857. 

"  The  Merman's  Shaving-brush  "  ;  very  common,  usually  on  a  sandy  or  muddy 
bottom  in  shallow  water  (mostly  in  0.5-10  meters).  New  Providence,  Rose  Island, 
Berry  Islands,  Andros,  Great  Bahama,  Garden  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island, 
Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Great  Ragged  Island.* 
— Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Guadeloupe.     Type  from  American  seas. 

2.  Penicillus  Lamourouxii  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  II.  18:    109.     1842. 

?  Corallina  Penicillus  Ell.  &  Soland.  Xat.  Hist.  Zooph.  126  p.p.  pi.  25.  f.  5. 
1786. 

?  Nesea  pyramidalis  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  258.     1816. 

Penicillus  Lamourouxii  gracilis  A.  &  E.  S.  Gepp,  .Jour.  Bot.  43:   2.     1905. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  in  shallow  water.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Great 
Bahama,   Garden   Cay,   Bimini,   Green  Turtle   Cay,   Exuma   Chain,   Watling's   Island, 


CODIACEAE.  613 

Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Castle  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Florida,  Cuba 
Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  and  American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  liabama  Islands.      ' 

3.  PenicUlus  dumetosus    (Lamour.)    Blainville,  Man.  Actin.   "/i.     ls:i4.     [As 

P.  dumetosa.] 

Ne^ca  dumetosa  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  259.     1816. 
CoraUocephahis  dumetosus  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  506.     1849. 
Corallocephalus  affinis  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phye.  8:  13.  pi.  30.     1858. 

On  sandy  or  muddy  bottom,  mostly  in  shallow  water.  Long  Bank.  Great 
Bahama,   and  Bimini : — Florida   to   Guadeloupe.     Type   from    "  Antilles." 

4.  Penicillus  pyriformis  A.  &  E.  S.  Gepp,  Jour.  Bot.  43:   1.  pi.  468.  /.  la,  lb. 

1905. 

On  a  sand  bottom  in  shallow  water,  common.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island, 
Berry  Islands,  Andros,  Great  Bahama.  Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  Watling's 
Island,  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands,  and  Anguilla  Isles : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to 
Jamaica  and  Guadeloupe.     Type  from   Bimini   Harbor,   Bahamas. 

5.  RHIPOCEPHALUS  Kiitz.  Linnaea  17:   95.     1843;  Phyc.  Gen.  311.     1843. 

Filaments  of  capitulum  55-90 /^  in  diameter  toward  apices,   rather  firmly  and  per- 
sistently   coherent,    in   alwaj's   easily   recognizable   flabella.  1.  P.  I'hocnix. 

Filampiits  of  capitulum  1 00-230  u  in  diameter  toward  apices, 
lightly  and  transiently  coherent,  the  flabella  scarcely  recog- 
nizable at  maturity.  2.  P.  ohlongus. 

1.  Rhipocephalus  Phoenix   (Ell.  &:  Soland.)  Kiitz.  loc.  cir. 

Corallina  Phoenix  Ell.   &  Soland.  Xat.  Hist.   Zooph.   126.  /<?.  25.  f.  2,  S 

1786. 

On  sandy  or  gravelly  bottom  or  on  rocks,  mostly  in  shallow  water.  New  Provi- 
dence, Rose  Island,  Berry  Islands,  Andros,  Bimini,  Exuma  Chain,  Cat  Island,  At- 
wood  Cay,  and  Mariguana  : — Florida,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico,  and  Guadeloupe. 
Type  from  the  Bahama  Islands. 

2.  Rhipocephalus  oblongus   (Decaisne)   Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  506.     1849. 

Fenicillus  oblongus  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  IT.  18:   109.     1S42. 

On  sandy  bottom  in  shallow  water,  not  common.  New  Providence.  Berry 
Islands,  Bimini,  and  North  Cat  Cay  : — Florida  and  Cuba.  Type  from  the  Bahama 
Islands. 

Often  resembling  certain  conditions  of  PenicUlus  capitatus,  but  usually  recog- 
nizable, at  least  in  living  or  fluid-preserved  states,  by  the  more  flabelliform  arrange- 
ment of  the  filaments  of  the  capitulum  and  by  the  presence  of  a  cup-shaped  apical 
depression. 

6.    UDOTEA  Lamour.  Xouv.   Bull.   Sci.   Soc.   Philoni.   3:    ISO.     1812. 

Flabellum    with    a    compact,    firm,    highly    specialized    cortex. 

distinctly  zonate.  1-   1.  I'luf"  Hum. 

Flabellum    with    an    imperfect    rudimentary    cortex    or    none 
at  all. 
Filaments    of    flabellum    without    lateral    appendages,    each 
filament  enclosed  in  a  p^rose  calcareous  sheath. 
Flabellum    plane:    transition    from    stipe    to    flabellum 
gradual  ;     filaments    of    flabellum     'JS-Oo  ^    in    diam- 
eter,   interwoven    and    tortuous,    usually    forming    a 
superficial    tomeutulose    nap ;    branches    of    the    cor- 
ticating    filaments     of    the    stipe    somewhat     loosely 
and    irregularly    fastigiate,     the    ultimate    divisions 

mostly  finger-shaped,  sui)acute,  or  taper-pointed.  2.   U.  couplutinata. 

Flabellum  more  or  less  cyathiform.  or  open  on  one 
side  and  almost  plane  (then  usually  a  little  concavo- 
convex,  at  least  at  base)  :  transition  from  stipe  to 
flabellum     abrupt;     filaments     of     flabellum     nearly 


614  CODIACEAE. 

straight  and  parallel,  mostly  60-100  n  in  diameter ; 
branches  of  corticating  filaments  of  stipe  com- 
pactly cymose-fastigiate,  the  ultimate  divisions 
scarcely  longer  than  broad,  truncate,  truncate-ob- 
tuse, or  commonly  with  expanded  truncate-capi- 
tate apices.  3.  TJ.  cyatJiiformis. 
Filaments  of  flabellum  appendaged ;  calcareous  sheaths,  if 
differentiated,  non-porose. 

Filaments  strongly  constricted  above  dichotomies ;  ap- 
pendages crowned  with  2-8  acuminate  prongs  or 
spines.  4.   U.  spinulosa. 

Filaments  not  constricted  above  dichotomies ;  append- 
ages simple  or  sparingly  furcate,  obtuse,  truncate, 
or  capitate.  5.   U.  Wilsoni. 

1    Udotea  Flabellum  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  31:  94. 

1904. 
Corallina  Flabellum  Ell.  &  Soland.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  124.  pi.  2i.  f.  A,  B, 

C.     1786. 
Flahellaria  pavonia  Lamarck,  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  20:  301.     1813. 
Udotea  fladellata  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  311.     1816. 
Flahellaria  incrustata  Chauvin,  Eecherehes  123.     1842. 
Udotea  Halimeda  Kiitz.  Sp.  Alg.  503.     1849. 

Common  on  a  sandy  or  muddy  bottom,  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to 
30-40  meters.  New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Garden  Cay,  Bimini. 
Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island, 
and  Salt  Cay: — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Guadeloupe  and  Panama  (Colon).  Type 
from  "  West  Indies." 

2.  Udotea  conglutinata  (Ell.  &  Soland.)   Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  312.     1816. 

Corallina  conglutinata  Ell.  &•  Soland.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  125.  pi.  25.  f.  7. 
1786. 

Flahellaria  conglutinata  Lamarck,  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.   20:    301.     1813. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to  14  meters  or  more. 
New  Providence,  Andros,  .Joulter's  Cays,  North  Cat  Cay,  Bimini,  Green  Cay,  Wat- 
ling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos,  and  Castle  Island  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  the 
American  Virgin  Islands.     Type  from  the  Bahama  Islands. 

3.  Udotea  cyathiformis  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  18:  106.     1842. 

Udotea  conglutinata  Vickers,  Phyc.  Barbad.  1:  pi.  32.     1908. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to  30  meters  or  more. 
Berry  Islands,  Bimini,  North  Cat  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Castle 
Island: — North  Carolina  to  Barbados  and  Panama  (Colon).  Type  from  Isles  des 
Saintes,   Guadeloupe. 

4.  Udotea  spinulosa  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  36:   97.  pi.  4.  f.  2;  pi.  8. 

f.    1-7.     1909. 
On   a   sandy   bottom  near   low-water   mark.     Bimini    (type)  : — American   Virgin 
Islands   (in  30-40  meters,  fide  Borgesen). 

5.  Udotea  Wilsoni  Gepp  &  Howe,  Siboga  Exped.  Monog.  62:  130.  pi.  7.  f.  66; 

pi.  8.  f.  67,  68.     1911. 
On  a  sandy  bottom  in  shallow  water.     Anguilla  Isles  (type)  : — Florida  and  Cuba. 

7.    HALIMEDA  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.   Sci.   Soc.  Philom.   3:    186    (as 

Ealimedea*).     1812. 

Opuntia  Nacc.  Fl.  Yen.  6:    104.     1828.     Not  Opuntia  L. 

Sertolara  (Imp.)   Nardo,  Isis  1834:   673.     1834. 

BOTRTOPHORA  Bompard,  Hedwigia   6:    129.     1867. 

Segments  reniform,  semiorbicular,  or  deltoid-obovate,  margins  entire  or  (in  H. 
Opuntia)  crenate  or  sometimes  lobed.  Nodal  filaments  of  central  strand  fusing 
more  or  less  completely  in  pairs  or  in  threes^. 

*  Afterwards  (1816)  changed  by  Lamouroux  himself  to  Halimeda. 


CODIACEAE. 


G15 


Peripheral  utricles  galeate-cuspidato.  1.  U.acahra. 

Peripheral  utricles  truncate  or  rounded-obtuse. 

Fusion  of  nodal  filaments  complete  (or  sometimes  In- 
complete in  H.  discoidea)  ;  segments  not  ribbed 
or  nerved. 
Peripheral  utricles  in  contact  for  one-eighth  of  their 
length  or  less ;  utricles  of  subcortical  layer  sub- 
turbinate,  obconic,  cornucopiaeform,  or  clavate, 
35-110 /i  in  max.  width;  segments  moderately 
calcitied.  ."i-lT)  mm.  broad.  2.  //.  Tuna. 

Peripheral  utricles  in  contact  for  one-fifth  to  two- 
thirds  of  their  length ;  utricles  of  the  subcortical 
layer  bullate,  mostly  ventricose-obovold,  110-215/1 
in    max.    width ;    segments    very    lightly    calcified, 

6-35  mm.  broad.  3.   //.  discoidea. 

Fusion  of  nodal  filaments  incomplete  (i.e.,  filaments  re- 
taining their  identity)  in  pairs;  segments  more  or 
less  ribbed  or  nerved.  4.  //.  Opuntia. 

Segments     discoid    or    subterete,    often     3-lobed    or    3-dentate. 
Nodal    filaments    of    the    central    strand    coherent,    com- 
municating by  pits,  pores,  or  very  short  tubular  processes, 
very  rarely    (especially  in  H.  Monile)   merely  thick-walled 
and   separable. 
Peripheral    utricles    less    than    80  /t    in    average    maximum 
diameter,  surface  view. 
Pe/ipheral    utricles   49-77  fx   in   average   maximum    diam- 
eter, surface  view  :  Fegments  usually  flattened.  5.  //.  tHdcns. 
Peripheral    utricles   30-44  /x   in    average   maximum    diam- 
eter. 
Segments  mostly  subterete.                                                          0.  //.  ^fonile. 
Segments  discoid    (suggesting  U.   Tuva).  7.  II .  nimuluns. 
Peripheral  utricles  175-190  fi  in  average  maximum  diameter, 

surface  view.  8.  H.  favulosa. 

Segments  obovoid.  pyriform,  or  subglobose.  Nodal  filaments  of 
the  central  strand  fusing  in  twos  or  threes  or  rarely  fours, 
the   resulting   filaments   sometimes    again    incompletely    fused.  9.  77.  Inrrimosa. 

1.  Halimeda  scabra  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:  241.  pi.  11,  12.     1905. 

Common  on  rocks,  old  corals,  the  bases  of  sponges,  etc.,  from  low-water  mark 
down  to  a  depth  of  3  meters  or  more.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island.  Rerry  Islands, 
Great  Bahama,  Rimini,  North  Cat  Cay,  South  Cat  Cay.  Gun  Cay.  Eleuthera.  Exuma 
Chain,  Watling's  Island.  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana.  Caicos  Islands.  Castle  Island. 
Great  Ragged  Island.  Anguilla  Isles,  and  Salt  Cay : — Florida.  Type  from  Sands 
Key,  Florida. 

2.  Halimeda  Tuna   (Ell.  &  Soland.)   Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  309.  pJ.  11.  f.  Sa. 

1816. 

Corallina  Tuna  Ell.  &  Soland.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  111.  pi.  20.  f.  e.     1786. 
Flabellaria  Tuna  Lamarck,  Ann.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.  20:   302.     1813. 
Halimeda  platydisca  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  18:   102.     1842. 

On  rocks,  etc.,  from  low-water  mark  down  to  60  meters.  Atwood  Cay, 
Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island,  and  Anguilla  Isles: — Rermudn 
and  Florida  to  Jamaica  and  Barbados ;  apparently  of  wide  distribution  in  the 
warmer  seas.     Type  from  the  Mediterranean   Sea. 

3.  Halimeda  discoidea  Decaisne,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  II.  18:   102.     1842. 

Mostly  in  shallow,  somewhat  agitated  water  (down  to  20-40  meters,  fide 
Borgesen)    Great  Bahama  : — Florida,    Cuba,   Porto  Rico,    Lower   California,    Hawaii, 

and  the  I*hilipi)iues.     Type  locality  unknown    ("  Kamtschatka  '*). 

4.  Halimeda  Opuntia  (L.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polj-p.  308.     1816. 

Corallina  Opuntia  L.  Syst.  Nat.  1:   805  p.p.  1758.     Ell.  &  Sol.  Nat.  Hist. 
Zooph.  110.  pi.  SO.  f.  h.     17S6. 

Common  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  20  meters  or  more, 
often  forming  extensive  beds.  New  Providence.  Rose  Island.  Berry  Islands.  South 
Cat  Cay,  Gun  Cay,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island.  Mariguana,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : 
— Florida  to  Barbados  and  Panama  (Colon)  :  widely  distributt'd  in  the  warmer  seas 
and  important  as  a  reef-builder  and  land-former.     Type  from   .Tamaica. 


616  CODIACEAE. 

5.  Halimeda  tridens  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  308.     1816. 

CoraUina  tridens  Ell.  &  Soland.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  109.     1786. 
Corallina  incrassata  Ell.  &  Soland.  loc.  cit.  111. 
Halimeda  incrassata  Lamour.  Hist.  Polyp.  307.     1816. 
Halimeda  hrevicaulis  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  8:  11.  pi.  S5.  f.  II.     1858. 

Very  common  on  a  sandy  or  muddy  bottom  from  near  the  low-water  mark  down 
to  40  meters  or  more.  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Andros,  Great  Bahama,  North 
Cat  Cay,  Green  Cay.  Exuma  Chain.  Cat  Island.  \Yatlin.£j's  Island.  Atwood  Cay. 
Marigiiana,  Caicos  Islands,  Castle  Island,  Great  Ragged  Island,  Salt  Cay,  and 
Angnilla  Isles  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Guadeloupe  ;  also  in  the  tropical  seas  of 
the  Eastern  Hemisphere.     Type  from  the  Bahama  Islands. 

6.  Halimeda  Monile  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamonr.  Hist.  Polyp.  306.     1816. 

Corallina  Monile  Ell.  &  Soland.  Nat.  Hist.  Zooph.  110.  1786. 
Halimeda  incrassata  monilis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am.  3:  24.  1858. 
Halimeda  tridens  Monile  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:   564.     1905. 

Common  on  a  sandv  bottom,  often  with  H.  tridens  and  H.  simulons.  but  dis- 
tinct. Rose  Island,  Cat"^ Island,  Watling's  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Great 
Ragged  Island,  Salt  Cay,  and  Anguilla  Isles  : — 'Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Guadeloupe 
and  Panama    (Colon).     Type  from  Jamaica. 

7.  Halimeda  simulans  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  34:   503.  pi.  S9.     1907. 

On  a  sandy  bottom,  rocks,  old  corals,  etc..  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to 
a  depth  of  several  meters.  Berry  Islands,  Atwood  Cay.  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands, 
and  Great  Ragged  Island  : — Bermuda.  Florida.  Cuba,  .Tamaica.  Porto  Rico,  American 
Virgin  Islands,  and  Panama    (Colon).     Type  from  Culebra  Island,  Porto  Rico. 

8.  Halimeda  favulosa  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:  563.  pi.  23;  pi.  24; 

pi.  26.  f.  1-6.     1905. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  in  shallow  water.  Rose  Island  and  Exuma  Chain.  Type 
from  Cave  Cays,  Exuma  Chain.     Apparently  endemic. 

9.  Halimeda  lacrimosa  M.  A.  Howe,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  36 :  93.  pi.  4.  f.  1 ;  pi.  6. 

f.  3-11.     1909. 

On  a  sandy  bottom  from  near  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  10-20 
meters  or  more.  Exuma  Chain,  Mariguana,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Cuba. 
Type  from   Mariguana. 

8.    CODIUM  Stackh.   Ner.  Brit,  xvi,  xxii,  xxiv.     1797. 

Lamarckia  Olivi,   Zool.   Adriat.   258.     1792.     Not   Lamarckia   Medic.     1789. 

Spongodium  Lamour.  Essai  71,  72.     1813. 

Agardhia  Cabrera;  Ag.  Syn.  Alg.  Scand.  xxiv.     1817. 

Thallus  mostly  erect  and  fruticose. 

Peripheral  utricles  cylindric-clavate,  mostly  75-200  ^  in  max.  diam. ;  thallus  dull 
and    rather    rigid    when    dry,    the    branches    not    con- 
stricted at  base.  1.  C.  tomentosum. 
Periphpral     ntri'^'ps     obovoid.     obf^nnic.     ov     soblet-shappd. 
mostly    ].50-.3O0;u    in    max.    diam.:    thallus    commonly 
nitent  and  rather  flaccid  when  dry,  the  branches  con- 
stricted at  base.                                                                                     2.   C.isthmocladtim.. 
Thallus  adherent,  prostrate,  or  repent.                                                 3.  C.  intertextum. 

1.  Codiiim  tomentosum  (Huds.)  Stackh.  Ner.  Brit.  xxiv.     1797. 
Fucus  tomentosus  Huds.  El.  Angl.  584.     1778. 

On  rocks,  etc.  in  shnllow  wnt^r.  North  Cat  Cay.  Eleuthera.  Atwood  Cay.  and 
Caicos  Islands : — Bermuda  and  North  Carolina  to  Panama  (Colon")  and  South 
America  ;  widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  seas.     Type  from  Great  Britain. 

QocUnm  deoorticatutn  (Woodw.)  M.  A.  Howe  (C.  elonqatum  Ag.)  has  not  yet 
been  reported  from  the  Bahamas,  but  is  likely  to  occur.  It  differs  from  C.  tomen- 
tosiim  in  being  more  elongate,  more  sparingly  branched,  by  flattened  expansions 
under  the- dichotomies,  and  by  the  much  larger  utricles. 


CHARACEAE.  G17 

2.  Codium  isthmocladum  Vickers,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Rot.   IX.  1:   57,     190.3. 

In  shallow  water.  Berry  Islands  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados.  Type 
from    Barbados. 

The  only  Bahamian  specimen  seen  that  seems  referable  to  this  sporles  is 
coarser,  more  rigid,  and  less  nitent  than  the  typical  form,  but  conforms  in  the 
characters  of  the  peripheral  utricles  and  sporangia. 

3.  Codium  intertextum  Collins  &  Hervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  53:  54.     101 7. 

Under  shelving  rocks  and  in  crevices,  closely  adherent.  Gun  Cay  and  Atwood 
Cay  : — Bermuda  and  Florida  to  Barbados.     Type  from   Bermuda. 

3a.  Codium  intertextum  cribrosum  M.  A.  Howe,  var.  nov. 

Codium  adliaerens  M.  A.  Howe;   Gardner,  Univ.  California  Pul>l.  Hot.  6: 
492,  496.  vl.  42.  f.  9.     1919.     Not  C.  adliaerens  (Cabr.)   Ag. 

Wall  of  the  peripheral  utricles  (of  the  more  exposed  at  least)  slightly 
thickened  at  the  apex,  the  incrassate  area  mostly  5-13  ii  thick  and  internally 
cribrose-pitted,  the  walls  elsewhere  mostly  1-2  p.  thick. 

On  rocks  and  other  algae,  from  above  low-water  mark  down  to  a  depth  of  at 
least  12  meters.  Little  Harbor  Cay,  Berry  Islands  (Hotce  3585-type)  : — Jamaica 
and  Porto  Rico. 

It  was  at  first  thought  that  the  peculiar  pitting  of  the  apical  walls  of  the 
utricles  might  be  sufficient  to  warrant  ranging  this  plant  in  the  specific  category, 
but  the  occasional  occurrence  of  similarly  marked  utricles  in  plants  otherwise  pre- 
dominantly agreeing  with  C  intertextum  (c.  <j.,  no.  3130  from  Gun  Cay)  would 
seem  to  make  this  impractical. 

Family  13.     VAUCHERIACEAE. 

1.    DICHOTOMOSIPHON  Ernst,  Beih.  Bot.  Centralbl.  13:    115.     1902. 

1.  Dichotomosiphon  pusillus  Collins,  Tufts  College  Stud.  2:  431.     1909. 

On  and  with  Amphitia  on  roots  of  Rhizoplwra,  in  tide-pools  and  lagoons,  and 
often  forming  a  compact  dark-green  velvety  turf  on  rocks  between  the  tide-lines 
and  on  the  mud  in  Rhizophora  associations.  New  Providence,  Exuma  Chain.  Wat- 
ling's  Island,  and  Great  Ragged  Island : — Bermuda  to  Jamaica.  Type  from  West 
Indies   (Jamaica). 

The  filaments  show  a  wide  range  in  size,  even  in  a  single  tuft,  varying  from 
15^  to  60^  in  diameter. 

Family  14.     CHARACEAE. 

1.  *CHARA  L.  Sp.  PI.    1156.     1753. 

Stems   triply   corticated,   but,   by   imperfect   development   of  some   of  the  secondary 
cells  usually  appearing  doubly  corticated;   stipulodes  forming  a  single  whorl;   at 
least  the  basal  leaf-internode  uncorticated  ;  dioicous  ;  spine- 
cells  conspicuous  on  all  stem-internodes. 

1.   C.  Ilunirmaiiiiii. 
Stems  usually  very  regularly  triply  corticated  ;  stipules  form- 
ing a  double  whorl ;  monoicous. 
Some  or  all  leaflets  well  developed.  2.  r,  folinlo-on. 

All  leaflets  at  sterile  nodes  greatly  reduced.  3.  C.  haitcusis. 

1.  Chara  Hornemannii  Wallm.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  ITandl.  1852:  2S8.     1S.)4. 
■     Chara  ceratophylla  Halsted,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  20:    1S2.     1S79. 
Not  C.  ceratophylJa  Wallr. 

In  salt  or  brackish  ponds.  New  Providence.  Exuma  Chain,  and  Watllng's 
Island  : — southern  Florida  and  New  Mexico  through  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico  to 
southern  Brazil.     Type  from  Crab  Island   (Vieques),  Porto  Rico. 

*  Determinations  chiefly  by  the  late  Dr.  Charles  Budd  Robinspn  and  tlif  key 
and  synonvmv  adapted  from  the  paper  published  by  him  in  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  G^t4*^ 
4:   244-308.    '  1906. 

40  ' 


618  CHAKACEAE. 

2.  Chara  foUolosa  Muhl.;  Willd.  Mem.  Acad.  Eoy.  Berlin  1803:  86.  pi  1.  f.  2. 

18>0'5. 

Chara  polyphylla  Muhlenhergii  A.   Br.  Boston   Jour.   Nat.   Hist.  5:    264. 

1845. 
Chara  Wikstromii  Wallm.  K.  Vet.-Akad.  Handl.  1852:    297.     1854. 
Chara  gymnopus  Hurnboldtii  A.  Br.;  Allen,  Char.  Am.  2.     1880. 
Chara  depauperata  Allen,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  21 :  167.  pi.  192.     1894. 
Chara  zeylanica  H.  &  J.  Groves,  in  Urban,  Sjmb.  Antill.  7:  40.     1911. 

In  fresh-water  and  brackish  ponds.  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Abaco, 
Cat  Island,  and  Great  Exuma  : — Pennsylvania  to  South  America.  Type  from  South 
America.  The  type  of  C.  depauperata,  here  considered  a  synonym,  was  from  New 
Providence. 

3.  Chara  haitensis  Turpin,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  Veg.  Acot.  pi.  101.  (Livr.  40:  pi.  1). 

1826. 

Chara  polyphylla  A.  Br.  Flora  18 :  70.     1835. 
Chara  Michauxii  A.  Br.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.  46:  93.     1844. 
Chara  gymnopus  Michauxii  A.  Br.;  Allen,  Ctar.  2.     1880. 
Chara  zeylanica  Michauxii  H.  &  J.  Groves,  in  Urban,  Symb.  Antill.  7:  42. 
1911. 

In  fresh-water  and  brackish  ponds.  Inagua  : — Illinois  and  Virginia  to  Haiti, 
Jamaica,  and  South  America.     Type  from  Haiti. 

Sub-class  MYXOPHYOEAE. 

Contributed  by  Frank  S.  Collins. 
Family  1.     CHROOCOCCACEAE 

1.     CHROOCOCCUS  Nag.  Gatt.  45.     1849. 

Cells  3-8 IX  in  diameter.  3 .   C.  memhraninus. 

Cells  13-25  M  in  diameter.  2.  C.  tiirgidus. 

1.  Chroococcus  membraninus  (Menegli.)  Nag.  Gatt.  46.     1849. 

Pleurococcus  membraninus  Menegli.  Monogr.  34.  pi.  4.  f.  1.     1843. 

Among  other  small  algae,  in  company  with  Chroococcus  turgidus,  Caicos  Islands  : 
— Europe  ;  Bermuda.     Type  from  Italy. 

2.  Chroococcus  turgidus  (Kiitz.)  Nag.  Gatt.  46.     1849. 

Protococcus  turgidus  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  1:  5.  pi.  6.  f.  1.     1846. 

Among  other  blue-green  algae,  Caicos  Islands : — of  world-wide  distribution, 
marine  and  fresh  water.     Type  from  Europe. 

2.    APHANOCAPSA  Nag.   Gatt.  52.     1849. 
1.  Aphanocapsa  Howei  Collins,  sp.  no  v. 

Marina.  Cellulis  9-15  fi  diam.,  spbaericis,  raro  subfusiformibus,  mem- 
brana  pertenui,  plasmate  homogeneo;  cellulis  in  gelatina  communi  hyalina  mol- 
lissima  inordinatis;  strato  obscuro-  vel  atro-aerugineo. 

Cells  9-15  fM  in  diameter,  spherical  or  rarely  slightly  fusiform,  wall  very 
thin,  substance  homogeneous,  color  pale  aeruginous;  forming  a  dull  or  dark 
aeruginous  stratum,  united  by  thin,  homogeneous  common  gelatine,  closely  set 
in  no  definite  order. 


CHROOCOOC'ACEAE.  619 

5091  ay^ef'^Sfl^^fm'^  '^  ^^^*  ^''"'''  '^^''^^•'"^'s  Island,  November  25.  1907,  J/.  ^.  //oicc 
The  genei-iU  gelatine  is  very  thin,  hardly  perceptible  except  by  use  of  stains: 
at  first  glance  the  plant  would  be  taken  for  a  si)ecie8  of  tiyncchucyntiH.  Some  of  the 
cells,  usually  those  near  the  surface  of  the  colonv,  show  a  thlck<-r  icgum.-nt  outside 
the  very  thin  cell  wall.  Its  nearest  relative  appears  to  be  A.  Ztniardlnii  (Hiiuck) 
Hansg.*  of  Southern  Europe  and  liorneo,  which  has  cells  of  much  the  same  dlim-n- 

*  The  record  in  Forti,  Syll.  Myx.  68.  of  the  occurrence  of  A.  Zanardinii  In  North 
America  "Massachusetts  (Collins)  "  is  wrong.  The  writer  has  never  found  it  and 
has  never  seen  American  material. 

sions,  but  of  deeper  color  "  viridi-smaragdino,"  and  arranged  by   '2  or  4   in  a   llrmer, 
more  sharply  defined  common  gelatine. 

3.    GLOEOCAPSA   Kiitz.    Phyc.    Gen.    173.     1843. 

Marine ;  teguments  brownish.  1.   a.huhnimnsiH. 

Terrestrial. 

Teguments  red;  cells  4.5-7^  in  diameter.  2.   (J.Mdumn. 

Teguments  violet  or  steel-blue;  cells  2.5-3. 5^  in  diameter.  3.   0.  liutiirola. 

1.  Gloeocapsa  'bahamensis  Collins^  sp.  nov. 

Marina.  Cellulis  indivisis  4-8  fi  diam.,  sine  mcmhrana  3-5  n,  pallide 
aerugineis,  in  familias  4-24  cellularum  unitis;  tegunientis  amplis,  distinetis, 
lamellosis,  sub-  vel  perfuscis;  familiis  sparsis  vel  inter  myxophyceas  varias  in 
crustam  fuscam  compactis. 

Undivided  cells  4-8  a''  in  diameter,  without  wall  3-5  m  in  diameter,  pale 
aeruginous;  teguments  wide,  lamellose,  distinct,  lighter  or  darker  brown;  fam- 
ilies scattered  or  loosely  compacted  with  other  Myxophyceae  into  a  brownish 
crust. 

On  the  border  of  a  salt  pond,  east  end  of  Mariguana,  December  12,  U>u7,  .1/.  .t. 
Howe  5538  (type). 

The  cells  in  this  material  are  dividing  so  rapidly  that  single  free  cells  are  seldom 
seen ;  the  wide  teguments  may  persist  through  many  generations  of  cell  division. 
G.  crepidinum  Thuret,  the  best  known  and  most  generally  distributed  species,  has  thin 
and  rather  inconspicuous  teguments,  the  cells,  not  including  the  walls,  larger,  the 
color  brownish.  O.  deusta  (Menegh.)  Kiitz.  also  has  larger  cells  and  thinner  tegu- 
ments, with  cells  and  teguments  dark  green  to  blackish. 

2.  Gloeocapsa  Magma  (Breb.)  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  1:  17.  pi.  SIS.  f.  1.     1847. 

Protococciis  Magma,  Breb.  Alg.  de  Falaise,  40.  pi.  4.     1836. 

Among  other  blue-green  algae,  New  Providence  : — of  wide  distribution  Inland  In 
warm  and  temperate  regions.     Type  from  France. 

3.  Gloeocapsa  lignicola  Eab.  Fl.  Eur.  Alg.  2:  41.     18G5. 

On  bark,  New  I'rovidence,  first  American  record  : — I-]urope.     Type  inmi  France. 

4.    ENTOPHYSALIS  Kiitz.  Phyc.  Gen.  177.     1843. 
1.  Entophysalis  violacea  Collins,  sp.  nov. 

Marina.  Cellulis  sphaericis,  4-5  fi  diam.,  sine  membrana  2-3  n  diam., 
elongatis  ante  divisionem,  atroviolaceis,  membrana  hyalina,  incolori  vel  plus- 
minus  coerulescente;  cellulis  2,  interduni  4,  in  membrana  matricali  persi.stente, 
series  longitudinales  indefinitas  formantibus;  seriebus  dense  comi)actis  in  stra- 
tum tenue  firmum  nigrum. 

•Cells  with  wall  sj)herical,  4-5  /jl  in  diameter,  becoming  elongate  when 
dividing,  without  wall  2-3  /x  in  diameter,  color  dark  violet,  wall  translucent, 
colorless  or  more  or  less  bluish;  cells  usually  2,  occasionally  4  in  the  mother- 
cell  wall,  in  indefinite  longitudinal  series,  closely  packed  to  form  a  thin  smooth 
black  crust. 

On  rocks  at  low  water  mark,  Atwood  Cay,  December  3,  1907,  M.  A.  Hotcc  52S2 
(type) . 

e!  granulosa  Kiitz.,  the  type  of  the  genus,  forms  a  thicker,  warty  and  grnnulnr 


620  OSCILLATORIACEAE. 

crust  of  a  brown  color  :  the  cells  are  somewhat  larger  than  in  the  present  species, 
and  brownish  or  yellowish.  E.  violacea  approaches  the  genus  Placoma  in  the  ten- 
dency of  the  cells  to  arrange  in  radiate  filaments,  but  the  tendency  is  less  marked 
than  in  Placoma,  and  the  frond  is  closely  adherent  to  the  substratum,  not  bullate 
and  hollow  as  in  Placoma. 

5.    GLOEOTHECE    Nag.    Gatt.    57.     1849. 

1.  Gloeothece  rupestris   (Lyngb.)   Bornet;  Wittr.  &  Nordst.  Alg.  Exsicc.  399. 
1880. 
Palmella  rupestris  Lyngb.  Tent.  207.  pi.  69.  f.  D.     1819. 

On  rocks,  nearly  pure,  Caicos  Islands  : — common  everywhere  in  small  quantity 
among  other  algae,  especially  in  shallow  pools,  both  alongshore  and  inland  ;  of  gen- 
eral distribution.     Type  from  Denmark. 

Very  variable  ;  teguments  often  diffluent,  giving  the  appearance  of  Aphanothece. 

6.    ONCOBYKSA  Ag.  Flora  10:   629.     1827. 

1.  Oncobyrsa  marina  (Grun.)  Eab.  Flor.  Eur.  Alg.  2:  68.     1865. 

Hydrococcus  marinus  Grun.  Verb.  Zool.-Bot.  Ges.  Wien.  11:   420.     1861. 

On  Cliondrla,  Mariguana  : — Europe  ;  Africa  ;  Bermuda.  Type  from  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

Family  2.     CHAMAESIPHONACEAE. 

1.  HYELLA  Born.  &  Flab.  Jour,  de  Bot.  2:   162.     1888. 

1.  Hyella  caespitosa  Born.  «&  Flab,  loc.  cit. 

In  dead  shel's,  common  : — generally  distributed.     Type  from  France. 

2.    DERMOCARPA  Crouan,  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  Bot.  lY.  9:   70.     1858. 

1.  Dermocarpa  prasina   (Keinscb)   Bornet  &  Tbiiret^  Notes  Alg.  75.  pi.  26.  f. 
6-9.     1880. 

Sphaeno siphon  prasinus  Eeinscb,  Contrib.  17.  pi.  26.  f.  1.     1875. 

On  Catenella  Opuntia  pinnata.  Berry  Islands  ;  probably  to  be  found  wherever 
the  host  occurs  :■ — Europe.     Type  from  Europe. 

The  common  species  of  the  New  England  coast,  which  has  passed  under  this 
name,  has  much  larger  cells,  and  was  segregated  by  Borgesen  as  D.  Farlowii. 

3.    XENOCOCCUS  Tburet,  Ann.  Sci.  Bot.  VI.  1:    373.     1875. 

1.  Xenococcus  Schousboei  Tburet  in  Born.  &  Tbur.  Notes  Alg.  76.  pi.  S6.  f.  1-2. 
1880. 

Attached  to  wall  of  Lynghya  sp.,  Atwood  Cay  : — of  general  distribution.  Type 
from  northern  Africa. 

Family  3.     OSCILLATORIACEAE. 

1.    OSCILLATORIA  Vaucber,  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  218.     1893. 

Trichomes  not  torulose,  4-1  Oyu,  in  diameter.  4.  O.  tenuis. 
Trichomes  distinctly  torulose. 

Stratum  and  trichomes  red  or  red-brown.  2.  O.  miniata. 
Stratum   and  trichomes  aeruginous  or  chalybeous. 

Trichomes  10-20 «  in  diameter,  apex  straight.  1.  O.sancta. 

Trichomes  6-10  ^  in  diameter,  apex  usually  curved.  3.  O.  Corallinae. 

1.  Oscillatoria  sancta  Kiitz.  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  229.  pi.  6.  f.  12.      1803 

Atwood  Cay  : — generally  distributed,  normally  in  fresh  water.     Type  from  Italy. 

2.  Oscillatoria  miniata  Hauck  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.   236.     1893. 

Floating,  with  TricJiodcsminm  Thichavtii,  in  Gulf  Stream  between  Gun  Cay  and 
Florida  : — Bermuda  ;  Guadeloupe  ;  and  Adriatic  Sea.     Type  from  Adriatic  Sea. 


OSCILLATORIACEAE.  621 

3.  Oscillatoria  Corallinae  Gomont,  Monogr.  238.  ;»/.  6.  f.  21.     1893. 

On  HaUmcda,  etc.,  Mariguana  : — Europe;  North  Arm-rlcn.     Type  from  Trance. 

4.  Oscillatoria  tenuis  Ag,  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  241.     1893. 

Watling's  Island: — of  world-wide  distrihutlon.  fresh  water,  oconslonallv  s,,!,- 
marine.     Type  from  Sweden.  • 

2.   TRICHODESMIUM  Ehrenb.  Ann.  Phys.  u.  Chem.  18:  506.     1830. 

1.  Trichodesmium  Thiebautii  Gomont,  Jour,  do  Bot.  4:  356.     1890. 

Pelagic  in  Gulf  Stream,  between  Gun  Pay  and  Florida  : — Bermuda  :  Guadeloupe  • 
and  Canary  Islands.     Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

3.    PHORMIDIUM  Kiitz.  ex  Gomont,  ^fonogr.  176.     1893. 

Trichomes  distinctly  torulose.  1.2-2  3 u  in  diametor.  1.   P.  franiU 

Trichomes  not  torulose. 

Trichomes  less  than   2  <<  in   diameter;   forming  definite  carti- 
laginous discs  or  cushions.  2.   I'.  ![( mlrrftnuii. 
Trichomes  2u  in  diameter  or  more. 

Trichomes  2-2.5  u  in  diameter,  cells  l.."-3  diameters  long.      ?,.   P.  vahlrrinnum. 
Trichomes  over  ^u  in  diameter. 

Apical   cell  obtusely  conical,   trichomes  ,3-4. . 5  w  in   di- 
ameter. 4.   P.  Corium. 
Apical  cell  truncate,  cells  T*  m  in  diameter  or  more. 
Cells  usually  shorter  than  their  diameter,  dissepi- 
ments  often   constricted,  sheaths   loose   and  dif- 
fluent, n.   P.  Rrizii. 
Cells  usually  longer  than  their  diameter,  trichomes 

always  cylindrical,  sheath  close,  persistent.  6.  P.  puhinntum. 

1.  Phormidium  fragile  Gomont,  Monogr.  183.  pi.  4.  f.  13-1.'>.     1893. 

On  walls  of  fresh-water  tanks.  New  Providence  : — Europe :  Africa  ;  North  Amer- 
ica.    Type  from  Italy. 

2.  Phormidium  Hendersonii  M.  A.  Howe.  Smiths.  :Nrisc.  Coll.  68":  3.     1918. 

Forming  definite  discs  or  cushions  on  rocks,  Watling's  Island  : — Cuba,  Porto 
Rico.     Type  from  Cuba. 

3.  Phormidium  valderianum  Gomont,  Monogr.  197.  pi.  4.  f.  20.    1893. 

Among  other  algae.  New  Providence,  North  Cat  Cay.  Watling's  Island: — Europe; 
North  America  ;  fresh  water  and  marine.     Type  from  Italy. 

4.  Phormidium  Cdrium  Gomont,  Monogr.  192.  pJ.   '>.  f.  IS.     1893. 

Great  Ragged  Island  : — generally  distributed.     Type  fr<im  Sweden. 

5.  Phormidium  Retzii  Gomont,  Monogr.  195.  pi  5.  f.  G-9.     1893. 

Caicos  Islands  : — generally  distributed.     Type  from   Swt'don. 

6.  Phormidium  pulvinatum  Collins,  sp.  nov. 

Mariniim.  Strato  pallida  aerugineo,  crasso,  compacto,  pulvinato;  filam- 
entis  rectis  vel  leviter  eurvatis,  vaginis  tenuibus,  membranaceis,  persistontibus, 
adhaerentibus  nee  dlffliientibns ;  trichomatibus  ]>allide  aeruginois,  cylindriois, 
apiee  reetis,  non  capitatis  nee  attenuatis;  collulis  7-9  m  «Ham.,  5-H  diam. 
longis;  dir,sepimentis  non  graniilatis;  cellula  npieali  rotundata. 

Stratum  pale  aeruginous,  thick,  compact,  pulvinato;  filaments  straight  or 
slightly  curved;  sheaths  thin,  membranaeoous,  persistent,  adherent  but  not 
dififluent;  trichomes  pale  aeruginous,  cylindrical,  apex  not  attenuate  nor  capi- 
tate, 7-9  M  in  diameter,  cells  3-H  diameters  long,  di.ssepiments  not  granulate; 
apical  cell  rounded. 


622  OSCILLATORIACEAE. 

Abundant  in  4-5  m.  water,  forming  pulvinate  masses  among  Thalassia,  Penicillus, 
etc.,  Cockburn  Harbor,  Soutti  Caicos  Island,  December  16,  1907,  M.  A.  Howe  5593 
(type). 

Nearest  allied  to  P.  Retzii,  but  differing  by  tlie  firmer  and  more  persistent 
sheaths,  the  uniformly  cylindrical  trichomes  and  the  generally  longer  cells,  as  well 
as  by  the  distinctly  marine  habitat.  There  is  more  or  less  lime  scattred  through  the 
mass,  but  incidentally  :  it  does  not  form  a  stony  mass  as  in  the  encrusting  species. 

4.    LYNGBYA   Kg.    ex    Gomont,   Monogr.    138.     1893. 

Filaments  attached  at  the  middle,  both  ends  free.  i    L.  gracilis 

Filaments  attached  at  one  end  or  without  definite  point  of  at- 
tachment. 
Filaments  spirally  wound  about  some  other  filamentous  alga.      7.  L.  epiphi/tica. 
Filaments  not  epiphytic  and  spiral. 

Trichomes  4u,  in  diameter  or  less,  seldom  over  3^.  6.  L.  Lagerheimii. 

Trichomes  over  5^  in  diameter. 

Trichomes  usually  20-40^  in  diameter;  length  of  cells 
1/6—1/15   of  the   diameter ;    dissepiments  not  gran- 
ulate. 3.  L.  majuscula. 
Trichomes  usually  16 m  in  diameter  or  less;  length  of 
cells  1/3-1/8  of  the  diameter  ;  dissepiments  usu- 
ally granulate. 
Trichomes    usually    9-16 ^t    in    diameter;    apex   not 

attenuate  nor  capitate  ;  stratum  usually  yellow.      4.  L.  confervoides. 
Trichomes  usually  more  or  less  attenuate  and  capi- 
tate. 
Sheath    becoming    yellowish    or    brownish    with 
age ;  stratum  mostly  aeruginous  or  rusty  ;  tri- 
chomes usually  10-16^.  2.  L.  aestuarii. 
Sheath  always  hyaline  ;  stratum  dull  or  yellow 

green;  trichomes  7-10  w  in  diameter.  5.  L.  semiplena. 

1.  Lyngbya  gracilis  Rab.  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  145.  pi.  2.  f.  20.     1893. 

Among  other  algae,  Exuma  Chain  ; — Europe  ;  North  America.     Type  from  Italy. 

2.  Lyngbya  aestuarii  (Mert.)  Liebmann  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  147.  pi.  3.  f.  1-2. 

1893. 

Exuma  Chain  : — common  on  all  shores.     Type  from  Denmark. 

2a.  Ljmgbya  aestuarii  forma  limicola  Gomont,  Monogr.  149.     1893. 

Exuma  Chain,  with  the  typical  form  ;  of  same  distribution.  Type  station  un- 
known. 

3.  Lyngbya  majuscula  Harv.  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  151.  pi.  3.  f.  3-4.     1893. 

New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Exuma  Chain.  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay, 
Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island  : — everywhere  in  tropical  and  warm 
temperate  waters.     Type  from  England. 

4.  Lyngbya  confervoides  Ag.  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  156.  x>l-  ^-  f-  5-6.     1893. 

New  Providence,  Joulter's  Cay.  Bimini,  Berry  Islands,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's 
Island,  Cat  Island,  Mariguana,  Caicos  Islands,  Great  Ragged  Island : — generally 
distributed  in  tropical  and  warm  temperate  waters.     Type  from  Spain. 

5.  Lyngbya  semiplena  J.  Ag.  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  158.  pi.  3.  f.  7-11.     1893. 

New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  Great  Bahama,  Exuma  Chain,  Watling's  Island, 
Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  Great  Ragged  Island  : — generally  distributed.  Type  from 
the  Mediterranean. 

6.  Lyngbya  Lagerheimii  Gomont,  Monogr.  167.  pi.  4.  f.  6-7.     1893. 

Caicos  Islands  : — Europe  ;  North  and  South  America.     Type  from  Brazil. 

7.  Lyngbya  epiphytica  Hieronymus;  Kirchner  in  Engl.  &  Prantl,  Nat.  Pflan- 

zenfam.  T":    67.     1898. 

Winding  about  the  filaments  of  Lyngbya  sp. ;  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay  : — 
Europe ;  North  America.     Type  from  Germany. 


OSCILLATORIACEAE.  623 

5.    PLECTONEMA  Thurct  ex  Goniont,  Monogr.  IIG.     1S93. 
Trichomes  torulose ;   filaments   inhabiting  colonies   of  Roiatinous 
Trichomes   not    torulose;    filaments    matted    into   a    rose-colored  - '">«  "'"riim. 


membrane. 


L'.   /',  rtiHioUttn. 


1.  Plectonema  nostocorum  Born,  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  122.  ;>/.  7.  /.  11.     1893. 

New  rrovidence,  in  colonies  of  (Jlocothccc,  etc. -.—common  evervwh.-r.'  in  Klmllar 
habitats.     Type  from  France. 

2.  Plectonema  roseolum  Gomont,  Moiiogr.  122.  pi.  1.  f.  9-10.     1893. 

On  sand  and  mud,  New  Providence: — Europe;  North  America.  Tvi..-  fr..m 
Germany. 

6.    SYMPLOCA  Kiitz.  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  124.     1893. 

1.  Symploca  hydnoides  forma  fruticulosa  Gomont,  Monogr.  127.     1S03. 

North  Cat  Cay  and  Great  Bahama  : — the  typical  form  Is  widely  distributed,  the 
type  from  Great  Britain ;  no  type  locality  for  the  forma  fruticulosa  which  occurs 
generally  with  the  typical  form. 

7.  HYDROCOLEUM  Kiitz.  ex  Gomont,  Monogr.  71.     IMt.''.. 

Sheath  cylindrical,  distinct.  1.  II.  comoidt  h. 

f;;heath   irregular,  often  becoming  shapeless  and  diflluent. 

Trichomes  usually  9-11  w.  in  diameter.  2.  II.  l}inuh]/arcum. 

Trichomes   seldom  under  17/i  in  diameter. 

Filaments  forming  tufts  attached  to  algae  or  to  sand 
and  rocks  ;  sheaths  broad,  with  irregular  and  erose 

margins,  but  fairly  persistent.  3.   II.  canthdiiilosmum. 

Filaments  not  attached,  forming  an  indefinite  gela- 
tinous stratum  ;  sheaths  very  irregular  or  shape- 
less,  soon  diffluent.  4.  H.  glutinosum. 

1.  Hydrocoleum  comoides  Gomont,  Monogr.  73,  pi.  12.  f.  3-5.     1893. 

Great  Bahama  and  Exuma  Chain: — Bermuda;  Guadeloupe;  Australia.  Type 
from  Australia. 

2.  Hydrocoleum  lyngbyaceum  Kiitz.  ex  Gomont,  75.  pJ.  12.  f.  8-10.     1893. 

Caicos  Islands  and  Great  Ragged  Islands  : — of  general  distribution.  Type  from 
France. 

3.  Hydrocoleum  cantharidosmum  Gomont,  Monogr.  74.  pJ.  12.  f.  6-7.     1893. 

Mariguana : — widely  distributed  in  warmer  waters.  Type  frt>m  the  Canary 
Islands. 

4.  Hydrocoleum  glutinosum  Gomont,  Monogr.  77.     1893. 

Caicos  Islands  : — Europe  and  America.     Type  from  Sweden. 

The  genus  Hydrocoleum  is  fairly  distinct  from  neighboring  genera,  but  the  spe- 
cies have  much  similarity.  Absolute  certainty  o(  determiniiiion  cnu  be  obtained 
only  by  observing  the  development  of  the  living  plant. 

8.  SCHIZOTHRIX   Kiitz.   ex   Gomont,   Monogr.   30.     1S93. 

Sheaths  hyaline,  trichomes  2-3 ^  in  diameter.  1.   S.  va</inata. 

Sheaths  w'ith  inner  layer  violet  or  slate  color;  outer  layer  hyaline, 

trichomes  7-9^1  in  diameter.  2.    S.chalybca. 

1.  Schizothrix  vaginata  Gomont,  Monogr.  40.  pi.  7.  f.  1-4.     1893. 

New  Providence  and  Caicos  Islands: — generally  distributed.  Typo  from  Switzer- 
land. 


624  SCYTONEMATACEAE. 

2.  Schizothrix  chalybea  Gomont,  Monogr.  57.  pi.  9.  f.  3-5.     1893. 

On  mud,  in  company  with  Sci/tonema  velutinum,  New  Providence.  Type  locality 
Mexico  ;  no  other  records.  The  determination  is  from  the  description,  as  type  ma- 
terial is  at  present  inaccessible. 

Family  4.     NOSTOCACEAE. 

1.   NOSTOC  Yaiieher,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  iSci.  Nat.  Bot.  YII.  7:  181.     1888. 

1.  Nostoc  commune  Yaucher,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  YII.  7: 

203.     1888. 

New  Providence,  Castle  Island,  and  Crooked  Island  : — universally  distributed  in 
warm  and  temperate  regions,  on  ground  and  rocks.     Type  from  Switzerland. 

2.  HORMOTHAMNION  Grunow,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  A^I. 

7:   259.     1888. 

1.  Hormothamnion  enteromorphoides  Grimow,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  loc.  cit.  260. 

1888. 

North  Cat  Cay,  Caicos  Islands,  and  Watling's  Island  : — generally  distributed  in 
tropical  and  subtropical  waters.     Type  from  Guadeloupe. 

Family  5.     SCYTONEMATACEAE. 

1.    SCYTONEMA  Ag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  YII.  5: 

85.     1887. 

1.   Sheaths  homogeneous  or  with  uniform  parallel  strata.  2. 

1.   Sheaths  with  plainly  divergent  strata.  5. 

2.  Aquatic  :  sheaths  firmly  membranaceous.  1.   iS.  cincinnatum. 

2.  Terrestrial.  3. 

3.  Heterocvsts  compressed,  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  tri- 

chome.  2.  S.  MiUei. 
3.  Heterocysts  quadrate  or  longer.                                                                                             4. 

4.  Filaments  mostly  prostrate,  10-18  u  in  diameter.  3.  8.  oceUattnn. 

4.  Filaments  in  erect  fascicles,  usually  7-12;u,  in  diameter.  4.  8.  Hofmanni. 

5.   Strata  of  sheath  moderately  divergent,  rather  firm.  5.  8.  myochrous. 
5.   Strata  of  sheath  strongly  divergent,  gelatinous  and  diflauent.                                     6. 

6.  Cells  and  heterocysts  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  filament.  6.  8.  velutinum. 

6.  Cells  quadrate  or  longer  ;  heterocysts  quadrate  or  globose.  7.  8.  crassum. 

1.  Scytonema  cincinnatum  Thiiret,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Bot.  YII.  5: 

89.     1887. 

New  Providence  and  Bimini : — widely  distributed.     Type  from  Germany. 

2.  Scytonema  Millei  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  YII.  5:  93.     1887. 

New  Providence,  Berry  Islands,  South  Cat  Cay,  and  Watling's  Island  : — North 
and  South  America.     Type  from  Guiana. 

3.  Scytonema  ocellatum  Lyngb.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  YII.  5: 

95.     1887. 

New  Providence  : — widely  distributed.     Type  from  Denmark. 

4.  Scytonema  Hofmanni  Ag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  YII.  5: 

97.     1887. 

New  Providence,  Abaco,  and  Acklin  Island : — widely  distributed.  Type  from 
Sweden. 


RIVULARIACEAE.  625 

5.  Scytonema  myochrous  Ag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.  Xat    Rot    VII    5- 

104.     1887.  ■      ■ 

Cat   Island.    Watlings   Island,    and    Great    Ragged    Island :— widely    dlBtrlhutcd. 
Tj'pe  from  Sweden. 

6.  Scytonema  velutinum  Rab.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.  Xat    Bot    VTT    5- 

108.  1887. 

New^  Providence,  Exuraa  Chain,  and  Abaco  :— Europe.     Type  from  Gt-rmany. 

7.  Scytonema  crassum  Nag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.   Ann.  Sei.   Nat.   Bot    VH    5- 

109.  1887. 

New  Providence: — Europe;  Ceylon.     Type  from  Italy. 

Family  6.     STIGONEMATACEAE. 

1.    MASTIGOCOLEUS  Lagerheim,  ex  Born  &  Flah.  Ann.  S.i.  Nat    Bot 
VII.  5:   54.     1SS7. 

1.  Mastigocoleus  testanim  Lagerheim,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  loc.  cit. 

2.    STIGONEMA  Ag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  Bot.  VII.     5: 

62.     1887. 

Fragments  of  a   Stiponema  have  been  found  mixed   with   other   algae,  but   not 
in  condition  for  specific  determination. 

Family  7.     RIVULARIACEAE. 

1.    CALOTHRIX  Ag.  ex  Born  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  Bot.   VII.  3: 

345.     1886. 

Trichoma  violet.  1.   C.  fuMcoviolacca. 

Trichome  olivaceous  or  aeruginous. 

More  or  less  endophytic.  3.  C.  txira^itica. 

Not  endophytic. 

Filaments  attached  at  the  middle.  o.   C.  inhtna. 

Filaments  attached  at  one  end. 

Usually  epiphytic,  forming  a  bright  aeruginous  con- 
tinuous coating;  filaments  usually  O-lO^t  in  diam- 
eter; intercalary  heterocysts  often  present.  4.  C.acrufjinea. 
Usually  saxicolous,  rarely  epiphytic,  forming  a  black- 
ish green  or  olivaceous  stratum  ;  filaments  lo-lS^i 
in  diameter;  heterocysts  basal.                                         2.  C.  sropulorum. 

1.  Calothrix  fusco-violacea  Crouan,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  Bot.  VII. 

3:  352.     1886. 

New  Providence  : — Europe  ;  North  America.  Type  from  France. 

2.  Calothrix  scopulonim  Ag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.   Nat.  Bot.  VII.  3: 

353.     1886. 

In   small  quantities,  with   other  algae: — widely   distributed.     Type   from   Great 
Britain. 

3.  Calothrix  parasitica  Thuret,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  Bot.  \\\.  3: 

357.  1886. 

In  small  quantities,  with  other  algae: — widely  distributed.     Type  from  France. 

4.  Calothrix  aeruginea  Thuret,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  Bot.  VII.  3: 

358.  1886. 

Berry  Islands  and  Great  Bahama  : — widely  distributed.     Type  from  Germany. 


626  DIATOMEAE. 

5.  Calothrix  pilosa  Harv.  ex  Born.  &  Flali.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  VII.  3:   363. 
1886. 

New  Providence  : — warm  waters  generally.     Type  from  Florida. 

2.  DICHOTHRIX  Zan.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  YIT.  3 : 

373.     1886. 

Filaments  17-22/^  in  diameter;  branches  long,  erect.  1.  D.  fucicola. 

Filaments  about  15  u  in  diameter;  branches  short,  flexuous.  2.  D.  penicillata. 

1.  Dichothrix  fucicola  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  YII.  3:   379.     1886. 

Watling's  Island,  Castle  Island,  and  Mariguana  : — Bermuda  ;  West  Indies  ;  Cen- 
tral America.     Type  from  Central  America. 

2.  Dichothrix  penicillata  Zan.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  VII.  3: 

379.     1886. 

Bimini.  Great  Bahama,  Berrv  Islands,  Castle  Island,  and  Watling's  Island  : — 
Red  Sea  ;  Florida  ;  West  Indies.     Type  from  Red  Sea. 

3.  POLYTHRIX  Zan.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  VII.  3: 

380.     1886. 

1.  Polythrix  corymbosa  Grunow,  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  loc.  cit.  380.     1886. 

New  Providence  and  Exuma  Chain  ; — widely  distributed  in  warm  waters.  Type 
from  Florida. 

4.  RIVULAEIA  Ag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  VII.  3: 

345.     1886. 

Trichomes  tapering  from  middle  to  each  end.  3.  R.  pohjotis. 
Trichomes  tapering  towards  apex  only. 

Trichomes  5-9  ^  in  diameter,  sheaths  wide,  loose.  1.  R.  Biasolettiana. 

Trichomes  2-5 /^  in  diameter,  sheaths  close,  compacted.  2.  R.  niticla. 

1.  Rivularia  Biasolettiana  Menegh.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  A^II. 

3:   352.     1886. 

Mariguana  and  Atwood  Cay  : — Europe  ;  North  America.     Type  from  the  Adriatic. 

2.  Rivularia  nitida  Ag.  ex  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  Aai.  3:  357.    1886. 

New  Providence  and  Exuma  Chain  : — generally  distributed.     Type  from  Sweden. 

3.  Rivularia  polydtis  Born.  &  Flah.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  Bot.  VII.  3;   360.     1886. 

Watling's  Island  : — Europe  ;   North  America.     Type  from  the  Mediterranean. 

Sub-class  DIATOMEAE 

Contributed  by  Charles  S.  Boyer. 

The  diatomaeeous  flora  pf  the  Bahamas  includes  twenty-five  or  more  genera 
most  of  which  are  common  to  the  North  American  coast.  Of  this  number, 
however,  two  genera,  Flagiogramma  and  Mastogloia,  are  especially  prominent. 
The  former  is  represented  by  species  first  described  by  Greville  as  occurring 
on  conch  shells  at  Nassau  and  New  Providence.  The  latter  is  quite  prolific  in 
species  on  algae  collected  by  Dr.  Marshall  A.  Howe.  The  forms  which,  perhaps, 
are  characteristic  of  the  Bahamas  are  Mastogloia  hahamensis  Cleve^  not  very 


DIATOMEAE.  627 

rart'.  and  Mastogloia  rimosa  Cleve,  which  is  common  in  one  locality.  Masto- 
gloia  erytliraea  Grun.  is  common  but  quite  varialile  in  size,  outline  and  the 
inequality  of  the  loculi.  Mastogloia  splcndida  (Greg.)  Cleve  occurs  iu  all 
loealities.  Podocystis  adriatica  Kiitz.  is  ainindant  on  Antithamniun.  Clima- 
cosphenia  moniUgera  Ehrenb.  is  also  noticeable,  while  Grammatophora  flcxuosa 
Grun  is  found  in  all  gatherings,  occurring  pure  on  Centroccraa.  The  minute 
form,  Striatella  delicatula  (Kiitz.)  Grun.,  not  heretofore  recorded  from  this 
locality,  is  abundant  on  Polysiphoiiia.  One  specimen  of  Plagiogramma  labucnse 
Cleve,  a  form  peculiar  to  Borneo,  although  somewhat  similar  to  Plagiogramma 
caribaeum  Cleve,  has  been  found. 

The  following  list  includes  the  greater  number  of  the  forms  noticed  but 
there  are  probably  many  more  as  various  algae  appear  to  differ  much  in  the 
variety  of  diatoms  found  upon  them. 

BIDDULPHIA  S.  F.  Gray,  em.  Van  Ileurck. 
Biddulphia  Pentacrinus  (Ehrenb.)  Boyer.     Bare. 

ANAULUS  Ehrenb.,   em.   Van   Ileurck. 
Anaulus  mlnutus  Grun.     Rare. 

GRAMMATOPHORA    Ehrenb. 
Grammatophora  flexuosa  Grun.     Common. 

STRIATELLA  Ag.,  em.   lleiberg. 
Striatella  delicatula  (Kiitz.)   Grun.     Local. 

LICMOPHORA  Ag.  cm.  Roper. 
Licmophora  dalmatica  (Kiitz.)  Grun.     Local. 

CLIMACOSPHENIA   Ehrenb. 
Climacosphenia  moniligera  EhronV).     Common. 

PLAGIOGRAMMA  Grev. 

Plagiogramma  inaequale  Grev.     Rare. 
Plagiogramma  labuense  Cleve.     Rare. 
Plagiogramma  lyratum  Grev.     Xot  common. 
Plagiogramma  obesum  Grev.     Xot  common. 
Plagiogramma  pulchellum  Grev.     Not  common. 
Plagiogramma  pygmaeum  Grev.     Xot  common. 

TRACHYSPHENIA  P.  Petit. 
Trachysphenia  australis  P.  Petit.     Rare. 

CYMATOSIRA    Grun. 
Cymatosira  Lorenziana  Grun.     Occasional. 

GLYPHODESMIS  Grev. 
Glyphodesmis  eximia  Grev.     Rare. 


628  DIATOMEAE. 

SYNEDRA  Ehrenb. 

Synedra  Gailldnii  minor  Kiitz.     Local. 
Synedra  superba  minor  Kiitz.     Eare. 
Synedra  undulata  Bailey.     Eare. 

COCCONEIS    Ehreub. 
Cocconeis  Scutellum  Ehrenb.     Common. 

AMPHORA  Ehrenb. 

Amphora  obtusa  Greg.     Occasional. 
Amphora  bigibba  Grun.     Eare. 

MASTOGLOIA  Thw. 

Mastogloia  angulata  Lewis,     Common. 

Mastogloia  apiculata  W.  Smith.     Common. 

Mastogloia  asperula  Grun.     Not  common. 

Mastogloia  bahamensis  Cleve.     Not  common. 

Mastogloia  binotata  (Grun.)  Cleve.     Eare. 

Mastogloia  Citrus  Cleve.    Common. 

Mastogloia  cocconeiformis    (Grun.)    Cleve.     Common. 

Mastogloia  cuspidata  Cleve.     Common. 

Mastogloia  delicatula  Cleve.     Not  common. 

Mastogloia  erythraea  Grun.     Common  and  variable. 

Mastogloia  lanceolata  Thw.     Common. 

Mastogloia  lemniscata  Lend.     Eare. 

Mastogloia  minuta  Grev.     Common. 

Mastogloia  rimosa  Cleve.     Eare  or  local. 

Mastogloia  Smithii  Thw.     Common. 

Mastogloia  splendida   (Greg.)    Cleve.     Common  and  variable. 

DICTYONEIS   Cleve. 
Dictyoneis  jamaicensis  Cleve.     Eare. 

DIPLONEIS  Ehrenb.,  em.  Cleve. 

Diploneis  vacillans   (A.  Schmidt)    Cleve.     Eare. 
Diploneis  Weissflogii  (A.  Schmidt)  Cleve.     Eare. 

NAViCULA  Bory. 

Navicula  brasiliensis  Grun.     Eare. 
Navicula  Lyra  dilatata  A.  Schmidt.     Eare. 
Navicula  ramosissima   (Ag.)  Cleve.     Local. 
Navicula  suborbicularis  (Greg.)  Donkin.     Eare. 
Navicula  Zostereti  Grun.     Eare. 

TRACHYNEIS  Cleve. 
Trachyneis  aspera  (Ehrenb.)  Cleve.     Eare. 

PINNULARIA  Ehrenb. 
Pinnularia  rectangulata  Greg.     Eare. 

PLEUROSIGMA  W.  Smith. 
Pleurosigma  formosum  W.  Smith.     Eare. 


DIATOMEAE.  629 

TROPIDONEIS   (  Icvo. 
Tropidoneis  lepidoptera  (Greg.)  Clove.     Not  (..nm.on. 

EPITHEMIA   Hreh. 
Epithemia  Musculus  Kiitz.     K'aic. 

NITZSCHIA  lla>>all. 
Nitzschia  apiculata  (Greg.)  Grun.     Common. 
Nitzschia  Sigma  (Kiitz.)  W.  Smith.     Kare? 
Nitzschia  valida  Cleve  &  Grun.     Rare. 

SURIRELLA   Tiirpiii. 

Surirella  fastuosa  Ehrenb.     Rare. 
Surirella  recedens  A.  Schmidt.     Rare. 

PODOCYSTIS  Kutz. 
Podocystis  adriatica  Kiitz.     Local. 

CAMPYLODfsCUS  Ehrenb. 

Campylodiscus  simulans  Greg.     Rare. 
Campylodiscus  imperialis  Grev. 

The  following  list  contains  additional  names  of  species  occurring  in  the 
harbor  mud  of  Nassau,  as  reported  by  Tempore  (Diatomees  du  Monde  entier, 
144,  375.  1915).  To  avoid  inconsistency,  the  nomenclature,  in  some  instances, 
is  revised  to  agree  with  the  classification  of  Cleve,  Van  Heurek,  Deby,  Grunow 
and  others.  Nearly  all  of  the  forms  are  more  or  less  common  along  the  Atlan- 
tic coast. 

Meloseira  arenarla  Moore. 

Meloseira  sulcata  Kiitz. 

Coscinodiscus  concinnus  Jonesianus  (Grev.)  Rattray. 

Coscinodiscus  excentricus  Ehrenb. 

Coscinodiscus  leptopus  Grun. 

Coscinodiscus  marginatus  Ehrenb. 

Coscinodiscus  nitidulus  Grun. 

Coscinodiscus  nitidus  Greg. 

Coscinodiscus  nodulifer  .janisch. 

Coscinodiscus  obscurus  A.  Schmidt. 

Coscinodiscus  radiatus  Ehrenb. 

Coscinodiscus  Rothii  Grun, 

Actinoptychus  splendens  (Shadb.)  Ralfs. 

Actinoptychus  undulatus  (Bailey)  Ralfs. 

Actinoptychus  vulgaris  Schumann. 

Actinocyclus  fasciculatus  C  astr. 

Actinocyclus  moniliformis  Ralfs. 

Actinocyclus  Rotula  Brun,  var. 

Euodia  Gibba  Bailey. 

Roperia  tessellata  (Roper)  Grun. 

Auliscus  caelatus  Bailey. 

Auliscus  reticulatus  Grev. 

Biddulphia  Antillarum  (Cleve)   Boyer. 

Biddulphia  arctica    (Brightw.)   Boyer. 


630  DIATOMP^AE. 

Biddulphia  Favus   (Ehrenb.)   Van  Heurck. 

Biddulphia  moljiliensis  (Bailey)  Grun. 

Biddulphia  peruviana  Grun. 

Biddulphia  reticulata  Roper. 

Biddulphia  Reticulum  (Ehrenb.)  Boyer. 

Biddulphia  Robertsiana  (Grev.)  Boyer. 

Biddulphia  Smithii   (Ralfs)   A^an  Heurck. 

Biddulphia  spinosa  (Bailey)  Boyer. 

Biddulphia  Tabellarium  (Brightw.)  Boyer. 

Rhabdonema  adriaticum  Kiitz. 

Grammatophora  marina  (Lyngb.)  Kiitz. 

Entopyla  australis   (Arnott)   Grun. 

Petitia*  Temperei  Perag. 

Plagiogramma  decussatum  Grev. 

Plagiogramma  tessellatum  Grev. 

Dimerogramma  lanceolatum  Perag. 

Dimerogramma  minus  (Greg.)  Ralfs. 

Synedra  formosa  Hantzsch. 

Synedra  fulgens  (Grev.)  W.  Smith. 

Synedra  superba  Kiitz. 

Sjoiedrosphaenia  baculiformis  Perag. 

Cocconeis  heteroidea  Hantzsch. 

Cocconeis  pseudomarginata  Greg. 

Amphora  aciita  arcuata   (A.  Schmidt)    Cleve. 

Amphora  coffaeiformis   (Ag.)  Cleve. 

Amphora  crassa  Greg. 

Amphora  cymbelloides  Grun. 

Amphora  gigantea  fusca   (A.  Schmidt)   Cleve. 

Amphora  Graeffei  Grun. 

Amphora  Gruendleri  Greg. 

Amphora  Janischii  A.  Schmidt.  i 

Amphora  ostrearia  Breb. 

Amphora  ostrearia  vitraea  Cleve. 

Amphora  rhombica  Kitton. 

Caloneis  formosa  (Greg.)  Cleve. 

Caloneis  Liber  (W.  Smith)  Oeve. 

Caloneis  Liber  Bleischii  (Janisch)  Cleve. 

Caloneis  Powellii   (Lewis)   Cleve. 

Mastogloia  affinis  Cleve. 

Mastogloia  affirmata  Leud. 

Mastogloia  amoena  turgida  Brun. 

Mastogloia  bisulcata  Grun. 

Mastogloia  bisulcata  corsicana   (Grun.)   Cleve. 

Mastogloia  Craveni  Leud.  ■< 

Mastogloia  euxina  Cleve  var. 

Mastogloia  lineata  Cleve  &  Grove. 

Mastogloia  Macdonaldii  Grev.  var. 

Mastogloia  ovata  Grun. 

Mastogloia  Peragalli  Brun. 

Mastogloia  Pisiculus  Cleve. 

Mastogloia  Rhombus  P.  Petit. 

Mastogloia  rostellata  Grun. 

Dictyoneis  marginata  (Lewis)  Cleve. 

Diploneis  advena  sansegana  (Grun.)  Cleve. 

Diploneis  Bombus   (Ehrenb.)   Cleve. 

*  Petitia  for  a  modern  diatom  genus  is  invalid.     See  Petitia  Jacq.  1760,  a  genua 
of  Verbenaceae,  p.  373  of  this  book.     N.  L.  B. 


PERONOSPOBALES.  03 1 

Diploneis  Campylodiscus  (Grun.)  Cleve, 

Diploneis  coffaeiformis  (A.  Schmidt)   Cleve. 

Diploneis  Crabro  Khronb. 

Diploneis  demta  (A.  «chmiflt)  Cleve. 

Diploneis  gemmatula  (Grun.)  Cleve. 

Trachyneis  Antillarum  Cleve. 

Trachyneis  Debyi  (Lend.)  Cleve. 

Navicula  approximata  Grev. 

Navicula  complanata  Grun. 

Navicula  cuspidata  ambigua  (Ehrenb.)  Cleve 

Navicula  directa  W.  Smith. 

Navicula  irrorata  Grev. 

Navicula  Scopulorum  Breb. 

Navicula  transfuga  Grun. 

Gyrosigma  rectum    (Donkin)   Cleve. 

Pleurosigma  compactum  Grev. 

Pleurosigma  Weissflogii   (Grun.)   Cleve. 

Auricula  intermedia  Cleve. 

Auricula  minuta  Cleve. 

Epithemia  gibberula  (Ehrenb.)  Kiitz. 

Nitzschia  angularis  W.  Smith. 

Nitzschia  compressa  (Bailey)  Boyer. 

Nitzschia  granulata  Grun. 

Nitzschia  Jelineckii  Grun. 

Nitzschia  panduriformis  Greg. 

Nitzschia  vermicularis  (Kiitz.)  Hantzseh. 

Surirella  fusiformis  Lcud. 

Surirella  incurvata  A.  Schmidt. 

Surirella  manca  Janisch. 

Surirella  mexicana  A.  Schmidt. 

Campylodiscus  angularis  Greg. 

Campylodiscus  biangulatus  Grev. 

Campylodiscus  crebrecostatus  Grev. 

Campylodiscus  Daemelianus  Grun. 

Campylodiscus  Ecclesianus  Grev. 

Campylodiscus  latus  Shadb. 

Campylodiscus  limbatus  Breb. 

Campylodiscus  samoensis  Grun. 

Campylodiscus  undulatus  Grev. 

Campylodiscus  Wallichianus  Grev. 

CLASS  3.     FUNGI. 

Contributed  by  Fred  J.  Seaver. 

Sub-class  1.     PHYCOMYCETES. 
Order  1.     PERONOSPORALES. 

1.  Albugo  Candida  (Pers.)  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  2:  (J.IS.     1S91. 

Accidium  candidum  Pers.  in  Gmelin,  Syst.  Nat.  2:   1473.     1701. 
On   Lepidium   virpinicnm    L.,    New    rrovldonce.    Watlinp's    Island :— widely   dis- 
tributed, probably  occurring  wherever  the  host  plants  are  found. 

2.  Albugo  Ipomodae-panduranae  (Schw.)   Swing.  Jour.  Myc.  7:   112.     1892.^^ 

Aecidium  Ipomoeae-panduranae  Schw.  Sehr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:  69.     1S22. 
On   Jacquemontia  cayensis   Britton,   Inagua  .—distribution   similar   to   the   pre- 
ceding. 


632  PERISPOEIALES. 

Sub-class  2.     ASCOMYCETES. 

Spores  borne  in  perithecia  which  are  closed  or  open  to  the  exterior  by  an  ostiolum. 
Ostiolum  wanting  or  obscure ;  vegetative  mycelium  su- 
perficial. Order  1.  Peeispoeiales. 
Ostiolum    present   and    often    conspicuous ;    vegetative 
mycelium  not  as  above. 
Perithecia  consisting  of  cavities  in  the  stroma  with- 
out well  developed  wall.  Order  2.  Dothideales. 
Perithecia  provided  with  well  developed  wall,  with 
or  without  stroma. 
Perithecia  and  stroma  bright  colored,  fleshy.  Order  3.  Hypoceeales. 
Perithecia  and  stromata  black,  usually  carbon- 
aceous. Order  4.   Sphaeeiales. 
Spores  borne  in  apothecia  with  the  hymenium  freely  ex- 
posed at  maturity. 
Hymenium  circular  or  subcircular  in  form.                            Order  5.  Pezizales. 
Hymenium    elongated,    often    opening   with    a   slit-like 

aperture.  Order  7.  Phacidiales. 

Order  1.    PERISPORIALES. 

1.  Dimerosporium  guarapiense  Speg.  Anal.  Soc.  Cient,  Arg.  17:  130.    1884. 

On  Cestrum  hahamense  Britton,  Great  Bahama  : — South  America. 

2.  Dimerosporium  zonatum  Seaver  sp.  nov. 

Superficial  mycelium  rather  scant  but  giving  the  surface  of  the  leaf  a 
blackish  appearance;  perithecia  black  and  arranged  so  as  to  give  rise  to  a 
series  of  rings,  the  outer  one  usually  reaching  a  diameter  of  5  mm.,  the  indi- 
vidual perithecia  small,  pyriform,  reaching  a  diameter  of  100  fi,  surrounded  with 
brownish  appendages;  asci  broad-clavate,  with  a  short  stem -like  base,  reaching 
a  diameter  of  16-20 /-i  and  a  length  of  40  m;  spores  eliipsoid-fusoid,  1-septate 
and  slightly  constricted  at  the  septum,  about  5-6  X  16-20  /x. 

On  CoroUorus  hirsntus  L.  Type  collected  by  N.  L.  Britton  and  C.  F.  Millspaugh 
at  Barrett's  Point,  Great  Bahama,  February  5-13,  1905. 

3.  Meliola  ambigua  Pat.  &  Gaill.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  4:  104.     1888. 

On  Lantana  involucrata  L.,  New  Providence : — Porto  Rico ;  South  America. 

4.  Meliola  longipoda  Gaill.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  8:  178.     1892. 

On  Tournefortia  voliihilis  L.,  New  Providence  : — Porto  Rico  ;  South  America. 

Meliola  simillima  Ellis  &  Ev.  Eep.  Missouri  Bot.  Garden  9:   118.     1898. 

This  species,  recorded  by  Ellis  as  from  Nassau,  was  really  from  Bog  Walk,  Ja- 
maica, as  shown  by  the  specimen. 

5.  Perisporium  Wrightii  Berk.  &  Curt.  Grevillea  4:  157.     1875. 

On  Oinintia  Dillenii  (Ker.)  Haw,,  Inagua  : — Cuba;  Texas. 

Order  2.    DOTHIDEALES. 

1.  Phyllachora  Ateleiae  Seaver,  sp.  nov. 

Stromata  rather  numerous,  appearing  on  either  side  of  the  leaf  but  more 
conspicuous  on  the  upper  side,  black,  shining,  scarcely  exceeding  a  diameter  of 
1  mm.  perithecia  few  to  each  stroma,  conspicuous;  asci  clavate,  reaching  a 
diameter  of  14-16 /a;  spores  fusoid,  hyaline,  4-5  X  18-20 /*. 

On  Ateleia  cubensis  Griseb..  Andros,  New  Providence,  Great  Exhuma.  Type 
collected  by  J.  K.  Small  and  J.  J.  Carter,  on  Andros,  January  25-27,  1910,  87i5. 


DOTIIIDEALES.  G33 

2.  Phyllachora  fusicarpa  Seaver,  sp.  nov. 

iStromata  rather  iniinerous,  often  thickly  scattered  over  the  leaf,  visible 
on  both  sides  but  more  conspicuous  on  the  under  side,  small,  ranging  from  1-2 
mm.  in  diameter,  several  often  confluent;  perithecial  cavities  few  to  each 
stroma,  opening  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf;  asci  clavate,  8-sporcd ;  spores 
fusiform,  slightly  unsymmetrical,  about  6  X  25-30  /x. 

On  Diiranta  rcpcns  L.  Type  collected  by  F.  S.  Earle  at  Nassau.  No  date  Riven 
Specimens  collected  also  at  Rio  Piedras,  Porto  Rico,  by  11.  II.  \Vh<'tzel  and  Kdijar 
W.  Olive. 

In  external  appearance  the  species  resem!)les  PhyUnchora  Dttiantuc  Rehm, 
but  differs  from  that  species  in  its  much  longer  and  narrower  spores. 

3.  Phyllachora  Galactiae  Earle,  sp.  nov. 

Epiphyllous  on  slightly  discolored  areas;  stromata  I  mm.  broad,  confluent 
in  long  anastomosing  lines  which  often  follow  the  principal  veins,  blai-k,  shin- 
ing, prominently  elevated;  loculi  crowded,  not  prominent,  about  loO  m,  ostiole 
none;  asci  stipitate,  cylindrical,  about  65  X  7  fi;  paraphyses  abun<lant,  thread- 
like; ascospores  obliquely  monostichous,  colorless,  narrowly  ellii>soid,  about 
20  X5n. 

On  leaves  of  Galactia  rudolphioidcs.  Soldiers'  Road,  New  I'rovidence.  .Tune  25. 
1905,  Millspaugh  2502. 

A  conspicuous  species  well  characterized  by  the  long  branched  and  anastomosing 
black  lines  formed  by  the  confluent  stromata. 

4.  Phyllachora  oxalina  Ellis  &  Ev.  Jour.  Myc.  3:  41,     18S7. 

On  XantJioX'iUs  corniculata   L.,   New  Providence  : — North   America. 

5.  Ophiodothis  bahamensis  Seaver,  sp.  nov. 

Stromata  occurring  only  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  as  many  as  twelve 
to  t^venty  on  a  single  leaf,  reaching  a  diameter  of  1-2  mm.,  occasionally  con- 
fluent, lenticular  in  form,  smooth,  shining-black,  the  surface  slightly  roughened 
by  the  protruding  necks  of  the  perithecia;  perithecia  consisting  of  globo.se  or 
ovoid  cavities;  asci  reaching  a  length  of  200-400 /u,  and  a  diameter  of  20-25  m; 
spores  filiform,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ascus,  reaching  a  diameter  of  2  m- 

On  Tricera  hahamensis  (Baker)  Britton.  Type  collected  by  Nash  &  Taylor. 
October  22,  1904,  on  Inagua  near  Camfield  Bay.  The  species  has  also  been  collected 
by  L.  J.  K.  Brace  on  Andros. 

Order  3.     HYPOCREALES. 

1.  Cordyceps  sobolifera  (Hill.)  Sitae.  Michelia  1:  321.     1878. 

Clavaria  sobolifera  Hill.;   W.  Wats.  Thil.  Trans.  Royal  Soc.  London  53: 
271.     1763. 

On  some  insect.  Reported  by  C.  G.  Lloyd  the  exact  locality  not  being  given  : — 
Ceylon. 

2.  Hypocrea  sulphurea   (Schw.)   Sacc.  Syll.   Fung.  2:   535.     1SS3. 

Sphaeria  sulphurea  Sohw.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc  11.  4:    l!>3.     1S32. 

On  the  remains  of  some  fungus,  New  Providence: — Cuba;  eastern  part  of  North 
America. 

3.  Sphaerostilbe  gracilipes  Tul.,  Fung.  Carp.  1:  130.     1861. 

On  dead  wood,  New  Providence: — southeastern  North  .\merica. 
41 


634  SPHAEEIALES. 

Order  4.     SPHAERIALES. 

1.  Daldinia   concentrica    (Bolt.)    Ces.   &  DeXot,   Comm.   Soc.   Critt.    Ital     1: 

198.     1863. 

Sphaeria  concentrica  Bolt.  Fun^  Halifax  3:    180.     1789. 

On  old  wood,   New  Providence : — Europe  ;    Siberia  ;   North  and   South  America  ; 
India ;  Ceylon  ;  Borneo  ;  Tasmania  ;  New  Zealand  ;  and  Java. 

2.  ?Diatrype  Stigma   (Hoffm.)   Fries,  Summa  Veg.  Seand.  385.     1849. 

Sphaeria  Stigma  Hoffm.  Veg.  Crypt.  7.     1787. 

On  old  wood,  New  Providence  : — Europe ;  Siberia  ;  and  North  America. 

3.  Hypoxylon  annulatum  (Schw.)  Mont.  Hist.  Chil.  445.     1850. 

Sphaeria  aniudata  Schw.  Jour.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  5:   11.     1825. 

On  old  wood  and  bark,  New  Providence  : — North  and  South  America  ;  and  New 
Zealand. 

4.  Hypoxylon  Bomba  Mont.  PI.  Cell.  Cuba  338.     1842. 

On  old  wood,  New  Providence,  Cat  Island  : — Cuba  and  South  America. 

5.  Hypoxylon   fuscopurpureum    (Schw.)    Berk.   &   Curt.   Jour.   Linn.  Soc.   10: 

385.     1869. 

Sphaeria  fuscopurpurea  Schw.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  5:   16.     1825. 
On  old  wood.  New  Providence  : — Cuba  and  temperate  North  America. 

6.  Hypoxylon  jecorinum  Berk.  &  Rav.  Grevillea  4:  50.     1875. 

On  old  wood.  New  Providence  : — southeastern  North  America. 

7.  Nummularia  BuUiardii  Tul.  Fung.  Carp.  2:  43.     1863. 

On  old  wood,  New  Providence  : — North  America  and  Europe. 

8.  Poronia  Oedipus  Mont.  PI.  Cell.  Cuba  346.     1842. 

On  dung.  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  northern  Italy  ;   North  America  ;  Australia  ; 
Java  and  Borneo. 

9.  Sphaerella  Rajaniae  Ellis  &  Ev.  Eep.  Missouri  Bot.  Garden  9:   118.     1898. 

On  Rajania  microphyUa  Kunth.,  New  Providence.     Endemic. 

10.  Ustulina  vulgaris  Tul.  Fung.  Carp.  2:  23.     1863. 
On  old  wood,  New  Providence ;  widely  distributed. 

11.  Valsa  sp. 

On  old  wood,  New  Providence  . 

12.  Xylaria  Arbtiscula  Sacc.  Michelia  1:   249.     1878. 
On  dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — West  Indies  ;  Europe. 

13.  ?Xylaria  aristata  Mont.  Ann.  iSci.  Nat.  Bot.  lY.  3:  106.     1855. 
On  dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — Cuba. 

14.  Xylaria  polymorpha  (Pers.)  Grev.  Fl.  Edin.  355.     1824. 

Sphaeria  polymorpha  Pers.  Syn.  Fung.  7.     1801. 

On  dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — Europe  ;  Asia  ;   Australia  •   Tasmania ;   North 
and  South  America. 


SPHAEROPSIDALES.  035 

Order  5.     PEZIZALES. 

1.  Pyronema  omphalodes  (Bull.)  Fuckel,  Symb.  Myc.  319.     1869. 

Peziza  omphalodes  Bull.  Hist.  Champ.  264.     1791. 

On  burned  places,  New  Trovidence  : — probably  world-wide  In  distribution. 

2.  Lachnea  cubensis  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  8:   176.     1889. 

Teziza  cubensis  Berk.  &  Curt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10:   306.     1869. 
On  rotten  wood  or  on  soil,  New  I'rovidence  : — West  Indies  and  Texas. 

Order  6.     PHACIDIALES. 
1.  Triblidium  rufulum  (Spreng.)  Ellis  ^:  Ev.  N.  Am.  Pyrenom.  690.     1892. 
Hysterium  rufulum  Spreng.  Yet.  Akad.  Ilamll.  1820:   50.     1820. 
On  dead  wood,  New  Providence: — Cuba;  North  and  South  America. 

Sub-class  3.     IMPERFECTI. 

Spores  borne  in  perithecia-like  bodies  known  as  pycnidia.        Order  1.  Sphaebopsidales. 
Spores  not  borne  in  pycnidia.  Order  2.  IIypho.mvcetaixs. 

Order  1.     SPHAEROPSIDALES. 

1.  Phyllosticta  CoccololDae  Ellis  &  Ev.  Kep.  Missouri  Bot.  Garden  9:  118.    1898. 

On  Coccolohis  Uvifera  (L.)  Jacq.,  New  Providence: — Apparently  endemic. 

2.  Phyllosticta  Roberti  Boy.  &  Jacz.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  40:  CCXC.     1893. 

On  Ficus  aurea  Nutt.,  Great  Bahama  : — Florida  ;  Europe. 

3.  Phyllosticta  Sapotae  Sacc.  Ann.  Myc.  10:   312.     1912. 

On  Sapota  Achra^  Mill.,  New  Providence  : — Endemic. 

4.  Septoria  sp. 

On  Plumeria  obtusa  L.,  New  I'rovidence. 

Order  2.     HYPHOMYCETALES. 

1.  Cercospora  Calotropidis  Ellis   &   Ev.,   Eep.    Missouri   Bot.   Garden   9:    120. 

1898. 

On  Calotropis  procera  (Ait.)   R.  Br.,  Fortune  Island: — Apparently  endemic. 

2.  Cercospora  Melochiae  P.  Ilenn.  Hedwigia  43:  395.     1904. 

On  Molucliia  tumcntosa   (L.)   Britton,  Eleuthera  :— South  America. 

3.  Cercospora  Stachytarphetae  Ellis  &  Ev.,  Rep.  Missouri  Bot.  Garden  9:   120. 

1898. 

On  Valcrianodcs  jamuicciisis  (L.)  Medic,  New    Providence: — Apparently  endemic. 

4.  Cercospora  Turnerae  Ellis  &  Ev.,  Rep.  Missouri  Bot.  Garden  9:  119.    1898. 

On  Turncra  ulmifoUa  L.,  New  Providence  :— Apparently  endemic. 

5.  Helminthosporium  Ravenelii  Curt.;  Berk.  &  Curt.  Grevillca  3:   102.     1874. 

On   SnorohoUis  sp..   New   I'rovidence,   Great  Bahama  :— Bermuda  ;   Cuba;   South 
Carolina  ;  and  Florida. 


636  UEEDIXALES. 

6.  Rhinotrichum  Curtisii  Berk.  Grevillea  3:   108.     1874. 

On  old  bark,  New  Providence  : — North  America,  south  to  Texas  and  Florida. 

STERILE  MYCELIUM. 

1.  Ozonium  auricomum  Link,  Mag.  Ges.  Xat.  Freunde  Berlin  3:   21.     1809. 
On  wood,  New  Providence  : — Europe  and  North  America, 

Sub-class  4.     HEMIBASIDIOMYCETES. 

Plants  usually  having  different  spore  cycles.  Order  1.  Uiiedinai.e.s. 

Plants  having  only  one  spore  cycle.  Order  2.  Ustilaginales. 

Order  1.     UREDINALES. 

1.  Nigredo  proeminens  (DC.)  Arth.  X.  Am.  Fl.  7:  259.     1912. 

TJredo  proeminens  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  2:   235.     1805. 

On  Chamaesyce  hypericifoHa  (L.)  Small,  Inagua : — Bermuda;  West  Indies; 
North  and  South  America ;  Europe  ;  .Asia  ;  and  Africa. 

2.  Prospodium  bahamense  Arth.  Bull.  Torrey  Club  34:  587.     1907. 

On  Tahehiiia  hahamensis   (Northrop),  Britton,  New  Providence: — Endemic. 

3.  Fuccinia  heterospora  Berk.  &  Curt.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  10:  356.    1869. 

On  Gayoides  crispum  (L.)  Small,  Fortune  Island: — Porto  Rico;  St.  Thomas; 
St.  Croix  ;  and  probably  in  other  West  Indian  islands. 

4.  Fuccinia  Lantanae  Farlow,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  18:  83.     1883. 

On  Lantuna  involucrata  L.,  Nassau: — Bermuda;  Jamaica;  Porto  Piico ;  St. 
Thomas. 

5.  Fuccinia  Leonotidis  (P.  Henn.)  Arth.  Mycologia  7:  245.     1915. 

Uredo  Leonotidis  P.  Henn.  in  Eug.  Pflanz.  Ost-Afr.  C:  52.     1895. 

On  Leonotis  nepetaefoUa  (L.)  Pi.  Br.,  New  Providence: — Jamaica;  and  Porto 
Rico. 

6.  Fuccinia  mirifica  Diet.  &  Hohv.  Erythea  3:  79.     1895. 

On  Borrichia  arborescens   (L.)   DC,  Great  Bahama: — Texas. 

7.  Fuccinia  obliqua  Berk.  &  Curt.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.  10:  356.     1869. 

Fuccinia  Cijnanchi  Lagerh.  Bol.  Soc.  Brot.  7:   129.     1889. 

On  Metastelma  paJustre  (Pursh)  Schlecht.,  New  Providence,  on  Metastelma  sp., 
Whale  Cay,  and  on  Philibertclla  clausa  (Jacq.)  Yail,  New  Providence: — Cuba;  Porto 
Rico  ;  Virgin  Islands  ;  Martinique. 

8.  Uromyces  Bidentis  Lagerh.  Bull.  Soc.  Myc.  Fr.  11:  213.     1895. 

Vredo  bidenticola  P.  Henn.  Hedwigia  37:    279.     1898. 

On  Bidens  pilosa  L.,  reported  from  the  Bahamas  by  Dr.  Arthur  : — .Jamaica ; 
Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico ;  and  Martinique. 

9.  Uredo  Sapotae  Arth.  &  Johnston,  Mem.  Torrey  Club  17:  169.     1918. 

On  Sapota  Achras  Mill.,  Nassau  : — Cuba. 

10.  Uredo  WHsoni  Arth.  Bull.  Torrey  Club  37:  577.     1910. 
On  Anastraphia  hahamensis  Urban,  Fortune  Island  : — Endemic. 


USTILAGINALES.  637 

Order  2.     USTILAGINALES. 

1.  Cintractia  Montagnei    (Tnl.)    Mngn.   AM,.   ]^ot.    Ver.   I'rov.   Bran.l.   37:    79. 

Ustilago  Montagnei  Tul.  Ann.  8c'i.  Nat.   III.  7:   ss.     1S47. 
Afric^!"  ^^"^''°'^«'"  ^f^-  ^'^^^'  Providence  :— North  nn.l  S<.uth  America:  Knropo  ;  and 

2.  Mykosyrinx  Cissi  (D.C.)  G.  Beck.  Ann.  Nat.  Ilolmus.  Wic-n.  9:   123.     1S94. 

Uredo  Cissi  DC.  in  Poir.  Encycl.  Meth.  Rot.  8:   228.     1808. 
and  MruS^''^  sicyoidcs  L.,  Long  Island  :—Wrst  Indh-s  ;   North  and  South   .Vtncrlca  ; 

3.  Sphacelotheca  pamparum   (Speg.)   Clint.  Jour.  My.-.  8:    141.     1902. 

Ustilago  pamparum  Spcg.  Anal.  Soe.  Cient.  Arg.  17:    89.     1884. 

On   Chaetochloa  genicuhita   (Lam.)    Millsp.   &  Chase,   Anguilla   Isles:    Salt   Key 
Bank: — Cuba;  Mexico;  South  America;  and  Kiirope. 

Sub-class  5.     AUTOBASIDIOMYCETES. 

Contributed  by  Willlvm  A.  Mlkrill. 

Sporophore  gelatinous. 

Basidia  septate.  Order  1.  Auriculabiales. 

Basidia  not   septate  ;   clavate   and   bifurcate.  Order  2.  Dacryomycetales. 

Sporophore  not  gelatinous  ;  flesh.y,  membranous,  or  woody. 
Hymenium  naked  at  maturity,  covering  the  surface 

of  gills,  pores,  spines,  etc.  Order  3.   Agaricales. 

Hymenium  enclosed  in  a  definite  peridium. 

Spores  borne  in  a  gleba,  which  is  elevated  and 

exposed  at  maturity.  Order  4.  Tiiallales. 

Spores  remaining  enclosed  in  the  peridium  at  ma- 
turity. 
Puffbails.  Order  5.  Lycoperuai.es. 

Bird's-nest  fungi.  Order  H.   Nidii.akiai.k.s. 

Order  L     AURICULARIALES. 

1.  Auricularia  Auricula    (L.)    I'nderw.   in    North rop_,   Mem.   Torrey   Gub   12: 

15.     1902. 

Tremella  Auricula  L.  Sp.  PI.  1157.     1753. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providence,  Andros  : — tropical  regions. 

2.  Auricularia  nigrescens    (Sw.)    Farlow,  Bib.   Index   N.   Am.   Fungi    1:    308. 

1905. 

Peziza  nigrescens  Sw.  Prod.  150.     1788. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — tropical  regions. 

Order  2.     DACRYOMYCETALES. 

1.  Guepinia  palmiceps  Berk.  (?) 

Doubtfully  recorded  by  Coker. 

2.  Guepinia  Spathularia  (Schw.)  Fries,  Elenoh.  Fung.  2:  32.     1828. 

MeruUus  Spathularia  Schw.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:  66.     1822. 
Dead  logs,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 


AGARICALES. 

Order  3.     AGARICALES. 

a.    Thelephoraceae. 

A  number  of  species  in  this  family  have  not  been  determined,  especially 
those  that  belong  to   the  genera   Corticium  and  Stereum. 

1.  Corticium. 

One  or  more  undetermined  species  Liave  been  found  on  dead  wood  in  New  Provi- 
dence. 

2.  Hypochnus  spongiosus   (Schw.)    Burt,  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3:   216.     1916. 

Thelephora  spongiosa  Schw.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:   109.     1822. 

Dead  wood.     Recorded  by  Burt  from  the  Bahamas,  collected  for  Dr.  Farlow  by 
A.  E.  Wight : — temperate  North  America  and  Europe. 

3.  Sebacina  spongidsa  C.  G.  Lloyd,  Myc.  Notes  5 :  779.     1918. 

Encircling  the  base  of  small  shrubs,  New  Providence.     Endemic. 

4.  Septobasidium  cirratum  Burt,  Ann.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  3:  334.     1916. 

Branches  of  living  trees,  New  Providence  : — Cuba. 

G.  Stereum  albobadium   (Schw.)   Fries,  Epicr.  Myc.  551.     1838. 

Thelephora  alholadia  Schw.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:  82.     1822. 
Dead  wood,  New  Providence  : — eastern  United  States. 

6.  Stereum  candidum   (Schw.)    Fries,  Epicr.  Myc.  552.     1838. 

Thelephora  Candida  Schw.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:   84.     1822. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — eastern  United  States. 

7.  Stereum  Leveilleanum  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  6:  581.     1888. 

Corticium  Leveilleanum  Berk.  &  Curt.  Jour.   Bot.  &  Kew  Misc.   1:    238. 
1849. 

Dead  wood.  New  Providence : — southern  United  States  and  tropical  America. 

8.  Thelephora  spiculosa  Fries,  Epicr.  Mjc.  539.     1838. 

Ground  in  moist  woods.  New  Providence  : — eastern  United  States. 

b.    Clavariaceae, 

9.  Clavaria. 

One  or  more  undetermined  species   were  collected  in   New  Providence,   Andros, 
and  Crooked  Island. 

c.    Hydnaceae. 

Several  resupinate  species  of  this  family  have  been  found  in  the  islands, 
but  they  have  not  been  determined. 

d.    Xylophagaceae. 

10.  Merulius  Corium  Fries,  Elench.  Fung.  1:  58.     1828. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 


AGARICALES.  639 

e.     POLYPORACEAE. 

11.  Coltricia  cinnamomea   (Jacq.)    Murrill,  liull.  Torrey  Club  31:   343.     1904. 
Boletus  cinnamomcus  Jacq.  Coll.  1:  116.     178(5. 

Polystictus  cinnamomeus  Sacc.  Michelia  1:  302.'    1878. 
Ground  on  humus,  Andros  : — cosmopolltjin. 

12.  Coltricia  spathulata   (Hook.)    Murrill,  X.  Am.   Flora  9:   93.     1908. 

Boletus  spathulatus  Hook,  in  Kunth,  Syn.  PI.  1:    (9).     1822. 
Dead  or  buried  wood,  Crooked  Island  :— tropical  America. 

13.  Coriolopsis    occidentalis    (Klotsch)    Murrill.    Hull.    Torrev    Club    32-    358 

1905. 

Polyporus  occidentalis  Klotsch,  Linnaea  8:  48(3.     1833. 

Dead  wood,  New  Trovidence,  Andros,  Eleulhera  :— tropical  regli.ns. 

14.  Coriolus  abietinus  (Dicks.)   Quel.  Euch.  Fung.  175.     1886. 
Boletus  ahietinus  Dicks.  PI.  Crypt.  Brit.  3:  21.     1793. 
Dead  pine  trunks,  New  Providence  : — temperate  regions. 

15.  Coriolus  maximus  (Mont.)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  34:  4()7.     1907. 

Irpex  maximus  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Xat.  II.  8:  364.     1837.— Svll.  Crvpt    174 
1856.  •  •*   ■ 

Dead  logs,  New  Providence  : — tropical  regions. 

16.  Coriolus  membranaceus  (Sw.)  Pat.  Tax.  Hym^n.  94.     1900. 

Boletus  memlranaceus  Sw.   Prodr.    148.     1788. — Sw.   Fl.   Ind.   Ooc.    1922. 
1806. 

Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 

17.  Coriolus   nigromarginatus    (Schw.)    Murrill,    Bull.   Torrev    Club   32:    (>49. 

1906. 

Boletus  nigromarginatus  Schw.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:  9S.     1822. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence.  Andros  : — cosmopolitan. 

18.  Coriolus  pinsitus  (Frios)  Pat.  Tax.  llynion.  94.     1900. 

Polyporus  pinsitus  Fries,  Elench.  Fung.  95.     1828. 

Dead  wood.  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Ahaco.  Elouthora,  Cat  Island,  Wat- 
ling's  Island  : — tropical  America. 

19.  Coriolus   sericeohirsiitus    (Klotsch)    Murrill,   Bull.    Torrev   Club    32:    651. 

1906. 

Polyporus  sericeohirsiitus  Klotsch,  Linnaoa  8:   483.     1833. 
Dead  trunks  of  red  cedar.  New  Providence: — southern  T'nlted  States. 

20.  Daedalea  amanitoides  Beauv.  Fl.  Oware  1:  44.     1805. 

Lenzites  applanata  Fries,  Epicr.  Myc.  404.     1838. 
Dead  wood,  New  Providence  : — tropical  regions. 


640  AGAEICALES. 

21.  Elfvingia  tomata  (Pers.)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  30:  301.     1903. 
Polyponis  tornatus  Pers.;   Gaud.  Voy.  Freyc.  Bot.  173.     1826. 
Dead  wood,  Abaco  : — tropical  regions. 

22.  Favolus  alutaceus  Berk.  &  Mont. ;  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  III.  11 :  240.     1849. 

Recorded  by  Coker  from  Andros,  but  the  species  is  probably  confined  to  South 
America. 

23.  Favolus  tenuis  (Hook.)   Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:   100.     1905. 
Boletus  tenuis  Hopk.  in  Kunth,  Syn.  PI.  1:    (10).     1822. 

Dead  hardwood  trunks  and  branches,  New  Providence  : — tropical  regions. 

24.  rdmes  Auberianus  (Mont.)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:  491.     1905. 

Polyporus  Auberianus  Mont.  PI.  Cell.  Cuba  397.     1842. 

Dead  or  wounded  hardwood  trunks,  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 

25.  Fulvifomes  dependens  Murrill,  Tropical  Polypores  87.     1915. 

Pyropolyporus  dependens   Murrill,  N.   Am.   Flora  9:    106.     1908. 

Trunks  of  living  hardwood  trees.  New  Providence,  Little  San  Salvador,  Atwood 
Cay,  Caicos  Islands,  Great  Harbor  Cay,  Long  Cay,  Andros  : — West  Indies. 

26.  Fulvifomes  Swieteniae  Murrill,  Tropical  Polypores   87.     1915. 
Mahogany  stumps,  Acklin's  Island  : — Cuba. 

27.  Funalia  versatilis  (Berk)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  34:  469.     1907. 

Trametes  versatilis  Berk.  Lond.  Journ.  Bot.  1:    150.     1842. 
Dead  wood,  New  Providence : — tropical  regions  and  Gulf  States. 

28.  Fuscoporella  coruscans  Murrill,  N.  Am.  Flora  9:   7.     1907. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — ^Cuba. 

29.  Ganoderma  pulverulentum  Murrill,  N.  Am.  Flora  9:  121.     1908. 
Dead  wood,  New  Providence  : — ^Cuba,   St.  Thomas,  Grenada. 

30.  Ganoderma  subincrustatum  Murrill,  N.  Am.  Flora  9:  122.     1908. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 

31.  Gloeophyllum  Berkeleyi  (Sacc.)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:  370.     1905. 

Daedalea  Berkeleyi  Sacc.  Syll.  Fung.  6:  381.     1888. 

Pine  railway  ties   and  other  forms   of  dead  coniferous  wood.   New   Providence, 
Great  Bahama,  Andros  : — tropical  America  and  Gulf  States. 

32.  Gloeophyllum  hirsutum   (Sehaeff.)  Murrill,  Journ.  Myc.  9:  94.     1903. 
Agaricus  Mrsutus  Schaeif.  Fung.  Bavar.  pi.  76.     1762. 

Dead  coniferous  wood,  New  Providence  : — temperate  regions. 

33.  Gloeophyllum  striatum   (Sw.)   Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  32:   370.     1905. 

Agaricus  striatus   Sw.   Prodr.   148.     1788. — Sw.   Fl.   Ind.   Occid.   3:    1920. 
1806. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providence,  Rose  Island,  Fortime  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Cat 
Island  : — tropical  America. 


AGARICALES.  641 

34.  Hapalopilus  licnoides   (Mont.)   Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  31:   417.     1904. 

Polyporus  licnoides  Mont.  PI.  Cell.  Cuba  401.     1S42. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providonce  :— tropical   and  subtroplcnl   Amorlra  nnd  Auln. 

35.  Inonotus  corrosus  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  31:  598.     1904. 

Decayed  vines  and  trunks,  New  Providence,  Great  Rahnmn,  Abaco,  Androg. 
Mariguana,   CroolaHl   Island,   Angullla   Isles  : — Florida  ;    West    IndleH. 

36.  Inonotus  friiticum    (Berk.  &  Curt.)    Murrill,  Bull.  Torrev   Club  31:    601. 

1904. 

Polyporus  fruticxim  Berk.  &  Curt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10:   310.     1868. 
Living  twigs  of  orange,  etc.,  New  Providence  : — Cuba. 

37.  Inonotus  porrectus  Murrill,  Tropical  Polypores  68.     1015. 
Dead  wood,  Caicos  Islands  : — Louisiana. 

38.  Pogonomyces  hydnoides  (Sw.)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  31:  609.     1904. 

Boletus  hydnoides  Sw.  Prodr.  149.     1788.— Fl.  Ind.  OcciJ.  3:   1924.     1806. 
Trametes  hydnoides  Fries,  Epicr.  Mye.  490.     1838. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providence,  Abaco,  Andros,  Crooked  Island  : — tropical  Amer- 
ica and  Gulf  States. 

39.  Polyporus  Bracei  Murrill,  Mycologia  11:   222.     1919. 
Buried  wood.  New  Providence.     Endemic. 

40.  Polyporus  guyanensis  Mont.  Ann.  Sei.  Nat.  II.  13:  201.     1840. 

Recorded  by  Coker  for  Andros,  but  the  species  is  probably  confined  to  South 
America. 

41.  Polyporus  Tricholoma  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II.  8:  365.     1837. 
Dead  sticks  and  logs.  New  Providence  : — tropical  Anu-rica. 

42.  Poria. 

One  or  more  undetermined  species  have  been  collected.  They  occur  In  re- 
supinate  forms  on  dead  wood. 

43.  Pycnoporus  sanguineus  (L.)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Hub  31:  421.     1904. 

Boletus  sanguineus  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2.  1646.     1762.  ^ 

Polystictus  sanguineus  Fries,  Nova  Acta  Soc.  Sci.  Upsal.  III.  1:  75.     1851. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama.  Abaco,  Andros,  Ilog  Island,  North 
Bimini,  Fortune  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Cat  Island,  Angullla  Isles,  Cay  Sal  :— 
tropical  regions. 

44.  Rigidoporus  surinamensis  (Miq.)  Murrill,  Bull.  Torrey  Club  34:  473.    1907. 

Polyporus  surinamensis  Miq.  Bull.  Sci.  PTiys.  Nat.  Xe6rl.  1839:  454.     1839. 
Water-soaked   hardwood   trunks.    New   Providence  :— tropical   America   and   Gulf 
States. 

45.  Trametes  submurina  ^rurrillj  X.  Am.  Flora  8:  43.     19<>7. 
Old  logs,  New  Providence  : — West  Indies  and  western  Mexico. 

46.  Tyromyces  palustris  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill.  N.  Am.  Flora  9:  31.     1907. 

Polyporus  palustris  Berk.  &  Curt.  Grevillea  1:  51.     1872. 
Pine  trunks.  New  Providence  : — Florida  :  Cuba. 


642  AGARICALES. 

f.  BOLETACEAE. 

47.  Ceriomyces  communis   (Bull.)   Murrill,  Mycologia  1:   155,     1909. 
Boletus  C07nmu7iis  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.  pi.  393.  A,  C.     1788. 

Shaded  soil,  New  Providence  : — temperate  regions. 

g.    Agaricaceae. 

48.  Chanterel  cinnatoarinus  Schw.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soe.  II.  4:  153.     1832. 
Agaricus  cinndbarinus  Schw,  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  Leipzig  1:   73.     1822. 
Ground,  New  Providence,  Andros  : — eastern  United  States,  Jamaica,  Mexico. 

49.  Chanterel  infundibuliformis  (Scop.)  Fries,  Spier.  Myc.  366.     1838. 
Merulius  infundibuliformis  Scop.  Fl.  Carn.  ed.  2.  2:  462.     1772. 
Shaded  soil,  New  Providence  : — temperate  North  America  and  Europe. 

50.  Chlorophyllum  molyMites  (G.Meyer)  Massee,  Kew  Bull.  1898 :  136.    1898. 
Agaricus  molyhdites  G.  Meyer,  Fl.  Esseq.  300.     1818. 

Rich  soil.  New  Providence,  Cat  Island  : — New  Jersey  to  Iowa  and  Brazil. 

51.  CoUyhia  sp.  (?) 

Recorded  doubtfully  by  Coker  as  occurring  on  decaying  wood  in  New  Providence. 

52.  Coprinus  micaceus  (Bull.)   Fries,  Epicr.  Myc.  246.     1838. 
Agaricus  micaceus  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.  pi.  246.     1785. 

Rich  soil  or  humus.  New  Providence  : — temperate  regions. 

53.  Crinipellis  sp. 

Dead  wood.  New  Providence. 

54.  Gymnopilus  tenuis  Murrill,  Mycologia  5:    22.     1913. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica. 

55.  Gymnopus  sp. 
Ground,  New  Providence. 

56.  Hydrocybe  conica  (Scop.)  P.  Karst.  Bidr.  Finl.  Nat.  Folk  32:  236.     1879. 

Agaricus  conicus  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  ed.  2.  2:  443.     1772. 

Moist  soil,  New  Providence : — temperate  North  America  and  Europe. 

57.  Lentinus  crinitus   (L.)  Fries,  Syst.  Orbis  Veg.  77.     1825. 

Agaricus  crinitus  L.  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2.  1644.     1763. 

Exposed  logs  or  stumps,   New   Providence,   Great   Bahama  : — tropical   and  sub- 
tropical regions. 

58.  Lentinus  hirtus  (Fries)  Murrill,  Mycologia  3:  29.     1911. 

Agaricus  hirtus  Fries,  Linnaea  5:   508.     1830. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — tropical  regions. 

59.  Lentinus  strigellus  Berk.  &  Curt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10 :  302.     1868. 
Dead  wood.  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 


AGARICALES.  G43 

60.  Lentinus  strigosus  (Scliw.)  Fries,  Syst.  OrbJs  Veg.  77.    1825. 
Agaricus  strigosus  Schw.  Schr.  Nat.  Ges.  I^ipzig  1:  89.     1822. 

mo  omtn°^^  ^^^  stumps,  New  rrovldcnce,  Great   Bahninn,   Watllng-s   Islnod  :— co«. 

61.  Lentinus  velutinus  Fries,  Linnaca  5-:  .510.     1H.10. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama  :— tropical  rcRlons. 

62.  Lentodium  squamdsum   (Schacff.)   ^furrill,  Mycologia  3:   27.     1911. 

Agaricus  squamosiis  Schaoff.  Fung.  Bavar.  4:  Tnd.  l.'j.     177}. 
Lentinus  lepideiis  Fries,  Syst.  Orbis  Yeg.  78.     1825. 

Structural  timbers  and  logs,  especially  of  coniferous  trees.   Nt-w   Providence  : — 
cosmopolitan. 

63.  Lepiota  cretacea  (Bull.)  Morgan,  Journ.  Myc.  13:  .'i.     1907. 

Agaricus  cretaceus  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.  pi.  374.     1787. 

Rich  soil  in  cultivated  grounds  or  woods,  New  Providence: — cosmopolitan. 

64.  Marasmius  atropurpureus  Murrill,  X.  Am.  Flora  9:  262.     1915. 

Dead  leaves  and  sticks.  New  Providence.     Endemic. 

65.  Marasmius  bahamensis  Murrill,  N.  Am.  Flora  9:  2n5.     1015. 
Dead  leaves  and  twigs,  New  Providence.     Endemic. 

66.  Marasmius  bermudensis  Berk.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  15:   49.     1876. 
Doubtfully  recorded  by  Coker  for  New  Providence  : — Bermuda. 

67.  Marasmius  hemileucus  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill,  X.  Am.  Flora  9:  206.    1915. 

Agaricus  hemileucus  Berk.  &  Curt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10:  285.     l'^68. 
Dead  leaves  and  sticks.  New  Providence  : — Cuba. 

68.  Marasmius  opacus  Berk.  &  Curt.  Journ.  Bot.  &  Kew  Misc.  1:  99.     1849. 

Doubtfully  recorded  by  Coker  as  occurring  on  leaves  In  New  Providence  : — South 
Carolina  and  Ohio. 

69.  Marasmius  ramealis  (Bull.)  Fries,  Epicr.  Mye.  381.     1838. 

Agaricus  ramealis  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.  pi.  366.    1786. 

Dead  branches.  New  Providence  : — eastern  I'nited  States  and  Europe. 

70.  Marasmius  Rotula  (Scop.)  Fries,  Epicr.  Myc.  385.    1838. 
Agaricus  Eotula  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  ed.  2.  2:  456.     1772. 

Dead  wood  or  leaves,  New  Providence: — temperate  North  .\merica  and  Europe. 

71.  Marasmius  setulosipes  ]\[nrrill,  X".  Am.  Flora  9:  257.     1915. 
Dead  leaves  and  sticks.  New  Providence.     Endemic. 

72.  Marasmius  Vailldntii  Fries,  Epicr.  Myc.  380.     1838. 

Doubtfully    recorded   by   Coker   as   occurring   on    banana    leaves    In    .\ndro8 : — a 
European  species  reported  by  Curtis  from  the  Carollnas. 

73.  Naucoria  semiorbicularis  (Bull.)  Qu61.  Champ.  Jura  Vosg.  100.     1872. 

Agaricus  semiorMcularis  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.  ;)/.  fS'S,  f.  1.     1788. 
Open  manured  ground,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 


644  PHALLALES. 

74.  Panellus  eugrammus  (Mont.)  Murrill,  N.  Am.  Flora  9:  245.     1915. 
Agaricus  eugrammus  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II.  8:  366.     1837. 
Dead  wood,  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 

75.  Pleurotopsis  liliputiana  (Mont.)  Murrill,  N.  Am.  Flora  9:  239.     1915. 

Agaricus  liUputiamis  Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  IV.  1:  99.     1854. 
Marasmius  nidulus  Berk.  &  Curt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10:   299.     1868. 
Doubtfully  recorded  by  Coker  for  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 

76.  Plicatura  obliqua  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill,  Myeologia  3:  25.     1911. 

Marasmius  oUiquus  Berk.  &  Curt.  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  10:  299.     1868. 
Dead  wood,  New  Providence  : — tropical  America, 

77.  Resupinatus  subbarbatulus  Murrill,  N.  Am.  Flora  9:   241.     1915. 
Dead  logs,  New  Providence  : — Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Mexico. 

78.  Schizophyllus  alneus   (L.)  Sehroet.  Krypt.-Fl.  Sehles.  3^:   553.     1889. 

Agaricus  alneus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1176.     1753. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providence,  Abaco,  Great  Bahama,  Eleuthera,  Crooked  Island, 
Rose  Island  : — cosmopolitan. 

79.  Stropharia  floccosa  Earle,  Inf.  An.  Estac.  Centr.  Agron.  Cuba  1:  241.    1906. 
Ground  in  the  open.  New  Providence  : — Cuba. 

80.  Vaginata  farinosa   (Schw.)   Murrill,  Myeologia  4:   3.     1912. 

Amanitopsis  farinosa  Atk.  Stud.  Am.  Fungi  76.     1900. 
Soil,  New  Providence,  Watling's  Island  : — New  York  to  Alabama. 

81.  Vaginata  plumbea  (Schaeff.)  Murrill,  Myeologia  5:  82.     1913. 

Amanitopsis  vaginata  P.  Karst.  Bidr.  Finl,  Nat.  Folk  32:  6.     1879. 
Shaded  soil.  New  Providence : — temperate  regions. 

Order  4.     PHALLALES. 

1.  Clathrus  cancellatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1179.     1753. 

Ground,  Fortune  Island,  Acklin's  Island  : — tropical  and  warm-temperate  regions. 

2.  Clathrus  crispus  Turp.;  Fries,  Syst.  Myc.  2:  288.     1823. 

Dead  wood.  New  Providence,  Andros  : — tropical  regions. 

3.  Latemea  triscapa  Turp.  Diet.  Sei.  Nat.  25:  '248.     1822. 

Sandy  soil,  New  Providence  : — tropical  America  ;  Texas  ;  Chili. 

4.  Simblum  sphaerocephalum  Sehlecht.  Linnaea  31:   154.     1861. 

Ground,  New  Providence  : — tropical  America. 

Order  5.     LYCOPERDALES. 

1.  Diplocystis  Wrightii  Berk.  &  Curt. ;  Berk.  Journ.  Linn.  Soe.  10 :  344.     1868. 

Ground,  in  soil  or  humus.  New  Providence,  Great  Bahama,  Great  Sturrup  Cay, 
Fortune  Island,  Acklin's  Island,  Crooked  Island,  Conception  Island,  Watling's  Island, 
Eleuthera,  Inagua,  Andros  : — Cuba. 


NIDULARIALES.  G45 

2.  Geaster  saccatus  Fries,  Syst.  Myc.  3:    10.     ISl'D. 

Ground,  New  Providence  : — cosmopolitan. 

3.  Lycoperdon  sp. 

Ground  and  liumus,  New  I'rovidence,  Abaco. 

Order  6.     NIDULARIALES. 

1.  Cyathus  intermedius  (Mont.)  Tul.  Ann.  S/i.  Nat.  III.  1:  7L\     1844. 

Nidularia  intermedia  Mont.  PI.  Cell.  Cuba  H21.     Is42. 
Dead  sticlfs,  New  Providence  : — tropical  regions. 

2.  Cyathus  pallidus  Berk.  &  Curt.;  Berk.  .lourn.  Linn.  So«-.  10:  346.     1808. 

Dead  wood,  New  Providence  : — tropical  region.s. 

Class  4.     MYXOMYCETES. 

The  following  sliine-moulds  have  been  reported  on  determinations  made  by 
W.  G.  Farlow.  All  were  collected  at  Mangrove  Cay,  An.lros.  All  are  widely 
distributed. 

1.  ?Arcyria  Oerstedtii  Eost.  Mycet.  Monog.  278.     1875. 

2.  Arcyria  cinerea  (Bull.)  Pers.  Syn.  Fung.  184.     1801. 

Trichia  cinerea  Bull.  Champ.  Fr.  120.     1791. 

3.  Arcyria  punicea  Pers.  N.  Bot.  Mag.  1:  90.     1794. 

4.  Dictydium  cancellatum   (Batsch)   Macbr.  X.  Am.  Slime-moulds  172.     l>^99. 

*  Mucor  caneellatiis  Batsch,  Eleneh.  Fung.  2:  135.     1789. 

5.  Dictydium  squamulosum  (Alb.  &  Schw.)  Fries,  Syst.  Myc.  3:  118.     1S29. 

Diderma  squamulosum  Alb.  &  Schw.  Consp.  Fung.  88.     1805_. 

6.  Hemitrichia  clavata  (Pers.)  Kost.  Yersuch.  Mycet.  14.     1873. 

Trichia  clavata  Pers.  N.  Bot.  Mag.  1:  90.     1794. 

7.  Lycogala  epidendrum  (L.)  Fries.  Syst.  Myc.  3:  80.     1829. 

Lycoperdon  epidendrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1184.     1753. 

8.  Physarum  compressum  Alb.  &  Schw.  Consp.  Fung.  97.     1805. 

9.  Physarum  globuliferum  (Bull.)  Pers.  Syn.  Fung.  175.     1801. 

SpJiaerocarpus  globidiferus  Bull.  Herb.  Fr.  pi.  484,  f.S.     1790. 

10.  Physarum  viride  Pers.;  Usteri,  Ann.  Bot.  15:  6.     1795. 

11.  Stemonitis  herbatica  Peck,  Ann.  Eep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  26:  75.     1875. 


EXPLORATION    AND    COLLECTIONS. 

1703,  Thomas  Walker,  Chief  Justice  for  the  Bahama  Plantation,  sent  plants 
from  New  Providence  to  James  Petiver  in  London,  as  recorded  on  the  last 
page  of  Petiver 's  ''Musei  Petiveriani"  in  the  following  paragraph: 

30.  Mr.  Thomas  Walker.  This  Generous  Gentleman,  at  the  desire  of 
my  kind  Friend  Mr.  Kobert  Ellis,  hath  lately  sent  me  Specimens  of  the 
Brasiletto  Wood,  and  some  other  Trees  and  Plants  from  New  Providence, 
one  of  the  Bahama  Islands:  for  which  I  am  extreamly  obliged  to  him,  and 
for  his  kind  Promises  of  greater  Performances,  by  the  next  and  all  Oppor- 
tunities. 

From  information  given  us  by  Mr.  L.  J.  K.  Brace,  it  would  appear  that 
Walker  lived  at  Nassau  until  1722. 

1725-6.  Mark  Catesby  sailed  from  Florida  to  New  Providence  in  1725  and 
there  began  his  studies  of  the  plant  life  of  the  island  in  connection  with 
his  pursuit  of  general  Natural  History.  He  later  embodied  the  results  of 
his  work,  with  that  along  the  Atlantic  Coast,  in  his  excellently  illustrated 
folios  on  the  ''Natural  History  of  the  Carolinas, "  the  fine  plates  of  which 
formed  one  of  the  bases  of  Linnaeus'  Species.  In  the  course  of  his  work 
he  is  known  to  have  also  visited  Abaco,  Andros  and  Eleuthera.  His  plates 
illustrating  Bahama  species  are  cited  in  our  text  with  the  exception-  of 
plate  86  of  the  first  volume,  which  we  are  unable  to  understand.  The 
balance  of  his  plates  are  either  not  botanical  or  are  plants  of  the  Atlantic 
Coast  from  Virginia  southward  to  North  Florida. 

He  preserved  but  few  specimens  of  dried  plants:  one  set  of  these  he 
gave  to  his  patron,  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  this  set  is  now  in  herb.  British 
Museum;  another  to  Sherard,  now  in  herb.  Oxford;  and  a  third  series  is 
said  to  have  come  into  the  possession  of  the  Physick  Garden  of  Chelsea. 

1730-32.  Francis  Dale,  Jr.,  probably  of  Hoxton,  England,  appears  to  have 
collected  in  both  the  East  and  West  Indies.  In  1730  he  sent  to  Samuel 
Dale  (a  relative)  a  large  number  of  specimens  from  New  Providence,  and 
in  1732  another  lot  from  ''Bahama^  with  seeds,  some  of  which  were  raised 
in  the  Braintree  Garden"  (Journ.  Bot.  21:  227,  1883).  His  library  and 
''Hort.  Sice."  were  bequeathed  to  the  Society  of  Apothecaries  of  London 
with  the  proviso  that  they  be  deposited  in  the  Physick  Garden  of  Chelsea. 

1784.  F.  Boos,  in  company  with  F.  J.  M,arter  and  Dr.  J.  D.  Schopf,  visited 
New  Providence  and  other  islands  from  March  to  September  1784.  Their 
collections  consisted  principally  of  living  plants  which  were  transferred  to 
the  Botanic  Gardens  of  Schonbrunn,  near  Vienna,  where  many  of  them 
were  depicted  and  described  by  Jacquin.  Marter's  plants  are  in  herb. 
Munich. 

1789.  Andre  Michaux  collected  in  the  Bahamas  from  Feb.  25  to  March  29, 
1789.  His  collection,  which  consisted  largely  of  living  material,  was  prin- 
cipally confined  to  New  Providence  though  he  also  explored  the  nearby 

646 


EXPLORATION  AND  COLLECTIONS.  647 

cays.     His  collections  were  sent  to  the  Hotanira!  Gar.len,  I'aris.      (See  C. 

f:o^^'^'"^'   ''Journal   of   Andre    Mi,.haux"    in    I'roc.    Am.    I'hil.   Soc.   26. 

1888.) 

1790?  Dr.  J.  W.  Crudy  collected  in  the  Bahamas  "before  1810,"  and  his  coL 
lections  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Botanical  Museum  at  MUnich,  accord- 
ing  to  Urban  (Symb.  Ant.  3:  3;^).  A  more  recent  and  exten<lcd  account 
o±  Crudy  and  his  West  Indian  collections,  by  Soleredcr  (Symb.  Ant.  7: 
145^150),  makes  no  mention  of  the  Bahamas;  from  this  account  it  seems 
clear  that  Crudy  had  not  collected  in  the  Bahamas  prior  to  1789,  and  that 
he  died  in  or  before  1793. 

1802.  J.  Fraser,  of  Chelsea,  London,  after  collecting  in  the  southern  United 
States  and  Cuba,  spent  some  time  in  the  field  at  Nassau,  New  Providence. 
The  extent  of  his  collections  there  is  not  known  to  us.  The  plants  are  de- 
posited, with  his  personal  herbarium,  in  the  Linnean  Society,  London. 

1810?  Jean  Baptiste  Ricord-Madiana,  a  noted  author  and  naturalist,  went  to 
the  West  Indies,  from  New  York,  in  1810(?)  and  there  traveled  and 
practised  medicine  extensively  among  the  Windward  Islands.  How  large 
a  series  of  plants  he  collected,  the  exact  years  (181f)-2o?),  and  where  his 
material  w^as  deposited  are,  at  this  writing,  unknown  to  us.  A  very  few 
sheets  have  been  seen  in  the  herbaria  of  Harvard  University  an.l  of  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden;  these  are  labeled  simply  "Turks  Island— 
Madiana. ' ' 

1830-42.  Swainson  (whose  identity  is  not  certain:  not  William  Swainson  the 
Zoologist)  collected  in  the  Bahamas  between  1830  and  1842.  The  exact 
locality  of  his  field  work  and  the  extent  of  his  collections,  are  not  known, 
though  Mr.  Brace  judges,  from  frequent  local  inquiries,  that  his  plants  were 
collected,  in  a  large  part  at  least,  on  Long  Island.  Grisebach,  who  chron- 
icles the  material  in  his  Flora  of  the  British  West  Indies,  mentions 
specifically  less  than  200  species.  His  plants  were  turned  over  to  Hooker 
and  are  now  in  herb.  Kew,  London. 
1857-8.  Dr.  Wm.  F.  DanieU  collected  in  the  Bahamas  in  1857-8.  The  extent  of 
his  collections  is  not  definitely  known.  The  specimens  are  in  the  herbarium 
of  the  British  Museum. 

1858.  J.  A.  Hj almarson,  of  Stockholm,  on  his  return  voyage  from  concholog- 
ical  collecting  in  Hayti,  stopped  off  at  Grand  Turk  Island  in  1S5S.  Here 
he  spent  a  fortnight  in  field  work.  The  extent  of  his  botanical  collection 
is  not  definitely  known.  His  specimens  arc  to  be  foun.l  in  the  herbaria  at 
Kew,  Gottingen  and  Berlin. 

1859.  William  Cooper  visited  New  Providence  in  1859  for  the  purpose  of 
making  dredgings  for  zoological  material.  While  there  he  collected,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Nassau,  about  100  plants  for  his  friend,  Dr.  John 
Torrey.  The  prime  set  of  these  plants  is  now  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden.      (See  Bull.   Torrey  Club   17:    187.) 

1865.  Dr.  Anna  H.  Searing,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  collected  to  some  extent  on 
New  Providence  in  1805.  The  number  of  specimens,  and  present  lowition 
of  her  collection  we  have  not  been  able  to  positively  determine,  though  the 


648  EXPLOEATIOX  AND  COLLECTIONS. 

specimens  were  probably  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,    Philadelphia. 

1866.  Henrik  J.  Krebs,  who  spent  most  of  his  life  on  St.  Thomas,  made  a 
short  trip  to  New  Providence  in  1866.  The  plant  collections  made  by  him 
on  the  island  are  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Botanical  Museum 
at  Copenhagen. 

1867-8.  Sir  Rawson  Wm.  Eawson  collected  to  some  extent  on  New  Providence, 
and  probably  other  islands,  during  his  two  years  incumbency  as  Governor 
of  the  Bahamas.  His  collections  were  sent  to  the  British  Museum.  Dupli- 
cates are  to  be  found  in  herb.  Kew  and  in  Berlin. 

1874.  Dr.  Edward  Palmer,  well  known  as  a  collector  upon  the  North  American 
mainland,  visited  Nassau  in  May,  1874.  The  algae  collected  by  him  were 
studied  and  enumerated  by  Prof.  D.  C.  Eaton  [see  Bibliography]. 

1875-1919.  Lewis  J.  K.  Brace  began  his  collections  in  the  Bahamas  in 
1875.  He  worked  principally  on  New  Providence  until  1880,  but  also 
secured  material  on  Fortune  Island  or  Long  Cay,  and  Andros.  His  work 
resulted  in  about  525  numbers,  of  which  his  personal  series  is  now  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  and  duplicate  sets  in  the 
herbarium  at  Kew  and  that  of  the  Field  Museum.  He  began  field  work 
for  the  survey  resulting  in  this  Flora  in  September,  1904  (see  Britton  & 
Brace),  and  later  in  the  same  year  was  commissioned  by  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  to  make  an  exploration  of  the  Abaco  Islands,  where  he 
collected  as  follows:  Green  Turtle  Cay  (1475-1515),  Allen's  Cay  (1526-54), 
Spanish  Cay  (1555-62),  Man-o'-War  Cay  (1563-89),  Pigeon  Cay  (1662- 
73),  Elbow  €ay  (1688-1712),  and  on  the  island  of  Abaco  at  Butler  Cay 
(1516-25),  Marsh  Harbor  (1590-1661,  1713-53,  1787-1846),  Great  Cistern 
(1674-87,  1754^86),  Cherokee  Sound  (1847-9,  1898-1980,  1999,  2080-84, 
2086),  Eight  Mile  Bay  (1850-97),  opposite  Cherokee  Settlement  (1981-98, 
2064-79),  Old  Kerr's  Point  (2000-2036),  and  California  road  (2037-63), 
a  total  of  611  numbers.  Following  this  expedition  he  continued  work  on 
New  Providence  in  localities  from  which,  from  time  to  time,  it  became 
necessary  to  have  more  material  of  previously  secured  species. 

In  June,  1905,  a  commission  was  given  him  by  both  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  and  the  Field  Museum  to  continue  on  Great  Bahama,  the 
work  already  undertaken  there.  (See  Britton  &  Millspaugh.)  On  this 
exploration  he  collected  at  Eight  IVIile  Eocks  (3633-5,  3671-3738),  Dead- 
man's  Reef  (3631-2),  and  the  western  extremity  of  the  island  (3484-3630, 
3636-37).  He  also  collected  on  Garden  Cay  (3658-70),  and  visited  (during 
his  sailings  to  and  from  Great  Bahama)  North  Bimini  (3461-75,  3479-83), 
.South  Bimini  (3476-8),  North  Cat  Cay  (3739-54),  and  Andros  Island 
(3755-6),  and  after  returning  to  New  Providence  collected  Nos.  3893-3918. 
He  was  later  commissioned  by  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  and  the 
Field  Museum  to  make  three  further  explorations.  From  these  he  has 
returned  over  1,800  numbers  as  follows:  Rum  Cay  (3919-3993);  Fortune 
Island  (3994-4179);  Acklin's  Island  (4260-4471);  Crooked  Island  (4533- 
4776);  and  Andros   (4876-5377  and  6657-7139).     In  the  Andros  work  he 


EXPLORATIOxX  AND  COLLECTIONS.  649 

not  only  traversed  the  East  side  but  also  made  his  uav  aroi.i...  i.,  ..„  diffi- 
cult swash  region  of  the  West  coast,  and  penetrated  'the  divi.ling  channel 
across  the  southern  third  of  the  Island.  Mr.  Brace  also  continued  his 
search  for  interesting  plants  on  New  Providence  (7141-7101  and  7905- 
7910)  and  during  1918  and  1019  obtained  large  collections  of  Cryptogams 
(9395-1013S).  * 

1877.  H.  E.  Wm.  Robinson,  while  Governor  of  the  Hahamas,  to.,k  consi.lerable 
interest  in  the  plant  life  of  the  islands  even  to  the  establishment  of  an  Ex- 
perimental Botanic  Station  for  the  Study  of  Economic  Plants  suitable  for 
the  Islands.  His  collections  of  Bahamian  plants  (192  8pe<dmens)  are  in 
the  herbarium  at  Kew. 

1885-6.  John  Gardiner  spent  two  years  in  the  Bahamas  going  there  in  1SS5 
as  scientific  advisor  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture.  Under  the  direction  of 
Governor  H.  A.  Blake  he  spent  a  consi.lerable  time  in  botanif-ally  exploring 
New  Providence  and  the  Out  Islands,  notably  An.lros,  Berry  Islands,  At- 
wood  Cay,  Inagua  and  the  Biminis;  at  the  latter  jdace  he  lost  his  notes  and 
books  of  reference  through  the  wreck  of  his  vessel.  Unfortunately  he  made 
no  collections  during  his  Bahama  explorations,  contenting  himself  with 
analyzing  the  plants  in  the  field  and  recording  his  results  in  the  lost  note 
books. 

1886.  F.  H.  Herrick  worked  on  Abaco,  Pawpaw  Cay,  Joe's  Cay  and  Little 
Abaco  in  June  1886,  devoting  most  of  his  time  to  zoology.  He  made  a 
small  collection  of  plants  which  is  now  in  the  herbarium  of  Yale  University. 
A  large  number  of  the  species  in  the  list  of  66  plants  published  by  FMt,,n  ,^- 
Setehell,  were,  however,  reported  from  his  field  observations  only. 

1887.  Charles  S.  Dolley  visited  New  Providence  in  1887  and  has  ri-.i.!:ny 
resided  at  Nassau.  His  private  herbarium,  principally  of  plants  collected 
in  the  United  States,  is  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia.     [See   Bibliography.] 

1887-88.  H.  F.  A.  von  Eggers,  plant  collector  for  many  years  in  various  parts 
of  the  West  Indies  and  South  America,  was  on  Grand  Turk  in  July,  1SS7. 
From  January  to  March,  1888,  he  collected  on  Acklin's,  Fortune,  Long, 
and  Hog  Islands,  and  on  New  Providence  under  the  auspices  of  the  com- 
mittee of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

1889-91.  Alexander  Keith,  of  Edinburgh,  owner  of  a  sisal  plantation  on 
Andros,  collected  a  few  plants  on  that  island  especially  for  Mrs.  Northrop 
(whom  see).  Those  preserved  are  in  the  lIor])arium  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden. 

1890.  Mrs.  Alice  (Rich)  Northrop,  accompanied  by  her  husband.  Prof.  John 
I.  Northrop,  made,  in  1890,  a  large  collection  of  the  plants  of  New  Provi- 
dence (nos.  1-239,  280-331),  Rose  Island  (251),  Salt  Cay  (240-244.  271- 
279),  Hog  Island  (245-8,  252-70),  and  Andros  (332-758).  These  plants 
formed  the  basis  of  Mrs.  Northrop 's  * '  Flora  of  New  Providence  and  An- 
dros."  They  are  now  deposited  in  equal  sets  in  the  herbaria  of  the  Field 
Museum  and  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Very  full  sets  are  also  to 
be  found  in  the  herbarium  at  Kow  and  at  Berlin. 
42 


650  EXPLOKATION  AND  COLLECTIONS. 

1890.  Prof.  J  .T.  Eothrock  made,  in  the  interests  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, an  expedition  to  the  British  West  Indies  in  his  41-ton  yawl 
''White  Cap"  during  the  winter  of  1890-91.  On  this  expedition  he  col- 
lected 4  days  on  New  Providence;  2  on  Cat  Island;  a  part  of  one  day  on 
Watling's;  2  days  on  Crooked  Island;  '2  on  Fortune  Island,  and  a  day  on 
Great  Inagua.  His  collecting  was  done  independently  from  that  of  Prof. 
Hitchcock,  who  accompanied  him.  The  first  set  was  deposited  in  the  her- 
barium of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania;  the  second,  comprising  162 
sheets,  he  has  kindly  placed  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum  and  the 
third  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

1890.  Prof.  Albert  S.  Hitchcock  collected  in  the  Bahamas  in  November  and 
December,  1890.  The  collections  were  largely  made  on  New  Providence, 
Eleuthera,  Cat,  Watling's,  Crooked,  Fortune,  and  Inagua  and  form  the 
basis  of  his  ' '  Plants  collected  in  the  Bahamas, ' '  etc.  The  material  col- 
lected was  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden, 
from  which,  through  the  kindness  of  the  director,  Dr.  William  Trelease,  the 
authors  have  been  allowed  to  reassemble  the  sheets.  The  collection,  em- 
bracing about  600  sheets,  is  at  this  writing  a  loan  to  the  Field  Museum. 
Through  a  later  purchase  of  his  ' '  Florida  Herbarium ' '  the  Field  Museum 
secured  133  duplicate  sheets  of  the  Bahama  plants. 

1893.  Miss  Bertha  Wilson  accompanied  the  Bahamian  Expedition  from  the 
State  University  of  Iowa  in  May  and  June^  1893,  collecting — principally 
algae — on  Egg  Island,  Harbor  Island,  Eleuthera,  New  Providence,  Cat  Cay 
and  Water  Cay.  (Narrative  of  the  Bahamian  Expedition,  Nutting.)  On 
leaving  the  university  she  took  her  collections  with  her  in  the  anticipation 
of  determining  the  species.  All  trace  of  them  has  since  been  lost  to  the 
botanists  of  the  institution.  Her  land  plants  are  said  to  have  been  but 
scraps  and  to  have  been  thrown  away. 

1893-4.  G.  F.  Curtiss,  of  Schenectady,  New  York,  an  amateur  collector  of 
ferns,  spent  the  winter  of  1893-4  on  the  islands.  The  extent  of  his  col- 
lecting (which  was  doubtless  of  ferns  only)  is  unknown.  Although  his 
private  herbarium  has  lately  come  into  the  possession  of  the  Field  Museum 
of  Natural  History  it  contains  but  one  sheet  from  the  Bahamas  and  that 
from   Andros. 

1900--2.  Mrs.  Emilia  Royce  (Crane)  Anthony,  of  Gouverneur,  N.  Y.,  collected 
the  ferns  of  the  neighborhood  of  Nassau,  New  Providence,  in  1900  to  1902. 
Her  personal  collections  were  destroyed  in  the  great  fire  at  Jacksonville, 
Florida.  Duplicates  of  her  series  were  deposited  in  the  private  herbaria 
of  B.  D.  Gilbert,  Clayville,  N.  Y. ;  and  W.  N.  Clute,  Joliet,  111. 

1901.  Dr.  John  W.  Harshberger,  while  on  his  passage  to  Hayti,  spent  a  por- 
tion of  July  1^  1901,  in  the  vicinity  of  Matthewtown,  Inagua,  during  the 
call  of  his  steamer  at  that  port.  He  made  a  small  collection  which  was 
sent  to  Prof.  Urban,  for  determination,  and  is  now  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
Botanical  Garden  of  Berlin. 

1903.  Prof.  r.  S.  Earle  collected  during  one  day  only,  on  New  Providence 
(Nos.    1-79),   while   on  his  way   to    Cuba,   in   March,    1903.     His   plants, 


EXPLORATION   AND  COLLECTIONS.  661 

largely  from  the  vicinity  of  Nassau,  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden. 

1903.  Prof.  Lucien  M.  Underwood  and  E.  W.  D.  Ilolway  accompanied 
Prof.  Earle  on  the  trip  (mentionetl  above).  I'rof.  Ilolway  informs  us 
that  his  collections  consisted  solely  of  liusts.  These  are  at  present  in  bis 
private  herbarium. 

1903.  A.  H.  Curtiss  collected  his  first  series  of  "West  Indian  I'lanlh"  in 
April,  1903,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Nassau,  New  Providence.  This  series 
comprises  numbers  1-211,  of  which  the  prime  set,  with  the  unnumbered 
imicates,  is  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden, 
the  first  distributed  set  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum  and  .several 
others  in  various  American  anil   Eurojtean  herbaria. 

1903.  Dr.  William  C.  Coker,  botanist  of  the  Bahamian  expe<lition  of  the 
Geographical  Society  of  Baltimore,  assisted  by  Messrs.  C.  A.  Shore  and  F. 
M.  Hanes,  collected  in  the  summer  of  1903  on  the  following  islan<ls:  New- 
Providence  (1-193,  247-305,  551),  Andros  Island  and  Little  and  Great 
Mangrove  Cays  (194-234),  Green  Cay  (235-246),  George's  Island  (306- 
317),  Eleuthera  (318-421),  Cat  Island  (422-437),  Rum  Cay  (438-457), 
Watling's  Island  (458-491,  521,  528),  Long  Islan.l  (492-520,  524),  Water 
Cay  (523,  525),  Abaco  (558-568,  575-6),  and  Elbow  Cay  (569-574).  This 
collection  was  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Gar- 
den, and  forms  the  basis  of  his  ''Vegetation  of  the  Bahama  Islands"  in 
Shattuck's  ''The  Bahama  Islands."  Owing  to  the  insufficiency  of  the 
material  secured  many  phanerogams  therein  jmblished  are  ba?ed  upon 
provisional  determinations  only.  The  cryptogams  exist  un.ler  a  separate 
series  of  numbers. 

1904.  Dr.  N.  I*.  Britton  collected  on  New  Providence  in  April,  1904.  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Nassau,  South  Side  Beach,  Blue  Hills,  Farrindon  Road, 
West  Bay  Street  Road,  Cunningham  Road,  Lake  Cunningham,  and  Old 
Fort.  In  this  preliminary  investigation,  in  company  with  Millspaugh,  he 
collected  158  numbers  (1-158).  An  account  of  the  field  work  is  published 
in  the  Journal  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  5:  129-136.  See  also 
Britton  &  Brace,  and  Britton  &  Millspaugh. 

1904.  Dr.  C.  F.  Millspaugh  began  his  collections  among  the  islands  on  New 
Providence,  in  April,  1904,  in  company  with  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton  {^ee  Brit- 
ton), visiting  substantially  the  same  stations,  where,  as  his  collecting  was 
to  extend  to  other  islands,  he  kept  his  individual  series  of  numerals.  He 
collected  at  the  following  localities:  Blue  Hills  (2048-2100),  South  Shore 
(2101-2151  and  2262-2277).  West  Bay  Street  road  (2152-2178),  pine 
barrens  and  hammock  lands  along  Lake  Cunningham  road  (2179-2217), 
region  of  Lake  Cunningham  (2218-2244),  Farringdon  Road  (2245-7), 
Swingate  (2248-51),  Old  Fort  (2252-4),  and  Waterloo  (22.55-61).  Then 
hiring  and  commissioning  a  sloop,  he  sailed  in  company  with  Dr.  M.  A. 
Howe  for  an  investigation  of  the  Bimini  Islands,  collecting  at  the  follow- 
ing stations:  West  End  Bight,  New  Providence  (2278-2293),  Joulter's 
Cays    (2294-2304),    Gun   Cay    (2305-2328),    North   Cat    Cay    (2329-2347, 


652  EXPLOKATIOX  AND  COLLECTIONS. 

2415),  South  Bimini  (2348-2368,  2379-85,  2387-98,  2406-2414),  North 
Bimini  (2369-78,  2386,  2399-2405),  South  Cay  (2416-2441).  Again  in 
January,  1905,  he  collected  in  the  following  localities  while  awaiting  the 
arrival  of  Dr.  Britton  (see  Britton  &  Millspaugh)  ;  Blue  Hills  road  (2442- 
44,  2461-81),  Silver  Cay  (2445-2460),  and  South  Side,  Soldiers  Eoad,  Fort 
Montague  and  Fort  Fincastle  (2482-2502).  (See  also  Britton  and  Mills- 
paugh, and  Millspaugh  and  Millspaugh.) 

1904.  Britton  and  Brace — Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  Mrs.  E.  G.  Britton,  and  Mr.  Lewis 
J.  K.  Brace  collected  together  on  New  Providence  (nos.  159-328,  361-872), 
and  Hog  Island  (329-360),  in  September  and  October,  1904.  They  ranged 
New  Providence  Avith  great  thoroughness,  penetrating  to  the  coast  region 
north,  east,  south  and  west,  and  to  the  coppices,  pine  barrens,  and  openings 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Nassau,  Fort  Montague,  Farringdon  Eoad,  Swin- 
gate,  Maidenhead,  Tea  House,  Kace  Course,  Delaport,  Fox  Hills,  Village 
Eoad,  Mt.  Vernon,  Eifle  Eange,  Harold  Eoad,  Carmichael,  Adelaide,  South- 
west Landing,  Miller  's.  Blue  Hills,  Soldiers  Eoad,  Lake  Cunningham,  Win- 
ton,  Old  Fort,  Waterloo,  Clifton,  Mt.  Pleasant,  Fort  Charlotte,  Gambler, 
Killarney,  Bonefish  Pond,  and  Seven  Hills.  The  commoner  things  were  not 
taken,  the  attempt  being  made  to  secure  only  such  species  as  were  pre- 
viously unfamiliar  or  those  which  had  only  been  gathered  when  out  of 
character.  This  survey  resulted  in  714  particularly  interesting  plants, 
embracing  the  series  of  numbers  indicated  above.  The  prime  set  of  these 
collections  is  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden,  the  duplicates  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum. 

An  account  of  this  expedition  is  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  New 
York  Botanical  Garden  5:  201-209. 

1904,  1905,  1907.  Dr.  MarshaU  A.  Howe,  phycologist  of  the  New  York  Botan- 
ical Garden,  has  collected  extensively  the  sea  vegetation  of  the  Bahamas, 
accompanying  C.  F.  Millspaugh  on  his  first  trip,  and  later  the  first  expedi- 
tion of  Britton  and  Millspaugh.  (See  Jour.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gar.  5:  129-136 
and  6:  77-85.)  In  1907  he  accompanied  Mr.  Percy  Wilson  on  the  expe- 
dition to  the  southern  islands  (see  Wilson)  whence  he  returned  a  large 
amount  of  interesting  and  critical  additional  material.  His  large  collection 
of  algae  is  deposited  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

1904.  Alex.  E.  Wight,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  made  a  Bahamian  collection  of  281  numbers  from  December,  1904, 
to  May,  1905.  He  collected  on  New  Providence  and  Hog  Island  (1-226  and 
271-274),  and  on  Andros  at  Mangrove  Cay,  Fresh  Creek,  Calabash  Bay, 
and  Small  Hope  (227-270).  The  resulting  plants  were  determined  at  the 
Field  Museum  and  the  initial  set  retained  (with  the  exception  of  about 
six  numbers  in  the  Orchidaceae  which  are  in  the  herbarium  of  Prof.  Oakes 
Ames).  Duplicate  sets  have  been  deposited  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  and  the 
herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

1904.  Geo.  V.  Nash  and  Norman  Taylor,  of  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden,  were  commissioned  by  the  Garden,  in  October,  ]904,  to  in- 
vestigate the  Inaguas.     They  made  an  exhaustive  survey  of  the  islands, 


EXPLORATION  AND  COLLECTIONS.  653 

collecting  on  Inagua  482  numbers  (874-1138  an.l  1258-1474),  on  Sheep 
Cay  23  numbers  (1139-lini),  and  on  Little  Inagua  96  numljcrs  (1162- 
1257).  In  September,  190;"),  on  their  return  from  an  exploration  in 
Haiti,  they  spent  a  week  on  Grand  Turk  Island,  collecting  all  such  plants 
as  were  noted  by  them  at  that  season,  13()  numbers  (3757-3892).  Accounts 
of  these  expeditions  may  be  found  in  the  Journal  of  the  New  York  Botan- 
ical Garden  6:    1-19  and  ISO-lOl. 

1904.  Glover  M.  Allen  and  Thomas  Barbour,  while  collecting  zoological  mate- 
rial on  the  Bahamas  In  July,  1904,  gave  considerable  attention  to  the  plant 
life  of  Abaeo,  Elbow  Cay,  Great  Guana  Cay,  Little  Aba^-o,  Pcnsacola  <'ays, 
Stranger  Cay  and  Great  Bahama.  Their  collections  amounting  to  about 
100  sheets  are  deposited  in  the  Gray  Herbarium,  Cambridge,  MasK. 

1904.  Owen  Bryant  collected  a  number  of  plants  on  Mangrove  Cay  and  Andres 
in  1904  while  engaged  in  zoological  investigations  there.  His  plants  are 
in  Herb.  Gray,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

1905  and  1907.  Britton  and  Millspaugh — the  authors  of  this  Flora,  accom- 
panied by  Dr.  M.  A.  Howe,  began  an  exploration  of  the  Berry  Island*, 
Great  Bahama,  and  the  Exuma  Chain,  in  January,  1905.  A  schooner  waa 
chartered  and  equipped  at  Nassau,  where,  after  a  day's  delay  on  account 
of  heavy  weather  (during  which  collecting  was  done  in  the  scrublamls  and 
coppices  south  of  Nassau  (2085-2110),  the  expedition  began  at  Rose 
Island  (2111-2166)  and  Hog  Island  (2167-2176).  The  first  island  of  the 
Berry  Group  visited  was  Whale  Cay  (2177-2201),  followe.l  by  Frozen  Cay 
(2202-2224),  Little  Harbor  Cay  (2225-2254),  Great  Sturrup  Cay  (2255- 
'285),  Goat  Cay  (2286-2301),  Lignum  Vitae  Cay  (2302-2332),  and  Great 
Harbor  Cay  (2333-2354).  The  exploration  began  on  Great  Bahama  Island 
at  Eight  Mile  Rocks  (2355-2596),  and  was  continued  at  Barnett's  Point 
(2597-2716),  and  Golden  Grove  (2717-2741).  Returning  to  Nassau,  a 
fresh  start  was  made  to  the  Exuma  Chain,  of  which  the  following  islands 
were  diligently  searched:  Ship  Channel  Cay  (2742-2767),  Cay  north  of 
Wide  Opening  (2768-2804),  Cave  Cay  (2805-2836),  Little  Galiot  (2837- 
2850),  Great  Galiot  (2851-2860),  Great  Guana  (2861-2922),  Great  Exuma 
(2923-3051,   3073-3141),  and  Stocking   Island    (3052-3072). 

On  Great  Exuma  the  regions  studied  were  the  scrub  lands  and  coppices 
lying  west  of  Georgetown:  Hayne's  Road  from  the  east  to  the  west  shores 
across  the  island ;  and  the  Rolletown  scrub  lands  and  coppices.  The  total 
series  of  this  exploration  is  1,057  sheets.  An  account  of  this  expedition 
may  be  found  in  Journal  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  6:  7S-s5. 

They  further  undertook,  in  1907,  a  very  exhaustive  exploration  of  the  Out 
Islands,  embracing  the  following  localities:  Eleuthera,  from  the  Glass  Win- 
dow to  Harbor  Island  (5376-5404)  ;  Glass  Window  to  Gregorytown  (5405- 
5440);  Governor's  Harbor  and  vicinity  (5441-5542);  Rock  Sound  and 
vicinity  (5543-5590);  Miller's  and  Bannermantown  and  vicinities  (5591- 
5613)  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  extreme  southern  point  of  the  island  (5614- 
5656).  Little  San  Salvador  (5657-5701).  Cat  Island,  from  Orange  Creek 
around  the  extreme  north  end  of  the  island,  down  the  northeast  shore  of 


654  EXPLORATION  AND  COLLECTIONS. 

Cotton  Point  and  across  (5702-5791)  ;  the  vicinity  of  The  Bight  and 
across  the  island  and  back  (5792-5945)  ;  and  Port  Howe  and  vicinity 
(5946-5986).  Conception  Island  (5987-6043).  Watling's  Island,  Cock- 
burntown  vicinity  (6044-'6144)  ;  from  Coekburntown  across  Little  and 
Great  Lakes  to  the  Light  on  the  east  coast  (6145-6169)  ;  Graham's  Har- 
bor south  along  the  east  coast  to  Columbus'  Monument  (6170-6188)  ;  Gra- 
ham's Harbor  around  the  north  end  of  the  island  to  Coekburntown  (6189- 
6224).  Long  Island,  vicinity  of  Clarencetown  and  across  the  island  to  the 
•west  shore,  and  on  Thatch  and  Strachan's  Cays  '(6225-6359)  ;  and  the  ex- 
treme north  end  of  the  island  at  Cape  St.  Maria  (6360-6370).  New  Provi- 
dence in  the  vicinity  of  Nassau. 

1905,  1907.  Mrs.  N".  L.  Britton,  often  accompanied  by  her  cousin,  Mr.  Brace, 
visited,  in  April  and  May,  1905,  all  those  stations  on  New  Providence 
previously  collected  by  Britton  &  Brace,  at  which  it  had  become  desirable 
to  secure  additional  material  of  interesting  plants  or  characters  missing  on 
previous  notable  species.  In  addition  to  achieving  marked  success  in  this 
undertaking,  she  secured  many  other  plants  of  particular  interest.  Her  sur- 
vey resulted  in  310  sheets  (nos.  3141-3460),  and  is  mentioned  in  the  Journal 
of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  5:  129-136.  In  1907  she  accompanied 
her  husband  and  the  co-author  as  far  as  Harbor  Island  and  remained  there, 
as  a  base,  while  working  that  island  and  the  extreme  north  end  of  Eleuthera 
(6370-6527).  Returning  to  New  Providence  she  did  further  discriminating 
field  work  on  that  island  (6529-6656)  while  awaiting  the  return  of  the 
authors'  second  expedition. 

1907  and  1909.  Percy  Wilson,  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  on  a  com- 
mission from^  that  institution  and  the  Field  Museum,  accompanied  by  Dr. 
Howe,  made  an  exploration  of  the  southeastern  islands  from  November  22 
to  December  29,  1907.  His  field  was  as  follows:  Cat  Island,  at  The  Bight 
(7163-7197)  and  the  southwest  end  of  the  island  (7198-7202).  Watling's 
Island,  at  Coekburntown  (7203-7225);  Graham's  Harbor  (7226-7258); 
and  the  extreme  southeast  and  southwest  ends  (7259-73'36  and  7337-7359). 
Atwood's  Cay  (Samana)  (7360-7424  and  7903-7904).  Mariguana,  at  a 
point  ten  miles  west  of  Abraham  Bay  (7425-7451)  ;  Abraham  Bay  and 
vicinity  (7452-7540)  ;  five  miles  west  of  Southeast  Point  (7541-7557)  and 
at  Southeast  Point  (7558-7589).  The  Caicos  Islands:  on  South  Caicos 
(7590-7693);  Pine  Cay  (7694-7697);  North  Caicos  at  Kew  and  vicinity 
(7698-7748);  Providenciales  (7749-7752)  and  West  Caicos  (7753-7763); 
Little  Inagua,  at  the  western  end  (7764-7782).  Castle  Island  (7783-7802). 
The  Ragged  Cays,  at  Great  Ragged  Island  (7803-7869)  and  Hog  Cay 
(7870-7882).  The  Exuma  Chain,  at  Harvest  Cay  (7883-7898);  and  Rose 
Island  (7899-7902).  From  May  13  to  June  7,  1909,  he  explored  the  Cay 
Sal  Bank,  spending  four  days  on  Anguilla  Islands  (7932-8078,  8438)  and 
one  day  each  on  Salt  Cay  (8079-8124),  Water  Cay  (8132-8159),  and 
Elbow  Cay  (8125-8131).  On  the  trip  out  he  spent  one  day  at  Riding 
Rocks  (7912-7924),  and  one  on  Orange  Cay  (7925-7931),  of  the  Bimini 
Group;   and  on  his  return  to  Nassau:    six  days  collecting  on  New  Provi- 


EXPLORATION  AXD  COLLECTIONS.  655 

dence  (8168-8247,  8323-8343,  8370-8413,  8434-8437)  and  four  on  Hog 
Island  (8248-8322,  8344-84G9,  8414-8433).  The  collections  arc  depoMted 
in  duplicate  in  the  herbaria  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  and  the 
Field  ^Museum. 

1910.  Small  and  Carter.  Fcelin^r  that  the  central  portion  of  Andros,  fifteen 
miles  from  the  sea,  mij^ht  yield  species  not  to  ho  found  on  any  other  of  the 
islands,  Dr.  John  K.  Small  and  Mr.  Joel  J.  Carter  were  commisaioned  by 
the  Ne\v  York  Botanical  Garden  and  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History 
to  make  a  thorough  survey  of  the  interior,  especially  in  the  Fresh  Creek 
region,  the  broadest  part  of  the  island.  This  they  thoroughly  did  and 
added  two  other  central  areas  to  their  field  of  exploration  (see  Jour.  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Gard.  11:  88-101).  Beginning  January  lo,  1910,  they  collected  on 
Mangrove  Cay  at  Lisbon  Creek  (S439-S540),  passed  soiithwar.l  to  Deep 
Creek  (8541-8637),  and  worked  northward  to  Smith  Hill  (86.38-8689), 
Crow  Hill  (8690-8746),  Fresh  Creek  (8747-8841),  Staniard  Creek  (8842- 
8919)  and  concluded  their  work  at  the  north  end  of  the  island:  Nichol's 
Town  (8920-8976). 

From  the  fact  that  these  two  indefatigable  and  acute  Florida  Everglade 
workers  faile.d  to  bring  to  light  more  than  8  species  not  before  accredited 
to  the  Bahamas  in  our  lists  it  would  appear:  first,  that  the  great  ])reailth  of 
Andros  does  not  mitigate  the  salinity;  second,  that  previous  collecting  had 
pretty  thoroughly  covered  the  flora  of  the  group. 

1911.  Millspaugh  and  Millspaugh.  C.  F.  Millspaugh  and  his  wife  (Clara 
Mitchell  Millspaugh)  undertook,  in  February  and  March,  1911,  a  survey  of 
the  Turk's  and  Caieos  Islands  in  order  to  ascertain  the  most  southerly  ex- 
tension of  the  species  of  this  Flora.  They  collected  on  Grand  Turk  Island 
(8981-9059;  9324-9347;  9378-9390)  ;  then,  chartering  a  sloop,  investigated 
the  following  islands:  East  Caieos  (9060-9114);  Grand  Caieos  (9115- 
9122);  North  Caieos  (9123-9191);  Bay  Cay  (9192);  Parrot  Cay  (9193- 
9204);  Stubb's  Cay  (9205-9210);  Pine  Cay  (9211-9215);  Dellis'  Cay 
(9216-9225);  South  Caieos  (9226-9233;  9240-9247);  Long  Cay  (9234- 
9239;  9274);  Salt  Cay  (9248-9262;  9392);  Sand  Cay  (9263-9270;  9391); 
Ambergris  Cay  (9275-9316);  Little  Ambergris  Cay  (9317-9323);  Long 
Cay  (Turk's)  (9348-9350);  Gibbs'  Cay  (9351-9356);  Cotton  Cay  (9357- 
9363);  Penniston  Cay  (9364);  and  East  ("Eastern")  Cay  (9365-9377). 


■    III     I  I     IfHI 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Prepared  with  the  co-operation  of  John  H.  Barnhart 

Only  documents  dealing  wholly  or  chiefly  with  Bahamian  plants,  and  the 
more  important  treatises  on  West  Indian  botany  including  references  to 
Bahama  species  are  here  cited. 

Allen,  Glover  M.,  and  Barbour,  Thomas.    Narrative  of  a  Trip  to  the  Bahamas. 

Cambridge,  Mass.     Privately  printed.     1904. 
Ames,  Oakes.    A  new  Ponthieva  from  the  Bahamas.    Torreya  10:  90,  91.    1910. 

Description  of  Ponthieva  Briitonae. 
Anonymous.    Agave  seen  by  Columbus  found.    Discovery  1:  30-32.     1907. 

Popular  account  of  the  Agave  indagatorum  of  Watling's  Island. 
Anthony,  Emilia  C.     Pern  Hunting  in  Nassau.     Fern  Bull.  10:   65-68.     1902. 

Popular  account  of  ferns  found  on  New  Providence. 
Bennett,  John  J.     Note  on  the  Species  of  Croton  described  by  Linnaeus  under 

the   Names   of  Clutia  Eluteria  and   Croton   CascariUa.     Journ.   and  Proc. 

Linn.  Soc.  Bot.  4:  26-30.     1859.     Copied  in  Pharm.  Journ.  and  Trans.  II. 

1:     132-134.      1860.      German    translation    under    the    title    ''Ueber    die 

Croton-Art,  welch   die   Cortex   Cascarillae   liefert."     Bonplandia   9:    213- 

215.     1861. 

Discussion  of  three  species  inhabiting  the  Bahamas. 
Britten,  N.  L.     Eeview  of  the  Provisional  List  of  the  Plants  of  the  Bahama 

Islands.     Bull.  Torr.  Club  17:   187,  188.     1890. 
Britton,  N.  L.     A  new  WaltJieria  from  the  Bahamas.     Torreya  3:    105,  106. 
1903. 

Description  of  WaltJieria  bahamensis. 
Britton,  N.  L.     Explorations  in  Florida  and  the  Bahamas.     Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot. 

Gard.  5:  129-136.     1904. 

Eecord  of  the  first  visit   of  Dr.  Britton,  Dr.   Millspaugh  and  Dr.   Howe 
to  New  Providence. 
Britton,  N.  L.     Eeport  on  Exploration  of  the  Bahamas.     Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot. 

Gard.  5:  201-209.     1904. 

Record  of  collecting  on   New   Providence  with  Mrs.   Britton  and   Mr.   L. 
J.  K.  Brace. 
Britton,  N.  L.     Savia  haJiamensis.     Torreya  4 :  104,  105.     1904. 

Description  of  a  species  new  to  science. 
Britton,  N.  L.    Notes  on  the  Flora  of  the  Bahamas.     Torreya  4:  190.     1904. 

Eemarks  before  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club  upon  the  flora  of  New  Provi- 
dence. 
Britton,  N.  L.    Contributions  to  the  Flora  of  the  Bahama  Islands.    Bull.  N.  Y. 

Bot.  Gard.  3:   441-453;  4:   115-127;   137-143;  5:   311-318.     1905-1907. 

656 


BIBLIOCKAPIIY.  657 

Descriptions  of  new  species  and   records  of  distribution  of  species.     Each 
of  the  four  Contributions  was  distributed  separately  in  advance. 
Britten,  N.  L.     Explorations  in  the  Bahamas.    .Journ.  N.  Y.  Br.t    Cnr  •    G     :«- 

85.     1905. 

Narrative  of  exploration  of  Rose  Island,  the  Berry  I.slanil>.  »ir.;ii   i.ii;:ima 
and  the  Exuma  Cays  with  Dr.  Millspau^h  and  Dr.  Howe. 
Britton,  N.  L.     Eeport  on  the  Continuation  of  the  Botanical   Exploration  of 

the  Bahama  Islands.    Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  8:  71-Hl.     H»07. 

Narrative  of  exploration,   with  Dr.   Millspaugh,  of   ?"leuthera.  Little  San 
Salvador,  Cat  Island,  Conception  Island,  ^Vatling's  Island,  and  Lonjj  Island. 
Mrs.  Britton  and  Mrs.  Millspaugh  collected  on  Harbor  Island. 
Britton,  N.  L.     The  Genus  Ernodra  Swartz:    A  Study  of  Species  :*'   '    '' >•. 

Bull.  Torr.  Club  35:  203-208.     1908. 

Discussion  of  the  six  species  of  the  Bahamas,  three  described  a*^  I;<■^\. 
Britton,  N.  L.     The  Botanical  Name  of  the  ^Vild  Sapo.lilla.    Torreya  11:   128, 

129.     1911. 

SynonjTny  of  Mimiisops  emarginata   (L.)   Britton. 
Britton,  IST.  L.     Four  Undescribed  West  Indian  Sedges.     Torreya  13:  215-217. 

1913. 

Stenophyllus    Wilsoni,    Fimhristylis    inagucn.'iis,    Iiinwhospora    hahamrnsis 
from  the  Bahamas. 
Catesby,  Mark.     The  natural  history   of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the   Bahama 

Islands.    2  vols.,  folio,  London,  ' '  1731 ' '  and  ' '  1734. ' ' 

Issued  in  ten  parts,  of  twenty  plates  each,  1730-43;  and  an  ai>pendix  of 
twenty  plates,  1748.  The  plates  are  numbered  1-100  in  each  volume,  and 
ISO  in  the  appendix.  Each  plate,  as  a  rule,  illustrated  one  animal  and  one 
plant,  and  descriptive  text  accompanietl  each  object  figured ;  these  include 
about  sixty-five  Bahama  plants. 

A  second  issue  in  1754,  "revised"  by  George  Edwards,  librarian  to  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  is  a  mere  reprint,  with  the  addition  of  a  sheet 
at  the  end  of  each  volume  giving  the  Linnaean  names  of  the  animals  and 
plants  in  the  work. 

A  third  issue,  in  1771,  differs  from  the  prece<ling  only  in  the  resetting  of 
the  title-page  and  preface,  and  the  numbering  of  the  pages  and  plates  of  the 
appendix  consecutively  with  those  of  the  second  volume. 

The  London  issues  all  had  the  text  in  both  English  and  French,  in  parallel 
columns.  There  was  another  edition  (Niirnberg.  1750),  with  text  in  Latin 
and  German,  in  parallel  columns;  this  contained  a  few  additional  plates,  not 
in  Catesby 's  work. 

The  Bradley  Bibliography  mentions  also   a  Gorman   translation  by    lluth 

(Nurnberg,   1755),  and  a  Dutch   translation   by    Houttuyn   in   nine  volumes 

(Amsterdam,  1772-81),  but  both  are  indicated  as  not  seen  by  the  comi>iler. 

Coker,  William  C.     Vegetation  of  the  Bahama  Lslands.     In  Shattuck  '•  The 

Bahama  Islands,''  185-270.     Baltimore,  1905.     Also  issued  as  a  separate. 

Contains  an  account  of  previous  botanical  exploration,  a  discussion  of  the 
composition  and  relationships  of  the  flora  and  of  its  distribution,  notes  on 
useful  plants  indigenous  and  introduced,  a  description  of  the  botanical  for- 


658  BIBLIOGEAPHY. 

mations,  and  a  list  of  the  plants  collected  by  the  author  in  1903;    several 
species  are  described  as  new. 
Committee.     Eeport   of  the  Committee,   consisting  of  Messrs,  W.   Carruthers, 

W.  r.  R.  Weldon,  J.  G.  Baker,  G.  M.  Murray,  and  W.  T.  Thiselton-Dyer 

(Secretary),   appointed   for   the   Purpose   of   Exploring  the   Flora   of   the 

Bahamas.     Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sci.  58 :  361-363.    1S89.    Also  reprinted. 

Baron  Eggers  made  collections  for  this  Committee  in  1887  and  1888. 
Daniell,  William  F.     On  the   C'ascarilla  and  other   species   of  Croton   of  the 

Bahamas  and  other  West  Indian  Islands.     Pharm.  Journ.  and  Trans.  II. 

4:  144-150;  226-231.     1863. 

Botanical  and  pharmaceutical  descriptions  of  the  Bahama   Crotons,  with 
illustrations. 
Dolley,  C.  S.     The  Botany  of  the  Bahamas.    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1889: 

130-134.     1889. 

Remarks  upon  the  flora,  with  reference  to  the  list  of  plants  presented  by 
him  for  publication.      (See  Gardiner,  John,  and  Brace,  L.  J.  K.) 
Dyer,  W.  T.  Thiselton.     Flora  of  the  Bahamas.     Nature  37:  565,  566.     1888. 

Account  of  exploration,  with  a  letter  from  Baron  Eggers. 
Eaton,  D.  C.     A  List  of  the  Marine  Algae  collected  by  Dr.  Edward  Palmer  on 

the  Coast  of  Florida  and  at  Nassau,  Bahama  Islands,  March-August,  1874. 

8vo,  pp.  6.     New  Haven,  1875. 

Record  of  about  30  species  found  at  Nassau,  New  Providence. 
Eaton,  D.  C,  and  Setchell,  W.  A.    List  of  Plants  from  Abaco  Island,  Bahamas. 

Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.  6:  46,  47.     1886. 

A  list  of  66  species  collected  by  F.  H.  Herrick  or  observed  by  him. 
Eggers,  H.  F.  A.     Die  Bahama  Inseln.     Globus  62:   209-214.     Braunschweig, 

1892. 

A  brief  general  account  of  the  islands  and  of  their  vegetation. 
Ekman,  E.  L.     West  Indian  Vernoniae.     Arkiv.  Bot.  13":   1-106,  pi.  6.     1914. 

Includes  the  Bahama  species. 
Evans,  Alexander  W.    The  Hepaticae  of  the  Bahama  Islands.    Bull.  Torr.  Club 

38:   205-222.     1911. 

Enumeration  with  distribution  of  34  species,  three  of  them  illustrated,  with 
descriptions,  as  new  to  science, 
Gardiner,  John,  and  Brace,  L.  J.  K.     Provisional  List  of  the  Plants  of  the 

Bahama  Islands,  arranged  with  notes  and  additions  by  Charles  S.  Dolley. 

Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phila.    1889:    349-426.     1889.     Also    issued    as    a 

separate. 

An  annotated  catalogue  of  over  600  Bahama  plants  based  upon  a  manu- 
script list  prepared  by  Mr.  Brace,  with  a  glossary  and  index   of   popular 
names.     This  document  is  cited  in  the  present  volume  as  of  Dolley. 
Gleason,  Henry  A.    The  Genus  Vernonia  in  the  Bahamas.    Bull.  Torr.  Club  33 : 

183-188.     1906.     [iSeparately  as  Contr.  Bot.  Dept.  Col.  Univ.  no.  224.] 

Records  and  descriptions  of  the  five  species,  three  of  them  described  as  new. 
Grisebach,  A.  H.  R.     Flora  of  the  British  West  Indian  Islands.     8vo,  pp.  789. 

London,  1859-1864. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  659 

Published  in  seven  parts.     Includes  records  and  descriptions  of  about  200 
Bahamian    species    mostly    from    specimens    collected    by    Swaiiison    and    by 
Pljalmarson. 
Grisebach,  A.  H.  R.    Die  geographische  Ver])reitung  dor  Pflanzen  Wcftindiens. 

Abhand.  Koenigl:  Gesell,  Wiss.  Goettingen  12:  :i-^"      i^'"'       v'->  ■■.. i  aa 

a  separate. 

A  treatise  on  geographic  distribution  of  West   InDaii  sp..i.>-,  uitn  r.tcr- 
ences  to  those  of  the  Bahamas. 
Guppy,  H.  B.     The  Flora  of  the  Turks'  Islands.     In  his  "Plants.  Seeds  and 

Currents  in  the  West  Indies  and  Azores"  277-293.     Svo.     London.  1917. 
Harshberger,  John  W.    Notes  on  the  Strand  Flora  of  Great  Inagua,  Haiti  and 

Jamaica.     Torreya  3:  67-70.     1903. 
Herrick,  F.  H.     Notes  on  the  Flora  of  Abaco  and  adjoining  Islands.     Johns 
Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.  6:  46.     1886. 
General  account  of  the  vegetation. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.     A  visit  to  the  West  Indies.     Bot.  Gaz.  16:   13i>-141.     1S91. 
Narrative  of  a  trip  with  J.   T.   Rothrock,  including  exploration   on   New 
Providence,  Eleuthera,   Cat  Island,   Watling's  Island,  Crookeil   Island,   For- 
tune Islands  and  Inagua. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.    List  of  Plants  collected  in  the  Bahamas,  Jamaica  and  Grand 
Cayman.     Eep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  4:   47-179.     1893.     Also  distributod  sepa- 
rately in  advance. 

Eecord  of  the  trip  above  mentioned,  with  a   catalogue  of  the  plants  col- 
lected, a  discussion  of  the  relations  of  the  Bahama  Flora,  descriptions  and 
illustrations  of  new  species  and  tables  of  distribution. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.     List  of  Cryptogams  collected  in  the  Bahamas,  Jamaica  and 
Grand  Cayman.    Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard.  9:  111-120.     1898.    Also  distributed 
separately  in  advance. 

Bahama  species  are  listed  of  Lichens  determineil  by  T.   A.   Williams,  of 
Basidiomycetes    by    W.    G.    Farlow,    of    Uredineae    by    M.    A.    Carleton.    of 
Ustilagineae  by  P.  Magnus  and  of  Pyrenomycetes  and  Peronos[»oraceae  by 
J.  B.  Ellis.     Nine  new  species  of  Pyrenomycetes  are  described. 
Hitchcock,  A.  S.,  and  Chase,  Agnes.    Grasses  of  the  West  Indies.    Contr.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Herb.  18:  261-471.     1917. 
Contains  many  records  of  Bahama  species. 
Hooker,  J.  D,     Bahama  Flora.     Rep.  Progr.  and   Cbnd.  Royal   Gardens   Kew 
for  1880,  30.     1881. 

Note  on  the  receipt  at  Kew  of  a  collection  made  by  L.  .1.  K.  Hra<-e. 
House,  Homer  D.     Two  Bahamian  Si)ecies  of  Evolvulus.     Bull.  Toir.  Club  35: 
89,  90.     1908. 

Evolvulus  baJiamcnsis  and  E.  Bravci,  new  species. 
Howe,  Marshall  A.     Notes  on  Bahaman  Algae.     Bull.  Torr.  Club  31:  93-100. 
2jI.  6.     1904.     [Separately  as  Contr.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  no.  51.] 
Records  of  the  algae  collected  by  Dr.  W.  C.  Coker  in  1903. 
Howe,  Marshall  A.     Collections  of  Marine  Algae  from   Florida  and  the  Ba- 
hamas.    Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  5:    104-166.     1904. 


660  BTBLIOGEAPHY. 

Narrative  of  collections  made  on  the  shores  of  New  Providence,  at  Joulter  's 

Cays,  Gun  Cay,  the  Biminis,  North  and  South  Cat  Cays,  in  company  of  Dr. 

Millspaugh  on  the  sloop  ' '  Cynosure. ' ' 

Howe,  Marshall  A.     Phycologieal  Studies — I.    New  Chlorophyceae  from  Florida 

and    the    Bahamas.     Bull.    Torr.     Club    32:     241-252,    pi.    11-15.     1905. 

[Separately  as  Contr.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  no.  67.] 

Descriptions  and  illustrations  of  one  genus  and  three  species  new  to  science. 
Howe,  Marshall  A.     Phycologieal  Studies — II.     New  Chlorophyceae,  new  Kho- 
dophyceae,  and  miscellaneous  Notes.     Bull.  Torr.  Club  32:  563-571,  pi.  23- 
29.     1905.     [Separately  as  Contr.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  no.  72.] 
Includes  descriptions  and  illustrations  of  one  genus  and  three  species,  new 
to  science,  from  the  Bahamas. 
Howe,    Marshall    A.     Phycologieal    Studies — IV.     The    Genus    Neomeris    and 
Notes  on  other  Siphonales.     Bull.  Torr.  Club  36:   75-104,  pi.  1-8.     1909. 
[Separately  as  Contr.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  no.  120.] 

Includes   descriptions  and  illustrations  of   four  Bahamian   species  new  to 
science. 
Howe,  Marshall  A.,  and  Wilson,  Percy.     Pieport  on  the  Botanical  Exploration 
of  the  Bahama  and  Caieos  Islands.     Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  9:    41-50. 
1908. 

Narrative  of  collecting  on  Watling's  Island,  Atwood  Cay,  Mariguana,  the 
Caieos  Islands,  Little  Inagua,  Providenciales,  Castle  Island,  Great  Bagged 
Island  and  Harvey's  Cay. 
Jackson,   J.  R.     Princewood  Bark,  a  Febrifuge  from   the  Bahamas.     Pharm. 
Journ.  and  Trans.  III.  6:  681.     1876. 
Note  on  the  bark  of  Exostema  carihaeum. 
Millspaugh,  C.  F.     A  new  Bahaman  EupJiorbia.     Torreya  4:   172.     1904. 

Eupliorhia  cayensis,  from  Joulter 's  Cays. 
Millspaugh,  C.  F.    Praenunciae  bahamenses.    Field  Mus.  Bot.  2:  137-184;  289- 
321.     1906,  1909. 

Contains  accounts  of  collectors  and  collections,  largely  republished  in  the 
present  volume   (pp.  646-655),  bibliography,  a  list  of  the  islands  on  which 
collections  have  been  made,  lists  of  species  of  several  families  with  descrip- 
tions of  numerous  novelties  and  a  list  of  native  plant  names. 
Murray,  G.     Catalogue  of  the  Marine  Algae  of  the  West  Indian  Eegion.    Journ. 
Bot.  26:    193-196,  237-243,  303-307,  331-338,  358-363.     1888;   27:    237- 
242,  257-262,  298-305.     1889. 

Includes    numerous    records    of    the    occurrence    of    marine    algae    in    the 
Bahamas. 
Nash,    Geoige   V.     Botanical   Exploration    of    the   Inagua    Islands,    Bahamas. 
Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  6:  1-19.     190^. 

Narrative  of  exploration  of  Inagua  and  Little  Inagua  in  1904,  with  Nor- 
man Taylor. 
Nash,  George  V.    A  Trip  to  the  Inaguas.    Plant  World  8:  63-71;  91-98.    1905. 
Also  issued  as  a  separate. 
Popular  account  of  the  exploration  of  Inagua  and  Little  Inagua. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  G61 

Northrop,  Alice  R.     Flora  of  New  Provi.ienoe  an.i  Andres.     Mem.  Torr.  Club 
12:  1-98,  pi.  1-19.     1902. 

A  general  account  of  the  location  an. I  conformation  of  these  two  islands, 

their  botanical  regions,  an  annotate<l  list  of  plants  collected  by  Mrs.  Northrop 

and  her  husband,  John  I.  Northrop,  in  1890,  with  descriptions  and  illuatra- 

tions  of  new  species  and  discussions  of  the  distribution  of  species. 

Nutting,   C.    C.     Narrative  and    Preliminary   Report    of    Hahaina    Kxpedition. 

Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  Univ.  Iowa  3:  1-252.     lS9;j. 

Contains  occasional  references  to  the  vegetation  obH-rvod  during  a  voyage 
in  1893. 
Rothrock,  J.  T.    Some  Observations  on  the  Bahamas  an<l  .Jamaica.     Proc.  Am. 

Phil.  Soc.  29:  145-148.     1892.     Also  issue<l  as  a  separate. 
Rydberg,  P.  A.    The  Flowers  and  Fruit  of  the  Turtle  Grass.    .lourn.  N.  Y.  Hot. 
Gard.  10:  261-264.     1909. 

Study  of  Thalassia  testudinum,  from  Bahama  specimens  collected  by  Percy 
Wilson. 
Schoepf,    J.    D.     Materia    Medica    Americana    i»otissimum    regni    vegetabilis. 
8vo,  pp.  xviii,   170.      iCrlangcn,   17S7.     Reprinted  as  Bull.   Lloyd   Library 
no.  6   (Reprod.  Ser.  3).     1903. 

Includes  references  to  some  30  wild  and  cultivated  species  found  in  the 
Bahamas. 
Schoepf,  J.  D.  Reise  durch  einige  der  mittlern  un.l  siidlichen  Vereinigten 
Staaten  naeh  Ost-Florida  uud  den  Bahama  Inseln  unternommen  in  den 
Jahren  1783  und  1784.  2  volumes.  Erlangen,  17SS.  [Translated  and 
edited  by  Alfred  J.  Morrison,  under  the  title  "Travels  in  the  Confedera- 
tion."    2  volumes,  small  8vo,  Philadelphia,  1911.] 

A  chapter  in  the  second  volume   (pp.  396-502),  "Reise  von  St.  Augustin 
nach    den   Bahama-Inseln"    [Translation,   pp.    252-319,   "Voyage   from   St. 
Augustine  to  the  Bahama  Islands"]  describes  the  Gulf  Stream,  Abaco,  Egg 
Island    and    New   Providence,   with    records    of    plants    both    cultivated    and 
indigenous. 
Small,  J.  K.     Report  on  Botanical  Exploration  in  Andros,  Bahamas.     Journ. 
N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  11:  88-101.     1910. 
Narrative  of  exploration,  with  .7.  .7.  Carter,  in  Utl<\ 
Small,  J.  K.     Exploration  in  Andros.     Torreya  10:   131-133.     1910. 

Account  of  the  work  above-mentioned  before  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club. 
Urban,    Ignatz.     Additamenta    ad    Cognitionem    Florae    Indiae    Occidentalis. 
Bot.  Jahrb.  15:  286-361;  19:  562-681;  21:  514-638;  24:   10-152.     1S92- 
1897. 

These  articles  contain  numerous  records  and  descriptions  of  Hahama  plants. 
Urban,   Ignatz.     Symbolae    Antillanae   seu    l^indamenta   Florae    In.iiae   Occi- 
dentalis.     8vo,  vols.  1-7.     Berlin,  1898-1913. 

Each  volume  was  published  in  four  parts;  the  work  contains  many  records 
and  descriptions  of  Bahama  species  and  lists  and  monographs  of  many 
families  and  genera  of  West  Indian  plants  written  by  Professor  Urban  an<l 
by   other  students. 


662  BIBLIOGEAPHY. 

Wilson,  Henry  W.    A  Winter  Visit  to  the  Bahama  Islands.    Trans.  Mass.  Hort. 
Soe.  1891:  210-229.     1891. 

General  description  of  several  of  the  islands  with  accounts  of  the  vegeta- 
tion, especially  of  cultivated  or  conspicuous  plants,  illustrated. 
Wilson,  Percy.     Eeport  on  the  Botanical  Exploration  of  the  Islands  of  the  Salt 
Key  Bank,  Bahamas.     Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  10 :  173-176.     1909. 
Eecord  of  collections  made  in  1909  on  Eiding  Eocks,  Orange  Key,  Anguilla 
Isles,  Salt    Key    (Cay   Sal),    Elbow   Key,    and   Water    Key;    also    on   New 
Providence. 


INDEX 


Abelmoschus,  272 

esculentus,  272 
Abena  jiniidicctisui,  3GG 
Abildgaardia,  o2 

monosttichya,  52 
Above-all,  3!>(j 
Abraham-bush,  220 
Abrus,  187 

Abrus,  187 

prccutorius,  187 
Abutilon,  2G4. 

abutiloides,  265 

Bushy,  265 

crispum,  266 

Eggersii,  264 

fiUforme,  266 

Hairy,  265 

hirtum,  265 

indicum,  265 

indicum  hirtum,  2©5 

liguoi^  11)11 ,  265 

Low,  266 

pauciflorum,  266 

permolle,  265 

triquctriDii,  265 

trisulcatum,  265 

Velvety,  265 

Woolly,  266 
Acacia,  159 

acuifera,  160 

Bahama,  160 

hahamcnsis,  158 

choriophylla,  160  ' 

Farnesiuna,  161 

formosa,  158,  159 

haematomma,  159 

latisiliqua  paucifoliola, 
158 

Lebheck,  157 

Long-spined,  160 

macracantha,  160 

lortuosa,  161 
Acalypha,  228 

alopecuroidea.  228 

caroliniana,  229 

chamaedrifolia,  228 

Hornbeam.  229 

ostryaefolia,  229 

pcrsimilis,  229 

polystachya,  228 

Prostrate,  228 

reptans.  228 

setosa,  229 

Setose,  229 

Spicate,  228 

ACANTHACEAE.  400 

AcantJioroecus     adclphuius, 

5.S8 
Acanthophora,  568 

AntiUannii ,  569 

DeliJci,  569 

militaris,  569 

muscoides,  569 

splcifera,  569 

Thicrii,  569 
Acanthospermum,  447 

humile,  447 
Acanthus  Family, 400 


AcetahuUirid,  G<i5 

curuihira,  ("."m; 

cr<  tiiildtti ,  <■((»(> 

poh/pln/soiilia,  600 

jiusilld,  (',*){', 

Schnickii,  (U)Q 
Acetabulum,  605 

curilKicuin,  6(i6 

crenulatum,  606 
I  polyphysoides,  606 

polyphysoides     deltoid 
cum,  006 

pusillum,  606 
Achrcis   IxiIkiiiu  tisis^  .'524 

sdlicifolid,  ;'.22 

Zdpotd,  324 

ZupotiUa    pdrvifulia, 
324 
Achyranthes,  126 

aspcra  iiidica,  126 

aspcfd   ohiunifulid,   126 

Beach,  126 

Creepinp.  127 

iitdivd,  126 

Kiiotwi'cd,  127 

liiudrifuliu,  127 

maritima,  126 

obtusifolid,  120 

polygonoides,  120 

repons.  1  27 
Acicularia,  606 

Schenckii.  606 
Acoelorraphc,  60 
Acrochaetium .  560 
Acrostichum,  465 

aureum,  465 

caiomiUdndH,  469 

exceisum,  465 

lomdvioides,  465 

polypodioidcs,  470 
Actinocyclus  fasciculatus, 
629 

moniliformis.  629 

Rotula,  629 
Actinoptychus  splendens, 
629 

undulatus.  629 

vulparis,  629 
Acuan,  162 

depressum.  163 

virgatum,  163 
Adolia.  227 
Adelia,  226 

Acidototi,  219 

Bernardia.  227 

jKiruIona,  327 

scf/rcfjdtd .  327 
Adenorima,  234 

Bahama.  234 

pyn)ni>iu>t;i.  234 
Adenoropium.  225 

gcssyplfolium.  225 
Adiantum.  467 

CdpHliis-Vrnrri.'f.  467 

cldvdtutii ,  4<>8 

melanoleurnm.  468 

tenerum.  467 
Accidium  candiditm   631 

663 


I  Aecidfum — 

Ipotuucae-pantluranae, 
I  631 

Aeachynuminv  granJi/tura. 

I        182 
1  Afzclla.  392 
Afzella,  391 

(•■•iKHloldca,  302 
I  Agalinlt,  3!»2 
I  HiirpiTl.  392 

Marsh.  .392 
'  K|.iclfl<.rM.  392 

Agardhia,  6H» 
A^ardbiella,  561 

tincra.  561 
I  AgaiiI(.a(K.\k,  <»42 
!  AUARICALES.  038 
!  Agarlrus  alniun,  644 
j  t'innaburinuH ,  642 

I  confcii^.  642 

crctuviUH,  643 

orinituH,  •;42 

eugrammua,  644 

hi  ntilruriiH,  (',43 

hirsutus,  640 

hirtuH.  (542 

liliputianun,  644 

viicdcf  UM.  64  2 

tnolyhditi  s,  »;4  2 

raiiiculiM,  •>43 

liutula,  643 

semiurbicularia,  043 

squdviuHus.  643 

8t  rid  tug,  64  o 

HtrigoHHS,  «)43 
Ajatl,  182 

grandiflora.  182 

scricca,  is 2 
Agave,  73 

nckllnlcoln,  75 

avicricaua,  75 

bahamana.  74 

hdhdinatid.  75 

Brnceann,  74 

oaoozola.  75 

Inaguensis.  76 

Indagatorum.  70 

Mill.'^pauKlill.  75 

Nash  11.  7r, 

rifiida.  75 

riyida  nisdUma,  70 

slsalnnn,  76 

Hinaldud  dniuita,  70 

sdbiilifi  rd,  75 
Agreratum,  436 

conyzoidra,  437 

conyzoidcs   inarquipalc- 
acruin,  437 

Intlfolium.  430 

Uitif(dium,  437 

vtutirutu,  436 

WfM.  437 
Aglaozonia.  591 

cannrlonsis.  591 

rnndrittiMiM .  594 
A(jroMti-i*  in  dim.  32 

ni(/<«/ffl.  35 

trnoriaaimn.  32 

rirginira,  33 


664 


INDEX. 


AJinfeltia  pinnatiilaj  560 
AlZOACEAE^ 136 
Aklema,  236 

petiolare,  236 
Albizzia,  157 

Lebbeck,  157 
Albugo  Candida,  631 

Ipomoeae-panduranae, 
631 
Alectoroctoniwi  petiolare, 

236 
Aletris,  70 

bracteata,  70 
c/uineensis,  69 

hyacinthoides   guianen- 
sis,  69 
AXGAE^  553 
AUsma  cordifoUa,  7 
Alismaceae,  7 
Alismales.  6 
Allophylus,'253 
Allophylus,  253 

Cominia,  253 
Allspice.  305 
Almond-tree,  302 
Aloe,  69 

barhadensis.  69 

perfoUata,  69 

vera,  69 

vulfiaris,  69 
Aloes.  69 
Alsidium  Blodgettii,  571 

triangnlare,  571 
Alsinaceae,  137 
Alternanthera   Achi/rantha, 
127 

flavescens,  128 

maritima,  126 

paronychioides,  126 

rep  ens,  127 
Alvaradoa,  211 
Alvaradoa,  211 

amorphoides,  211 
Alysicarpus,  185 

nummularifolius,  185 

raginaJis.  185 
Amanitopsis  farinosa,  644 

vaginatcb,  644 
Amansia,  575 

multifida,  575 

midtiflda,  589 
Amaranth,  Knotweed.  124 

Notch-leaved,  124 

Slender,  124 

Spiny,  125 

Thick-stalked,  124 
Amaranth  Family.  122 
Amaranthaceae,  122 
Amaranthus,  123 

crassipes.  124 

dubius,  125 

emarginatus,  124 

gracilis.  124 

hybridus.  125 

paniculatvs,  125 

polygonoides,  124 

spinosus.  125 

tristis.  125 

viridis,  124 
Amaryllidaceae,  73 
Amaryllis  Family,  73 
Amhlogyna  polygonoides, 

124 
Amblystegium,  496 
Amblystegium,  496 

riparium  floridanum, 
496 


Amblystegium — 

Slpho,  496 
Ambrosia,  431 

artemisiaefoUa,  432 
crithmifolia,  482 
hispida,  432 
paniculata,  432 
Ambrosiaceab,  430 
Amellus  aspera,  449,  454 
Ames'  Halberd-fern,  472 
Ammannia,  299 
Ammannia,  298 

latifolia,  299 
Ammiaceae>  311 
Ammiales,  311 
Ammocallis  rosea,  336 
Ampelopsis  quinquefoUa, 

261 
Amphibia,  572 
Amphibia,  617 

Montagnei,  572 
pectinata,  573 
Sertiilaria,  573 
Scrfularia,  573 
tenella,  572 
tenelln,  573 
Amphiconium ,  599 
Amphiroa,  588 
debilis,  588 
fragilissima,  588 
fragilissima,  588 
rigida  antillana,  588 
Tribulus.  588 
Amphora,  628 

acuta  arcuata,  630 
bigibba.  628 
coffaeiformis,  630 
crassa.  630 
cymbelloides,  630 
gigantea  fusca,  630 
Graeffei.  630 
Gruendleri.  630 
Janischii.  630 
obtusa.  628 
ostrearia.  630 
ostrearia  vitraea,  630 
rhombica.  630 
Amygdalaceae,  153 
Amyris,   208 

bijuga,  209 
elemifera,  208 
maritima,  208 
sylratioa,  209 
toxifera,  244 
Axacabdiaceae.  243 
Anacardium  occidentale, 

245 
Anacheilium,  93 

cochleatum,  93 
Anaconda.  358 
Anaduomena'.  602 

ffabelhita.  ei02 
Anadyomene,  602 
flab  ell  at  a.  602 
stellata.  602 
stellata.  602 
Anamomis,  305 

bahamensis.  306 
longipes.  306 
lucavana.  306 
Anastraphia,  459 
Bahama.  459 
bahamensis.  459 
bahamensis,  636 
runei folia,  459 
Northropiana.  459 
Northrop's,  459 


Anastraphia — 

paucifloscula,  459 
Anastrophus  compressus,  17 
Anatherum  macrurum,  14 
Anaulus,  627 

minutus,  627 
Andrographis,  403 
Andrographis,  403 

paniculata,  403 
Andropogon,  13 

barbatum,  36 

glomeratus,  14 

graeilis,  13 

insular  e,  16 

polydactylon,  36 

rep  ens,  37 

semiberbis,  13 

tener,  13 

tenuiepatheus,  14 

virginicus,  14 
Anemia,  474 

adiantifolia,  475 

bipinnata,  474 

cicutaria,  474 

Maiden-hair,  475 

Parsley.  474 

Wrightii,  474 

Wright's.  474 
Anethum,  313 

Foeniculnm,  313 

graveolens,  313 

AXGIOSPERMAE,  2 

Anguria,  426 

Keithii,  426 

pedata.  426 
Anneslia,  158 

formosa,  159 

haematostoma,  159 

Red,  159 

White.  159 
Annona,  141 
Annona,  599 

glabra,  141 

glabra,  540 

laurifolia,  141 

palustris,  141 

reticulata,  142 

squamosa,  141 
Anxoxaceae^  141 
Anonymos  cassioides,  392 
Anthacanthus,  402 

acicularis,  403 

spinosus,  403 
Anthephora,  15 
Anthephora,  15 

hermaphrodita,  15 
Anthoceros,  521 

laevls.  521 

Yellow-spored,  521 
Anthoceros  Family,  521 
Anthocerotaceae,  521 
Anthocerotales.  521 
Anthracothecium,  527 

americanum.  528 

corticatum,  527 

libricolum,  527 

ochro-flavum,  527 

sinapiftpermum.  527 

subglobosum,  527 
Antigonon,  116 

leptopus,  116 
Antirrhinum^  antirrhiniflora, 

388 
Antirrhoca  Incida,  414 

myrtifolia,  415 
Antithamnion,  581 


INDEX. 


665 


Antith amnion,  627 

Butleriiie,  581 

cruciatum.  581 
Aphanocapsa,  618 

Ilowei.  ♦-,18 

Zcmardinii,  619 
ApJianothcce,  620 
Apium  Amnii,  314 
Aplonema,  509 
Apocynaceae, 333 
Apona,  582 
Arabian  Jasmine,  327 
Abales.  62 
Archaeolithothamnium,  584 

(limotiim,  584 
Archilejeunea,  517 

Greenest.  518 

viridissima,  518 
Arcyria  cinerea,  645 

Oerstedtii.  645 

punicea,  645 
Ardisio  guadolupcnsis,.  316 

Pickcrinpia,  315 
Akecaceae.  58 
Arecalrs,  58 
Argemone,  145 

mexicana,  145 
Arfjitlianuiid  Imiccolata,  226 
Argythamnia,  225 

arfrentea.  226 

Baliama.  226 

candicans.  226 

lucayana.  226 

sericea,  225 

SIll^T.  226 

Silvery,  226 
Aristida,  30 

adscensionis.  31 

omcricann,  37 

cogTiata.  31 

^yrans.  31 

purpurascens,  31 

scabra,  31 

fitrirta.Sl 
Aristolochia,  113 

Coastal.  113 

passifloraefolia,  113 

pentandra.  113 

Slender.  113 
Aristoloctiiacead,  112 
Aristolociiiale.s,  112 
Aroma.  161 
Artemisia  capiUifolia,  437 

vvUiarin.  460 
Arthonia,  533 
Arthonia.  538 

atrata.  5.34 

atrafa,  534 

rar/iiopruinosa .  536 

chiodeotella.  533 

cinereoprninosa,  533 

cinnahn ri n a,  5 3 3 

complnnata.  533 

ronfrrM.  533 

fissnrinea.  533 

greparia.  533 

interdncta.  533 

niacrnthrra .  534 

platvgraphidea,  534 

polymorpha.  533 

septisepta.  533 
Arthoniackae.  533 
Arthopyrenia,  525  | 

biformis.  525  i 

Clnchonae,  525  ' 

43 


Arthopyrenia — 

consanRulnoa,  52.'j 
coutcn^lcns,  525 
( indcnniilis,  525 
fullacior.  525 
fallnx,  525 
genilnnta.  525 
indusiiita.  .'>li."» 
planior,  525 
planorbis.  525 
tumida.  525 

Arthothelium.  534 

iiincn.tlii'cuin.  534 

Arthrostylidium,  43 
capillirnliuin.  43 

Arthrothamnus,  '_'35 
cassytiioidt's,  235 

Arum  satiiltifdUum,  62 

Antndo  riirafjmitcH.  39 

Asclki'iadaceae,  34(J 

Asclepias,  341 
cUiusa,  344 
curassavica,  341 
cuni.^savica  concoloi 

341 
paupcrcula,  341 
prorcra,  341 

Ascomycktes,  632 

Ascyrum,  2.so 

linifolium.  280 

Asparagopsis,  5«;4 
DiUlci,  564 
taxiformis.  564 

Asperof'occus  clathratus, 
590 
sinuosun.  590 

Aspidium  adiantifolium . 
(iiinrsccnfi.  472 
hcraclcifolium,  471 


473 


Atriplex — 

CrJtJtwI.  120 
criHtata,  120 
crintntn  nrennrla,  120 
I><milnsrin.  1  •_•<» 
doll;!  :jO 

S.-:i 

AullHniK  <  M.l.itii'*.  •;•_•♦) 

r«-tlrulntUH.  JJ29 
Aulisa.  9(1 

iiMrturnn,  9o 

SU'iul<»r,  9<i 
,\iirirula  IntiTriuMUn.  031 

nilrmta.  *V.\\ 
.Vurifulnrla  Aurlniln.  037 

nijrrt'HfonH.  637 

AlIlHII.AltIAl.KS,  037 

.\t  T<.nASU>I<>MVCKTE.S.037 

Avicennia,  375 
Avicennia,  572.  573.  C03 

nit  Ida.  375 
Avrainvillea.  Oil 

l«'Vis.  611 

l..nKl<-Muns.61l 

louiiirauUM ,  i\\  \ 

Mn:ri,CA\ 

niKri<'ans.  <*>1 1 

nifirirnuH.  61  i 

tiiip'if'inft  fiihn,  61 1 

Kawsoni.  612 

sordid  a.  61  1 
Axonopus,  17 

(•(•niprossns.  17 
Axtirifi  pi  II tundra,  120 
Ayenia,  27H 

ronimon,  279 

pusilla.  27S 


incisiiitn,  47.3 

Baccharis.  444 

rrptO'iin  cnrdata,  473 

antrnstifulla.  444 

trifoliatuw^-i'^ 

di..l,-;\.445 

Asplenium.  469 

fnrtida.  445 

dentatum.  469 

halimifolia.444 

marinKm.  469 

VnhJii.  445 

i-Jii-opJu/llum,  469 

Bacidia.  543 

Af<t( phanun,  344 

.Mtrccrlsea.  543 

Aster,  440 

nidnlruro.  543 

adnatus.  441 

fns«'onil)ella.  543 

Bahama.  441 

medians.  543 

l)ahamensis,  441 

Barnpn  Mnnnirra,  389 

Bracei.  441 

Badiera.  216 

Brace's.  441 

dniningnisiJt.  217 

exilis.  441 

(^IdonjT-Ieaved.  217 

lucayanus.  441 

ol)l(tnpnta.  216 

Pine-iand.  441 

Bnhamn  Bay-rush,  464 

Srale-ieaved.  441 

Ilvmonostomnm.  4S5 

Slim.  441 

Phymosin,  264 

tniiiifoliidi.  441 

Solaniun.  3s:{ 

Asterocytis,  554 

Bahamian    Brachiolejpun^n 

rainosa.  554 

515 

ASTU"  ►Til  KMACEAE,  532 

Baibxm-vlne.  252 

Astrnihrlium     variinn    ritri 

HnUnta  suariolrtiit.  3S0 

nuni,  530 

r.Minhno.  74 

.\tamasco-lily,  78 

Banara.  283 

Atamosco.  77 

ri'tlciilata.  2S4 

rardinaM.s.  78 

Bangia.  .5.53 

rosea.  78 

nvi./i/.  553 

Ateleia.  177 

f*/»/Miffifi/.553 

cubensis,  177 

rlrannit.  553 

cuhryixii^.  6.32 

lutea.  553 

multiiupa .  177 

paUrHrrttn.  553 

Athana.tia  hastata,  449 

/>a//^/n..553 

Atriplex.  1 1 9 

BANr-lAPFAE.  553 

arenaria.  120 

Rani/ttcria  angutosa,  204 

666 


INDEX. 


Banisteria — • 

lupuloides,  258 

micropliylla,  204 
Banyan,  105 
Barbacloes  Pride,  175 
Barbula,  486 

agraria,  484 

Crugeri,  486 

Cruger's,  487 

DonneUii,  485 
Bark  Brachiolejeunea,  515 
Barnyard-grass.  26 
Bastard  Buttonwood,  301 

Stopper,  373 

Torch,  143 
Bastardia,  269 

Viscid,  270 

vlscosa,  270 
BatJielitim  mastoideum^  529 
Batidaceae,  133 
Batis,  133 

maritima,  133 
Batophora,  604 

Oerstedi,  604 

Oerstedi  occidentalis, 
604 
Batrachospermum    attenua- 

tum,  581 
Bay-bean,  191 

Cedar,  209 
Bay   Cedar  Family,   209 
Bay  Geranium.  432 

Hops,  352 

Lavender,  361 

Marigold,  450 
Bay-rusli,  463 

Bahama,  464 

Narrow-leaved,  463 
Bay  Tansv.  432 

-top,"  59 

Winders,  352 

Wormwood,  223 
Bayberry.  102 
Bayberry  Family,  101 
Beaked-rush,  54 
Beard-grass.  13,  14 
Bed-grass,  14 
Beef-bush,  396 

-wood.  100,  132 
Beef- WOOD  Family,  100 
Beggar-ticks.  453 
Bellflower.  387 
Benny-seed.  399 
Bermuda-grass,  35 
Bernarclin.  226 

Bernardia.  227 

carmnifoUa.  227 

dichotoma,  227 

mexlcnna,  227 
Bertero's  Rectole.ieunea,  510 
Biatoro  atroprisra,  543 

calcirora,  542 

fnrfvrofia.  542 

fus-conihrlln,  543 

mcdiaJif^.  543 

iiioh/hditis.  543 

parrifolia,54Q 

trirJiolonw,  541 
Biddulphia,  627 

Antillarum.  629 

arctica,  629 

Favus,  630 

mohiliensis.  630 

Pentacrinus.  627 

peruviana,  630 


Biddulphia— 

reticulata.  630 

Reticulum,  630 

Robertsiana,  630 

Smithii,  630 

spinosa,  630 

Tabellarium,  630 
Bidens,  453 

hipinnota,  453 

cynapiifolia.  453 

leucantha,  453 

nivea,  449 

pilosa,,  453 

pilosa,  636 
Big  Man,  110 

Sage,  370 
Bignonia  coerulea,  398 

lepidota,  396 

pentaphxfUa,  396 

stans,  397 

BlGNONIACEAE^  395 

Bilimbia,  542 

aurata,  543 

molybditis,  543 

trachona.  542 
Bird  Pepper,  385 
BiRTHWORT  Family.  112 
Bitter  Bush.  210,  438 
Bitters,  227,  258 
Black-bead.  156 

Bean,  195 

Ebony.  196,  229.  328 

-eyed  Susan,  187 

-fruited  Gyroweisia, 
484 

Mangrove.  375 

Nightshade,  383 

Olive,  301 

Soap,  429 

Torch,  143.  416 

Wattle,  304 

Willow.  150 

Wood.  103 
Blackish  Papillaria,  494 
Bladderwort.  394 
Bladderwort  Family,   393 
Blastenia,  550 

ferruginea,  550 

floridana.  550 
Blastodcsmia  lactea,  527 
Blechnum,  468 

serrulatum,  468 
Blechum,  401 
Blechum,  401 

Brownei,  401 
Bletia,  96 

alta,  96 

Purple.  96 

purpurea,  96 

verecnnda.,  96 
Blind-eye  Bush.  276 
Blodgettia  confervoides,  601 
Blolly.  131.  132 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  81 

-flower.  366 

-pea.  ]87 
Boa-wood.  326 
Boar-hog  Bush,  373 
Boat  Lily.  68 
Boerhaavea,  130 

coccinea.  130 

erecta.  130 

MrsutoAZO 

panicvlaia.  130 

scandens,  131 


Boerhaavea — 

splendens,  131 
Boletaceae, 642 
Boletus  ahietinus,  639 
cinnamomeus,  639 
communis,  642 
hydnoides,  641 
memhranaceus,  639 
nigromarginatus,  639 
sanguineus^  641 
spathulatKS,  639 
tenuis,  640 

BOMBACACEAE^  274 

Boml>ax  pentandrum,  274 
BoMBAx  Family,  274 
Bombyliospora,  542 

domingensis,  542 
Bonaney-bean,  193 
Bonania,  231 
Bonania,  230 

cubana,  231 

BONNE.MAISONIACEAE,  564 

Bontia,  406 
Bontia,  405 

daphnoides,  405 
Borage  Family^  360 

BORAGINACEAEj  360 

Borreria,  421 

bahamensis,  423 
inaguensis,  422 
laevis,  422 
ocimoides,  422 
parviflora,  422 
savannarum,  423 
saxicola,  422 
Slender.  422 
thymifolia.  422 
thymocephala,  423 
Wilsonii.  423 

Borrichia,  450 

arborescens,  450 
arhorescens,  636 
argentea,  450 
glahrata,  450 

Boryna,  582 

Boston  Catnep,  450 
Fern.  473 

Bostrychia.  572 

calamistrata,  572 
Mazei,  573 
Montagnei,  572 
periclados,  672 
Sertularia ,  573 
sertularina,  573 
tenella,  572 
Tuomeyi,  572 
Vieillardi.  572 
Vieillardi  pcotvnata, 
573 

BotryopTiora,  604,  614 
Couq)iernnfii.  604 
occidrnfalis,  604 

Bottaria,  530 

cruentata,  530 

Bouchea,  366 

Ehrrnhergii,  366 
prismatica,  366 

Bourreria,  359 

havanensis,  359 
ovata,  359 
siicculenta,  359 
fJii/mifolio.  423 
tnmcntosa,  359 

Bouteloua,  37 

americana,  37 


INDEX. 


667 


Bouteloua — 

litUjiosa,  37 
Bow  I'igeon,  118 
Bowstring  Hemp,  70 
Box  Briar,  410 
Box  Family,  242 
Boxwood.  398 
Braced,  335 

hdJiaiiiaisis,  335 
Brachiolejeunea,  514 
bahauionsis.  515 
Bahamian,  515 
Bark,  515 
cortical  is,  515 
Brachycladia,  557 

marf/inata,  559 
Bracken.  Southern,  467 
Bradburya,  188 
floridana,  ISS 
virginiana,  188 
Brake,  Long-leaved,  407 
Narrow-leaved,  466 
Bramia,  389 

:\Ionnieri.  389 
Brasiletto,  173 
Brassica,  146 

integrifolia.  147 
ork'ii  talis,  148 
Sinapi-strum,  147 
Brassicaceae.  145 
Brazilian  Kalanehoe,  153 
Brier,  172 

-tree,  301 
Britton's  Rectolejeunea, 

Mrs.,  510 
Bromclia  Pingnin,  66 
Bromeliaceae,  63 
Broom-bush,  346,  442,  445 
Broughtonia  domingensis, 
95 
Ulacina,  95 
Brya  Ehcnus,  196 
Bryaceab,  490 
Bryales,  478 
Bryobesia,  610 
BryohcHia,  611 

cylindrocarpa,  610 
Bryonia  anuricana,  427 
guadaUtpcnHis,  426 
raccmosa,  427 
Bryophyllum,  152 
calyvininn,  152 
pinnatum,  152 
Bryopiiyta,  477 
Bryopsidaceae,  606 
Bryopsis,  006 
Bryopftis.  607 

Duchassaingii.  607 
hypnoides.  007 
ponnata,  606 
Bryothamnion,  571 
Bryothamnion,  589 
triangnlarc,  571 
triquetrum,  571 
Bryum,  400 

aUndum,  480 
ca  pi  11  a  re,  400 
Coronate,  491 
coron.itum.  490 
Hair-like.  490 
Bryum  Family.  490 
Buccra.<i  migustifolia,  301 

Catappa.  302 
Buchnera,  393 

elongata,  393 


I  Bucida,  300 

Buceras,  300 
splnosa,  301 
Bdckuean  Family,  332 
BucKTiiou.N  Family,  255 
Buckwheat,  1 15 
Buckwheat  Family,  114 
Buellia,  551 

consi)iran.s,  551 
dinfifunnis,  551 
paraseiiia,  551 
purasema  aeruglnas- 

cens,  551 
sanguinariella.  551 
suhdi-Kciforiiiis,  551 
Buelliaceae,  551 
lUifTalo-top,  59 
Bull-grass,  33 
-vine,  201 
r.ulrush,  42 

American  Great,  53 
Salt  .Marsh,  52 
Bumelia,  323 

aiigustifolia,  323 
I'.ahama.  324 
bahamensls.  323 
cubcniii.s,  323 
Eggirsii;  323 
loranthifolia.  323 
viicrophylla,  323 
Narrow-leaved,  323 
rctusa,  323 
I  rctuna  loranthifolia, 

323 
P.unchdsia,  206 
Bunchosia,  205 
i  glandulosa.  206 

I  Buphthalmum  arborrsccns, 
450 
Bur-bush.  203 

-grass,  29,  30 
!  -head,  7 

I  Vervain,  307 

Bursera  aimu^tata,  2.1  2 
gummifcra,'2\2 
giinimifcra  glabrata, 

212 
gum  »( if  era  pitbcsccna, 

212 
inagucnsis,  212 
Siinaruba,  212 
Burseraceae.  211 
Bush  Iva.  433 
Rustic,  322 
Butter-bough.  254 
Buttercup.  202.  283 
Butterfly-pea.  188 
Hutterwort.  395 
Button-weed,  422 
r.uttonwood.  3(t2 

BrXACEAE.  242 

nuTus  haJiamrnfiis,  2!3 

Byrsonima,  2<i5 

cunoata.  2n5 

hit'ida,  205 
Byssits  aumt.  599 

xanguinca .  537 

Cacalia  Pornphi/lhnn .  450 

sonchifnlin,  457 
Pactaceae. 291 
Cactus.  294 

DiUcnii.  296 

prandiflorun,  294 

intortus.  294 

rtina,  297 


<*ACTf8  Family.  291 
CaeMlplnla.  173 

Biihaiiui,  173 

bahainunKlK.  173 

hnhaiiutiaiM,  208 

hi)uga,  173 

Itnndui- ,  172 

huuilw  ,  lilt,  172 

'nuMilt,  nitiM.  173 

««.ri;.rla.  174 

(' Vint  It.  172.  173 

lurula,  172 

Nit  v.lrud,  174 

oviiHt„lia,  172 

jiiilrhi  rriiiia,  174 

r«'tl<ulata.  174 

Itugtliana.  173 

vc'Hlcnrla.  173 
('aes.\li'i.maci:ae,  1G4 
Cajan,  192 

<'ajan.  192 
Cajanim  indicun,  192 
Cakile,  149 

aiquaiiM,  149 

lancec.lata,  149 
<"alabaHh,  3!»1» 
Calalue,  125 
Calva  oiritoxiNfoliii,  45U 
I'ALICIAtEAE,  5:{2 

Calk- I  ales,  5.'i2 
Calicium,  5;>2 

hyperellum,  532 
Calliandra  formoHU,  159 
fonnosa  rubvimiH,  159 
grucilin.  159 
Iiiit  inntoiinna,  150 
p(trtiiriiin»i«,  150 
Callicarpa,  .'(73 
full  a,  .•;73 
llilclu-.Kkll.  373 
Callithamnion,  5.Mi 
hyutiuidiH,  5bO 
iorinnboHuvx,  580 
vrinpi  llutn,b~5 
elcgana,  58l> 
gorgoni  uni,  578 
Halllae,  580 
invtifliinx,  578 
ri  pens,  578 
tttim,  5S(» 
CaUitpi-Hina  uurantiacum 

diffrartttin,  551 
Callyiiii  nia  LimtninghH,  561 
Caloglossa,  504 
CaloglosHU.  5(54 

Leprieurii.  504 
Caloneis  foniu.sa.  030 
Liber.  030 
Mt)er  Biei.sohll,  630 
I'ow.'Ilil.  030 
Calonyction.  349 

aculeatuni.  349 
album.  35n 
grandiftorum,  3^0 
TiiU'A.  ;{5(i 
Caloplaca,  55o 

aurantlacn,  550 
aurnntlaca  dlffrncta. 

551 
aurantlnrn  orythrell.n, 

551  • 
nuranti.-ira  isidiosolla, 

550 
jrnlnctophylln.  550 
Caloplacaceae.  550 


668 


INDEX. 


Calopogon  pulcheUus  Simp- 

soniy.  95 
Calothrix,  625 

aeruginea,  625 
fusco-violacea,  625 
parasitica,  625 
pilosa,  626 
scopuloi-um,  625 
Calotropis,  341 
procera,  341 
procera,  635 
Caltrop,  202,  203 
Caltrop  Family,  201 
Calymperaceae,  481 
Calymperes,  482 
Ricliardi,  482 
Richard's,  482 
Calymperes  Family,  481 
Calyptranthes,  307 
pallens,  307 
Zuzygium,  307 
Campaxulales,  424 
Campy  lodiscus,  629 
angularis,  631 
biangulatus,  631 
crebrecostatus,  631 
Daemelianus,  631 
Ecclesianus.  631 
imperialis,  629 
latus.  631 
limbatus,  631 
samoensis.  631 
simnlans,  629 
undulatus,  631 
Wallichianus.  631 
Campyloneurum,  471 
Phyllitidis,  471 
Campylotlieliuin,  532 
decolorans,  532 
Canavali,  191 

babamensis,  192 
gladiata,  191 
lineata,  191 
Canavalla  ohtvsifolia,  191 
Cancer-tree,  398 
Candle-berry,  205 
Candlewood,  416,  459 
Cane-grass,  25 
Canella,  282 
Canella,  281 
«7ba,  282 
Winterana,  282 
Canella  Family.  281 
Canellaceae,  281 
Canker-berry,  383 
Cape-weed,  368 
Caper  Family,  149 
Caper-tree,  151 
Co'pitularia  pityrea.  547 
Capparidaceae,  149 
Capparis,  150 

cynopballophora,  150 
ci/nophallophora,  150 
flexuosa,  150 
jamaicensis,  150 
Capraria,  390 
biflora,  391 
hiflora  pilosa,  391 
Capriola,  34 

Dactyl  on.  34 
Capsicum,  384 

baccatum,  385 
frutescens,  385 
Carara,  148 

didyma,  148 


Cardiospermum,  252 
Halicacabum,  252 
microcarpum,  252 
Carduaceae,  433 
Carduus  pinetorum,  458 
Caribbean  Pine-tree,  461 
Carica,  289 

Papaya,  289 
Caricaceae,  289 
Carpccanthiis  platyoarpus, 
593 
pohjceratius,  594 
spinulosus,  594 
Carpet-weed  Fajsiily,  136 
Carpocaulon,  567 

atropurpureum,  567 
(lusyphijlUun,  568 
Uttorale,  567 
tenuissimum,  567 
Carradoria,  569 
Carrajo-bush.  459 
Carrot  Family,  311 
Carteria,  82 

corallicola,  83 
Casasia,  409 

clusiaefolia,  410 
cJvsiaefoUa,  526 
Cascarilla  Bark,  223 
Casearia,  285 
alha,  286 
bahamensis.  285 
laetioides,  285 
s  err  id  at  a,  285 
Smooth.   285 
spinescens,  286 
Rpinv.  286 
Cashia.  161 
Cassada-wood,  322 
Cassava.  230 
Cassia,  165 

anfiustisiUqua,  167 
aspera,  169 
bahamensis,  167 
haham ensis  latifoUa, 

167 
bicapsularis,  166 
biflora,  167 
tiflora  angustisiliqua, 

167 
carihaea,  169 
Chamaecrista,  168,  170 
emarginata,  168 
glandulosa,  169 
inaguensis,  170 
li^strina.  167 
lineata,  170 
lucayana,  169 
mdmosoides.  169 
nictitans,  169 
ohtusifoUai,  166 
occidentalis,  166 
polyadena,  170 
riparia,  169 
sericea,  168 
Sophera.  166 
Tora.  166 
uniflora,  168 
villosa.  168 
Cassine  attenuata,  249 
Cassip.  160 
Cassytha,  144 

americana,  144 
■fliJiformis,  144 
Cassythaceae,  144 
Castagnea,  591 


Castagnea — 

Zosterae,  591 
Castalia,  139 
ampla,  140 
pulchella,  139 
Castor-oil  Plant,  230 
Casuarina,  100 

equisetifolia,  100 
Casuarikaceae,  100 
CasdarinaleSj  100 
Catalpa,  397 

Cuban,  397 
l07igiftsima,  398 
punctata,  397 
Catenella,  561 
Opuntia,  561 
Opuntia    pinnata,    561, 

620 
pinnata,  561 
Catesbaea,  410 

campanulata,  411 
fasciculata,  411 
foliosa.  411 
Large-flowered,  411 
Leafy.  411 
parviflora,  411 
parviflora  septentriona- 

lis,  411 
Small-flowered,  411 
spinosa,  411 
Catesby's  Vine.  338 
Catharanthus,  336 

roseus.  336 
Cathartic-bark,  338 
Cathartolinum,  199 
baliaraense,  200 
Bracei.  201 
corallicola.  200 
Curtissii,  200 
li.enosum.  201 
Catopsis,  66 

Berteroniana,  66 
nutans,  66 
viteUina,  66 
Cat-tail,  4 
Cat-tail  Family.  3 
Cat's-claw,  155,  156,  157 
-paw,  384 
-tongue.  367,  438 
Cattleya  domingcnsis,  95 
Cattlei/opsis  Northropiana, 

95 
Caudalejeunea,  516 

Lehmanniana,  516 
Lehmann's,  516 
Caulerpa,  607 

clavifera,  610 
clavifera,  610 
clavifera  tivifera,  610 
compressa,  609 
crassifolia,  608 
cupressoides,  609 
cupressoides,  609 
cupressoides    erioifolia, 

610 
cupressoides  Lycopo- 

dlum,  610 
ericifolia,  609 
fastigiata.  608 
Freycinetii,  609 
Freiicinetii  pectinata, 

609 
Jiypnoides,  609 
juniperoides,  609 
lanuginosa,  G09> 


INDEX. 


669 


Caulerpa — 

Lrijcopodiinn ,  609 

mamillosa,  609 

incxicana,  608 

paspaloides,  609 

paspaluidcs,  609 

paspaloides   compressa, 
609 

paspaloides  phleoidos, 
609 

p  asp  (I  Jo  ides  ph  I  coidcs , 
609 

paspaloides  typiea  com- 
pressa. 609 

pinnata,  608 

plumaris,  608 

prolifera,  608 

prolifera  ohovata,  60S 

racemosa,  610 

racemosa,  610 

raeemosa  clavlfera,  610 

raeemosa  urifera,  610 

sertularioides,  608 

sertidarioides,  608 

taxifoUa  crassifolia. 
608 

verticillata.  608 

TArLERPACEAE,  607 

Cayaponia,  426 

araericana.  427 

Panicled,  427 

racemosa,  427 

Rncemoso,  427 
CeanotJnis  cuhoisis,  258 

ferreus,  256 

reclinatits,  257 
Cedrela  odorata,  214 
Ceiba,  274 

pentandra,  274 
Cet^vstr.\ceae.  246 
Celastrus  my rtif alius,  153 

ovata,  258 
Celosia,  123 

nitida.  123 

payUculatn.  128 

Slender.  123 
Celtls  Lamarekiana,  104 
Ccyichorufi  hirautus,  30 
Cenchropsis,  28 

myosuroides.  28 
Cenchrus.  28 

carolinianns.  29 

echinatus,  ."^O 

rrhinntus  riridis,  29 

hirsutus.  30.  263 

microcephalus.  29 

myosuroides,  28 

rarrmnsns,  14 

trihuloides,  29 

trihuloides,  29 

viridis,  29 
Cenomyre  pyrnorlada,  547 
Centaurium.  330 

PrittoTiii.  330 
rentaiirv.  330 
Centella.  312 

nsintiVa.  313 

nsiafirn .  31  2 

rcpnvdn .  313 
Centroceras,  5S3 
Centrorerns.  627 

hrnehunranthuvi.  583 

rlavnlatiim.  583 

clarvlatum .  583 

cryptaeanthurn,  583 


Centroceras — 

hyalaranthum,  5S3 

micrunthvvium,  5H3 

oxyucanthum.  5S3 
Ccn trosoma  ttirijin ianuvi, 
188 

viriiiiiUmum    unijUHtifo 
Hum, ISH 
Centrostachys.  125 

indirii.  I2f5 
(Vntury-plant.    Ac-klin's    Is- 
land, 7r) 

Rahnnia.  75 

Brace's,  74 

Inajjua.  7»'i 

MUispauKh's,  75 

Nuish's.  7<". 

New  I'rovi(lei)ce,  75 

\Vatlliiff"s  Island.  76 
Cephalocereus.  291 

bahanu'iisia.  292 

Millspauphll.  292 
Ceramiaceae.  57S 
Cera m iantein  u m .  562 
Cerawiov,r>C,2 
Ceramium,  5S2 

aruleatum.  581 

byssoldeurn.  583 

clavtilatuni,  583 

cornicnlatum.  583 

cruclatum,  582 

diaphanum  Irnuissi- 
mum.  582 

divaricntum,  582 

Icptophloeum,  582 

nitons,  5S2 

ruhruni  nitens,  582 

suhtile,  582 

suhtile. 5H2 

tennissimnra.  582 

transversalr,  58.3 

Trirhorlndis,  571 
Ceramothamnion,  583 

Podii.  5.<<3 
Ceratolejeunea.  513 

Cuban.  513 

cnbonsis,  513 

Entire-leaved.  513 

intefrrifolia.  513 
Crratosehoeuus  capitatus, 

54 
Cerbera,  338 

Thevetia.  338 
Percospora  Palotropidls.  635 

Melnchiae.  635 

Stachytarpbetae.  fi35 

Tnmerae.  635 
Cereus  lioerlnnanvi.  293 

prnvdifInni/».  294 

pelJuriilKS.  292 

repavdii.t.  292 

F!u-nrt:ii.  292 

iriannuhiris.  203 

1rirof)t(itiis.  293 

iindntus.  293 
ferlomyces  comirninis.  642 
Crroprpin  pahisfris,  343 
Crrotlinvtviis  errifrru'*,   102 
Cestrum,  385 

nnbania.  386 

bnbamonse.  385 

hahnwrusr,  632 

diunniw.  386 

palHduvi.  386 

vespertinutn,  386 


r'llAETAN«:iA<*EAE,  557 

Chaetocbloa,  27 

Kcniculatn.  27 
ijrtiirulatn,  G37 
u!aur,i_  '21 
imberbis,  27 
ma<r..Kp.rmn.  28 

sctnva.  2S 

Cbaetomorpha.  590 
brafhyjfnn.  599 
rift  vat  a,  599 
I.I  num.  5W 

<^'HABTii»I'ir<>lu\cKVJD.  599 

ChamaecriiU,  168 
•■■•irlbnoa.  169 
rhamnorrlgtB.  168 
Inajriw-DHlfi.  170 
llnontn.  170 
'  hiravann.  160 

rii.nrln.  169 
Chamaedorls,  C,(>'2 
fhamardorift,  .575.  578.  579 
nnnulata.  602 
IVnlfiilum.  6i»2 
J'rniriiltim.  5sh 
rnAM.\rsiiMir»NA(i:.\E.  620 
Chamaesyce.  237 
I  artlculata.  239 

I  Rerterlann.  241 

Rlo<IpottlI.  240 
Hrarel.  239 
braslllensls.  240 
P.rittf.nll.  242 
'  buxlfolla.  237 

I  cayonsls.  239 

I  exiimensjs.  238 

hirta.  241 
hvporlcifolln.  240 
j  huprrinf„lin.r^2C, 

I  Insnlae-salls.  238 

]  lechonldes.  238 

1  prostr.Tta.  241 

vntrlnulata.  240 
Wilsunii.  238 
Champla,  563 

pnrvnla.  563 
saMcornloldpR.  564 
Phnney-vino.  71 
fbanterol  ("innattarlnnf.  rt42 

InfundllMillformls.  642 
Chaptalia.  460 

nUiirctm.  460 
]  dentata.  46o 

I/ow.  460 
!  rM/^7»/».  460 

,  Chara.  617 
I  rerntophulla.  617 

drpniiprratn.  61  S 
'  foIloI.wa.61S 

Outnnnpus    IlumholdtU, 

618 
(jinnnopun  \firhnuril. 

618 
baltensls.  61S 
ITornomnnnll.  617 

^f^rhn1lTii.(\^'i 

pnluphulla.  61 « 
pnliiphiiUn  ^tuhlrn- 

Wik^trnmil   61<; 
Tru'nnirn.  61  S 
Triilnuirn  \firhauTH, 
61S 

PTi.M?Arr..\r.  61  7 

rhnrlo«^k.  147 


670 


INDEX. 


Chauvinia,  607 

paspaloides,  009 
phleoides,  600 
Clieilogramma  lunccolata, 

466 
Cheilolejeunea,  510 
decidua,  511 
Deciduous-leaved,  511 
Chemnitzia,  607 
Chexopodiaceae..  118 
Chexopodiales,,  118 
Chenopodium,  119 

ambi-osioides,  119 
fruticosum,  121 
murale,  119 
spathuUitum,  119 
Chew-stick,  259 
Chickweed  Family,  137 
Chicory  Family,  429 
China-brier,  71 
Chiococca,  416 
alba,  416 
parvifolia,  416 
pinetorum.  417 
racemosa,  416 
Chiodecton,  537 
Bracei,  538 
Bracei,  538 
crassum.  538 
cruentatum.  537 
elongatum,  537 
quassiaecolum,  537 
ruhrocitictum,  537 
rufescens,  538 
sanguineum,  537 
Chiodectoxaceae. 537 
Chironia  campamilata,  331 
Chloris,  35 

harhata.  36 
ciliata,  36 
cruciata,  35 
eleusinoides,  35 
Fringed.  36 
Many-spiked.  36 
paraguaiensis.  36 
Paraguay.  36 
petraea,  36 
polydactyla,  36 
radiata,  35 
Radiate.  35 
Sagraeana,  35 
Sagra's,  35 
Sioartziana,  36 
CMorodesmis  vaucheriae- 

f  or  mis,  610 
Chlorophyceae,  597 
Chlorophyllum  molybdites. 

642 
Chloroplcgmn,  611 
Chocolate  Family.  275 
Chondria,  567 

Chondria.  574.  582,  589,  620 
acan  tJwphora,5(^^ 
atropurpurea.  567 
Collinsiana.  568 
curvilineata.  568 
dasyphylla.  568 
leptacremon.  568 
littoralis,  567 
litt oralis.  5r»7 
miiscoides,  569 
papulosa.  566 
parvvla.  563 
polvrhiza.  568 
sedifolia,  568 


Chondria — 

tajciforniis,  564 

tenuissinia,  567 
Chondriopsis,  567 

atropurpurea,  567 

dasyphylla,  568 

leptacremon,  568 

littoralis,  567 
Chondrococcus  filiformis, 

583 
Chondrus  aerxiginosus,  562 

agntlioicus,  562 
Choripetalae,  99 
Christmas-bush,  166 

-flower,  354 

Vine,  354 
Chroococcaceae^  618 
Chroococcus,  618 

membraninus,  618 

turgidus,  618 

turgid  us,  618 
Chroolepidaceae^  599 
Chroolepus,  599 

aureus,  599 
Chrysobalanus,  154 

Icaco,  154 

Icaco  pellocarpus,  154 

pellocarpus,  154 
Chrysolite-lily,  79 
Chrysophyllum,  320 

Cain  it 0,321 

monopyrenum,  321 

oliviforrae,  321 
Chrysopsis,  440 

graminifolia.  440 
Chrysymenia,  563 

uvaria.  563 
Chthonia  leptocephala,4:oQ 
Chylocladia  riqens,  563 
Chytraculia,  307 

8uzi/f/ium,  307 
Cicca,  219 

disticha.  219 

CiCHORIACEAE,  429 

Cinchona  carihaea,  409 
Cinna  glomerata,  14 
Cinnamon.  305 

-bark,   282 
Clnnecord,  160 
Cintractia  Montagnei.  637 
Circinaria  disseota,  552 
Cirsium,  458 

pinetorum.  458 

Smallii,  458 
Cissampelos,  142 

tomentosa.  142 

Velvety,  142 
Cissus,  260 
Clssus.2e,l 

acida,  260 

Common.  260 

intermedia.  260 

microcarpa;  260 

sicyoides.  260 

sicyoides.  637 

Thick-leaved.  260 

trifoliata.  260 

tuberculata.  260 

Wnrtv.  260 
Citharexylum,  371 

luihamrnse.  371 

Berterii,  372 

caudatum.  372 

cinereum,  371 

fruticosum,  371 


Citharexylum — 
lucidum,  372 
quadrangulare,  372 
siihserratum,  371 
villosum,  371 
Cladium  jamaicense,  56 
mariscus,  56 
occidentale,  56 
Cladocephalus,  612 
scoparius,  612 
Cladonia,  546 
Cladonia,  555 

areolata,  547 
Dilleniana,  547 
flmhriata  adspersa.  547 
fimbriata  simplex,  547 
fimljriata  tuhaeformis, 

547 
gracilis  dilacerata,  547 
gracilis  hyt>rida,  547 
gracilis  verticillata, 

547 
pityrea,  547 
pycnoclada,  547 
pyj-idata,  547 
pyxidata  chlorophaea, 

547 
rangiferina,  547 
verticillata,  547 
Cladoxiaceae.  546 
Cladophora,  600 

a-egagropila  memhran- 

acea,  601 
crispula,  601 
crystallina,  601 
fascicularis,  601 
fracta,  600 
fuliginosa.  601 
luteola.  601 
nitida,  601 
Cladophoraceae,  599 
Cladophoropsis,  601 
Cladophoropsis,  611 

membranacea,  601 
Clathroporina,  527 

nuculastrum,  527 
Clathrus  cancellatus.  644 

crispus,  644 
Clavaria,  638 

soholifera,  633 
Clavariaceae,  638 
Clematis,  140 

bahamica,  140 
dioica,  140 
dioica  hahamica,  140 
pammulastrum,  140 
Vitalha,  140 
Cleome,  149 

gynandra.  149 
pentaphylla,  149 
Clerodendron  aculeatum, 
374 
Odorous,  375 
Clerodendrum,  374 
fragrans,  375 
Climacosphenia,  627 
moniligera,  627 
monUiqera.  627 
Climbing  Hempweed,  440 

Polypody,  471 
Clitoria,  187 

Ternatea.  187 
rirniniana,  188 
Closed  FiTosmolejeunea,  512 
Clusia,  281 


INDEX. 


671 


Clusia — 

flava,  281 

rosea,  281 
Clusia  Family.  280 
Clusiaceab,  2S0 
Clutia  CaacuriUa,  223 

Elutcria,  223 
Coca  Family,  108 
Coccocarpia,  548 

moJxjhdea,  548 

molj/bdca  toiuior,  548 

pellita,  548 

pellita  genuina,  548 

pellita  pannosa,  548 

pellita  parmelioidee, 
548 

pellita  smaragdina,  548 

pellita  tenuior,  548 

smaragdhia,  548 
Coccocladus,  604 

occidentals,  604 

occidvn talis  Conqucran- 
tii,  604 

occidentalis  laxua,  604 
Coccolobis,  116 
Coccolohis,  553 

bahamensis,  117 

diversifolia,  117 

Krugii,  118 

laurifolia,  117 

launfoli(Uj  541 

leoganensis,  116 

Northropiae,  117 

ohtusifolia,  117 

punctata,  117 

retitsa,  117 

teniiifoUa.  117 

Uvifera,  136 

Uvifcra,  635 

W  right  H,  117 
Cocconeis,  628 

heteroidea.  630 

pseudomarglnata,  630 

Scutellum,  628 
Coccothrinax,  50 

argentea,  59 

jucunda.  59 
Cock-spur,  132 
Cocklebur.  431 
Cockroach  Berry,  383 
Coco-nut,  61 

Plum.  154 
Cocobey.  358 
Cocos,  61 

nucifera,  61 
Codiaceae. 611 
Codiolum  polyrhxzum,  598 
Codium,  016 

adliacrcns,  617 

drrortiratum .  616 

rlo7i<l(itin».  616 

intertextiiin,  61  7 

intcviv.rtum.  5S3.  617 

intertextum   cribmsum, 
617 

isthmocladum.  617 

isthmorJadiim .  578 

tomentostim.  616 
Cloelndictjinn .  577 

COEXOOONTACE.VE.  541 

Coenogonium,  541 

interplpxnm.  541 
riqidulum ,  599 

Coffee  Senna.  167 

Colic-root,  70 


CoUema,  54o 

//acx;i(/um,  54<i  , 

laciniatuin,  540  I 

nlgrt'Sfcns,  54<i 
phyllovarpuin;  54<i 
rupestre,  .">4<i 
vcsinrtilio,  540 

COLLEMACEAB,  530 

Collybia,  642 

C'nlolrjcuiuu  Jonriana,  507 
Colpomenla,  50o 
slnuosa,  5!Mi 
I  Coltricia    cinnamomoa,    030 
1  spntlnilata,  030 

i  Colubrina,  L'57 

colubrlna,  258 
cubensis,  25s 
fcrruginosa,  258 
reclinata.  257 
Commelina,  *;7 

com  m  tin  is.  67 
elegans,  <57 
longicauUs.  67 
nudiflora,  67 

COMMELINACEAE,  66 

(\>minicaritus,  131 
Commicarpus,  13() 

scandens,  131 
Common   Tortula.  484 
Comorladna  intci/rifoUa,  245 
CondaUa  frn<  a,  256 
Conferva  ranira.  553 

ccramUnUi.  553 

c}avueformis,QO\ 

clavata,  500 

crustdlliiia.  6<ii 

fascicularis.  ti<il 

tlexuosa,  50S 

fracta.  »>(•<» 

hicrofilyphica,  000 

implcxa,  6()<> 

ivtcrtcj-ta,  574 

intcstinalis,  509 

Linutn,  590 

incmbranacra,  6(tl 

oedofionia,  6(tl 

simplex,  560 

trichocladia.  571 

vagahunda.  <',i»u 
CONIKEUS.  4 til 
Conocarpus,  3n2 

ertHta.  3(t2 

erect  a,  II 10 

rarrmnsa,  3'>1 
Conringia,  148 

oricntalis.  14>> 

CONVOLVJLACEAK.  345 

Convolvulus  a4uli  <itus.  340 

Batatas,  354 

hrasjlii  nsis,  352 

cnri/mhdsus,  354 

dissert  us.  35.-. 

domiugetisis,  351 

fastigiatus,  .".54 

jamairrusis.  .'MS 

lift  oral  is.  352 

mieranthus,  34 S 

petit  an  thos,  340 

Pes-eaprae.  .352 

sidaef alius.  354 

tUiaceus.  354 

7'i/?)^/.  350 

Coniiza  cinrrrn.  436 

'  Inhatn.  457 

Ij/rata,  444 


Cutiy:u   - 

odor  at  a,  -Ho 

purpuruoi-f  MA,  -i-16 
roprm<tn*j  »  rly/Uii  GO 
("DprlnuH  iiiiritcvuM,  o4U 
roralllua,  11« 
Coralllna.  5'-^ 

adhari 

htnhnt 

conglutufiin.  M  1 1 

cubi'tixlH.  r.s'.i 

Flat,,  Hum.  014 

in.  ;,MNii<,/,  Oin 

mai  ijinuta,  5.'i9 

nhl.mgata.  550 
ofitunata,  550 
Opuntia,  015 
/Miin/|M«.  012 
7'»  Mi'ii/tjiH.  Oo2 
/'/io»  HiJ".  •►13 
liDsarium,  O"*."* 
riW»rn*.  5sO 
rugomi,  55H 
8ut)Ulntn.  5H0 
TrihuluH.  5ss 
triihnM,  f.lO 
Tuna, 015 

CnllALLlNAtKAE.  5S4 

rorfi//<Of/rnf/ron,012 
Corulloetphalus,  012 

ri/7In  <.<«,••,  13 

harbatun,  012 

dumrfiKum,  •»1 .3 

/N«i.f//iM.012 
CorchoruB,  202 

lilrsutus.  202 

7Mr«HM<*.«532 

Indian.  202 

olltorlJis.  202 

sillqiutsus.  2«»2 

Smooth.  2<V2 

Wrxdly.  2»'.3 
Cord-moss.  480 
Con/i*/ <j/f'rt.30<i 

august  if  olio,  350 

f)<f)i«if«« 7M<j«.  35S 

/^irfon«.35{> 
'  ritlitnln,st<irhua.  350 

'  ;/«  r./j^finf/ioM/rit.  360 

tllttbona.  35S 

7.1  HI  a.  358 

/?«  brj«f«iicj.  357 

Spanish.  35h 
('ordv<-.M"*S"«'<'"f«Tn.  033 
Cordylecladla.  503 

Irrppnlnrh.  503 

»M7«HX.  5«"i3 

Cordyllne.  «»o 

jriiin«'«'n»l'».  oo 

Corlolnpsts  orrtdontnll*.  0.30 
Corbilns  Ml»I.Mlnu»«.  030 
mrix'Tnn",  Or?0 
,         •  U(..  0.30 

,  itim.  030 

s.  rl.-..,.'iMsutiin,  030 
Cork  troo.  273 
(\>ronntP  nrynm.  401 
;  roroniUa  nrciilentaHM.  1S2 

Hcricca.  1S2 
Coronopuf.  14S 


672 


INDEX. 


Coronopus — 

didymus,  148 
Corticium,  638 
Corticium,  638 

Leveilleanum,  638 
Corypha  PalmettOj  60 
Coryphantha,  294 

nivosa,  295 
CosciBodiscus  concinnus 
Jonesianus,  629 
excentricus,  629 
leptopus,  629 
marginatus,  629 
nitidulus,  629 
nitidus,  629 
nodulifer,  629 
obscurus,  629 
radiatus,  629  . 
Rothii.  629 
Cotton,  274 

Cotyledon  pinnata,  152 
Cough-bush,  445 
Country  Belle,  379 
Cow-bush,  162,  276 
Cowitch,  106,  189 
Crab-grass,  16,  30 

-wood,  118,  232 
Crab's  Eyes,  187 
Cracca,  181 

cathartica,  181 

cinerea,  181 

Schottii,  181 
Cranichis,  84 

lu-teoUi,  89 

olUjuntha,  86 
Crassina,  448 

multiflora,  448 
Crassulaceae,  152 
Crataeva  Tapia,  151 
Creeping-Cucumber,  426 
Crescentia,  398 

Cujete,  308 
Crinipellis,  642 
Crocus,  78 

CrossopetaJum  aquifolium, 
248 

CO riace  1(771,  247 

f1o7-ida7iu77i,  248 

ilicifoJ  17(771,  248 

pallois,  248 

Rhocomn, 2-i8 
Crotalaria,  178 

incana,  179 

lotifolia,  179 

pumila,  179 

retusa,  178 

stip7(laris,  179 

verrucosa,  178 
Croton,  222 

a7-fic7iteum.  224 

Bahama,  224 

bahamensis.  224 

Ca^scaiHlla,  223 

Casco7-ilUj    U7iearis,  223 

chamaedi-ifoUus,  228 

discolor,  223 

Eluteria.  223 

Ferguso77ii,  223 

parens,  223 

flocculosus,  223 

plahclhon.  224 

Hjahnarsoidi,  224 

humilis,  224 

hutiHlis  ofigat7 ifolms, 
224 


Croton,  Linear-leaved,  223 

linearis,  223 

lobatus,  224 

Lobed,  224 

lucidus,  224 

lucidus  puMgerus,  224 

Rosemary,  223 

7'osma7-inifolius,  222 

rosmarinoides,  222 
Crouania,  581 

attenuata,  581 
Crowfoot  Family^  140 
Cruger's  Barbula,  487 
Cryptostegia,  340 

grandiflora,  340 
Crystalline  Riccia,  503 
Cuban  Ceratolejeunea,  513 

Yellow-wood,  207 
Cucnmis  Angi(7'ia,  426 

CUCUEBITACEAE,  425 

Cuphea,  299 

Parsonsia,  300 
Curcas,  224 

Curcas,  225 

iridica,  225 
Cuscuta,  355 

americana,  356 

a)nerica7ia,  356 

arvensis,  356 

ohtusiflora,  356 

pentagona,  356 

CUSCUTACEAE,  355 

Custard-apple,  142 
Custard- APPLE  Family, 
141 

CUTLERIACEAE,    591 

Cuttle-fish,  64 

Cyathus  intermedins,  645 

pallidus,  645 
Ctcad  Family,  462 
Cycadaceae,  462 
Cycadales,  462 
Cyclospathe  Northropi,  61 
Cymatosira,  627 

Lorenziana,  627 
Cymbidii(77i  ut7-iculatum,  96 
Cymodocea,  6 

Cytnodocea,   570,    574,    583 
588 

manatorum,  6 
Cymodoceaceae,,  6 
Cymopolia,  605 

barbata,  605 

liibarhata,  605 

mexicana,  605 

Rosai-ium,  605 

7(tubarbata,  605 
Cynoctonum,  329 

Mitreola,  329 

sessiUfolia,  329 
Cynodoii,  34 

Dactylon,  34 
Cytiosttrus  aegyptius,  38 

domingensis,  39 

indiC7(s,  37 

vi7-gaU(S,  38 
Cyperaceae,  43 
Cyperus,  44 

aristatus,  45 

brunneus,  46 

h7-i(t7J7e7(s,  46 

Capitate.  47 

Coarse,  47 

Coast,  47 

compressus,  45  I 


Cyperus — 

confertus,  47 

Cuspidate,  45 

cuspidatus,  45 

elegans,  45 

ferax,  47 

filiformis,  47 

Flat,  45 

Florida,  46 

floridanus,  46 

fuligineus,  46 

Gatesii,  44 

hii'tus,  51 

Large,  46 

ligularis,  46 

Luzulae,  45 

Marsh,  45 

monostachyos,  52 

ochraceus,  45 

Panicled,  44 

paniculatus,  44 

polystachyus,4:4: 

pseudovegetus,  45 

rotundus,  46 

Sand.  47 

Slender.  47 

VahUi,  46,  47 

Viscid,  45 

I'iscosus,  45 

Yellow.  45 
Cypress  Vine.  350 
Cyrilla  pauiculata,  315 
Cystoseira,  591 

Myrica,  591 
Cytisus  Cajan,  192 

Dacryomycetales,  637 
Dactylis  patens,  34 
Dactyloctenium,  38 

aegyptium,  38 
Daedalea    amanitoides,    639 

Berkeleui,  640 
Dahoon  Holly.  245 
Dalbergia  B 7-0 loiei.  186 

Ecastophyllum,  186 
Daldinia  concentrica,  634 
Danish,  336 

Dark  Maiden-hair  Fern,  468 
Dasia,  575 
Dasya,  575 
Dasya,  575 

Collinsiana,  576 

Crouaniana,  576 

Delilei,  564 

cler/ans,  576 

aihhesii,  575 

lopJioclados,  571 

mollis.  576 

pedicellata.  576 

pedicellata.  577 

ramosissima,  576 

rlgidula.  576 

I'igidula,  577 

spinulige7'a,  577 

squarrosa.  576 

trichoclados,  571 

Tu7nanouiczi,  571 

Wurdonanni,  575 
Dasycladaceae. 604 
Dasycladus,  604 

claraefnrmis.  604 

occidcntalis,  604 

vermiculnris,  604 
Dasyopsis,  577 

Antillarum,  577 


INDEX. 


r,:;^ 


Dasyopsis — 

Antilhn-um,  577 
TpenicUUiia,  577 
spinclla.  577 
splnulUfcra,  577 
Datura,  380 

fastuosa.  3SG 
Garden.  3S7 
Metel.  38(5 
Stramonium,  386 
Taf  ?/?(/,  386 
Davollia  chirata,  468 
Day-flower,  67 

-lily.  70 
Delesseria.  564 

Leprieurii,  564 
ten  ui folia.  564 
Delesreriaceae,  564 
Delonix,  175 

regia,  175 
Dcndrohium    pohfstachynm, 

80 
Dendropemon,  108 
bahamensis.  109 
brevipes.  108 
emarginatns,  100 
emarf/in a t us    IcpiiloUis . 

100 
purpnreus.  108 
Dendropogon,  63 

usneoidos,  63 
Derbesia,  610 
Derhesia,  607 

tenuissimn,  610 
vaucheriaeformis.  610 

DERnESIACEAE.  610 
DERMATOrARPACEAE,  531 

Dermatocarpon,  531 

hppaticum.  531 

lachnenm.  531 

Moulinsii,  531 
DertnatoUthon  prototupus, 
586 

piistulntvm ,  586 
Dermocarpa.  620 

FarlnvH.  620 

prasina,  620 
DesmantJiuft  drrirrsfmn,  163 

strictii.9.  163 

rtrr/of  !/,<!,  163. 
Desmatodon.  485 

rrarbprl.  486 

Garber's.  486 
Desmodium  inconnm ,  184 

«7o//r.l84 

tnrtun.fvTn ,  184 
Devil-frrasR.  20 
Devil's  Potato-root.  336 

Pumpkin.  289 
Diadpnua,  553 
Diapedium,  404 
Diapedium.  404 

assurgons.  404 
Dtatomeae,  626 
Diatrvpp  8tijrma.  634 
Dirnrprlla,  560 
Dichondra.  355 

Carolina.  355 

carol inensi*;.  355 

rrpenf^.  355 
Dtcttondra  Famit-t.  355 
DirTTONPRArEAE.  355 
Dfchothrix.  626 

furlcola.  626 

penicillata,  626 


Dichototniiriii,  ."57 

frufjili.s,  :,.-,;» 
Dichotomosiphon.  617 

puslllus,  r.l7 
Dlchromena,  53 
r()i(irnta,  53 
InaKua,  53 
Inagueusis,  53 
Icucovt  phula,  53 
Narrow -lea  ve<l. 53 
Dicliptcra,  404 

UHHurucns,  404 
Dicc>tyij:ik»m-;s,  OS 
Dicrunum  alhidtnn ,  479 
Dictydiurn  canccllatum,  645 

scjuaiimlosuni,  645 
Dictyerpa,  697 

jariiMicmsis,  507 
Dictyoneis,    Ci'jh 

janiaiccnsis.  628 
niarKiuata.  63U 
Dict!/i>]it(  lis.  595 

•J  U.St  a,  505 
Dictyosphaeria,  603 
I) ictyofiph acriu .  6(i4 
favulosa.  603 
raloniuidvs,  604 
Dictyota,  506 
Dictyota,  586.  587 
Antif/uar,  597 
A  to  ma  rid,  506 
liartaiirc.siatia,  596 
Rartayrcsil.  506 
I{art(i!/r(  sii.  506 
lironfiiartii.  50t*» 
cervicornis.  506 
ccrvicornis.  596,  597 
dentata.  596 
drnlata.  596 
dicbotoma.  596 
divaricata.  596 
Fasriola.  596 
r7Mi;irr».<»/<»,  597 
indica.  596 
Mcrtrnaii.  596 
patma.  596 
ftuhdcutata.  596 
varicf/ata.  594 
zonaia,  594 
DrCTYOTACEAE. 594 
Didrrmn   ftquamulnxum.  645 
DidymcUa  Cinchnnac,  525 
Digenea,  569 

Diijrnra.  582.  589.  601  ] 

simplex.  569  \ 

ll-j//^7it,  .569 
Di()itari<i  fliulniata .  16 
Jinrizoutali.'i,  16 
marfiiuata,  16 
aannuiualin,  16 
Dildo.  292 
Diilweod.  313 
Dilophus.  597 
DilophuK.  586.  587 
alternans.  597 
puineensis.  597 
rrpnifi.  596 
Dlmerofrramma  lanceola- 
tum.  630 
minus.  630 
Dimerosporltim  pnnraplense. 
632 
zona  turn.  632 
Diminutive  Flssidons.  481 
Mlttcn's-moss,  498 


I  DiocUa  rudolphiii ..  .,  .  -,.. 
I  Dioicorea,7i» 
'  a  hit  a.  7» 

Dius«  uiiKAi XAE.  79 
Vionpi/toB  haltaMdit,  326 
Dlpholls.  3L'l' 

«allcirulla,  X22 
DipUcbne,  39 

faHtlcuiurlH.  39 
lUpliinthi  m     W  n.jl,t,i     Q 
Diplaslolejeunea.  :,•«, 
J(iid..|,,hi.ui...  .'.m7 
lludolpJiH  5«»7 
Dlplurulyx  ihryKophyl 

loidrn,  1  1  1 
Dil.lo.ystis  \VrIghlU.C44 
Diploneis,  62>s 

;i'l\.  I.  ,  -  ;n...giina,  030 

•  iH.  031 

<■■■■■■■ o.  031 

Crabro.  tiai 
denita.  031 
K<'niinatuln.  031 
VM<  i;|;inH,  028 
\V.issII.,Kl|.02S 
Dipterosiphonla,  .175 

I  <!«n(lritlca.  575 

Dirlna,  r.:'.^ 

I  <••  .".39 

''' 
I   DiRIN  - 

Distichlis,  J- 
si.ic.Mta,  42 
I  Ditch-prnHS.  5 
:  Divl-divl.  174 
'  r)octorliush.  319 
Doctor's  ('lull.  2<»7 
Dodder.  356 
Dodher  Famma,  355 
Dodonaea,  25(> 

Ehrenberjril.  25n 
vinroaa  ohovata.  250 
Dodonaea  Family.  250 

DODONAEArEAR,  250 

Dog-berry.  316 

-drink  water.  65 

-fennol.  437.  43s 
Doon A  N n  Fa  m  i  i.y  .  333 
Dop^v<>.>d.  ISO.  25n 
Dolicholus,  192 

minimus.  193 

Net  veln«'<l.  193 

retlculatus.  103 

Smnll.  193 

Swartzll,  193 

Swart  z'j»,  193 
Dollchos.  194 

Insulnris.  195 

I.nMab.  195 

I.ahlah.  191 

UnrntuM,  191 

Ititrnhi*.  195 

tniniwus.  193 

ohtiiitifnUun.  191 

pruiirnit.  189 

rr/ufijt.  195 
Dondla.    120 

cnrinata,  121 

frntlcosn.  1  21 

fruticoim.  121 

Insulnris.  121 

int>rmrdin.  121 

linenrlH.  121 

^Vil$unU,  121 


674 


INDEX. 


Donkey  Thistle,  145 
dothideales^  632 
Dracaena  Family,  72 
Deacaexaceae,  72 
Dropseed-grass,  33 
Drymaria,  137 
Drymaria,  137 

cordata.  137 
Dryopteris,  472 

asplenioides,  473 

augescens,  472 

cordata,  473 

normalis,  472 

patens,  472,  473 

reptans,  473 

reptans,  473 
Drypetes,  221 
Drypetes,  526,  532 

diversifolia,  222 

cliversifolia,  528 

keyensis,  222 

lateriflora,  221 

mucronata,  222 

Sharp-leaved,  222 
Duck-weed,  62 
Duck-weed  Family,  62 
Dudresnaya,  583 

bermudensis,  583 

DUMONTIACEAE,  583 

Duranta,  372 
ElUsia,  372 
Plumieri,  372 
repens,  372 
repenSj  633 

Eared  Mastigolejeunea.  517 

Eaton's  Selaginella,  477 

Ebenaceae^  325 

Ebexales,  320 

Ebony,  255 

Ebony  Fa:mily^  325 

Ecastaphyllum,  185 

Broionei,  186 

Ecastaphyllum,  186 
Echinocactus,  205 
Echinoeaulon  rigidum,  560 
Echinochloa,  26 

colonum,  26 

Crus-galli,  26 
Echinodorus,  7 

cordifolius,  7 

rostratus,  7 
Echites,  336 

Andreirsii,  338 

Uffora,  337 

Cateshaei,  338 

Echites,  336 

jamaiccnsis,  337 

macrocarpa,  397 

neriandra,  338 

paludosa,  337 

Sar/raei,  337 

siiherecta,  338 

umhellata.  336 
Eclipta  aiha,  449 

erecta,  449 

ECTOCAEPACEAE,  589 

Ectocarpus,  590 

AntiUartim,  589 

Hooperi,  589 

Mitchellae,  590 
Egg-fruit,  322 
Egyptian  Grass.  38 
Ehretia  Beureria,  359 

tinifolia,  359 


Eheetia  Family,  357 
Ehretiaceae,  357 
Elaeodendron,  249 

attenuatum,  249 

xylocarpum.  111,  250 

wylocarpum  hahamense, 
249 
Elaphrium,  211 

Bahama,  212 

inaguense,  212 

Simaruba,  212 

Simaruba,  109 
Eleocharis,  47 

atropurpurea,  49 

at  to  purpurea,  49 

camptotricha  Schwei- 
nitzii,  49 

capitata,  49 

cellulosa,  48 

flaccida,  48 

interstincta,  48 

ochreata,  48 

prolifera,  49 
Eleusine,  37 

indica,   37 
Eleuthera  Bark,  223 
Elentheranthera    ruderalis, 

449 
Elfvingia  tomata,  640 
Elliptic  Leptolejeunea,   514 
Elm  Family,  103 
Elodeaceae,  8 
Emilia,  457 

Purple,  457 

sonchifolia,  457 
Encoeliaceae,  590 
Encoelium  clatJiratum,  590 

sinuosum,  590 
Encyclia,  90 

acicularis,  92 

Bahama,  91 

bahamensis,  91 

diuma,  92 

fucata,  01 

Inagua,  02 

inaguensis,  92 

Narrow-leaved,  93 

plicata,  92 

Plicate,  92 

rufa,  91 

Rufous.  91 

SVmall-flowered,  91 

Tampa.  91 

tampensis,  91 
Endocarpon,   531 

hepaticum,  531 

Moulin  sit,  531 

pallidulum.  531 

rufescens,  531 

Wifmtii,545 
Endoderma,   598 

viride.  598 
Enterogra-pha    qiiassiaecola, 

537 
Enteromorpha,  598 

flexuosa,  598 

Hopkirkii,  598 

plumosa.  598 

poli/clados.  508 

salina  polvclados,  598 
Entire-leaved  Ceratole- 

.iennen.  513 
En  to  find  in.  508 

riridis.  508 
Bntodox  Family.  494 
Entodoxtaceae,  494 


Entophysalis,  619 

granulosa,  619 

violacea,  619 

violacea,  620 
Entopyla  australis,  630 
Epicion  hahamense,  342 
Epicladium,  93 

Boothianum,  93 
Epidendrum  aciculare,  92 

altissimum,  92 

hahamense,  91 

Boothianum,  93 

cochleatum,  93 

diurnum,  92 

erytlironioides,  93 

fucatuiii ,  01 

gracile,  92 

minutum,  89 

noctiirnum,  90 

odoratissimum,  91 

Ottonis,94 

papilionaceum,  93 

phoeniccutn.  02 

plicatum,  02 

primulinum,  91 

rigidum.  89 

rufum,  91 

tampensk,  91 

virens,  92 
Episperma,  582 
Epithemia,  629 

gibberula,  631 

Musculus,  629 
Eragrostis,  40 

amabilis.  41 

bahamensis,  41 

ciliaris,  41 

Elliottii,  40 

gigantea,  41 

macropoda,  40 

major,  41 

minor,  41 

pectinacea,  40 

plumosa,  41 

prolifera,  41 

tephrosanthos,  40 
Erechtites,  458 

hieracifolia,  458 
Erigeron,  442 

canadensis,  443 

linifolius,  443 

pusillus.  443 

quercifolium,  442 

tenuis,  442 
Erinus  proeumhens,  390 
Eriodendron    anfractuosum, 

274 
Erithalis,  415 

fruticosa,  415.  416 

fruticosa,  537 

odorifera,  415.  416 

rotundata,  416 
Ernodea,  420 

angusta,  420 

Cokeri.  420 

Coker's,  420 

Common,  420 

littoralis.  420 

Millspaughii,  421 

Mlllsp^augh'si,  421 

Nashii,  421 

Nash's.  421 

Taylori,  421 

Taylors.  421 
ErytJirina  corallodendron, 
196 


INDEX. 


Eruthrina — 

Pisci/juia,  18G 
Villi  tin  a.  lOG 
^■^>l/t}i)0(l(s,  ,S7 
Erythrotrichia,  553 
carnea,  553 
Cera micol a,  553 
Erytiiroxylaceae,  198 
■Erythroxylon,  198 
offine,  199 
areola  turn,  19S 
Bahama,  199 
^fcvipcs,  198 
confusum,  199 
obovatum,  198,  199 
Ovate-leavod,  199  ' 
I'eticulatuni,  199 
i-otimflifolium,  198 
Kounfl-leaved.  198 
spincsccns,  198 
suave,  198 

Eschenbachia,  -143 

l.vrata,  444 
■Eucheuma,  5G1 

isiforme,  561 
Eugenia,  303 
Eugenia,  541 

androsiana,  304 

axillaris,  303 

"^']^l'''^  ^icrocarpa, 

^ahamensis,30Q 
buxifolia,  303 
confiisa,  304 
confusa,  537 
fiHformis,  304 

foetida  rJiombea,  304 
fracjrans,  306 
lateriffora,  304 
Iwustrina,  305 
'oiujipes,  306 
fnonticola,  303 
palleiifi,  307 
Psciidopsidiuin,  304 
punctata,  3(i6 
I'liombea,  304 
imiflora,  304 
^nmrlobesia,  587 
Euodia  Gibba,  629 
Euosmolejeunea,  511 
clausa,  512 
<"losed.  512 
duriuscula.  510 
Harsh,  512 
'Threefold.  512 
fi'ifarin,  51  o 
Eupatorium,  437" 

(Jflcraiifolfum,  438 

onhnnions-c,  43s 
^npillif„iinni.  4;^7 
coni/zoiihft,  43s 
corymbnsurn,  439 
focniciilacciim   437  ' 

havanenso,  43s  I 

t'litrf/rifoJiinn,  43.S  ! 

leptoph.vHum.'4;;7 

Jiioa.vanuni.  439 

odoratum.  43,S 

repatuhnn.  439 

■'^ranclnifi,  439 

villostim.  4n,s 
Euphorbia,  234 

untiquorutn,  235 


Euphorbia 

tuticulata.  239 
Jialhisii,  L'39 
tiertiiitma,  241 
lil'xlfjcttii,  i.»4(, 
liracci,  'SA[) 
braaUiniHiH   240 
lirittnnii   L'4' 
buxifnlia',  L'37 
ca^s)ithni(lrR,  235 
cai/rusis,  239*  ~ 
ffcxuoNa,  239 
Oraminifniia,  236 
fn/ninonota,  234 
^fi rail rn sift',  'j:u', 
I"  trn,i)/i„iia    03^ 
'"■'Vf/.  24] 
f'.'/prricifolin    240 
lac'tea.  234 
lerhcnidca,  238 
linearis,  239 
f'KiruIata,  241 
nutans,  240 
P^fiolaris,  236 
Piiulifrra',  241 
Prostrata.  241 
punier  a,  234 
serpens,  241 
iiffn/nialoiilrs   '^33 
I  f>'ie?iotonni,  ^>:'r~'  ' 

j^^^^'^-f'!'i>nilata,'JU> 
i'APiionniArEVK  '^17 

f^upofjothm,  577 
I^upofjonium  ri„i,1„hnn     V 

Sf/uarrns-inn.  57(;      ' 
^fi'irhorltidos   571 
Eustachys,  3(; 
_       P<'tra('a.  36 
Eustoma,  331 

f^xaltatnm.  331 
Euterpe  olvrarra   (11 

linifrra,  61 

E^IM.XG-PlUMKOSEFAMn.V 

Evolvulus,  345 

alsinoides.  347 
arhuscula.  34(5 
Bahama.  34(1 
hahamoiisis.  340 
Bracoi.  340 
n race's.  ;!47 
niickweed.  347 
fflaber.  347 
Hnlfolins.  347 
Moiicyworf.  34,S 
fnucnmatus,  .';47 
Narrov\-Ieavod  347 
nummuIariiiM    .^47 
R*"ric,>ns.  34  7  ' 
RJlky.  347 
Smooth.  34  7 
sqiiaTjioHus.  340 
/=:jr(/rrf/rm  cjUnnluiusa    '>3'^ 
i^'if/rai  i,  232  "  "    ~ 

i:.ri-o,,;iria  ciilxnia    '"M 

liirida,  'Jl'.-J 
Exogonlum.  .'!.",! 

nilorodnctvliirii    35^ 
mirrndartulum    intrnri 
fnUinn,:\5\ 
Exostema.  409 

Exothea,  254  i 


<;:') 


Ej-othra.  524 

ofilomji folia,  254 
Pnnlculaia.  254 

I'aiiaceab,  17(1 

I  i'ayaru,  2»M) 

(  /'«ia.  2'»7 

_        I'ttrota,  206 
*^agopyrum.  1 1 5 

,  '^""/"l/Mf/l,  115 

;  FalkanbergU,  577 

IIIJl«'bran.lli.  577 
false  U„xw,>,mJ.  249 
Mallow,  267,  268 
^lt>n<'ywort.*lS5 
l'nvolu.salutaou«  040 

tcnulH.  G4o     ' 
feather  bcil,  326 
I-'ennei.  314 
I'Vm.  |{<jKt,^,  473 
'Want.  465 
I'<'atluT.  465 
-Marsh.  4 OS 
I'Imc-IjiikJ,  4fig 
S«'ri.ont.  47<) 
Slender  Maidenhair 
46  < 
Feux  Al.ME.s,  464 
lEft.v  Family,  464 

lEKN.S,  4<;4 

Ficuiri'S'"'""'"''*'^^ 

aiire.'i,  1(»5 
nurrn,  635 
hrevlfolla.  105 
tlimidiatn,  lo.-j 
JacQnlnlfuJia.  105 
Icrrif/ata.  li)5 
Pcdunculatn,  105 

popuhna  bahamcntU, 

tladle-flower.  233 
I  -UfxKf.  372 

Fi.;\v..,{T  FAMri-v.3s7 
'■  I'  i.M,,:s  ^r,^ 
I  Flmbrlstylla.  r^^ 
rastanen.  50 
filphylln.  50 
'  rj^li.H.M 

ff^rrushu-n,  50 
f/lomrratit,  51 
Hnlrv.  51 
hlrt;i.  51 
JnnpiiiMisIs,  51 
^^arsh.  51 

^•■'If  Marsh.  5n  " 
'•■r.  50 
"».  51 
"-en.  51 
,„      ^v.st  In.linn.  5i 
'•  inpor  KTa««,  15   ;;7 
Fire  bush.  224 
-«o*h!.  45S 
Hsb  i.,.K.,n.  isrt 
rigaldens.  4S0 

r>imlnnflve.  4<51 
Onrherl.  4^1 
<lari»pr's.  4S1 
monnndruR.  4S1 


676 


INDEX. 


Fissidens — 

radicans,  481 

Radicant,  481 
Fissidens  Family,  480 

FiSSIDEKTACEAE,  480 

Fissurina  nitidescens,  536 
Flahellaria  conglutinata, 
614 

incrustata^ 614 

pavonia,  614 

Tnna,  615 
Flacouetia  Family,  283 
Flacoubtiaceae,  283 
Flamboyant,  175 
Flamingo-bill.  183 
Flat  Taxithelium,  499 
Flaveria,  454 

linearis,  454 

Narrow-leaved,  454 
Flax,  Bahama,  200 

Brace's,  201 

Curtiss',  200 

Rock,  200 

Wood,  201 
Flax  Family,  199 
Fleabane,  442 
Fleurya,  106 

aestuans,  106 
Floating  Heart,  333 
Florida  Leucodontopsis,  492 

Privet,  327 
Flueggia  Acidothamnus,  219 
Foeriiculum,  313 

Foeniculum,  313 

r  nig  are..  313 
Fomes  Auberianus,  640 
Forestiera,  326 

ca-'^sinoides,  327 

segregata,  327 

scgrcqata  atenocarpa, 
'327 
Fosliella,  587 

Chamaedorls,  588 

farlnosa,  587 

Le.iolisii,  588 
Fountain-plant,  389 
Four-o'clock.  130 
Four-o'clock  Family,   129 
Fowl-foot.  251 
Fox-tail  Grass,  27,  28 
Fradelin,  611 

fuliQinosa,  611 
Frangipanni.  334,  335 
French  Trumpet-flower,  338 
Frog-wood.  413 
Frog's-bit.  9 
Fboo's-bit  Family,  9 
Frullania,  519 

arietina.  519 

gibbosa.  520 

Gibbous.  520 

obcordata.  520 

Obcordate,  520 

Ram's  Head.  519 

riojaneirensis.  520 

Rio  .Janeiro.  520 

Spreading,  520 

squarrosa,  520 
Frullanoides   riojaneirensis, 

520 
Fucaceae,  591 
Fucus  Qcnntliophorus,  569 

aervginosus,  562 

atomnrius,  596 

l)acciferus,  592 


Fucus — 

'botryoides,  563 

cervicornis,  562 

clavifer,  610 

cupressoides,  609 

dasypliyllus,  568 

ericifolius,  609 

Fasciola,  596 

fllamentosus,  581 

foliosissimus,  593 

laoinulatus,  562 

lendigerus,  593 

Lycopodium,  569 

multipartitus,  562 

musciformis,  563 

muscoides,  569 

Myrica,  591 

nutans,  592,  593 

oMusus,  565 

Opuntia,  561 

papiUosus,  566 

plumaris.  608 

Poitei,  566 

prolifer,  608 

racemosus,  610 

rigidus,  560 

Sargasso,  592 

sertularioides,  608 

spiciferus,  569 

taxiformis,  564 

tenellus,  572 

tenuissimus,  567 

tomentosus ,  616 

triangularis,  571 

tnfariiis,  571 

triqueter,  571 

turhinatus ,  591 

uvarius,  563 

uvifer,  610 

vermicularis,  604 

zonalis,  594 
Fulvifomes  dependens,  640 

Swieteniae,  640 
Funalia  versatilis,  640 
Funaria,  489 

flavicans,  489 

hygrometrica,  489 

Pale-green,  489 
Funabia  Family.  489 
Funabiaceae,  489 
Fungi,  631 
Furcraea,  77 

cuhensis,  77 

macrophylla,  77 

nndulata,  11 
Fuscoporella  coruscans,  640 

Galactia,  189 

angustifoUa,  191 

bahamensis,  190 

cuhensis,  190 

filiformis.  190 

galactioides,  190 

monophylla.  190 

pendula,  190 

rudolphioides,  189 

rudolphioidcs,  633 

spiciformis,  190 

tennifJora,  191 

uniflora.  190 
Galaxaura,  557 
Oulaxauro,  578.  589 

comans,  558 

comans,  578 

cylindrica,  558 


Galaxaura — 

Decaisnei,  559 

flagelliformis,  558 

flagelliformis,  578 

fragilis,  559 

lapidescens,  558 

marginata,  559 

moniliformis,  559 

oblongata,  559 

oblongata,  558 

obtusata,  559 

occidentalis,  559 

rugosa,  558 

rugosa,  558 

squalida,  558 

squalida,  558 

subverticillata,  558 

suhverticiUata,  578 
Gale-of-wind,  221 
Galega  cathartica,  181 

cinerea,  181 
Galium,  424 

bermudense,  424 

hispidulum,  424 

hypocarpum,  424 
Gama-grass,  12 
Gamopetalae,  314 
Ganoderma    pulverulentum. 
640 

subincrustatum,  640 
Garber's  Fissidens,  481 
Gardena,  149 
Gardenia  clnsiaefolia,  410 
Garlic- weed,  135 
Gaudichaud's    Syrrhopodon, 

483 
Gayoides,  266 

crispum,  266 

crispum,  636 
Geaster  saccatus,  645 
Geiger  Tree.  358 
Gelidiaceae,  559 
Gelidiopsis  ligida,  560 
Gelidium,  560 
GeUdium,  589 

rigidum,  560 

rigid nm,  579 
Genip,  254 

Genipa  clusiaefoUa,  410 
Gentian  Family,  330 
Gentiana  exaltata,  331 
Gentianaceae,  3.30 
Gentianales^  326 
Gebaniales,  196 
Gerardia,  402 

Bracted,  402 

bracteosa,  402 

domingensis,  392 

droseroides.  402 

moritima,  392 

purpurea,  392 

spiciflora.  392 
Sundew,  402 

tuber osa,  402 
Ghinia,  367 

cnrassavica,  367 
Giant  Fern.  465 

Milk-weed.  341 
Gibbons  Frullania.  520 
Gigartina  isiformis,  561 

tencra,  .561 
Gigabtinaceab,  561 
Glasswort,  122 
Gloeocapsa,  619 

bahamensis,  619 


INDHX. 


677 


Gloeocapsa — 

crcijidinum ,  G19 
deuHta,  G19 
lignicola,  G19 
Magma,  019 
Gloeophyllum  Berkeley!, 
640 
hirsutum,  640 
striatum,  640 
Gloeothece,  (520 
Glocothccv,  623 

rupestris,  620 
Glory-morning,  352 
Glossy  Isopterygium,  497 
Sematopbyllum,  5U0 
Glycine  Abrus,  187 

rctivulata,  193 
Glycosmls  ptntaphylla,  209 
Glyphis,  538 

Acharimia,  538 
cicatricosa,  538 
Glyphodesmis,  627 

eximia,  627 
Goat-bush,  437 

-weed,  391 
Goafs-rue,  181 
Golden  Aster,  440 

Crownbeard,  452 
Goldenrod,  370 
Gomontia,  598 

polyrhiza,  598 
Gomphrctm,  126 

polycjonoidcs,  126 

vermiculariSj  128 
Gongroceras  comic ulatum , 

583 
Goniolithon,  584 

accretum,  585 

ace  return,  598 

acropetum,  585 

Boergesenii,  585 

Borgesenii,  598 

decutescens,  585 

decutescenSj  585 

dispalatum,  585 

frutescens,  585 

wiprocerum^  587 

intermedium,  586 

Notarisii  propinquum, 
585 

propinquum ,  585,  587 

Rhizophorae,  586 

solubile,  585 

soluhile,  587 

spectahile,  585 

striatum,  586 

strictum.,  585 

striatum  naniim,  586 
Goniopteris  rcptans,  473 

rep  tans  cordata,  473 
Goniotrichum,  553 

Alsidii,  553 

elegans,  553 
GooDEMA  Family.  428 

GOODEMACEAE.  428 

Gooma-busb.  383 
Gooseberry-tree.  219 
GoosEFooT  Family,  118 
Gossypium,  273 

barl)adense,  274 

punctatum,  274 
Gouania,  258 

dominqensis,  258 

glabra,  258  I 

lupuloides,  258 


Got'iiD  Family,  425 
Govenia,  96 

Swolk-n,  9(5 

utriculaia.  96 
Governor  Gram's  l^ivery, 

236 
Gracilaria,  562 

cervlcuruls,  562 

cornea,  5G3 

crassisslma,  562 

damaecornis,  5G3 

liurizuiitiilifi,  562 

lacinulata,  562 

inultipiu  tita,  5^2 
Grallatoria,  5t;u 

rcptans,  560 
Grammatophora,  627 

llexuo.sa,  027 

ficjuu.'id,  027 

marina,  630 
Grammita,  569 
Graminitella,  569 
Granigrain,  262 
Granny-bush,  223 
(JuAi'E   Family,    259 
Gi:.\Piiii)ACEAK.,  534 
GllAI'lIIDALES,  533 

Graphina,  536 

nitidescens,  536 

virginea,  536 
Graphis,  535 

Alzelii,  536 

utruta,  534 

I'inerea,  536 

cinnabarina,  536 

inusta,  536 

I'avoniana,  535 

scalpturuta  plurifera, 
536 

scripta,  536 

trieosa,  538 

vcstita,  536 
Grass   Family,   10 
Grass-fern,  466 

-pinic,  95 
Grateloupella,  569 
Grutiohi  Monnicri,  389 
Gray  Nickers,  172 

Polypody.  470 
Grayish  Lejeunea.  50S 
Green    Turtle    Bough,    301. 

375 
Greenbrier,  71.  72 
Greenest  Archilejeunca,  518 
(Jrccns,  119 
Grifflthsia,  579 

.1  rgu8,  559 

liornctiaua,  579 

corallina  ghthifi  rn,  579 

coral  I  in  a  tcnuUi,  579 

globifera.  579 

giobullffra.  579 

globulifera,oiiO 

tenuis.  5.S0 

Uiursiarra,  580 
Griffitxin.  579 

IH-nirillatn.  559 

trirhorUiiluH.  571 
Grimmeodendron.  2.'U 

<>glandulosuni.  232 
Ground  Thorry.  .3S1.  3S2 
(iroundsol-bush,  444,  445 
Guaiacum,  2oi 

omclnnle.  202 

sanctum.  202 
Guana-berry,  205 
Guava.  307  I 


(iuepinin  pahuicepii.  037 

Spalhularln.  637 
GuetUrda.  412 

vahiptrntn.  413 

(hnmflora,  415 

••lli|*t|.a.  4)4 

InaKUi'iiHiH,  413 

KruKll.  413 

NuMhIi,  413 

Boabrn.  412 

njircioHU,  4  12 

Taylorl.  413 
Culana  riuui.  221 
Ouilandlna,  171 

Honduc.  172 

h„ndur,U,i.  172 

rrlKta.  172 

major,  172 

Morintja,  151 

ovnllfolln,  172 
Guln«»a  b.-a<l.  122 

Grnns.  22 
Gum-floml.  212 
GunilHvilnibo.  212 
GtMiio  i.iMHo    Famm.t.    211 
Oundlachia.  442 

<-<»rymboKn.  442 

doiitingitmin  corymb- 
OHO.  442 
GunwofMl.  396 
Guzmtinia  liitijulnta,  60 
Gyalccta  lut<  a.  541 
Gyai.ectackak,  541 
Gyminda.  24 s 

GrtHrbnihU.  249 

latifolia.  249 
Gymnanthes.  232 

luclda.  232 
(/ymnoijratnmc  calomctanot, 

4r,9  ■ 
Gymnoi)lIu8  tenuis.  642 
Gymnupus.  (142 
QymnoHoruH,  594 

collariM,  5'.»4 

varivgatuH,  594 
Gymnostkumak.  46o 
Gytnnost>)inum  KarbuUi.  4s4 

Tortilla.  4S5 
Gymnothamnlon,  5»no 

bipiiinatum,  5.so 

••it'gans.  5SO 
G  y  mnoth  a  m  n  i  m  in ,  5S 1 
Gynaudropais  inntaphylla. 

149 
(lyroslgma  r»>ctum.  631 
GurostaihiiH  /»<  rui  tana.  So 
Gyroatomum.  54:i 

s.-ypliullf.Tum.543 
Gyroweisi*.  4>4 

Itarl.ula.  4S4 
lUack  fruil.Ml.  4S4 

Haematomma.  54<'> 

puiilcruiu.  546 
Haematozylum,  171 

cMtiipiTlilanum.  171 
Il.ilr  Ilk.'  Brvuni.  41»«> 
ilairv  I'.-pprrwort.  476 
ilalb.Td  f.-rn.  471 

Ames".  472 

Small.  472 
Halimeda.  614 

llalimtda.     56S.     573.     580. 
614.  621 

hnrirauliM.  610 

dlHcoldoa.  015 

fnvnl.>«a.  010 

incroMgata.  010 


678 


INDEX. 


Halimeda — 

incrassata  monilis.  616 

lacrimosa,  616 

Monile,  616 

Opuntia,  615 

Opuntia,  614 

plutydiscu,  615 

scabra,  615 

simulans,  616 

tridens,  616 

tridens  Monile,  616 

Tuna,  615 
Haliseris,  595 

Just  a,  595 
Halodictyon,  577 

mirabile,  577 
Halodule,  6 
Halodulc,  597 

Wrightii,  6 
Halophila,  S 

Engelmanni,  9 
Halopleg-ma,  580 

Duperreyi,  580 

Duperreyi  spinulosa, 
580 
Haloeagidaceae,  310 
Halydictyon,  577 
Hamelia,  411 

erecta,  412 

patens,  412 

Scarlet,  412 
Hanowia,  577 
Hapalopilus  licnoides,  641 
Haplocladium,  495 

mierophvlLum.  495 

Small-leaved,  495 
Hard-bark,  253 
Hardhead,  220 
Hare's-ear,  148 
Harrisia,  292 

Brookii,  292 
Harsh  Euosmolejeunea,  512 
Hat  Palmetto,  60 
Haulback.  162 
Heather.  320 
HecastophyUum  Broicnei, 

186 
Hcdcra  quinqiiefoJia,  261 
Hedge-hyssop,   390 
Hedicigia  halsamifera,  212 
Hedyotis  amcricana,  409 

rupestris,  409 
Hedysarum    canes cens,    184 

Ecastaphyllum,  186 

ha  in  (it  II 11),  183 

incaniim ,  184 

molle,  184 

nummularifolium,  185 

supinum,  184 

tortuosnm,  184 
Heleocharis  hahamensis,  48, 
49 

Sintenisii,  49 
HeUeothamnion,  572 
Helicteres,  275 

Is  or  a,  276 

jamaicensis,  276 

semitriloba.  275 

spiralis.  276 
Heliotrope!.  Biishy,  363 

Diffuse    Low,    364 

Eggers",  363 

Inagua,  364 

Indian.  362 

Low  Ashv.  364 

Nash's.  364 

Seaside,  363 

Slender,  363 


Heliotropium,  362 

brevicaule,  364 

curassavicum,  363 

diffusum,  364 

Eggersii,  363 

gnaphalodes,  361 

inaguense,  364 

indicum,  362 

inundatum,  363 

microphyllum,  364 

nanum,  364 

Nashii,  364 

parviflorum,  362 

ternatum,  363 
Helminthosporium  Ravene- 

lii,  635 
Helosciadium,  314 

Ammi,  314 
Hemianthus,  390 

callitrichoides,  390 

multiflorus,  390 
Hemibasidiomycetes^  636 
Hemitrichia  clavata,  645 
Henna  Plant,  299 
Hepaticae,  500 
Herb  ]\lercury,  228 
Hercules'  Club,  207 
Herpestis  Monnieria,  389 
Herpochaeta,  607 

fastif/iata,  608 

vcrticiUata,  608 
Herposiphonia,  573 

bipinnata,  574 

Pecten-Veneris,  573 

secunda,  574 

tenella,  573 
Heterosiphonia,  575 

^yurdemanni,  575 

Wurdemanni,  576,   577 
Heterothecium   domingense, 

542 
Hibiscus,  272 

Bahama  272 

bahamensis,  272 

cryptocarpas,  272 

esculentus,  272 

populneus,  273 

spinifex,  270 

tiliaceus,  273 
Hippo,  341 
Hippomane,  231 

Mancinella,  231 
Hog-bush,  409 

Cabbage-palm,  61 

Palmetto,  61 

-weed,  130 
Hold-back,  132 
Holly,  245 

Holly   Family,   245 
Holosteum  cordatum,  137 
Homalia.  497 

Wrightii,  494 
Honeysuckle,  404 
Hook-lobed  Leucolejeunea, 

518 
Hookeria  radiculosa,  494 
Hormothamnion,  624 

enteromorphoides,    624 
Horse-bean,  171,  191 

-bush,  176,  363,  442 
Horseflesh.  158 
Horseradish-tree,  151 
Horseradish-tree  Family, 

151 
Horseweed,  443 
Hura,  232 

crepitans,  233 


I  Hurricane-grass,  51 
Hutchinsia,  569 

hreviarticulata,  570 

dendritica,  575 

ohscura,  574 

opaca,  571 

periclados,  572 

secunda,  574 

tenella,  573 
Hydnaceae,  638 
Hydrocharitacbae,  9 
Hydrocharitales,  8 
Hydroclathrus,  590 

canccUatHS,  590 

clathratus,  590 

sinuosus.  590 
Hydrococcus  marinus,  620 
Hydrocoleum,  623 
HydrocoJeum,  623 

cantharidosmum,  623 

comoides.  623 

glutinosum,  623 

lyngbyaceum,  623 
Hydrocotyle,  312 

asiatica,  313 

hirsuta,  312 

pygmaea,  312 

repanda,  313 

spicat a,  ^12 

umhellata,  312,  313 

verticillata,  312 
Hydrocybe   conica,    642 
H  ydroUthon  improcerum, 

587 
Hydrofhyllaceai;.  356 
Hyella,  620 

caespitosa.  620 
Hylocereus,  293 

undatus,  293 
Hymenocallis,  78 

arenicola,  78 

carihaea,  79 

caymanensis.  79 

crassifolia.  79 

declinata,  78 

declinata.  79 
Hymenostomum,  484 

Bahama.  485 

flavescens,  485 
Hyophila,  485 
Hyophila,  485 

Tortula.  485 
Hypelate,  254 

panicnlata.  254 

trifoliata.  254 
Hypericaceae.  280 
Hypericales^  279 
Hyphomycetales,  635 
Hypxaceae.  496 
Hypnea,  563 

musciformis,  563 

miisciformis,  598 

scruudiramea,    583 
HypnophiKHS.  563 

musciformis,  563 
Hypnum  admistum.  500 

diminutivum,  498 

micans,  497 

microphyJlunh.  495 

tiigrescens,  493 

planum,  498 

f^iplio,  496 

rcf^icvlare.  497 
Hypnum  Family,  496 
Hirpochnus  rubrocinctus, 
537 

spongiosus.  638 
Hypocrea  sulphurea,  633 


INDEX. 


679 


IlYrOCICEALKS^  G33 

Hypoglossum,  5G4 

LciD  i(  uriL,  564 

tt'iuii folium,  564 
Hypoxis,  To 

juncea,  73 
Hypoxylon   annulatum,   034 

Bomba,  634 

fuscoijurpureum,  634 

jecuiiuum,  634 
Hyptis,  3TU 

pectinata,  380 

Pectinate,  38U 

Pilose,  380 

suaveolens,  380 
Hysterium    rufulum,    635 

Ibidium,  85 

lucayanum,  85 

tortile,  85 
Icacorea,  315 

guadalupensis,  316 

paniculata,  315 
Ichthyomethia,  186 

I'iscipula,  186 
Ilex,  245 

Cassine,  245 

cuneata,  246 

Krugiana,  246 

Mucoucoua,  246 

montuna,  246 

repanda.  246 

ILICACEAE,    245 

Imperata,  12 

brasiliensis,  12 

IMPEKFECTI,  635 

Indian  Almond,  302 
Indigofera,  180 

Anil,  180 

urgent ea,  180 

suffruticosa,  180 
Inflated  Microlejeunea,  509 
Inga  hystrix,  156 
Ink-berry,  383,  429 

-bush,  327 
Inodes  Palmetto,  60 
Inonotus  corrosus,  641 

fruticum,  641 

porrectus,  641 
Inula  (iraminifolia,  440 
lonaspis,  541 

suaveolens.  541 

tropica.  541 
lonoxalis,  197 

intermedia,  197 
Ipomoea,  351 

antillana,  354 

arenaria,  351 

Batatas,  354 

Tiono-nox,  349 

Carolina,  353 

cathartica.  352 

coceinea.  350 

commutatd.  352 

ci/mosn,  354 

dissecta.  353 

fastifiiatn.  354 

ftracilis.  354 

firandiflora .  350 

hederacea.  351 

hrptaphjflla,  353 

jamaicensis.  352 

Uttoralis.  352 

nrirrodactyln.  351 

Pes-caprae.  352 

purptircn.  352 

QuamocUt .  350  I 

saglttata.  353  I 


Ipomoea — 

siduefoliu,  354 

sinuutu,  353 

stulonifera.  352 

tiliacea.  354 

triloba.  353 

tuba,  35t» 

vcrtieillatu,  348 

villosa,  352 
Iresine,  12.s 

Bahaiua.  129 

Celosia,  128 

celosiuideH,  128,  129 

Coastal,  129 

llavoscens,  128 

iuaguensis,  129 

keyi  nsiH,  128 

puniruhitu,  128,  129 
IRIUACEAE. so 
litis     I-'AMILV.     80 

Ironwood.  ;tii4.  ."'.1  7 
J I  pi  J'  inaxiinuH,  639 
IseJiaeinuni  si cundatuin,  30 
Island  Bean,  195 
Isnardia,  3U9 

nutans,  309 

repeus.  3i»9 
Isocarpha,  449 

angustatu,  450 

oppositifolia,  450 
Isopterygium,  496 

Glossy,  497 

micans,  497 
Iva,  432 

Beach,  432 

Bushy.  433 

cheiranthifolia,  433 

imbricata,  432 

Jacaranda,  398 

hahainensis,  398 

caroliniuna,  398 

coerulea,  398 
.Tack-switch.  263 
.Jackmada,  438 
Jacob's  Ladder.  236 
Jacquemontia,  348 

Blue,  349 

cayensis,  349 

cuyensis,  631 

Common.  348 

Fleshy.  349 

jama  icensis. 348 

inieranthu,  34.S 

pentantha.  349 

reel  in  at  a,  349 

Small-Howe  red.  348 

verticillata.  34S 

(•io/«((»/.349 
Jacquinia,  31  7 

avmilhnis,  317 

Berteril.  317 

Uerterii  n7».'««,317 

keveusis.  31  7 

kryensis,  525,  527,  538, 
539 
Jamaica  Weed,  357 
Jania,  5s9 
Junta.  577.  578,  570,  581 

ndhnercns.  589 

caplllacoa.  5S0 

cnht  nsis.  580 

nibons.  5S9 
Jasminum.  327 

Sambac.  327 
Jatropha  Currns,  225 

gnsMiipifidin,  225 

J/flM/;iof.  230 


ItTUHnlem  Parult-y,  110 


..]  7 
.loilit    .  I 

J.x.r  -  507 

.Ir..i.A  .      .; 

Jutlllilf    l;.-aU,    1G2 

/uttijtrmaitnia  auticulata. 
517 

rortUaUji,  515 

el  lip  tint,  514 

fliti  a.  5us 

tn]uanuMa.  520 

tiifariii,  512 

xutilhfx  arpu,  SIR 
Jl MiKUMA.VNlA  KaMILY,  50-1 
.1  r  N  r  .KUi!  A  N  N  I  AlKAi: ,  5<  t4 
.1 1   N '  .K  It  M  A  N  N  I A  I.K.H,  504 
Junub"  Kirf,  26 
Jnnii).T  berrv.  288 
Juniperus,  4(\2 

aUHtniliM.  402 

harhadt  ntiit.  462 

hi  rinudiatm.  402 

lucay.'ina,  4<»2 

rirglniana,  462 
Jussiaea,  3 lit 

iingutitifolia,  310 

HiiHliy.  310 

pnluMtris,  31(i 

sufTrutlcoga,  310 
Justicla,  4* a 

UKMurgi  ttM,  4i»4 

cartlia>rin»'nNiH.  4<t3 
'  piiniruldtii.  4<i.'i 

spittnaa,  4<";{ 

Kalanchoe,  152 

brasilbiiHls.  153 

Brazilian.  153 
KalUtroemia,  2<>3 

iiiaxiiu.'i.  2<»3 
Kallymenia.  561 

MmniinBhll.  .561 

ri  tiift/tiniti,  561 
Kasondi  S^'iina,  166 
Krugiodendron.  256 

fiTfetmi.  256 
KyUinija  monucephala,  47 

Lnce-plant.  106 
i  Lachnea  cnlM-nsls.  635 

Lactuca.  4"" 
I  iir  :;o 

Lndl.^  9C 

!  Ljidv'-.  -  xs 

Laellopsis.  '.':, 

d<>iuln;;«>n«Is.  OR 
!  I.artin  H u  i.!..ni.i.  2S5 

Lain  H'  .nrnfi*.  56 

Laguni 

Y.:  l 

l.avxuvi  /.!.■.  r.  ir. 

I-AMIArKAK,  375 

Lantana.  .".'''"» 

i  •'■ 

h    ■ 

<". 

(  ■ 
I  rf' 

I  deiiuil;it.i.  ."»7t 

Involucrntn.  370 

inrnlucrata,    371.    632. 
6.36 

odorota,  370 


;7n 

••70 


TO 


680 


INDEX. 


Lantana — 

Ovate-leaved,  369 

ovatifolia,  369 
Lappago  aliena,  14 
Lasiacis,  25 

divaricata,  25 
Lasiocroton,  227 

bahamensis,  227 

macrophijllus,  227 

micranthus,  227 
Laternea  triscapa,  644  _ 
Laugeria  densitiora,  415 

lucida,  414 
Laueaceae,  143 
Laurel-cherry.  153 
Laurel  Family,  143 
Laurencia,  565 
Laurencia,  574,  579 

Baileyana,  567 

cervicornis,  566 

Chauvini  566 

Corallopsis,  566 

gemmlfera,  566 

cjlomerata,  565 

impJicata,  566 

intricata,  566 

mexicana,  566 

microcladia,  565 

mtdtiflora,  565 

nana,  566 

obtusa,  565 

ohtiisa,  565,  566 

ohtusa  gelatinosa,  565 

paniculata,  565 

papulosa,  566 

papulosa,  575 

Poltei,  566 

tuherctdosa;  566 
Laurocerasus,  153 

myrtifolla,  153 
Laurus    carolincnsis    pubes- 
cens,  144 

Cateshyana^  143 

coriacea,  143 

Win  feron a,  282 
Lawsonia,  299 

G7&a.299 

inermis,  29^ 
Leaf-shedding  Rectolejeu- 

nea,  510 
Leafless    Beaked-orchid,    86 
Leather  Fern,  465 
Lehidihia  coriaria,  174 
Lecaxactidaceae,  541 
Lecanactis,  541 

dentlculata,  541 

denticulata,  541 
Lecanora,  545 

odglutinata,  552 

aurantiaca  isidiosella, 
550 

badia,  545 

ceratoniae,  539 

chlaronclla,  546 

chUiyoierodcs,  546 

cinereocarnea,  546 

florid  on  a,  550 

pallescens,  546 

pimicea,  546 

subfusca,  546 

sul>ft4sca  cinereocarnea, 
546 

varia,  546 
Lecaxoeaceae^  545 
Lecidea,  542 

calcivora,  542 
conspirans ,  551 


Lecidea — 

disciformis  aeruginas- 
cens,  551 

furfurosa,  542 

immersa,  542 

leucoblephara,  541 

luteola    endoleuca,   543 

medialis,  543 

parasema,  551 

parmelioideSy  548 

parvifolia,  546 

pJiaeomela,  542 

sanguinariella,   551 

scyphulifera,  543 

subdisciformiSj  551 

vernalis,  542 
Lecideaceae, 542 
Lecideales,  539 
Lehmann's  Caudalejeunea, 

516 
Leiogramma  virginea,  536 
Leiphaimos,  332 

parasitica,  332 
Lejeunea,  508 

Berteroana,  510 

bullata,  509 

clausa,  512 

cubensis,  513 

decidua,  511 

duriuscula,  512 

flava,  508 

glaucescens,  508 

Grayish,  508 

Jooriana,  507 

laetevirens,  509 

Lehmanniana,  516 

obtusangula,  512 

pJii/llobola,  510 

unciloba,  518 

riridissima,  518 

Yellow,  508 
Lemna,  62 

minor,  62 
Lemnaceae,  62 

LENTIBrLAEIACEAB)^  393 

Lentinus  crinitus,  642 

hirtus,  642 

Icpideus,  643 

strigellus,  642 

strigosus,  643 

velntinus,  643 
Lentodium  squamosum,    643 
Lenzitcs  applanata,  639 
Leonotis,  377 

nepetaefolia,  378 

ncpetarfoUa,  636 
Leonurus,  377 

sibiricus,  377 
Lepidium,  146 

didymnm,  148 

virginicum,  146 

virginiciim,  631 
Lepiota  cretacea,  643 
Lepraria  Bassiae,  550 

^afo..  543 
Leptilon,  443 

linifolium,  443 

pusillum.  443 
Leptochloa,  38 

domingensis,  39 

fascicularis,  39 

Slender,  39 

virgata,  38 

rirgata  gracilis^,  39 

Virgate.  38 
Leptocolea,  507 

Jooriana,  507 

Joor's,  507 


Leptogium,  540 

buUatum,  540 

buUutum  phyllocarpum, 
540 

chloromelum,  540 

phyllocarpum  540 
Leptole'jeunea,  514 

Elliptic,  514 

elliptica,  514 
Leptotrema,  544 

bahianum,  545 

bisporum,  545 

compunctum,  545 

glaucescens,  545 

monosporum,  544 

simplex,  545 

Wightii,  545 
Leskea  subpinnata,  499 
LEiSkea  Family,  495 
Leskeaceae^  495 
Leucaena,  162 

glauca,  162 
Leucobryaceae^  479 
Leucobryum,  479 

albidum,  479 

glaucum  albidum,  479 
Leucodon  Family^  491 
Leucodoxtaceae.  491 
Leucodontopsis,  491 

Florida.  492 

floridana.  491 

plicata.  491 
Leucolejeunea,  518 

Hook-lobed,  518 

unciloba,  518 

unclloba,  518 

xanthocarpa,  518 

Yellow-fruited,  519 
Liagora,  554 
Liagora,  556 

annul ata,  555 

cayohitesonica,  554 

ceranoides,  555 

Cheyneana,  554 

corymbosa,  554 

crassa,  554 

decussata,  554 

elongata,  554 

farinosa,  554 

farinosa,  554 

farionicolor,  554 

fragilis,  555 

leprosa-,  555 

lurida,  554 

megagyna,  557 

mucosa,  556 

mucosa,  556,  557 

opposita,  555 

paniculata,  555 

pedicellata.  556 

pedicellata,  556,  557 

Pilgeriana.  555 

pinnata.  555  r 

pinnata.  556,  557  i'i^ 

])ulverulenta,  555 

rosacea,  555 

rugosa,  555 

tennis,  555 

valida.  555 
Libidibia  coriaria,  174 
Lice-root.  337 
Lichen  aurantiacus,  550 

badius,  545 

bullatiis,  540 

chloromelos,  540 

Cocoes,  552 

complanatus ,  549 

compunctus ,  545 


INDEX. 


681 


Lichen — 

erijthrcUus,  5o0 

fcrrujjiui  us,  550 

fimhriatus  simplex j  547 

flacciilus,  540 

gonniatiis,  525 

hypcnlliis,  532 

i))iincrsus,  542 

lachncus,  531 

lepudiniis,  544 

lutcus,  541 

niyrescens,  540 

obscurus,  552 

pallesocns,  546 

perlatus,  549 

picttis,  551 

raufjifcriHits,  547 

rubis/ittusus,  547 

rapes tris,  540 

script  us,  530 

Stella  I  is,  553 

subfuscus,  546 

varius,  546 
LiCHENES,  522 
Licmophora,  627 

dalmatica,  627 
Lictoriu,  564 

tuxifonnis,  564 
Life-plant,  152 
Lightwood,  227 
Lignum   Vitae,   202 

LiLIACEAE.,  68 
LiLIALES,  68 

Lily  Family,  68 
Lima  Bean,  194 
Limnanthemum,  332 

nurcutn,  333 
Limodorum,  95 

(///Hw,  96 

diurnuin,  92 

lancculatum,  86 

pur  pure  um.  96 

Simpsoni,  95 

tuberosum,  95 
Limonium,  319 

bahamense,  320 

LiNACEAE,  199 

Linaria  vulgaris,  393 
Linden  Family,  261 
Link-vine,  84 

Linociera  humeUoides,  328 
Linum  bahamense,  200 

Curtissii,  200 

Leicisii,  201 

virginicum,  200 
Lion's  Ear,  378 

Tail,  377 
Lippia,  367 

Bushy,  368 

CM/tcscens^  368 

Creeping,  368 

geminata,  368 

geminata    microphylla, 
368 

inaguensis,  371 

Large  Creeping,  369 

Marsh,  368 

nodiflora,  368 

no(/i//oro.  369 

reptans,  369 

stoechadifolia,,  368 
Lithophila,  127 

Moss-like.  127 

muscoides,  127 

rouiifuhita,  128 
Lithophyllum,  586 

accrctuin,  585 

44 


Lithophyllum — 

acroprtuni,  5S5 
caribaeum,  586 
ChamucdoviH,  588 
deci]n<  HH  curihueum, 

5S(; 
munitum,  5S7 
oncodcs   pachydcrmum , 

587 
puchiidermum,  587 
propintiuutii,  5S5 
prototypum,  5.S6 
prototiipuin,  5.S7 
pustulalum,  586 
Strirtutn,  5s6 
strict u in  iKinutn,  586 
Lithothamnium,  584 
acinulans,  584 
<lecutc.'<(<ns,  5S5 
f  r«  ticulosuin  a4:  nut  I  an  8. 

584 
mesomorphum  orna- 

tuni.  5S4 
Lithothelium,  532 
bahamense,  532 
bahamense ,  532 
cubanum,  532 
LiVEEWORTS.  477.  500 

Loasa  Family,   290 
loasaceae,  290 
Loasales.  290 
Lobelia,  42S 

Bahama,  428 

Feayana,  428 

lucayana,  428 

Plumicrii,  429 
Lobelia  Family.  427 
Lobeliaceae^  427 
Locust-berry,  205 
LoGANiA  Family,  328 

LOGANIACEAE,  328 

Logw'ood,  171 
Long-leaved  Brake,  567 
i  Tom,  372 

I  Lonieera  alba,  416 
I  Loosestrife  Family,  29S 
j  Lophocladia,  571 
I  trifhoclados.  571 

!  Lopholejeunea,  515 
Safjracana,  516 
i  Sagra's,  516 

Lophosiphonia,  574 
cristata.  575 
e.vilix.  570 
obscura.  574 
suliadunca.  574 
Lophothalia  triehocladoa, 
571 

LORANTHACEAE,  IMS 

Loranthus  emarginatus,  lo9 

parriffunts,  lojt 
''  unifiorus,  loS 

Louisiana    I'lagioohlla,    506 
Love-grass,  40,  41 

-vine,  35(5 
Love- VINE  Family,   144 
Luck-seed,  33S 
Lucky-nut.  338 
Lucuma,  321 

multiflora,S2'2 

pauciflvra.  322 

Serpeutarla,  322 
Ludwigia,  3o;) 

microcari)a,  310 

natans,  3o9 

rr/irns,  .309 

Small-fruited.  310 
Lycium,  385 


ini.  3Hij 

iMiiii.  I'l-i: 


Lycium 


Ly. 
I.v.  . 
Lv<. 


Lvc..i-,.i,].vix.s,  JT»; 
l.i.nonodium  nudum.  47<1 
Lyngbya.  r,  :.»■_» 
Lyngbi/a.  (;l'm.  r,*j'j 

a«'.stiiaril.  6L"_' 

a«'stuarll    litiil. •.,!..    .,. 

conf«'rvo|(|..K.  621: 

epiphyilcji,  1522 

eracills,  •Ji'i; 

LapTlwImll.  61:2 

majuscula,  622 

K«'inliil<ii:i.  «;22 
Lyonia  wnritima.  313 

P'lhistriM.  343 
Lyslloma,  157 
I  bahamensls.  l.'jS 

'  latUiliqun.  15« 

'  liaucifnliola,  158 

Sablcu.  15S 
Snbiiu,  lol) 
Lysiwarhin   Monnirri.  38f» 
Lytiiil\ce.\r.  29M 
Lythrum  ramunain,  3<m) 

Maba,  325 

cahhara  cra»nin,rriM. 
325 

crasslnervis.  32.' 

rrnssiin  iritt,  .Vlf, 
.]fiicn  iqhtiii  iiiribneii,  326 
Macrocatalpa,  3;»7 

Ion 'lis  Mi  in  a.  398 

punctata,  3!»7 
Macromitrlum.  488 

Mucr.m.Mt.'.  4.KS 

mucntnlfullurn.  488 
Maphkh  Familv.  4<»7 
Mad.'ira.  214 
Ma  hoe.  273 
Mahogany.  214 
Maikmjanv  Famii.v.  21  2 
M.iid.'n-busli.  21. s 
Maid«'n  hair  Aiu'inia.  475 

Fern.  Dark.  46^ 
.^l.MidiT.  467 
Malache.  27<i 

liah.'imensls.  271 

sc.ihra.  271 
Malaxis.  ss 

SU-nder  8S 

splratn.  88 
Manet.2r,:{ 
Mallotonia.  361 

gUMplialnd.-H.  361 
Nr.M.i.nw  Family.  263 
Miilnrrhiti    iiladiatii.    191 
Malplghia.  2iM 

Il.ilianui.  2«>5 

rum  <i til.  2<t5 

iiUmdulnnn.  2'»«'> 

luriilii    2<>5 

polytrioha.  2'».'i 

puiiirifnUa.  205 

HI  tnna,  20fl 
MAMMtJMiA  Family.  203 
.MAi.ri<;MiA<KA»:.  •Ji'."; 
Miilvii  iihutilnidtn.  2«V« 

rnrrliorif<>Ua.'2iM 

coroinanili  liiina,  267 
MALVAI  KAK,  2"'>.{ 


682 


INDEX. 


Malvales^  261 
Malvastrum,  266 

americanum,  267 

corcliorifolium,  267 

coromandelianum,  267 

Rugelii,  267 

tricuspidatum,  267 
Malvaviscus,  271 

arhoreus  Sagraeanus. 
271 

Cokeri,  271 

Sagraeanus,  271 

Sagra's,  271 
Mammillaria,  294 

nivosa,  295 
Manatee-grass,  6 
Maxatee-grass  Family,  6 
Manchioneel,  231 
Mangifera,  244 

indica,  245 
Mango,  245 
Mangrove,  308 

Swamp  Vine,  337 
Mangrove  Family,  308 
Manihot,  230 

Manihot,  230 
Manilkara  parvifolia.  324 
Marasmius  atropurpureus, 
643 

bahamensis,  643 

bermudensis,  643 

hemileucus,  643 

tiididus,  644 

ohliquus,  644 

opacus.  643 

ramealis,  643 

Rotula.  643 

setulosipes,  643 

Vaillantii,  643 
Marohantia,  503 

chenopoda,  504 

domingensis,  504 

Santo  Domingo,  504 
Marchantia  Family,  503 
Marchantiaceae,  503 
Marchantiales,  501 
Margaritaria,  219 

Baliama,  220 

bahamensis,  220 
Marigold.  451 
Marilaunidium,  356 

jamaicense,  357 
Mariscus,  56 

hrizaeus,  46 

flliformis,  47 

fuligineus,  46 

jamaicensis.  56 
Marlberry,  316 
Marrithium  viilgare.  380 
Marsdenia  fJorllninda,  344 
Marsli  Fern,  468 

Fleabane,  446 

Gentian,  331 

Parsley,  314 

Pennywort,  312 

Pennvwort.  Ovate- 
leaved.  313 

Pink.  331.  332 

Purslane,  309 
Marsilea,  475 

Nashii.  475 

vestita.  476 
Marsileaceae,  475 
Martynia,  400 

annua.  400 

diandra,  400 

Small-fruited,  400 


Marttniaceae,  399 
Mastic-bully,  321 
Mastigocoleus,  625 

testarum,  625 
Mastigolejeunea,  516 

auriculata,  517 

Eared.  517 
Mastogloia,  62'8 
Mastogloia,  626 

affinis,  630 

affirmata,  630 

amoena  turgida,  630 

angulata,  628 

apiculata,  628 

asperula,  628 

bahamensis,  628 

bahamensis^  626 

Unotata,  628 

bisulcata,  630 

bisulcata  corsicana,  630 

Citrus,  628 

cocconeiformis,  628 

Craveni,  630 

cuspidata,  628 

delicatula,  628 

erythraea,  628 

erythraea,  627 

euxina,  630 

lanceolata,  628 

lemniscata,  628 

lineata,  630 

Macdonaldii,  630 

minuta,  628 

ovata,  630 

Peragalli,  630 

Pisiculus,  630 

Rhombus,  630 

rimosa,  628 

rimosa,  627 

rostellata,  630 

Smithii,  628 

splendida,  628 

spiendida,  627 
Matthiola  scahra,  412 
Maurandya,  388 

antirrhinaeflora,  388 
Mayepea,  327 

bumelioides.  328 
Maytenus,  246 

Bahama,  247 

Box-leaved,  247 

buxifolia,  247 

lucayana,  247 
Meadow-beauty  Family, 

297 
Mecardonia,  390 

procumbens,  390 
Meibomia,  183 

mollis,  184 

supina,  184 

tortuosa,  184 
Melampodium  humile,  447 
Melanotheca,  530 

cruenta,  530 
Melanthera,  449 

brevifolia,  449 

crenata^  449 

deltoidea,  449 

hastata,  449 

Hastate,  449 
Melastoma  Mcolor,  298 

discolor,  298 
Melasto:maceae,  297 
Melia,  213 

Azedarach,  213 

sempervirens ,  213 
Meliaceae.  21 2 
Melicocca,  253 

bijuga,  253 


Melicocca — 

pantculata,  254 
Meliola  ambigua,  632 

longipoda,  632 

simillima,  632 
Melobesia,  587 

Chamaedoris ,  588 

farinosa,  587 

Lejolisiij  588 

pustulata,  586 
Melocactus  communis,  294 
Melochia,  277 

crcnata,  277 

nodiflora,  277 

pyramidata,  277 

tomentosa,  276 
Meloseira  arenaria,  629 

sulcata.  629 
Melosmon,  376 

cubense.  376 
Melothria,  425 

guadalupensis,  426 

pcrvaga^ 426 
Menispermaceae,  142 
Mentzelia,  290 

Florida,  290 

floridana.  290 
Menyanthaceae,  332 
Mercurialis,  227 

annua.  228 
Meristotheca,  561 

Duchassaingii,  561 
Mermaid-weed,  311 
Mertensia.  563 
Merulius  Corium.  638 

infundihuliformis,  642 

8patJiularia,QS7 
Mesogloia  attenuata,  581 

Zosterae,  591 
Mesogloiaceae,  591 
Mesosphaerum^  379 
Mesothamnion,  579 

caribaeum,  579 
Mesquite,  164 

-grass,  37 
Metastelma,  342 
Metastelma,  636 

Bahama,  342 

bahamense,  342 

hahamense.  342 

barbatum,  343 

hrachiistcphanum,  342 

cnTjcnse,  342 

Eggers.  343 

Bggersii,  343 

hamatum.  342 

Inagua.  343 

inaguense.  343 

linearifolium,  343 

Marsh,  344 

Narrowed-leaved,  343 

Northropiae.  342 

Northrop's,  342 

palustre.  343 

pnlustrc.  636 

ScMcchtcndnhlii,  342 
Meteoriaceae.  493 
METEORirM  Family.^  493 
Metopium,  244 

21  ct opium,  244 

toxiferum,  244 
Mexican  Poppy.  145 

Senna,  168 
Mickle-berry,  ]02 
Microdictyon,  602 

crassum.  602 
Microlejeunea,  509 

bullata,  509 


INDEX. 


683 


Microlejeunea,  iullnted,  509 

laetevirens,  r»(iO 

Yellowish-groen,  509 
Micromeria,  3TU 

Brownci.  'MO 
Microphiale,  r>4l 

hi  tea,  541 
Mirrosti/lis  sjiicdta,  88 
Microtlnniinium,  4!)8 
Microthelia,  r>'2(\ 
MicrotiK  lid .  r>L*7 

quadrilofulata,  526 

thrhna  subtriscptata, 
527 
Mikania,  430 

balatifolia,  4.^0 

ori)tuccn.sis.  4;i!> 

scandens.  430 
Milium  coinprcsKum,  17 

(li(litatu)n,  K) 

])(i)iiccum.  15 
Milk-berrv.  823 

-pea.  100 

-vine.  344 
Milkweed  Family,  340 
Milkwort  Family,  214 
Mimosa,  IGl 

arbor  CO,  1C2 

Bahama.  102 

hahamensis.  102 

Farticsiatrn,  161 

glauca,  162 

julifiord,  164 

Lcbhrrk.  157 

Low,  103 

pcrnambucona,  163 

plena,  164 

pudica,  161 

Unguis-cafi,  155 

virgata,  163 

Virgate,  173 
Mimosa  Family,  154 

MiMOSACEAE,  154 
Mimusops,  324 
Mimusops,  110 

bahamrnsi!^,  324 

ilissccta,  324 

emarginata.  324 

flbridana.  324 

parvifolin,  324 

Sirhcri.  324 
^riNT  Family,  375 
Mirabilis.  120 

.Talapa.  120 
Mistletoe,  lOS-110 
Mistletoe   Family,    108 
Mitrcola  pctiolata,  329 
Mitrewort.  320 
Mittenothamnium,  408 

dimimitivum.  408 
Mitten's-moss,     Diminutive, 

408 
Mnium  hydromctricum,  480 
Moluchia,  276 

pvramidata.  277 

Smooth.  277 

toraentosa,  276 

tomrvtnsd.  635 

Velvety.  277 
Momordica,  425 

Half^nnnud,   42." 

C'hnrnntia.  425 
Monkey-fiddle.  234 
Monnirrd  lirounri.  380 

.1^onni(rfl.380 

MOXncOTYLKDONES.  3 

Montrvrrdid    huxifolia,    247 
Moon-vine,  340 


I   MOONSEKD    KAMILV,     142 

Coast.  350 

I   MnUACKAK.  104 

'  Morinda.  41i» 
I  lluycH-,  419 

I  Moringa',  151 
j  Miniiiga,  151 

'  pti  ryyuHprrnta,  151 

MtJKIMiAt  kak,  151 

Morning  kI'"")'.  Arrow- 
leuved,  353 
Beach,  353 
Creeping,  353 
Dark-eye<l,  354 
Ivy-leaved,  352 
I'l-date  leavi'<I,  353 
rurph'.  352 
Salverl'urni.  .''.51 
Small  lied.  35u 
Villous,  352 

MoilMNG-tJLAJUV  FaMII 

345 

Mos(iuiti>-bush.  167 
Moss.  White,  470 
M(jssES,  477 
Mottled  Spurge.  2.''.5 
MuiKjiutia  noiliftora,  277 
Moujean  Tea,  371 
M uiDr   cunccllatus,   645 
Mucronate  Macromitrlum, 

4S.S 
Mucuna,  iss 

pruriens,  ISO 

pnirii  nti,  ISO 

»;■(  ;(s-,  1  SO 
Muhlenbergia,  .31 

capillaris.  ;r_' 
MuLHEKUY    Family,    104 
Murrayella,  572 

periclados.  572 
iluscadinia  ilunsoiiidiia, 

250 
Musci,  477 

Mlstam)   Family,   145 
Mygindd  d(]uifulia,  248 

ilirifoHa,  24S 

/(/fj7o/j«,240 

inilkits.  24S 

JihdcoiiKi,  24S 
Mykosyrinx  Cissi.  637 
Myopokaceae,  4(i5 
MYoi'oia-M   Family,  4<t5 
Myrica,  l(i2 

cerifera.  H»2 

srgrcgdta,  327 
Myricaceae,  101 
Mykicales.  Idl 
Myroxylon,  2S4 
I  l):ih:imense.  2S4 

I  biuifuliuni  paurifloruin, 

I  2S4 

I  lllclfollum.  2S4 

MvnSINACEAE.  315 

Mlirsiiic  hutd.  316 
MvnsiNE   Family.   31. ^ 
Mi/rstijthuUutn  U<iustrifo- 
/n/»i.410 
pub(  srniH.  4\>^ 
I  iinddtiiw.  410 

MYi:TArF_\E.  302 

MVTtTAI.ES.  207 

Mvrtleof-the-Rlver.  307 

Myhtle   Family.   3o2 

!  .Ur/rfi/j»«J-///'/ri<«.  .303 

buTifoHd.  303 

/•imrnfo.  30.-, 

fxnutdtd.  306 

'  Zu:i/diutt>,W7 


MYXOMTCrrBM.  ft4S 
MYXOrilTCEAB.018 


Ki.t 
Brnko.  4(W 


rush. 


Nil  I7r. 

S(i»t.... ,..-.  MR 

piiiuntrr   br<\ipr»,  148 
Nnuo.rlu  >»«•«> lorbUularlt, 

r.1.3 
HavicuU,  62 s 

a|ipr<>xiin:ita.  (1.31 


^'ua.  631 

lrr<.r:it;i,  *V.i\ 

Lvra  (lilatatn,  628 

ram    ''IH 

Sc;  1 

8uh  028 

traii^i  liKi.  '••-« 

Z..st<-r.'U.  028 
Nazia.  ali<-iia.  14 
Stvkira.  403 

florUlona.  491 
Neckkua  Family.  492 
Neckekaieak.  492 
Nectandra,  143 

coriucca.  143 

snnguinra,  143 
Nemalionateae.  554 
Neobracea,  335 

l>ahamonsl«.  ?,?', 
Neomerls,  t',n,% 

aniniiiita.  <'.»i5 

Cokeri,  «'»o5 

Cokrri,  60fl 

Krllrri.  6o5 

mucosn.  6  »5 
Neothymoptis,  455 

Brltt'J.ii   455 

thy.'i<  'd<»8.  ■•.rtr, 

yrottia  adnata,  84 

tnrtiltH,  S5 
\cpcta  Cat  aria.  379 

rocruh  a.  379 

pertinata.  3S0 
Nephrolepit,  473 

l.ls.Tnita.  474 

.'xaltafM.  473 
NVptunla.  10  J 
Neptunia.  H'.:{ 

plcii.i.  nil 
ymata,  •112 
Ncsca  anniilata.  6o2 

dum>tn*t\  (\)?. 

I'm  I     ■■ 

Nirrrir  1 
Neurocarpun.  :.''.. 

,l,lii-dtuluM.  505 

.Instil.  5!»5 
\(  uriKjrammr  ralomrlanaa, 

4«;'> 
Neurolaena.  457 

lohntn.  457 
N<»w  Imm  \Vi'o«l.  12*» 
Nlrkorn.  172 
Nlcotlana.  3s7 

Tah.Truni.  3R7 
Nidema.  94 


684 


INDEX. 


Nidema — 

Ottonis,  94 
Nididaria  intermefUa,  645 

NiDDLARIALES,  645 

Night-blooming  Cereus,  293 
Nigredo  proeminens,  636 
:s^iteUa,  608 
Nitzschla,  629 

angularis,  631 

apiculata,  629 

compressa,  631 

granulata,  631 

Jelineckii,  631 

panduriformis,  631 

Sigmai,  629 

valida,  629 

vei-miculai-is,  631 
Nodeweed,  452 
Nostoc,  624 

commune,  624 

NOSTOCACEAE,  624 

Noyau  Vine,  353 
Nummularia  Bulliardii,   634 
Nut-grass,  46 

-rush,  57 
Ntctagixaceae.  129 
Nyctmithes  Samhac,  327 
Nymphaea  ampla  pulchella, 
139 

pit1chena.lS9 
Ntmphaeaceae.  139 
Nymphoides,  332 

aureum,  333 

Oak,  301 

Obcordate  Frullania,  520 

Obeah-bush.  135 

Obtusely   angled   Taxilejeu- 

nea.  513 
Ocellularia,  544 

alhifla,  544 

micropora,  544 

siibtilis.  544 
Ochrolechia,  546 

pallescens,  546 
Ochtodes,  5S3 

fiUformis,  583 

s^ecundiramea,  583 
Ocimum,  380 

micranthum,  380 
Ocotea,  143 
Ocotea, 110 

Cateshi/ana.  143 

coriacea.  143 
Octoblepharum,  480 

albidum,  480 
Oflontosoria  clavata,  468 
Okra.  272 
OIvACACEAE.  Ill 

Olax  Family,  111 
Old  Maid,  336 

Man  Cactus.  292 

Man's  Beard,  43.  63 
Oldenlandia,  408 

callitrichioides,  408 
Oleaceae,  32«: 
Olive.  103.  406 

-wood.  250 
Olia'e  Family,  326 
Olivia,  605 
OmpJialaria  nmhella,  540 

OXAOKACEAE.  309 

Oncidium,  97 

bahamense.  97 
hohnmr7}se.  98 
Leiboldi,  98 
lucayanum,  98 


Oncidium — 

sphacelatum,  97 

sylvestre,  98 

variegattim_,  98 
Oncobyrsa,  620 

marina.  620 
Opegrapha,  534 

acicularis,  541 

atra.  534 

bahamensis,  535 

hahamensis,  535 

calcarea,  534 

ChevaUieri,  534 

ChevaUieri  incarnata, 
535 

columbina.  535 

crass  a,  538 

dendritica,  536 

isabellina,  535 

isahelHna,  535 

litliyrga,  535 

ophites.  535 

saxicola,  534 

varia.  534 

vulgata,  534 

zonata,  535 
Operciilina  dissecta,  353 
Ophiodothis  bahamensis, 

633 
Ophiorrhi-a  Mitreola,  329 
Oplismenus,  26 

hirtellus.  27 

sctariMs,  27 
Opoponax.  161 
Opuntia,  295 
Opuntia,  614 

bahamana,  296 

Darrahiana.  297 

Dillenii.  296 

Dill  en  a.  632 

lanceolata.  296 

lucayana,  296 

lucayana,  296 

Millspaughii,  296 

Nashii,  295 

spinosissima,  295 

triacaittha.  295 

Tuna,  296.  297 
Opuxtiales.  291 
Orchid.  Carter's,  83 
Orchid  Family,  81 
Orchidaceae.  81 
Oechidales,  81 
Ornithopteris  adiantifoUa, 
475 

cicutaria,  474 

Wrif/htii,  474 
Orontium  aquaticum,  62 
Orpixe  Family,  152 
Ortachne  floridana,  31 
Orthotrichaceae,  487 
Orthotrich xim  mucronifo- 

Hum,  488 
Orthotrichum  Family,  487 
Oscillatoria,  620 

Corallinae,  621 

miniata.  620 

sancta,  620 

tenuis.  621 
Oscillatoriaceae,  620 
Osmvnda.  565 

adianti folia,  475 
Osmundea,  565 
Otaheite  Gooseberry,  219 
Ovate-leaved  Marsh  Penny- 
wort, 313 
Ovieda  aculeata,  374 


Ovieda — 

fragrans,  375 
Oxalidaceae,  196 
Oxalis  corniciilata,  197 

corniculata  repens,  197 

intermedia,  197 
Oxvpetalum,  343 
Oyster  Plant.  68 
Ozonium  auricomum,  636 

Padina,  595 
Padina,  587 

duhia,  595 

Durvillaei.  595 

pavonia,  595 

Sanctae-Crucis,  595 

variegata,  594,  595 

Vickersiae,  595 
PadineUa,  591 
Pain-in-back,  104 
Pale-green  Funaria,  489 
Palm  Family,  58 
Palmella  rupestris,  620 
Paltonium,  4G6 

lanceolatum,  466 
Pancratium  declinatum,  78 
Paxdaxales,  3 
Panellus  eugramraus.  644 
Panic-grass.  Bluish,  24 

Brown,  22 

Chapman's,  23 

Dense.  23 

Diffuse.  23 

Hair-like,  24 

Loose,  22 

Narrow,  22 

Nterved,  25 

Red-top,  23 

Shining.  25 

Slender,  23 
Panicum,  20 

adspersum,  21 

ar/rostidiforme,  23 

amarulum,  24 

barbinode,  22 

hartoirense,  24 

hrrrifolium,  24 

capillarrum .  24 

Chapmani,  22 

coerulescens,  24 

colonum.  26 

condensum.  23 

Crus-qalli,  26 

Dactyl  on.  34 

dichotomiflorum,  24 

dichotomum,  24 

diffusum.  23 

distantiflorum.  22 

dirarjratum ,  25 

elrphantipes,  22.  24 

exiguiflorum.  25 

fasciculatum,  22 

■pliforme,  15 

pmhriatum.  16 

parescrns .  22 

fuscum,  22 

geminntum.  21 

nrniriilatuni .  27 

Ghiesbreghtii,  23 

hirtflliim.  27 

Jiirtirafiinum,  23 

horizontal  c,  16 

imJ)erl)c,  27 

insnlare.  16 

laxum.  23 

lenconhaeum^  16 

lAnManum,  16 


INDI-:X. 


685 


Panicum — 

lucUluiii,  IT* 

maximum,  22 

inollc,  22 

neuranthura,  24 

nitidum.  25 

punicuUitHin,  22 

paractarnoidi  s,  28 

paspaloidcH,  21 

proUfrniin ,  24 

sani/iiinalr,  IG 

setosum,  28 

tenenim,  23 

tcnuiciilmum,  23 

tiMclioides,  24 

tricolor,  27* 
Pannaria,  r.47 

mohilnlca.  548 

rubiffinosa.  r»47 
Paxnariack.\e,  r>47 
Papaveraceae. 145 
Papa  vE  RALES,  145 
Papaw.  200 
Papaw  FA^riLV,  280 
Papillaria.  403 

Blackish.  404 

ni,2:rescens.  403 
Para  Grass.  22 
Paradiso-trce.  211 
Parati'ei.iaceae.  531 
Parathelium,  531 

dccumhcns.  532 

Indutum,  531 

microcarpum,  531 

microcarpum.  532 
Parirtaria  microphrjlla,  106 
Pariti,  272 

tiliaeenm.  273 
ParitiiDii  tilidcriim,  273 
Parkinsonia,  1  70 

aruleata.  170 
Parmelia,  548 

aiha,  552 

oris  pa.  553 

cristifero,  549 

flava,  540 

latissima.  540 

latissima  cristifera, 
540 

moliihclca,  548 

pellito,  548 

perlata,  540 

repanda,  538 

specioaa  lifipolcuca,  552 

sulpliurata.  549 

urceolata,  548 

vsneoidcs,  540 

varla  cincrcocarnea, 
546 
Parmeliaceae.  548 
Parmentaria,  532 

astroidea.  532 
Parsley  Anemia,  474 
Parson'sia,  200 

Parsonsia,  300 

PurplP.  300 

radicanfi,  300 
Parthenium,  447 

Hysterophorus,  448 
Parthenocissus,  261 

quiiuinefolia.  261 

qtiitK/uc folia  latifoUa, 
261 
Paspalum,  17 

I{Iod(/ritii.^S 

caespitnsum.  18 

carftpito'^inii,  1  8 

conjugatum,  19 


Paspalum — 

distlciium,  20 

niiiliriMtniii.  10 

Frin^.-d.  10 

Klal.riiin.  10 

Urdcillitniim,  IS 

Jhll,  ,i.  10 

iDlllcKranM,  19 

niniuin,  10 

Poir.'tll,  IS 

Pniret's.  IS 

portorlcensp,  IS 

t<rhri  In  riiitittm,  19 

s(M-iins.  10 

SlH-athod.  20 

Simpsunl.  IS 

Simpson's.  18 

Sl<-nd.T.  IS 

Tail,  10 

tristdchifon,  17 

Twu-spikrd.  19 

I'tidcriroodii.  19 

T"ndor\vf)od's,  19 

vagjiiatum,  20 

raiiinatiiin,  20 
Passiflora,  2S«; 

aiKjiistifolia,  288 

lialiamensis,  287 

l)ill.)ra,  2S0 

ciliata .  2S7 

ciliata  ripttria,  288 

cui)raea,  2S0 

foetida.  287 

lull  at  a,  2S0 

in  in  tin  a,  288 

miiltiflora,  288 

pallida,  288 

pectinata,  287 

IK ctiiiata,  287 

rubra.  288 

f<iiJn'ro><a.  288 

yc.'<pcrtilio.  2S9 

rillosa,  288 
Passifi.(»raceae.  280 

PASSIKI/OiaLES.  286 

I'assion-fldwer.  287.  288 
Passion-flower   Family, 

286 
Pattllaria  doininfjcnsix.  54! 
Paullinia  dircrsifolia,  251 

Scriana,  251 
Paurotis,  60 

androsana,  60 

Wrightii,  60 
Pavonia.  27i> 
Pavonia,  27<i 

hahaiiK  iisis,  271 

raci  inosa.  271 

siiicata ,  271 

spinifex,  270 
Pea  Family,  176 
Pectis,  456 

Awn-fruited,  457 

lept(K-epliaIa.  456 

Lrssivtni.  45(> 

linifolia.  456 

Narrow -leaved,  456 

punctata,  45t; 
Pedaliaceae.  300 
PEnALifM  Family.  300 
Pcdict  llaria  pi  titaphylla, 

140 
Pedilanthus.  233 

hahamensis.  233 

tithvinah.ldes.  233 
Pelexia,  S4 

adnata.  84 

Long-spurred,  85 


Pelezia — 

h<-tr;    -      -• 

Sl>  H4 

fp>  >4 

Peltopbor^i...   ,  ... 

itdnatuin,  175 
Pencil  M..\\.T.  183 
PeniciUui,  lirj 
FeniciUu>>.  .'►«;s.  .'.73.  022 

attttuliituM,  r.n'j 

capi*  ■■'•-• 

dm.  : 

Lamourouxll.  U12 
LamuurouxH  uruvilU, 

r.  1 2 
obfoN(/u«.  613 
pyrlforml8.  613 

Pennyrovai,  45tl 

Peperomla,  lo] 

s|>atliulifolln.  101 

Pepp«r  bush.  224.  3h3 

Pei'I'EU  Family,  loi 

PepiKTwort.  Hnlry.  476 
Nash's,  4  7". 

I'ern,  229 

Pera,  229 

bumollaiiCi:!.  j^-.i 
burnt  lia,  folta.  IJMJ 

I^uisi'ouiALEs,  r.:{2 
Perisporlum  Wrlghtll,  632 

I'ERoMJSi'oRALKK,  631 

Persea,  144 

l)Ubcsc«'ns,  144 
Persicaria,  1 14 

Uftise-llowtTed,  1 15 

hydr<.pipfroi<lt8.  1 14 

purt<»rlc»'nsis.  1 15 

punctata,  114 
Pertuttaria  Uioplaca,  545 
Petltla,    373,  630 
iVn/io.  63U 

domingensis^  373 

Pocppiyii.  373 

Tt'inpercl,  63n 
Petiveria.  i;{5 

allia.-.-:i.  135 
Petrosiphon.  6<i2 

adhacr.-ns.  r.n2 
/'(  iissiiiii  Ilia,  5s4 
Peyssonnelia,  5s4 
Ptlft^xonnt  lia.  5s4 

rubra.  5s4 
Pezi~a  cubcntiis,  635 

tiiijrrncttm,  637 

oinphalodtn,  ri35 
Pezizaijcs.  635 

I'llACIl'LM.KS.  r».'{5 

Phaeographina,  53(i 

cacslopruinoKa,  53G 
vutKiiipriiinumi,  537 
quoKitiai  rula,  587 
Hcalpturata,  537 

Phaeog^raphis,  5.36 

cinn.ibarlna.  530 
dcndrltlca.  530 
inusta.  5.36 

I'HAEolMIVfEAK.  580 

Phaeostroma,  5Jh» 
pusllUuu,  .5;ki 

IMIALLAI.ES.  r.44 

I'hnrbHiM  rathartica.  352 
I'hanuiccuin  marititnum, 

1  :u\ 

Phaseolui.  193 

Inthyroldos.  194 
lunatus.  194 


686 


INDEX. 


Phaseolus — 

soniercctus,  194 
Phegoptcfis  cordata,  473 

rtptanSf  473 
Phialanthus,  416 

myrtilloides,  416 

Myrtle,  416 
Philibertella,  344 

clausa,  344 

clausa,  636 
Philihertiu  cUi-usa,  344 
Philoxerus,  127 

vermicularis,  128 
Phlebodium,  470 

aureum,  470 
Phlomis  nepetaefolia,  378 
Phoradendron,  109 

Northropiae,  110 

racemosum,  110 

rubrum,  110 

spatJiuIifolium,  110 

tetrustichum,  110 

triuervium,  110 
Phormidium,  621 

Corium,  621 

fragile,  621 

Hendersonii,  621 

pulvinatum,  621 

Retzii,  621 

Retzii,  622 

valderianum,  621 
Phragmicoma  Sagraeana, 

516 
Phragmites,  39 

communis,  39 

Phragmites,  39 
PhycomyceteiSj,  631 
Phycopteris,  594 
Phyla  nodiflora,  368 

stocchadifolia,  368 
Phyllachora  Ateleiae,  632 

Durantae,  633 

fusicarpa,  633 

Galactiae,  633 

oxalina,  633 
Phyllanthus,  220 

angustifolius,  220 

hahamensis,  220 

distichus,  219 

falcatus,  220 

Niruri,  220 

pentaphyllua,  221 

pruinosus,  221 

radicans,  221 

Rock,  221 

saxicola,  221 

Tufted,  221 

rirens.  220 
Phyllerpa,  607 
Phyllopsora,  546 

parvifolia,  546 
Phyllopsoraceae^  546 
Phyllosticta  Coccolobae,  635 

Roberti,  635 

Sapotae,  635 
Phymatodes,  470 

exiguum,  471 
Phymosia,  264 

abutiloides,  264 
Physalis,  381 

angulata,  381 

harhadensis,  382 

ciira^ssavica.  382 

Linkiana,  381 

pubescens,  382 

turbinata,  382 
Physarum  compressum,  645 

globuliferum,  645 


Physarum — 

viride,  645 
Physcia,  552 

adglutinata,  552 

alba,  552 

crispa,  553 

crispa,  552 

dilatata,  552 

dilatata,  552 

hypoleuca,  552 

integrata,  553 

integrata,  552 

integrata  sorediosa, 
553 

obscura,  552 

picta,  551 

stellaris,  553 
Physciaceae,,  551 
Fhyscophora,  571 

triangularis,  571 
Physma,  540 

umbella,  540 
Physurus,  87 

querceticola,  87 

Sagraeanus,  87 
Phytolacca,  135 

icosandra,  135 

octandra,  135 
Phytolaccaceae,  133 
Picramnia,  210 

pentandra,  210 
Picrodendraceae, 102 
Picrodendron,  103 

haccatum  hahamense, 
103 

juglans,  103 

macrocarpum,  103 
Pigeon-berry.  372 

-pea,  192 

-plum,  117 
Pigweed,  125 
Pilea,  106 

Jierniarioides,  107 

microphylla,  106 

muscosa,  106 

tenerrima,  107 

PiLOCARPACEAE,  541 

Pilocarpon,  541 

tricholoma,  541 
Pilocereus,  291 

lantniino.'^us.  292 
Pilot  rich  (Tut  florid  an  a,  491 
Pilotrichum  oimhifolium, 

492 
Pimenta,  305 

offlcinaUs,  305 

Pimenta,  305 

vulgaris,  305 

PiNACEAE,  461 
PiNALES,  460 

Pine-Apple  Family,  63 
Pine  Family,  461 
Pine-land  Fern.  468 
Thistle,  459 

-tree,  Caribbean,  461 
Pinguicula,  395 

pumila,  395 
Pink,  829 
Pinnularia,  628 

rectangulata,  628 
Pinus,  461 

hahamensis,  461 

caribaea,  461 
Pipe-shank,  377 

PiPERACEAE;,  101 

Piperales,  101 
Pirea.  492 
Pireella.  493 


Pireella,  492 

cymbifolia,  492 
Piscidia  Erythrina,  186 
Pisonia.  132 

aculeata,  132 

calophylla,  131 

discolor  longifoUa,  132 

obtusataj  131 

rotundata,  133 

Round-leaved,  133 

suhcordata  rotundata, 
133 
Pistacia  Simaruha,  212 
Pitch-apple.  281 
Pitcher-plant,  113 
Pithecolobium,  155 

asplenifolium,  160 

bahamense,  156 

calliandriflorum,  156 

circinale,  156 

discolor,  157 

-flavoiirens,  155 

guadalupense,  156 

Hystrix,  156 

keyense,  156 

mucronatum,  156 

Unguis-cati,  155 

Vnguis-cati,  155 
Pithophora,  601 

oedogonia,  601 
Pityrogramma,  469 

calomellanos,  469 
Placodiiim  aurantiacum 
Bassiae,  550 

floridanum,  550 

galactophyllum,  550 
Placoma,  620 
Plagiochila,  505 

Louisiana,  506 

ludoviciana,  506 
Plagiogramma,  627 
Plagiogramma,  626 

carihaeum,  627 

decussatum,  630 

inaequale,  627 

labuense,  627 

lahuense,  627 

lyratum,  627 

obesum,  627 

pulchellum,  627 

pvgmaeum,  627 

tessellatum,  630 
Plantagixaceae,  406 
Plaxtagixales,  406 
Plantago,  406 

lanceolata,  407 

major,  406 
Plantain,  406 
Plantain  Family,  406 
Plectonema,  623 

nostocorum,  623 

roseolum,  623 
Pledrococcaceae,  597 
Pleurococcus    memhraninus, 
618 

vulgaris,  597 
Pleurosigma,  628 

compactum.  631 

formosum.  628 

Weissflogii.  631 
Pleurotopsis  liliputiana, 

644 
Plicatura  obliqua,  644 
Plocamium  triangulare,  571 
Plocaria,  562 
Pluchea,  445 

hifrons,  445 

camphorata,  446 


INDEX. 


687 


Pluchea — 

foetida,  445 

odorata,  445 

purpurusceus,  44G 
Plum  Famua-,  153 
Plumu)  iu  i:>chuufibuci,  5SU 
Pllmuaginackae,  310 
Plumbago,  310 

scandens,  310 
Pi.UMHAGu  Family,  310 
Plumiera,  334 

«//'(/.  334 

I'.ahama,  334 

baliainensis,  334 

Hlunt-leaved,  334 

V  1)1(1  ririnata,  334 

Hairy,  335 

Inagua,  334 

inaf^ueiisis.  334 

ol)tusa,  334 

ohtusu,  G35 

Red.  335 

rubra,  335 

sericifolia,  335 
Poa  a)ti(il)ilis,  41 

ciliaris,  41 

domiiKjcnsis,  41 

nitida,  40 

plumosa,  41 

proHfcra,  41 

vU'iiuta,  42 
Poaceae.  10 

POALES,  10 

Podocystis,  620 

adriatica.  020 

udviatica,  627 
Pogonomyces  hyduoides,  641 
Poinciana,  174 

coyiiiria,  174 

pulchorriraa,  174 

rc<iia.  1  75 
Poinsettia,  236 

heterophylla,  236 
Poison  Bush,  232 

Claerrv,  248 

Ivy, 244 

-tree.  244 
Poke-bush,  136 

-weed.  136 
Poke-weed  Family,  133 
polemoniales,  344 
Polyblastiopsis,  527 

lartea.  527 
Polygala,  214 

bahamensis,  215 

hrizoides,  215 

coralUcola,  215 

Krugii,  215 

Kru.c:'s.215 

ohlouf/dld,  216 

spathulata.  215 

Spatulate-leaved,  215 

Wlghtiana.  215 

Wight's,  216 

Wilsoni.  216 

Wilson's.  216 

POLYGALACEAE, 214 
POLYGONACEAE, 114 
POLYGONALES,  113 

Polyponum  acre,  114 

Ffifinpi/rum .  115 

pi  ah  rum.  1 15 

hi/dropipcroidrs.  114 

portoyinnfie.  115 

pxnxctatum ,  114 

Uvifcrn.  116 
Po7?/o.<!^YJ.560 
Polyphysa,  605 


POLYl'OUIACEAE,  404 

Polypodium,  46!» 

aurtum,  47u 

bimrruttiin,  474 

txultutum,  473 

txiijumn,  471 

t;tr(/Mt/;;i,  47<> 

PhyllitidiH.AIl 

polypo<li()ideH,  470 

pubiHviHH,  473 

rvptUHH,  473 

Kquaniaiuiii,  47<) 

Suartzii,  471 
Polypoduidcu,  505 
Polypody,  Climbing,  471 

(J ray,  47(» 

Scaly,  470 

POLYI'UKACEAB.  630 

Polyporus  AubvriunuH,  640 

Bracel.  641 

frudcum,  (541 

guyan«'nsls,  641 

licnoidvn,  641 

Occident ali.><,  630 

palustris,  «;41 

pinsitus,  630 

8cricci)hirnittu8.  630 

suriiunncnKin,  041 

linntituH,  640 

Trichi.loma,  641 
Polypremum,  320 

pr()(uiiil)ens,  320 
Polysiphonia,  560 
Polysii)ho)ii(i,  577,  587,  62' 

(idunca,  574 

barbutuUi,  574 

Bindcri,  572 

Binneyi.  570 

brcviarticulata,  570 

exilis,  570 

ferulacea,  570 

fcrulaeca,  500 

foeniculocca,  570 

Gorgoniae,  570 

hapalacantha,  570 

hapalacaiitha.  554 

havanonsis,  570 

Juiraui  nsis,  570 

haruucnsis  Binneyi, 
570 

Hillebrandii,  577 

hirta,  570 

lophoclodos,  571 

opaca,  571 

Pectcn-VcneriK,  573 

pericla-dos,  572 

pcrpusilla.  5r)4 

pygninca,  574 

ramentacea,  570 

rcptabundd.  574 

scrim  (Id.  574 

subtiiissima.  570 

/rufZ/rt.  573 

trirhorlddd,  571 
Polystachya,  S8 

follosa.  89 

Large.  SO 

lutcnld.  89 

minuta.  89 

Small.  80 
Polystictus  cinnamomcua, 
630 

sani/uinrua,  641 
Polythrix,  626 

(•<)ryml)osn.  626 
Pond -apple,  141 

-thatch.  60 

-top,  CO 


I'ondweod.  5 

303 

I'ti.MiWttU  F 

iMlLY.  4 

Ponthleva,  s' 

Urlttoii: 

,. 

^7 

Mrs.  llrm 

.Ii  h.  h 

I'(jpp«'rM,  3.M 

I'oirv  Fa  Mil 

A, 

Ho 

I'orla.  641 

Porlna,  riL'3 

I'oi  tna,  5:j1 

./^n.  .;,m; 

■J  4 

523 

.•J4 

' 

.'  .-.24 

■1 

524 

-•4 

Pork  !.or.  160 

l.ii.,!,.  k;i;,  149 
-fat  Appl*-.  154 

Porolithon,  :,hl 

Uui  rii<  XI  nii,  5^5 
linpr<j<»'rum.  5**7 
pachy(l«-rniunj.  5s7 
pdchytlf  rtnum,r}b't,  508 

Pomnia  n.-dlpus.  634 

Porophyllum,  455 

l'..r<.phyllum,  456 
rudi  Idle.  456 

Portulaca,  138 

Bahama.  138 
Brown  8«>eded.  138 
gagatosjMTma.  13H 
hdlimoidcH.  13> 
oh-racfa.  l.'ls 
phai'osiM-rmiL,  13S 
piloHU,  138 

PoRTrLACArEAB,  137 

Potamogeton,  4 

heterophyllus,  5 
Potato  Family,  381 
Potmargin.  380 
Prescottla,  S6 

oligantha.  86 

Small,  87 
I'rlckle-grasR,  14 
Itlcklv-apple,  411 

-tmr.  3S«; 

-bush.  4o3 

Mvrtle.  374 

-pJ'ar.  20.5-207 

-treo.  301 
Pride-of-ln«lla.  213 
I'KiMKosE  Family,  318 

I'lilMlLAOEAE.  31  S 
I   I'KIMri^VLES,  315 
'  I'rincewood,  4oO 
Priva,  3r.«*> 

rrhiiidta.  367 

lappnlM(^>a.  367 
Frivt't  Senna.  167 
Proserpinaca.  31  o 

pal uHt rill.  ^\\ 

platycarpa,  311 
Prosopis.  164 

Julltlora.  164 
ProsiMKllum  bahamenso,  636 

I*U<>T«i«'<X'rACEAE,  507 
Protococcut,  507 
J/(M;mrt.610 
,  ri/r.;t,/uj».  618 

I  virldls.  507 

rrutius  mjntifolia.  15.*? 
sfiharriKiirini.  1  53 
Pseudocarpidium.  373 
Wrightll.  374 


688 


INDEX 


Pseudocarpidium — 

Wright's,  374 
Pseudophoenix,  60 

Sargcyitii,  61 

vinifera,  61 
Pseudopyrenula,  526 

diremta,  526 

eluteriac  suhsiilphurea, 
530 
Pseudotetraspora,  597 

Aiitillai-iim,597 

marina,  597 
Psidium,  306 

Guajava.  307 

Guar  a,  307 

PSILOTACEAE,  476 

Psilotum,  476 

nudum,  476 

friquctnnn.  476 
Psilotum  Family^  476 
Psorotichia,  539 

Boei-gesenii,  539 
Psychotria,  418 

asiatica,  419 

hahamensis,  419 

lanccolata.  419 

ligustrifolia,  419 

pubescens.  418 

undata,  419 
PterkUum  cauclatiim,  467 
Pteridophtta,  464 
Pteris,  466 

aquilina  caudata,  467 

aurea,  470 

caudata.  467 
',      1anceohita,46Q 
I      lineata.466 

longifo'lia,  467 
PtiJota  'Srhoushoci,  580 
Ptilothamnion,  581 

hipiiiuatum,  580 
Puccinia  Ciinanchi,  636 

heterospora.  636 

Lantanae.  636 

Leonotidis.  636 

mirifica.  636 

obliqua.  636 
Pull-back,  132 
Purple-grass.  32 
Purslane,  138 
Pdrseaxe  Family^  137 
Pycnodoria,  467 

longifolia.  467 
Pycnoporus  sangiiineus,  641 
P'licraeus  ferrugineiis,  44 
Pylaiella,  589 

Antillarum.  589 

Hoopcri,  589 
Pyrenopsidaceae,  539 
Pyrenula,  526 

aurantiaca,  526 

cerina,  526 

(leplanata.  526 

Glaziovii,  526 

Kunthii,  526 

leucoplaca.  526 

lihricola,  527 

mamillana,  526 

mamiUana,  526 

mastoidea.  524 

mtida,  526 

punctella,  526 

tropica.  529 
Pyrexulaceae.  523 
Pyrexulales,  522 
Pyronema   omphalodes,   635 
Pyropolyporus  dependens, 
640 


Pyxine,  551 

Cocoes,  552 

Cocoes  endoxantha,  552 

dissecta,  552 

Meissneri,  552 

picta,  551 

Quamoclit,  350 

coccinea,  350 

Quamoclit.  350 

vulgaris,  350 
Quassia  Family,  209 
Quassia  Simarouha,  210 
Queen-of-the-Night.  294 
Quicksilver-bush,  253 

Rabbit-grass,  42 
Rachicallis,  408 

americana,  409 

rupestris,  409 
Radicant  Fissidens,  481 
Radicula,  147 

brevipes,  148 
Radula,  506 

australis,  506 

Southern.  506 
Ragweed,  Southern.  432 
Ragweed  Family.  430 
Rainbow-moss,  480 
Rajania,  80 

hastata,  80 

microphylla,  80 

micropJiylla,  634 

Small.  80 
Ramalina,  549- 

complanata,  549 

denticulata.  549 

Montagnei,  549 

peruviana.  549 

rigid  a  Montagnei,  549 

usneoides,  549 
Ram's  Head  Frullania,  519 

-horn.  156 
Rax  ALES.  139 
Randia,  4lO 

acuJeata,  410 

mitis.  410 
Raxuxculaceae^  140 
Rapanea,  316 

gulanensis.  316 
RapJianus  Janceoiatus,  149 
Rat-root.  417 

-wood.  1 98 
Rattlebnx,  178 
Rauwolfia,  339 

<7/f/'^ra,339 

nit  id  a,  339 

Smooth.  339 

tetraphylla.  339 
Rectolejeunea,  509 

Berteroana.  510 

P>ertero's.  510 

Brittoniae.  510 

Leaf-shedding,  510 

Mrs.  Britton's.  510 

phyllobola,  510 
Red  Bav.   144 

Cedar.  462 

Clover.  180 

Morning-glorv.  350 

Periwinkle.  336 

Sage-bush.  370 

Stopper,  304 

-top.  23 
Reed-grass,  39^ 
Relhnnium  hermvdense,  424 
Renealmia  usneoides ,  63 


Resupinatus   subbarbatulus, 

644 
Reynosia,  255 

Bahama,  256 

Common,  256 

latifolia,  256 

Northropiana,  256 

septentrionalis.  256 
Rhabdadenia,  337 

6i/7oro,.  337 

paludosa.  337 

Sagraei,  337 
Rhabdonema  adriaticum, 

630 
Rhahdonia  Baileyi,  561 

tenera,  561 
Rhacoma,  247 

aquifolia,  248 

Bahama,  247 

coriacea,  247 

Crossopetalum,  248 

Hollv-leaved,  248 

ilicifolia,  248 

paUens,  248 

Spiny-leaved,  248 
Rhamxaceae.  255 
Rhamxales,  255 
Rhamnidium  ferreum,  256 

revolutum,  256 
Rhamnus  cohihrinus,  258 

CKhensis,  258 

fcrreus,  256 
Rhinotrichum   Curtisii,   636 
Rhipilia,  612 

longicaulis.  611 

RaH-soni,Q-l2 

tomentosa.  612 
Rhipocephalus,  613 
RhipoeepJialus.  568 

oblongus.  613 

Phoenix,  613 
Rhizoclonium.  599 

crassipellitum  robus- 
tum.  600 

hieroglvphicum,  600 

Hookeri.  600 

riparium  implexum, 
600 
Rhizophora,  308 
Rhizophora.  559,    561,    564, 
570.    572.    573,    574,    575, 
576,    577,    582,    583,    594, 
599.    600,    602,    606,    608, 
610.  617 

Mangle,  308 
Rhizophoraceae,  308 
Rhizophyllidaceae.  583 
Rhodochorton  Rothii.  560 

spchincaruw-,  578' 
Rhodomela  calami-strata, 
572 

RHODOilELACEAE,  565 

Rhodonema,  575 

elcgans,  576 
Rhodophyceae,  553 
Rhodophyllidaceae^  561 
Ehodoplcxia,  580 
Rhodymexi^ceaEj  563 
Rhoeo,  68 

discolor.  68 
Rhubarb,  419 
Rhus  Blodgettii.  244 

Cominia.  253 

Metopium .  244 

rod i cans.  244 

Toxicodendron.  244 
Rhynchosia.  192 

carihaca..  193 

Gundlachii,  193 


INDEX. 


689 


Rhynchosia — 
minima,  10.3 
reticulata,  103 
Ribwort,  407 
Riccia,  502 

crystallina.  502 
Crystalline,  503 
vlolacoa,  503 
Violet.  503 
Ri  re  I A  Family.  502 
RiCCIACEAE,  502 
h'iccirUa,  502 
Kicliard's  ralympores,  482 
Ricinus,  23o 

conimuni.s.  230 
Riffidoporus  surinaniensjs, 

r.41 
Rio   .Janeiro   Frullanla,   52* 
Rivina,  134 

hurailis.  134 
Incris,  134 
ortandra.  134 
Rivularia,  020 

Riasolettiana,  G26 
nitida.  020 
polyotis.  026 
ZoHtevac,  501 
RlVrLAIJIACEAE.  025 
Rohinin  (jrandiflora,  1S2 
Rochefortia,  300 

hahamensis.  360 
Rock  Balsam.  223 

Trichostomum.  4S7 
Ronff-hiish.  451 
Roperia  tessellata,  020 

ROSALES.  151 
Rosewood,  100 
Rousselia,  107 

liumllis.  107 

hinpuJdcea.  107 
Roving  Sailor.  3SS 
Royal  Ralm.  61 

Poinciana.  175 
Roiistonra  rcqia.  61 
Rubber-vine.  330,  340 

RUBIACEAE,  407 

Rt'bialbs,  407 

Rudolph's   Diplasioleieunea, 

507 
RiE  Famiey^  206 
Ruellia,  401 

tuherosa,  401 

Tuberous,  401 
Ruppia,  5 

maritima.  5 
Rush,  Fiat-spiked,  52 

-ffras.s,  32-34 

White-headed,  53 
Russellia,  3S,s 

equisetiforrais,  388 

;»»rf(/.3S8 
RuTAcEAE.  206 
Rynchospora,  53 
Rynchospora,  637 

bahamensis,  55 

capitata,  54 

cyperoides,  54 

divergens.  55 

juhata.  56 

marisculus,  50 

microcarpa.  55 

perplexa.  55 

tenuis.  55 

Tracyi,  54 

Sabal.  50 

I'almetto,  GO 


Sabal— 

J'atini  tto  bahaiiii  umjt, 

ufiihraculifira.GO 
Sabbatia,  331 

cainpanulata,  331 
i<i>iijiiiiiiil(ii(i,  332 
(jraciliH,  ;{31,  332 
Hiniulata,  332 
Snblcu,  158 
Sachsia,  440 

bahanieiiKls,  440 
S.ifTron-tre<',  321 
Sage,  IMg.  370 
Scarlet.  37!t 
Small  White.  .''.70 
West  Indi.-in,  378 
I  Wild,  :{7(i 

Sage-bush,  IJahama,  37u 
Inagua,  371 
Red,  370 
Sagittaria,  7 

Lance-leaved,  8 
Iancil(»lia.  S 
Sagra's   Lopholejeunea.  510 
St.  Andrews  Cross,  280 
St.  John's-wokt  Family, 

280 
St.  TliomasRush,  341 
Salicornia,  121 

ambit/ua,  122 
Bigelovii,  122 
fnitirosa,  122 
inutronata,  122 
perennis,  122 
Salmea,  452 

Biishy,  453 
petrobioides,  453 
Salsola  linearis  J  121 
Salt  Grass,  34 
-weed,  128 
-wort.  133 
Saltwokt  Family,  133 
Saltwater-bush,  409 
Salve-bush,  383 
Salvia,  378 

coccinea.  370 
micratitha,  37S 
occidentalis,  378 
serotina,  378 
tenella.  370 
Salviniale.s,  475 
Salz-bush.  270 
SditKtdia  ebraeteata,  318 
Samolus,  318 

ebracteatus.  318 
floribundus,  318 
Valerand'x    amerieanus, 
318 
Sampire,  128 
Samyda  spinescena,  2SG 
Sandbox-tree,  233 
Sandfly-bush.  409 
Sunsevirra,  (JO 

guitieensift.  09 
Santa  Maria,  448 
Santai.ales,  107 
Santo  Domingo  Mnrchantln. 

504 
Sai'indaceae.  250 
Sai'im>ai.es.  242 
Sapiiiin  laurifhliiini .  242 
SapodUla.  325 
SAi'nim.i.A  Family,  320 
Sapota.  324 

Achras,  324 
.U/j ;•«;»,  035.  636 
Satotaceae,  320 


Sarco^apha.  53s 
trl«-.,N:i.  .-,;> 
Sarcomphalut,  257 
■IJi\l'>ri.  l.'.-,7 
TjiylnrH,  257 
Hurrnnt,  mmtt    ttruirnii     344 
Sargaiium,  50i; 
HuriiUHHum,    553,    574      57s 
580.   5S7.  5sj»  ' 
.  hairifi  rum,  55rj 
bahimn)  ,  5!M 
<-yiiii.KUfii,  593 
Fllli..udul!i.  .593 
I'ililH  iidulii    Mutttaanti 
593  ' 

tluitaiiK,  593 
Nystrix.  504 
Jlj/sfrix  bttxifoIium.GQi 
IllixtrtJ-  fluitiitiJi.  593 
leiidigeruni.  503 
h  litorarpufii,  .503 
Montiiipiri.  593 
nataiiH.  592 
nntaiiH,  .59.3 
platycarpum.  593 
polyccratlum.  593 
ixilliphi/llum,  594 
pteropleuron.  593 
lit(  viiintH,  594 
nnnifnliiiin,  593 
rii/idulum,  593 
istrnojihi/Uum,  593 
trarfufithi/llutn,  594 
turbinattim,  591 
vulgare.  593 
Satin-wood.  207,  208 
Satinleaf.  321 
Sfituriia  Itroirnei.  379 
Satiiriinii  orchiuidca,  86 
Savia,  218 

bahamensis.  218 
rii/tliroxj/loidca,  218 
Saw-brier,  71 

-grass.  40.  50 
Fiilmetto.  60 
Scaevola.  428 

Lobelia ,  420 
IMumlerli.  420 
Scaly  I'<.]v|»<idv.  470 
Scarlet  Sjige.  .370 
Schaeflferia.  249 
Common.  240 
frutescens.  249 
lateriflora.  221 
f^eJiiniis  Faijnra,  2oG 
Schizachyrlum.  13 
gr.-iciie.  13 
s.'inlberbe,  13 
Sciii/.akackae.  474 
Schlzophvlius  ainous,  644 
Schlzothrix.  »*,23 
chalybea.  624 
v.'igihata.  023 
Schlotheimia,  488 
Sulllvantll.  4SS 
Sulilvaut's.     480 
Flehmidrlia  ttiaeroearpa,   103 
Schoenus.  50 

(•nil, rat  IIS,  53 
ei/pemideit,  54 
nigricans.  57 
iiiurieatiit,  47 
Schoepfla. 1 1 1 

chrysophvlloldes.  Ill 
obovatn.  Ill 
Sclpio  |)nsh.  220 
Scirpus.  52 

atropurpurctM,  49 


690 


INDEX. 


Scirpus — 

capitatus,  49 
castaneus,  50 
diphyllus,  50 
exilis,  51 
ferrugineus,  50 
flaccidus,  48 
glomeratus,  51 
interstinctus,  48 
lithospermuSj  57 
ocJireatus,  48 
robustus,  52 
validus,  53 

Scleria,  57 

fiUfonnis,  28,  57 
lithosperma,  57 
verticillata,  57 

Sclerophyton,  538 
elegans,  538 

Scleropus  amaranthoides, 
124 

Scolosanthus,  417 

bahamensis,  417 

Scoparia,  301 

Scoparia,  391 
dulcis,  391 

Scorpion-tail.  363 

Scorpiura,  572 

SCROPHULAKIACEAB,  387 

Scutellaria,  376 
cuhensls,  377 
havanensis.  377 
Jongiftora,  377 
purpurascens,  377 

Scntia  ferrea,  256 

Scytonema,  624 

Scutonemo,  531 

cincinnatum,  624 
crassum,  625 
Hofmannl,  624 
Millei,  624 
myochrous,  625 
ocellatum,  624 
velutinum,  625 
velutinum,  624 

SCYTONEMATACEAE,  624 

Sea'-beach  grass,  24 

Elite,  121 

-bush,  450 

Grape,  117 

Lavender.  320 

Oats.  42 

Ox-eve.  450 

Purslane,  136,  137 

-rocket,  149 

-weed,  409 
Sebacina  spongiosa,  638 
Sebesten,  357 

Sebestena.  357 
Securinega,  219 
Securinega,  218 

Aciflothamjius,  219 

Acidoton.  219 
Sedge.  Black-headed,  57 
Sedge  Famit^t.  43 
Seirospora,  580 

orcidentalis,  580 
Selaginella,  477 

Eatoni.  477 

Eaton's  477 
SelaginellaceaEj  476 
Selenicereus,  293 

Boeckmanni,  293 

grandiflorus.  294 
Sdmatophyllaceae,  499 
Sematophyllum,  499 

admistum,  500 

Glossy,  500 


Sematophyllum — 

sericifolium,  500 

Shining,  500 

Subpinnate,  500 

subpinnatum,  499 
Sematophyllum  Family, 

499 
Senecio  hieracifoUuSj  458 
Senna,  166.  167 
Senna  Family,  164 
Sensitive  Plant,  161 
Septobasidium  cirratum, 

638 
Septoria,  635 
Serenoa  arhorescens,  60 
Serjania,  251 

diversifolia,  251 

litcida,  251 

paniciilata,  251 

subdentata,  251 
Serpent-fern,  470 
Sertolara,  614 
Sesame,  399 
Sesamum,  399 

indicum,  399 

orientale,  399 
Sesban,  181 

grandiflorus^  182 

occidentalis,  182 

sericea,  182 

Silky,  182 

Smooth,  182 
Sesuvium,  136 

maritimum,  136 

pentandrum,  136 

portulacastrum,  136 
Setaria  candata,  28 

filiformis  28 

glauca,  27 

macrostachx/a,  28 

set  OS  a,  28 
Setiscapella,  394 

subulata,  394 
Seutera  maritima,  343 
Seven-year  Apple,  410 
Shanks,  453 
Sheeprgrass,  355 
Shell  Orchid,  94 
Shepherd's-needle,  454 
Shining  Sematophyllum, 

500 
Shoestring-fern,  466 
Sicyos  trifoliata^  260 
Sida,  267 

abutiloides,  265 

acuminata,  269 

acuminata,  Bracei,  269 

acuta  carpinifolia,  268 

angustifolia.  268 

antillensis,  268 

carpinifolia,  268 

ciliaris,  267 

Creeping.  269 

crispa,  266 

Fringed,  268 

gJomcrata,  268 

glutinosa,  269 

glutinosa,  270 

hederaefolia,  268 

fiirta,  265 

Ivy-leaved,  268 

nervosa,  269 

permoUis,  265 

procumbens,  269 

spinosa,  268 

spinosa  angustifolia, 
268 

Sticky,  269 


Sida— 

supina,  269 

trisulcata,  265 

urens,  268 

Velvety,  269 

viscosa,  270 
Sideroxylon,  321 

foetidissimum,  321 

mastichodendron,  321 
Silk-cotton  Tree,  275 
Silky-grass,  17 

Senna,  168 
Silphium  trilohatum,  451 
Silver-fern, 469 

-plume-  grass,  13 

-thatch,  59 

-top,  59 
Simarouba,  210 

glauca,  210 

medicinaUs,  210 

SiMAROUBACEAE,  209 

Simaruba  amara,  210 

officinalis,  210 

officinalis  glabra,  210 
Simblum  sphaerocephalum. 

644 
Sinapis,  147 

arvensis,  147 

hrassicata,  147 

integrifolia,  147 
Singer-tree,  157 
Siphonocladus,  602 

mcmhranaceus,  601 

rigidus,  602 
Sisal,  77 

Sison  Ammi,  314 
Sisyrinchium,  80 

miamiense,  81 
Skullcap,  377 
Slag,  4 

Slender  Maiden-hair  Fern, 
467 

Sea  Purslane,  136 
Slipper-plant,  233 
^loanca  emarginata,  324 
Small  Halberd-fern,  472 

-leaved   Haplocladium, 
495 
Smilacaceae,  70 
Smilax,  70 

auriculata.  71 

Bcin'ichii,  71 

doiningensis.  71 

havanensis,  71 

havanensis  dentata, 
71 

havanensis  ovata 
laevis,  71 

laurifolia,  72 

ohlongata,  71 

oblongata  viscifoUa, 
71 

populnea,  71 

Walteri,  72 
Smilax  Family,  70 
Snake-bark.  258 

-root,  210,  417 
Snowberry,  417 
Snowdrop.  78 
Soapberry  Family,  250 
Solanaceae,  381 
Solanum,  382 

aculeatissimum.  382 

americannm,  383 

bahamense.  383 

bahamense  lanceola- 
tum,  SS3 

Blodgettii,  384 


INDEX. 


HIU 


Solanum — 

Blodgett's,  384 

Bushy  White,  384 

didymacanthum,  384 
f/ra-cilc,  383 
Jiavanvnsc.  38G 

i<jnarum,  383 

Mulk'in-leaved,  383 

nigrum,  383 

nigrum  olcraccum,  383 

nodifforum,  383 

purpuratuin,  383 

subunnatinn,  383 

torvum.  384 

verbascifolium.  383 
Soldier-bush.  301.  442 
SoUrria  cJiordalis,  5G1 
Sonchus,  4i!0 

oleraceus,  430 
Sophora,  177 

Coast.  178 

tomentosa,  178 
Sore-bush,  303 
Sour-bush.  44.5 
Southern  Bracken,  407 

Radula,  500 
Sow-thistle.  430 
Sowbane.  115> 
Spanish  Bavonet,  72 

Cedar,  100 

Cordia.  358 

Cork,  273 

Guava,  411 

Jasmine.  335 

Moss,  03 

Plum,  112 

Stopper,  304 

-top,  00 
Spartina,  34 

jinicca,  34 

patens.  34 
Spathelia,  208 

Low.  208 

vernicosa,  208 
Spathiger,  80 

rijridus.  SO 
Spato(/lof!sutn  gain  cense, 
507 

raricfjatum,  594  595 
Spermacoce.  423 

/r/f  ((.9.4  22 

orhiioitlcs.  422 

tenuior.  423 

tetraquetra.  424 

SPERMATOrilYTA.  2 

Spermothamnion.  r>78 

gorgont'uni.  .■'>78 

gyninocarpum.  579 

investiens,  578 

irrcgulare,  570 

macromeres.  578 

rosrolion ,  578 

speluncarum.  578 

HprJuncornm ,  55.3 
Sphacelaria.  500 

trii)uloides.  500 
Spiiacklakiaceae.  500 
Sphacelotheca  pamparum, 

037 
Sphaenosiphon  prasinus, 

020 
Sphacralcca  nhutiloidrs,  2G4 
Sphaerella  Rajaniae.  034 
Sphfirrid  (innuhitfi.  0.34 

rourcntrira .  034 

fuscopur])urr(i,  034 

ffrcgaria.  533 

pohjmorpha,  034 


Sphaniu — 

Stigma,  O.'M 

sulphiin  u,  033 
SniAKKlAl.E.S,  034 
SplKn  rucurpua  ulobullfcrus, 

♦  •,45 
Sl'IlAKROCOCOACEAE,  502 

Sphucrornrcua  C'orallopais, 
500 

(hnniiKpimia.  502 

flliformiM.  5.S3 

i.iif(ir)uiH.  501 

Iticiniiliituft,  502 

pfdircllutua.  570 

pnliKiirpus,  502 

rigcnn,  5<t3 

ti-ntr.  501 

tciniis,  'tCt] 
SPHAEKorsiDAI.ES,  035 

Sphaerost  ilbe  «raflllpes,G33 
Sphenomeris,4<;.s 

rlavata.  408 
Spice- wood.  3(18 
Spider-flower,  150 

-lily.  70 
Spideuwokt  Family,  00 
Spigelia,  328 

Anthelmia,  329 
Spike-grass,  40,  42 

-rush,  4s.  40 
Spiny-bur.  447 
Spiranthcs  data.  86 

litca liana .  85 

tortilis,Sr> 
Spleenwort.  Toothed,  409 
t^pondids  lutca,  245 
Sponf/in-  irrmicularia,  004 
Spoiigodiii))) ,  010 
S'lionid  Liinidrckiana,  104 
Sporobolus,  .".2 
Sijoroholus.  035 

an  (J  list  us.  33 

argutus.  33 

atrovirens.  33 

hah  a  men  a  iff.  33 

Berteroanus.  33 

doniingensis,  33 

indicus,  32 

Jaaiucmnntii,  32 

ienacifiximuK.  32 

vlrginicus.  33 
fiporolilhon,  584 
Spreading  Frullania.  520 
Spurge.  Bahama,  239 

Bertero's.  242 

BbKlgetfs.  241 

Brace's.  23!» 

Brazilian.  240 

Brit  ton's.  242 

Broad-leaved,  237 

Bushv,  238 

Cay  Sal.  238 

Coast.  237 

ExuniJi.  230 

Forking.  2.'i5 

Hairy.  241 

Hypericum -lea  ve<l.    24  <• 

Loafless  Cul)an,  235 

Mottle<l.  235 

Pin-weed.  238 

Prostrate,  241 

Sh.'athed.  240 

Wilson's.  2." IS 
Spt-hce  Family,  217 
Spyridia.  5si 

aculcjita.  581 

aitiiulata .  5.81 

niamentosn,  581 


Spyridia   ocrlilentalU,    &81 
Si/uamatia,  .'S4 
StjiAMAlUArKAi:.  riR4 
Stuchyturphtta  fruHcoaa, 
305 
jam  air,  nala.  300 
Staki-  TiiKi:  Family,  2-16 
SfM-  ■■♦'  "  -  '-irtli.  UH 
^'^  '»•<*.  320 

Sf-  s«» 

JS'/t  <.....••.•,,.., «i  bahamcnaia, 
4.1 1 

trilubata.4:,l 
Stemodia,  :ts;i 

CoiiHt.  3 so 

flurantifntin.  3H9 

ninrltlmn.  380 
StemonltlH  herhntlca.  fl-15 
Sttnattdrium,  4«t2 

droMrroidra,  402 

rupt  Mtn  ,  -ItfJ 
Strnotnhiiim  atana,  307 
Stenophyllui.  49 

Wilsoni.  49 

Wilson's.  .V> 
Stenorrhynchut.  SO 

Innrpolntus.  sG 

nrrhinidra.  SO 
Stenostomum.  414 

densiflornm.  41.% 

luciduin.  414 

myrtlfollum,  415 

Mvtle.415 

Shining.  414 

Viscid.  415 
Stenotaphrum.  ;'.<> 

aim  riiiiii  utit,  .''.<» 

s«»rund:i(uin.  3u 
Strphannrnrlium,  0<t7 

vrrtirillntum.  0n8 
Strphauotix   florihunda.   344 
.STEr«MLL\<rAE.  275 

Stereophyllum.  494 

radictilosuni.  494 
Stercum.  038 
Stereum  albohndium,  G3S 

oandidum,  038 

I.evellloannm.  G38 
Sticky-weed.  444 
f^tirtosiphiiuia.  572 
Stigrmaphyllon.  2<»4 

Fauatintim  .  2" '4 

ntirulatum,  2<>4 

.Sngrnennum.  2o4 

Sagra's.  204 
Stigmatidum  rlegana,  538 
Stlffonema.  r.25 
Sdgonrma.  025 
.^TICoNKMATAi  KAF.  025 
StiUinoia  tgtanduhiMa.  232 
Stilnphorn  riathrata,  590 
Stinking  Pen.  107 

•pon.  Root.  177 
Stipa.  31 

raidUaria,  32 
Stomolsia.  395 

cornutn.  39.'{ 
Stopper.Bahamn.  3on 

Long  stalked.  3o0 

Pale.  3i»0 

Ue<l.  304 

Spanish.  .304 

White.  303.  .308 
.<5tow  wee<l.  391 
Strniv-fcrn.  471 
Strtptnrhnc  rut>.  n^i,    Tl 

arntiro.  31 
Striatella.  027 


692 


1 NDEX. 


Striatella — 

delicatula,  627 

deUcatula,Q27 
Strong-back.  359 
Stropharia  floccosa,  744 
Strumpfia,  418 
Strumpfia,  417 

maritima,  418 
Struvca,G02 

anastomosans,  602 
Stylosanthes,  183 

hamata,  183 

procumljens,  183 

viscosa,  183 
Stypopodium^  594 

Johatiim,  594 
Suaeda  intermedia,  121 
Subpinnate  Sematophyllum, 

500 
Sugar-apple,  141 
Sullivanfs  Schlotbeimla, 

489 
Sumac  Family,  243 
Suriana,  209 
Suriana^  543 

maritima,  209 

SURIAXACEAE^  209 

Surinam  Cherry,  304 
Surirella,  629 

fastuosa.  629 

fusiformis,  631 

Incurvata.  631 

manca,  631 

mexicana,  631 

recedens,  629 
Swamp-bush.  271 
Sicartzia  muUijuga,  177 
Sweet-bay.  432 

Potato,  354 

Torch.  143 

William.  336 
Sweetwood  Bark,  223 
Swietenia,  213 

Mahagoni,  213 

MalKKIonl,  109 
Sword-bush.  220 

-fern.  473 
Symploca.  023 

hvdnoides  fruticulosa, 
■  623 
Si/ncchoci/stis,  619 
Synedra,  628 

formosa,  630 

fulgens.  630 

Gaillonii  minor,  628 

superba,  630 

superba  minor,  628 

undulata.  628 
Sjmedrella,  452 

nodiflora.  452 
Synedrosphaenia  baculi- 

formis.  630 
Syntherisma,  15 

digitata,  16 

filiformis.  15 

warf/innlum.  16 

pdiiieeiim,  15 

sanguinalis,  16 

srtosa,  16 
Syrrhopodon,  482 

Gaudichaudii,  482 

Gaudichaud's,  483 


Tabebuia,  396 

bahamensis.  396 
haJiamensis.  636 
lepidota,  396 


Tahei'naemontana  Echites , 

336 
Taenioma,  564 

perpusillum,  564 
Taenitis  lanceolata,  466 
Tallow  Wood,  112 
Tamala  puhescens,  144 
Tamaricaceae,  279 
Tamarind.  165 
Tamarindus,  165 

indica,  165 
Tamarisk,  279 
Tamarisk  Family,  279 
Tamarix,  279 

gallica,  279 
Tamonea,  367 

curassavica,  367 

scatra,  367 
Tape-grass.  8 
Tape-grass  Family,  8 
Tassel  Plant,  209 
Taxilejeunea,  512 

obtusangula,  512 

Obtusely-angled,  513 
Taxithelium,  498 

Flat.  499 

planum,  498 
Tecoma,  397 

hahamensis.  396 

lepidota,  396 

Leucoxylotij  396 

stans,  397 
Tectaria,  471 

Amesiana,  472 

heracleifolia,  471 

minima,  472 

trifoliata,  472 
Tephrosia.  181 

cathartica,  181 

cinerea,  181 
Teramnns  tincinatus,  190 
TercUnthvs,  211 

inaouensis,  212 

SimaruJm,  212 
Terminalia,  301 

Catappa.  302 

spinosa,  301 
Termixaliaceae,  300 
Tetramicra,  94 

P>ahama,  94 

T'rbaniana.  94 
Tetranthus,  446 

Bahama,  447 

bahamensis.  447 

tJii/moides,  455 
Tetrazygia,  298 
Tetrazygia,  298 

arKjnstiflora,  298 

bicolor,  298 
Teucrium,  cuhense,  376 

in  ff  a  turn,  367 
Thalassia,  9 

Thala'Ssia.  563.  568.  570. 
573,  581,  582,  586. 
588,  590,  591,  597, 
622 

testudinum.  9 
Thallophyta,  521 
Thamnophora  triangularis, 

571 
Thatch-palm,  59 
Thelephora  alhohadia,  638 

Candida,  638 

spiculosa,  638 

spoyifjiosa.  638 
Thelephoraceae:,  638 
i  Thelotrema,  544 
I  albidunij  544 


Thelotrema — 

hicinctulum,  544 

hisporum,  545 

glaucescens,  545 

lepadinum,  544 

lepadinum  baJiianum, 
545 

microporum,  544 

inonosporum^  544 

paralbidum,  544 

parulhidum,  544 

Eaveiieliij  545 

simplex^  545 

subtile,  544 

■velatum,  544 
Thelotkemaceae^  543 
Theophrasta  family,  316 
Theophrastaceae,  316 
Thespesia,  273 

popuLnea,  273 
Thevetia  nereifolia,  338 

The  vet  la,  338 
Thistle  Family,  433 
Thorn-apple,  386 
Thoroughwort,  438 
Thouinia,  252 

discolor,  252 
Threefold    Euosmolejeunea, 

512 
Thrinax,  58 

argent ea,  59 

bahamensis,  58 

fioridana,  59 

keyensis,  58 

microcarpa,  58 

parviflora,  59 

parvifiora,  59 
Thunbergia,  404 

alata,  405 

fragrans,  405 

volubilis,  405 

White,  405 

Winged,  405 
Thyana,  252 

discolor,  252 
Thymopsis  455 

Brittonii,  455 

thymoides,  455 

Wrightii,  455 
Thymus  Broicnei,  379 
Tick-trefoil,  184 
Tie-tongue,  118 
Tiliaceae,  261 
Tillandsia,  64 

aloifolia,  65 

Balbisiana,  64 

Berteroniana,  66 

bulbosa,  65 

canescens,  66 

circinata,  65 

fasciculata,  65 

flexuosa,  65 

lingulata,  66 

polystachya,  64 

recurvata,  64 

usneoides,  63 

utriculata,  65 

Valenzuelana,  64 
Tithymalus,  235 

trichotomus,  235 
Ti-Ti,  186    • 
Tobacco.  387 
Tomasellia,  528 

cubana,  528 

cubana',  528 

exumana,  528 

leucostoma.  528 

macrospora,  528 


INDEX. 


693 


Tonka  Bean,  438 
Toothed  Spleenwort.  400 
Torch -wood.2(J9 
Torrubia,  i;n 

Rracei,  132 

Cokeri,  131 

longifolia,  132 

ohtusata,  131 
Tortula,  4S3 

agraria.  484 

Common,  484 

DonnclHi,  485 

rivitlif,  487 
Tortula  Family,  483 

TORTULACEAK,  483 

Touch-me-not.  205 
Tournefortia,  301 

(DUijihalodrs,  301 

)n/»///?.s.303 

poliochros,  302 

Slender  Green-leaved, 
361 

totnrtitnf^a.  302 

volubilis.  301 

7o/?//)i7/.s.032 

White-loaved.  302 
Toxicodendron.  243 

Bhxlurttii,  244 

radieans.  244 
Trachyneis,  028 

Antillanim,  031 

aspera.  028 

Debyi.  031 
Trachysphenia,  027 

australis.  027 
Tradescantia  discolor,  OS 

rirolnica.  08 
Tramrtcf)  hi/dvoidcfi,  041 

submnrina.  041 

rcrsafilis,  040 
Trema,  104 

I.amarckiana,  104 

Lima,  104 
Tremrlhi  A  iiriculo,  037 
Trentepohlia.  500 

auroa.  500 

rigidula,  500 

torulosa,  500 
Triaris  microphi/IJn.  283 
Trianospcrm um  ruccmosum, 

427 
Triblidium  rufulura,  635 
Tribulus,  202 

cistoides.  202 

DKi.riinus,  20.3 

/r/Tr.s/m  cistoides,  202 
Tricera,  243 

Bahama,  243 

baharaensis.  243 

hnhamrnsis.  033 
TrirJifirhnr  i)isuhiris,  16 
Trichia  cinrrcti,  H4o 

cUiratd ,  045 
Trichodesmium,  021 

Thif'bautii.  021 

Thi(},nuiU.C^'20 
Trichoqloca,  55(> 
TrichoJartui   Iciicophaca,   17 
TrichosoTrn  Avtillnrum,  Cti\7 
Trichostigma.  135 
Trichostigma.  1  ,".4 

oct.'indniin.  1  .".4 

rii-iuoidrs,  134 
Trichostomum,  487 
Tiich OS t own w .  487 

ill  vol  lit  II  m.  487 

janKiicciisr,  487 

rivale.  487 


Trichostomum — 

Typh*  - 

rivdlt,  4S7 

dntiiiniitnuiM,  4 

U.K-k.  4S7 

lutif„l„i.  4 

Trichutlnnunion ,  57.5 

TVI'MAi  »;\i:.  :'. 

TriiUidia,  (»»i7 
Tridax.  4  54 

Tyroinyciii  palmitrJ«.  041 

|)ri)(Uinl>cnH,  451 

fcarou  noiliflorum,  -152 

Trifolium,  1  70 

UdoUa.  r.i.s 

1  nil  tense.  IKO 

<<.nglnilnntn.  014 

r.-p.-ns.  IHO 

cyathlformlii,  014 

Tri.)|)tfris,  2o4 

flat,,  1  tat  a.  I'.M 

Triopteris.  L'd.-j 

Flnb.-llum.  014 

liiii  tiiu  iixiM,  2<i4 

HaHmrdo    t',14 

jainMlct-nslH,  204 

Hordiila.  Oil 

liicida,  l.'(»4 

K|iinti|iM«n.  014 

jxirrifniia.  204 

tomrntoan.  012 

rii/idii.  L'<>4 

WllHonl.OM 

'I'riplo  .iwiu'd  Grass.  31 

Ii.m.m»:.m:,  1«i;{ 

Tripsacum,  12 

Ulv*.  50S 

(laclybildes,  12 

di.  1 

Ik  iiiiopUroditum.  15 

L.1 

Triumfetta,  20;{ 

.»/.  ' 

althnroidiH,  2(53 

Mitiui.1,11,  :,'.n> 

semitril(»l»a,  263 

HtclUita.  002 

Tropidoneis,  620 

T'I,VA«K.\K.  50S 

lepidoptera,  020 

rMf«»UN   IM-VNT    FaMII.T 

TRUMrET-CIlEKI'EU    FAMILY. 

.'500 

305 

Unlola.  41 

'l"i-um|)(M -flower,  307 

panlculatn.  42 

'I'KVI-KTIIKMACKAK,  528 

!            rarrmiltorn ,  ^2 

Trypethelium,  520 

M/iicatn,  42 

aent'um,  5*J0 

virgat.M.  42 

catervarium,  530 

Urechites.  337 

criicntatum,  530 

Atulrcmii.  338 

crucntum,  530 

lutea.  33S 

eluteriae,  5:{o 

T'ltKI.INAl.KS.  6.30 

eluteriae  citrinvmi.  53o 

i'rcdo  bidcntirola.CZQ 

eluteriae  nigricans.  530 

f'iJisi.  037 

eluteriae  sui)sulphu- 

Leotwtitli/t.  030 

reum,  530 

promt  inrn*.  030 

eluteriae  truncatum, 

S:ip«)tao.  630 

530 

Wilson!.  030 

ferrugineum.  520 

T'romyces  IMdontls.  030 

hetcrochroum,  520 

I'rtica  arstuatiH.  I'lO 

Kunzci.  520 

;n/;iii7tJ«.  lo7 

mastoideum,  520 

hippulort-a.  lo7 

ochroleucum.  530 

T'nricArEAK.  I<i5 

ochrolcucti III  pall csccns. 

I'HTK'AI.KS.  lo3 

5.30 

Usnea,  55o 

ochrothelium.  520 

florlda  strlgosa.  550 

pallescens.  530 

rSNKA«KAK.  510 

scoria,  .520 

T'sTii~\<;iNAi.Ks.  037 

Sprctu/clii.  530 

Vstilaiio  Montaintii.  037 

troplcum.  520 

tinmparum.  iVA' 
T'stuilna  vulg.Mrls.  034 

Tulip.  330 

Turbina,  354 

Utricularla,  304 

(•(.ryinl>()sn.  354 

inrnuta,  .30.5 

Turbinaria,  501 

fMli.^sa.  304 

Irinhitii.  501 

foUona.  3!>4 

tricost.Mta.  .502 

{jihha.  304 

turbin:i1:i.  5!H 

pumJla.  304 

tiirhiiiata .  .502 

suhuhitn.  .304 

riihiaris  trialata.  501 

Vachellla.  lOu 

Turk's-cMn.  204 

Fnniesl.'inn.  101 

Turnera.  2S2 

Vnplnata  farln«»Ha.  644 

dilTusii.  283 

plumb*—.  >\i4 

Small-leaved.  283 

Vftleriano'.      "  " 

ulniif(.li!i.  282 

fnr 

(/i»ii7'>/iV/.03.'5 

JHIl!                                     '"• 

Ti'nM:uA<'KAK.  2S2 

ffltiim    ■  •   >  1  • .  <•..'* 

Turtle  grass.  0 

Vnllosin.  :\:vA 

-weed.  133 

Valletla.  3::o 

Tiissilaoo  alhicavs,  400 

,ii,h, ,!'■"■, 1  rr.:> 

dciitata.  400 

vI.At'    :;::■. 

Typha,  4 

Valonia.  <•.'••. 

iingustifoliM.  4 

.\>i:                    "    ■'. 

atujiistifolia    dntnitiocn 

.1«.;                          » 

sis,  4 

far,. 

694 


INDEX. 


Valonia — 

macrophysa,  603 

macrophysa,  604 

ocellata,  603 

ocellata,  604 

utricidaris  Aegagropila, 
603 

utricularis  Crustacea, 
604 

ventricosa,  603 

ventricosa,  584 
ValoniaceaEj  601 
Valota,  16 

insularis,  16 
Valsa.  634 
Vanilla,  83,  84,  438 
Vanilla,  83 

articulata,  84 

claviciilata,  83 

Bggersii),  83 

phaeantha,  83 
Varronia,  358 

Bahama,  359 

bahamensis,  358 

Brittonii,  359 

Britton's,  359 

globosa,  358 

Capitate,  358 

lucayana,  359 

Rough, 358 
Vaucheria,  607 
Vadcheriaceae,  617 
Velvet-berry,  412 

-seed,  412-414 
Verhascum  pulverentum, 

393 
Verbena  curassavica,  367 

jamaicensis,  366 

lappulacea,  367 

nodifiora,  368 

prisinatica,  366 

stoechadifoUa,  368 
VerbeiNaceae,  364 
Verbesina,  448 

alba,  449 

enceUoides,  452 

nodifiora,  452 
Vernonia,  435 

arbuscula,  435 

orctata,  435 

Bahama,  436 

bahamensis,  436 

hahamensis,  435 

cinerea,  436 

Herbaceous,  436 

Inagua,  435 

insularis,  436 

Long-leaved,  436 

Low  Bushy,  435 

obcordata.  435 
Verrucaria,  522 

aenea,  529 

atialepta  americana, 
528 

hifonnis.  525 

catcrvaria,  530 

cerina,  526 

Cinchonne,  525 

coutcndens.  525 

dirrmta.  526 

epidfrwidis  fallax,  525 

fiisconihelJa,  543 

KimthU,o2Q 

IcvcopJaca,  526 

mamillana,  526 

mamillaris,  522 

mamillaris,  523 

muralis,  523 


Verrucaria — 

nigrescens,  523 

ochraceo-flavenSj  527 

ochraceo-flavuniy  527 

ochroleuca,  530 

pallidula,  531 

planorMs,  525 

punctella,  526 

rupestris,  522 

rupestris,  522 

Santensis,  526 

Tetracerae,  524 

trachona,  542 

tropica^  529 
Veerucariaceae,  522 
Vertebrata,  569 
Vesicularia,  497 
Vesicularia,  497 

vesicularis,  497 
Vigna,  195 

luteola,  195 

repens,  195 

Yellow,  195 
Vilfa  arguta,  33 

atrovirens,  33 

Berteroana,  33 

domingensis,  33 
Villamilla,  134 

octandra,  134 
Vinca  lutea,  338 

rosea,  336 
Vincetoxicum  palustre,  343 
Virginia-Creeper,  261 
Virgin's-bower,  140 
Fjsc»m  pnrpureum,  108 

racemosum,  110 

ruhrum,  110 

trinervium,  110 
VlTACEAE.  259 

Fitea?  ilicifolia,  374 

Vitis,  259 

caribaea,  259 
Munsoniana,  259 
rotundiiolia,  259 

Vittaria,  466 

lineata,  466 

Volkameria,  374 
aculeata,  374 

Voyria  mexicana,  332 

Walking  Wood-fern,  473 
Walla-berry.  249 
"Waltheria,  277 

americana,  278 

Bahama,  278 

bahamensis.  278 

Common,  278 
Washerwoman,  127 
Washerwoman's  Bush,  386 
Water-grass,  21 
Water-leaf  Family^  357 
Water-lily,  140 
Water  Lily  Family,  139 

-MiLLFOiL  Family,  310 
Water  Pepper.  114 

Pimpernel,  318 
Water  Plantain  Family,  7 
Water  Smartweed,  115 
Wattle,  303 
Wax-berrv.  102 
Wedelia,  450 

Bahama,  451 

bahamensis,  451 

biiphthahnoideSj  451 

carnosa,  451 

Trailing,  451 

trilobata.  451 
West  Indian  Birch,  212 


West  Indian  Germander,  376 

Grass,  37 

Sage,  378 

Thyme,  379 
What  o'clock,  398 
Whistling-bean,  157 
White  Beef  wood.  111 

Beggar-ticks,  454 

Cedar,  396 

Clover,  180 

-headed  Rush,  53 

Ironwood,  255 

Mangrove,  301 
White  Mangrove  Family, 

300 
White  Moss,  479 
White  Moss  Family  479 
White  Pussley,  364 

Stopper,  303,  308 

Torch,  209 
Whitewood.  112,  222 

-bark,  282 
Wild  Apricot,  288 

Balsam-apple,  425 

Basil,  380 

Bush-bean,  194 

Cane,  25 

Cassada,  322 

Cherry,  205,  248 

Cinnamon,  262 

Coffee,  418,  419 

Coral,  122 

Cotton,  274,  341 

Dillv,  324 

Down,  341 

Fig,  105,  292 

Flax,  200 

Grape,  259 

Guava,  306 

Indian,  90 

Indigo,  180 

Ipecac,  341 

Jessamine,  375 

Lettuce,  430 

Lime,  207 

Mulberry,  419 

Mustard,  147 

Oak,  227 

Onion.  65 

Pepper,  101 

Peppergrass,  146 

Pine.  64,  65 

Potato,  336 

Raisin,  166 

Saffron.  323 

Sage,  370 

Salve,  276 

Sisal,  77 

Tamarind,  158 

Tea,  102 

Thyme.  363.  409 

Tobacco,  383,  445 

Tomato.  134 

Torch,  209 

ruction,  338 

Watermelon,  289 

Yam.  80 
WilloiiQlibya  scandens,  439 
WiUugbaeya  heterophylla, 

439 
Wintcrana  Canella,  282 
Wire-grass,  37 

-weed,  268 
;  Witch-grass,  24 
I  Woe-vine,  144 
I  Woman's-tongue  Tree.  157 
Wood-fern,  Walking,  473 
I  -grass,  27 


INDEX. 


695 


Wood — 

Sorrel,  197 
WooD-souREL  Family,  lOG 
Worm-vine,  S4 
Wormsccd.  110 
Wrangelia,  .')r»f> 

Ai-K'us,  "..''►0 

Argu8,  5G0 

bicusi)l(lat!i,  .">.")!> 

penicillata.  nno 

l>U'hi'i(i,  .'..'0  ! 

Wrightiella,  .".71 

Blodfrcttii.  r.71 

"J^iniandwifzi.  ."71 
Wright's  Anemia.  474 
Wurdemannia,  r>()2 

setat't-a,  502 

Xanthium,  431 

cliinenso.  4.31 

Jongirostrc,  431 

strionariinn,  431 
Xanthoxalis,  11>7 

corniculata,  197 

('(irnicuhita.  G33 
Xanthoxijlon  cribrosum,  207 
Xenococcus,  620 

Schousl)oei,  G20 
Ximenesia,  451 

encelioides,  452 
Ximenia,  112 

american.a,  112 

incrmis,  112 
Xylaria  Arbuscula,  G34 


Xjlnrln — 

arlstntn.  G34 
polynKirpha,  G34 

XYLOl'llAfJAtKAK.  U3H  j 

Xylophylla,  22o  | 

Kpil.hvll.iuthus.  220 

latifulin.  220 
XyloMinu  hurifiilium,  284 

ilirifi,Hii.'2S-\ 

uitidum.2Hi 
I  Xyridaucs,  G3 


Yam..  HO 

Wild,  80 
Yam  Family,  79 
Yellow  Cress.  148 

Klder,  :i97 

-eye<l  (Jrass,  73 

-fruited    Leucolejeunea, 
510 

T/ejeunea,  5()8 

I'rocunibent    Wood-Sor- 
rel, 197 

-spored  Anthoceros,  521 

Vl^a.  195 

-wood,  208 

-wood,  Cul)an,  207 
Yellowish  (Jreen  Microle- 

jennea.  509 
Yiicca,  72 

aloifolla,  72 

Zamia,  4G2 

angustifolia,  4G3 
angustifolia,  463 
lucavana.  463 
pumila.  463 


ZamU, — 

tonulH.  4C.T 
Zanarditiia,  .%.'" 

tniirijinata.  .'50 

ZaNMCII  I.I.LI  A<  KAE,  4 

Zanthozylum,  '_'•><> 

(■/."  .<  '/ Hi,  208 

<•■■  -.7 

<.,  ..mH 

CUtM-IlK*-.   -"7 

fmati/inatum,  207 
FuKara.  2" MI 
Jlavuin.  2u7 
f1<tvum,  52H 
fruxinrum,  208 
juijhindifolium,  207 
I't*  rota.  2HG 
Zvphf/rantht  H  lurdinaliJi,  7S 
roHril.  7H 

Zinnia,  44s 
Zitiuia.  44 s 

viultiflora,  448 
Zonaria,  504 

rnllfiriJi.  504 

<  lie  hot  out  a,  50C 

lohatd,  504 

rubra, 584 

varloKata,  504 

varif  ijata.  501,  505 

zr.naliB,  504 
Zuelania.  2.S5 
Zuelania.2.^5 

Giiidonln.  285 

liKtioulcM.  285 
Zygopiiyll.\ceae.  201 


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